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Dentistry 4.0technologies Applications For Dentistry During COVID 19 Pandemic
Dentistry 4.0technologies Applications For Dentistry During COVID 19 Pandemic
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Keywords: The term, Dentistry 4.0, coincides with Industry 4.0, in which the traditional methods of manufacturing and
Dentistry 4.0 information are made more precise to enhance process efficiency by using automation and advanced computer
COVID-19 technologies. The main of this paper is to discuss the major potential of Dentistry 4.0 technologies in the field of
Dentistry
dentistry during Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic. Thereon, Dentistry 4.0 is advancing on its way with the use of
Technologies
advanced technologies in dentistry. Dental healthcare makes an essential part of the overall health of the masses.
Tele-dentistry
New technological advancements are essential to make the dentist work quicker, patient comfortable, and process
reliable. So, we introduced the concept of Dentistry 4.0 to improve efficiency and impart innovation in dentistry
during this pandemic. This paper briefs about the Dentistry 4.0 technologies helpful for the COVID-19 pandemic.
Further discusses various issues and challenges in implementing Dentistry 4.0 for dentistry during the COVID-19
pandemic. Finally, the paper identifies and discussed fifteen significant applications of Dentistry 4.0 technologies
for dentistry during the COVID-19 pandemic. With the onset of the pandemic, globally, the healthcare sector is
taking initiatives to strengthen affordable and high-speed data connectivity. This up-gradation and investment
will also help dentists to access patients’ data from smaller towns or villages using Dentistry 4.0 technologies.
Thus, globally there is the onset of the fourth dentistry revolution, and we understand that this will change the
trend of dentistry during and post-COVID-19 Pandemic. Dentistry 4.0 technologies are helpful during the COVID-
19 pandemic to create teledentistry, virtual clinical practice and connect all dental devices to improve health
conditions. This approach is to help progress towards the integrated capabilities, patient-centric remedies with
predicted results in an easier way than the traditional way of the health care industry.
∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (M. Javaid), [email protected] (A. Haleem), [email protected] (R.P. Singh), [email protected] (R. Suman).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susoc.2021.05.002
Received 18 February 2021; Received in revised form 18 May 2021; Accepted 22 May 2021
Available online 29 May 2021
2666-4127/© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
M. Javaid, A. Haleem, R.P. Singh et al. Sustainable Operations and Computers 2 (2021) 87–96
ternet of Dental Things will provide personalised patient-centric care or providing health care and provide the medical history of the patient and
devices by combining the medical devices and their application through the medical history of his/her family, lifestyle, and or eating habits of
the internet [7–10]. the patient with demographic data and the ability to ingress the health
Healthcare workers can quickly examine the procedure followed and care services. Dentistry 4.0 uses such factors to provide a personalised
tests carried out to better treat the patient. With the help of the inter- experience to patients, enabling them to have coordinated and focused
net, dentistry devices will act like a Cyber-Physical System where the treatment with benevolence and approbation [23–24].
information within the devices through sensors is more important than
the devices themselves. Information of patients gathered from a smart Dentistry 4.0 technologies positive role in COVID-19 pandemic
device through sensors helps in early detection or prevention of disease
by reducing the all-embracing financial expenses for the care model. A In the present scenario, new technologies are evolving at a rapid pace
wearable electrocardiogram or blood pressure measuring device is more to create rapid change. Due to the outbreak of COVID-19, the require-
valuable and connected to a central single care platform for any disease ments for these technologies are increasing. Various technologies intro-
continuum [11–13]. duced in dentistry are to improve people’s oral health during the COVID-
Detection of diseases associated with one’s lifestyle is a rapidly grow- 19 outbreak. Various supportive software used by these technologies
ing market, such as a mobile device can trace chronic or lifestyle-based helps attain the new stage of digitisation. Sensor-based dentistry de-
diseases like diabetes, which is based on connectivity or system provided vices are connected, which give accurate information and timely alert.
by the Internet of Things. Similarly, the kind of contact lenses that can The virtual technologies provide various dentistry-related training dur-
detect glucose levels is now possible with modern technologies. Minia- ing the COVID-19 pandemic, which enhanced the teaching and learning
ture bioelectric medicines also play an essential role in curing various process [25–28]. Tele-dentistry services can be easily provided to the
ailments like asthma, arthritis, and diabetes. These bioelectric medicines patient in their home without any risk of infection. Various Dentistry
are implanted in the body, and they cure the ailment by affecting the 4.0 technologies helpful during the COVID-19 pandemic are shown in
electric signals in nerve pathways [14–16]. Dentistry 4.0 prepares a Fig. 1.
rapid change through innovations, inventions, and patient-centric cure
Artificial intelligence (AI)
possibilities using digital technologies. This article addresses the follow-
ing research questions:
Artificial intelligence refers to a variety of methods by which ma-
RQ1: To brief about Dentistry 4.0 technologies helpful during
chines are designed to perform with human-like intelligence. It entails
COVID-19 pandemic;
combining enormous volumes of data with advanced algorithms to cre-
RQ2: To discuss various issues and challenges in implementing Den-
ate machines that can do jobs autonomously. AI is effective in healthcare
tistry 4.0 for dentistry during the COVID-19 pandemic;
RQ3: Understanding how Dentistry 4.0 technologies help on improv- by enhancing old systems and hastening innovation. This technology is
playing an essential part in the COVID-19 pandemic response. It is used
ing treatment quality;
for medical research and development, diagnose individuals, test poten-
RQ4: Identify how smart Dentistry using Dentistry 4.0 Technologies
during COVID-19 Pandemic tial treatments, assess public health consequences, and more.
RQ5: To identify significant applications of Dentistry 4.0 technolo-
Internet of Dental Things (IoDT)
gies for dental healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Internet of Dental Things is a novel strategy for preventing and
Dentistry 4.0
managing dental caries, oral malignancies, periodontal disorders, and
other dental disorders. It offers a ’smart’ dental health care strategy that
Dentistry 4.0 is the fourth dentistry revolution that uses new modern has enormous promise in reaching out to patients in an increasing range
technologies to treat dental patients [1] better. These technologies are
of dental disciplines, including oral and maxillofacial pathology and
also playing an important role in dentistry during the COVID-19 pan-
surgery, prosthodontics and implant dentistry, periodontics, and oral
demic. The real-time data from Artificial intelligence and other wear- public health. The dentist can evaluate the individual’s teeth based on
able devices with improved analytics driven by the electronic health
the data collected by the camera during the brushing activity. All of the
record system network helps dentistry. Due to the portability of the pa-
data can be exchanged in real-time with the dentist, thereby improving
tient’s data, the medical practitioner can access it from anywhere. The
the preventive care process. It provides us with greater freedom and less
improved analytics help the practitioner for continuous and differen-
time lost on home-work journeys, allowing businesses to economise on
tial diagnosis to predict timely and innovatively medical responses. Ar-
physical space and have teams working in different places.
eas that need improvements can be quickly pinpointed in Dentistry 4.0
technologies, allowing data so effectively for more informed decisions Augmented and virtual reality
[17–19].
Health insurance companies also demand the health-related data of These technologies can be applied successfully in dentistry for cre-
their customers regarding dental healthcare to forecast certain things ating appropriate advanced 3d imaging of human teeth and other parts.
related to probable claims. Dentistry 4.0 technologies can store all req- Off-site and in-person training can benefit from augmented and virtual
uisite information for such insurance companies. Nowadays, everyone is reality imagery. Furthermore, these are being marketed as a long-term
seeking immediate information along with better service, even from the solution for content capture, development, and delivery. VR technol-
health sector. So, to meet out the customers’ increasing expectations, ogy introduces new features to the market, such as eye-tracking, hand
the healthcare providers like surgeons, physicians, and even hospitals tracking, and higher-resolution headsets.
are nowadays of the opinion for the increased use of Dentistry 4.0 with
enhanced efficiency and more accurate results. Another factor is to pro- Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
vide patient-centric care that needs a drastic change in the traditional
manner or model of healthcare. This challenge can be quickly under- The CAD software requires the user to log in to a specific machine
taken by these new technologies [20–22]. that enables design work and helps customise numerous medical instru-
In the current scenario with the traditional healthcare system, if ments. It will be critical during the COVID 19 pandemic to allow individ-
someone is not well and approaches the doctor, the next step will be uals to work from home without significantly impacting your business
rapid treatment. These technologies are available, which can be helpful procedures. It would allow designers to connect from home to their of-
to perform a rapid treatment process. These technologies are limited to fice computers and continue working as usual.
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M. Javaid, A. Haleem, R.P. Singh et al. Sustainable Operations and Computers 2 (2021) 87–96
5G must be marketed as a telecommunications revolution that will Blockchain has been a game-changer in the medical and pharmaceu-
revolutionise the healthcare treatment process and enable the IoT to tical supply chains to improve patient data storage. Blockchain-enabled
learn and seek trustworthy, secure, and long-term solutions. The 5G- supply chain management enables the smooth delivery of any drug from
based IoT ecosystem is a network of linked devices that use the 5G the manufacturer to the patient. This technology boosted transparency
network. The advantages of the 5G network include new technologi- and made medical supply more efficient. Now Blockchain technology
cal capabilities that increase productivity compared to earlier mobile is utilised to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 and aid in the recovery
technologies. process.
Robotics
Drones
Robotics is crucial in the fight against the COVID -19 pandemic.
Nowadays, drones are utilised to combat the coronavirus in a va-
Robots are being used to treat patients at medical facilities in order
riety of ways. Drones have applications in agriculture, infrastructure
to reduce human-to-human contact. It delivers goods to people in or-
inspection, construction, and the delivery of critical medical devices.
der to maintain social distance. COVID-19 has shifted its emphasis on
This technology is well used to collect comprehensive geographic data,
vision-guided robots, decreasing unnecessary human contact in medical
which is crucial for determining links between disease transmission and
facilities and hospitals. Many hospitals have implemented food delivery
environmental factors.
robots, sterilisation robots, and directional guiding robots that guide pa-
tients.
Big data
3D. printing
The COVID-19 outbreak has pushed new big data-driven infectious
Every day, 3D printing companies throughout the world pledge their disease surveillance approaches to the forefront of efforts to follow cases
help in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 impacts in real-time. Healthcare practitioners with the correct analytical ability
the healthcare business in terms of the production of various medical can quickly evaluate millions of data points and investigate the protein
equipment to ensure the safety of the COVID-19 pandemic. It resolves combinations of deadly, contagious viruses. With massive data handling,
the worldwide medical supply chain. The customised medical tools and big data assist medical researchers in shortening the medicine develop-
devices can be printed easily by using this technology. ment timetable for the current pandemic.
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M. Javaid, A. Haleem, R.P. Singh et al. Sustainable Operations and Computers 2 (2021) 87–96
Dental 3D scanner directs consumers to the most appropriate care while also tracking and
managing their health.
While several imaging technologies are being employed in the field These technologies provide disruptive innovation to improve the oral
of dentistry. Dental laboratory scanners are also suitable to build a 3D health of the patient. It helps to upgrade the knowledge of dental profes-
digital model from an accurate physical dental model or impression. It sionals and patients. These technologies perform the latest innovations,
provides automatic scanning for the individual body part of the patient which can keep growing various more possibilities in dentistry.
in lesser time and cost. Dental lab scanners are now available as part of
a dental lab’s digital workflow. Issues and challenges in implementing Dentistry 4.0 for dental
healthcare during COVID-19 pandemic
Biosensors
The proposed philosophy of Dentistry 4.0 for dentistry healthcare
Biosensors and point-of-care devices have the potential to transform supports most of the problems usually reported in the dentistry domain.
healthcare delivery. This technology can be utilised to provide contin- However, there also exists some issues and challenges that are needed
uous monitoring in implantable devices and various point-of-care de- to be taken care of as future aspects. The safety, privacy, and sanctu-
vices. By using biological materials, a biosensor can turn a biological ary of the patient’s data must be given more attention while attempting
reaction into a readable signal. A biological recognition element, such to implement the proposed concept in dentistry, especially during the
as biological material, biologically derivated materials, or biomimetics, COVID-19 pandemic. The applicability of the latest smart biomaterials
is coupled to a physicochemical transducer in this system. for dental care is another thrust for future research in this domain [29–
31]. The smart sensors and trackers are new to this domain, and hence
Cybersecurity an extensive attempt should be made to look into the more in-depth in-
sight for their accurate and appropriate functioning, especially in some
It is becoming evident that cybersecurity is the risk-reducing element typical and complex tasks too. Fig. 2 exemplifies the various issues and
in health care data. Demand for health informatics experts conversant challenges while implementing Dentistry 4.0 for dentistry during the
with the current state of cybersecurity in health care increases as busi- tough COVID-19 time.
nesses seek to secure their patient information from these escalating
threats. Cloud keeps a growing amount of sensitive health information; Digital dentistry using Dentistry 4.0 technologies
without sufficient encryption, this might be a vulnerability for health
care companies’ security. Data breaches in health care have a consider- Digital dentistry is all about the digital information system, which
able financial impact. Health informatics and other experts are playing can provide appropriate information through the Internet of Things, Ar-
a vital role in ensuring that medical organisations remain secure. Mo- tificial Intelligence, cloud computing, and other emerging technologies.
bile devices are being used at work by a growing number of health care These technologies digitise the entire dental industry with digital med-
practitioners. Encryption and other safeguards are essential for ensuring ical records and the patient’s status. The treatment plan in dentistry
the security of any data stored on these devices. is to be quicker to improve the existing healthcare processes. By ap-
plying Dentistry 4.0 technologies, there is an application of the highly
Wearable and monitoring technologies automated process to connect the new dental ecosystem. Dentistry 4.0
lowers the cost of complicated dental procedures and makes dentistry
These devices are designed to track, collect, and monitor users’ automated [32–34].
health data, ranging from step counts and calories burnt to heart rate, Dentistry 4.0 provides great innovation and advancement in den-
perspiration levels, glucose level, stress level, and even oxygen satura- tistry. This approach is to manufacture various dentistry parts, which
tion level, to provide continuous and reliable health results to improve are incredibly beneficial in the current scenario. Smart devices such as
patients’ treatment. Originally, fitness trackers were intended to mea- telehealth management systems minimise the routine check-up of the
sure step counts, heart rate, and calories burnt, followed by exercise patient. AI-based technologies are used to analyse the scan and image
advice. Smartphones are now regarded as a useful medical tool, capa- of the cracked teeth or any other abnormalities. Technologies are avail-
ble of a wide range of functions, including assessing cardiac rhythms able to analyse the brushing techniques which can improve the teeth’
and assessing blood pressure and daily physical activity. It allows the life. The significant achievements of Dentistry 4.0 technologies are as
devices to monitor and analyse the relationship between daily activities under:
and blood pressure levels. Practitioners can acquire relevant and accu-
rate data instantaneously and take action faster with these technologies. Improving treatment quality by using Dentistry 4.0 technologies
Smart devices aid in the early diagnosis of health concerns, resulting in
better patient care. Wearable technologies provide an intelligent means Nowadays, the medical field is nearby, delivering a high-class per-
to monitor a wide range of physiological variables, presenting a plethora formance with the help of modern technologies. These are for the col-
of healthcare possibilities. lection and analysis of quality-related techniques with an appropriate
information system. This appropriate information helps to perform a
Intelligent apps quality treatment process. Traditionally the quality control of medical
tools and devices manufacturing is done by utilising various techniques.
Intelligent apps are pieces of software that use historical and real- Now, these technologies digitally controlled the entire dentistry tools,
time data to help users make important decisions. The intelligent in- implants, and devices manufacturing. These technologies are used for
tegration and application of predictive and prescriptive analytics, cus- the inspecting of the quality of every dental product after its manufac-
tomer data, and product insights enable these apps to engage in a con- turing. Moreover, it provides robust and appropriate information during
tinuous learning technique. It provides predictions and decisions in or- the treatment process [35–37].
der to provide users with the super-rich and personalised experiences. It Dentistry 4.0 technologies take multiple sources of quality-related
provides tailored and contextual material to encourage continuous en- information. These provide positive effects and improves the overall ex-
gagement. It analyses many data sources to provide significant insights perience of the doctors and patients. Now hospital management can in-
and aid in the automation of simple everyday processes. These even- corporate constant patient feedback via online social media. It permits
tually assist in determining the best possible reasons for symptoms. It patients for the essential for the medical facility and service. Dentistry
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M. Javaid, A. Haleem, R.P. Singh et al. Sustainable Operations and Computers 2 (2021) 87–96
4.0 can easily undertake the systematic collection of real-time informa- rangement of changes is found generally in manufacturing, where prod-
tion and medical services. It is helpful for the quality inspection process ucts are manufactured through an extensive focus on product quality
and carried out individualised tests of the patient. The significant bene- and service using Dentistry 4.0 technologies [42,43].
fits of these technologies are to improve patient satisfaction by changing
the way of the traditional treatment system [38,39]. Quality Management using Dentistry 4.0 technologies
Dentistry 4.0 technologies are used to decrease the treatment delay
time because some processes are automatic. Another key advantage is The main aim of quality management is to maintain its quality in the
reducing the whole treatment lifecycle time by which technologies can hospital in the entire process. The quality data is crucial, which provides
be monitored and continuously examined. Therefore allows the manu- appropriate information and fulfils various ongoing challenges in den-
facturer to address various post-production issues and positively affect tistry. Now healthcare can improve quality with better problem identifi-
the overall patient experience. cation using modern technologies. These provide appropriate real-time
information with the help of connected sensors and other electronic de-
Digital manufacturing of dentistry parts using Dentistry 4.0 technologies vices [44,45]. New digital technologies are available to analyse various
types of information during the COVID-19 pandemic. These are innova-
Digital manufacturing refers to circumstances where entire manu- tive way to monitor and improve the product’s quality.
facturing and supply chains are digitised and are entirely automated.
It brings consistent improvement of dentistry equipment manufactur- Dentistry 4.0 technology for risk management in dentistry related treatment
ing because of vast data produced by the new information technologies. and surgery during COVID-19
Dental industries take advantage of IoT and other internet-based tech-
nological platforms. Hospital management is attempting to transform There have been numerous dentistry-related issues, namely, tooth
its traditional treatment system into a smart treatment system by giving decay, diseases in gums, oral problems, erosion and cavity formation in
them more productivity and efficiency with lesser wastages [40,41]. the tooth, etc. Those are quite serious and commonly occurs in humans.
The health professional manages the implementation of new devel- The resolutions of the above-highlighted dentistry issues have become
opments in information technologies and improves the entire treatment complicated and more challenging in this COVID-19 pandemic situa-
process. The most significant change is maybe the move for investiga- tion as the healthcare providers are not in a favourable condition to
tion and problem-solving. It improves quality with the help of better touch or treat their patients as per past practice because of coronavirus
inspection after the manufacturing of the dentistry products. This ar- issue. In such cases, Dentistry 4.0 has various tools and techniques to
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M. Javaid, A. Haleem, R.P. Singh et al. Sustainable Operations and Computers 2 (2021) 87–96
overcome the challenges reported in COVID-19 time [46,47]. The smart as the antibiotics reduced the complications during the surgeries. Nu-
sensors and tracking concept, virtual reality tools, IoT tools, and many clear Magnetic Response and Semi-conductor technology are the next
other such facilities with the proposed method enable dentistry patients important step in the healthcare industry as part of Dentistry 4.0. As
to get treated more effectively without getting affected by the coron- the regulatory approval needs vast data for the complete life cycle of
avirus. The physicians and healthcare providers are now able to treat the product. Life cycle data of a new product includes the data from de-
their patients in a safer and impactful mode. The overall risk involved sign, manufacturing system, and processing engineering and any kind
is at the downside now, and our system can have happy and healthier of discrepancy that impacts the efficiency of new product release. So, to
patients at the end of the treatment process. move with new advancements, Dentistry 4.0 technologies create inno-
vation and dentistry-based opportunities [51,52].
Smart Dentistry using Dentistry 4.0 technologies during COVID-19 Dentistry 4.0 helps the health sector adopt rapid changes with in-
pandemic novations, while strict regulatory procedures may slow down this tech-
nology adaptation for a patient-centric environment. It analyses data in
The advanced and latest technologies have enabled the Dentistry 4.0 compliance with regulatory norms and presents a pathway for the effi-
philosophy to offer more effective and impressive solutions for the den- cient production of more intricate products to be available for the mar-
tistry domain even in the current pandemic COVID-19. Fig. 3 is reflect- ket. Dentistry 4.0 ensures high-quality products along with the compli-
ing the major technological elements associated with Dentistry 4.0 con- ance of regulatory norms and customer satisfaction. The manufacturer
cept. The remote area-based services offer productive solutions, espe- should also be ready to adopt the dentistry field’s rapid changes [53,54].
cially to remote locations, through the integrated applications of virtual Dentistry 4.0 will provide a high degree of atomisation and intelligence
reality, telemedicine, augmented reality, etc. Internet of Dental Things to customise higher quality patient-centric devices.
based healthcare features have also been proposed along with the digi- Dentistry 4.0 technologies create a system to build a backbone for
tal dentistry care tools [48–50]. The proper drafting and design devel- integrated portable electronic health records. These provide good initia-
opment of dentistry related issues such as; oral care, bad breath, tooth tives to increases the chances to fulfil the aim of equal health care for all.
decay, erosion of tooth, etc., can be adequately planned through the All dentistry devices and instruments are easily connected through in-
utility of CAD/CAM based technologies, which further empowers the ternet applications, sharing data for better communication [55,56]. All
overall philosophy of Dentistry 4.0. medical and fitness-related activities are shared quickly through the In-
ternet of Dental Things. Dentistry 4.0 technologies to assist the clinician
Significant advancement of Dentistry 4.0 technologies for dentistry to offer high-quality dental care. These are helpful for the better predic-
tion of treatment outcome. The accuracy of complex planning for den-
Various advancements like improved Image Processing, X-ray tech- tistry is improved to enhance the clinical decision-making process. Thus
niques, and the use of Pace Makers during dentistry 3.0 was a boon for quick screening of the COVID-19 patient can be carried out. Dentistry
many patients. As the X-rays almost deracinated Tuberculosis as well
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Table 1
Applications of Dentistry 4.0 technologies for dentistry during COVID-19 pandemic.
The status of the disease can be stored privately, which can be helpful to future treatment and research and
development process
14 Teeth scaffolds Advanced manufacturing technologies are used to produce teeth scaffolds and other dental prosthetics [101–103]
Useful for various types of prosthetic restorations and other development processes
Patient customised teeth scaffolds are helpful to create new artificial teeth that can be an exact fit for the
patient
15 Improve health Used to analyse the food chewing conditions which helps to improve the health conditions [104–107]
condition High strength dental crown with appropriate tribological properties is produced in lesser time and cost
Dentistry 4.0 technologies provide appropriate information during COVID-19, which improve the health
condition of the peoples
4.0 technologies reduce the planning and delay time of the treatment Applications of Dentistry 4.0 technologies for dentistry during
process. These helped to monitors and analysed the entire treatment pro- COVID-19 pandemic
cess. Quality control process, proper management, and hospital mainte-
nance system in the hospital can be done quickly to better healthcare. IoT, along with technologies like "cloud computing," enables the
The integration of multiple real-time data sources for patient treatment users to handle, analyse, and use a considerable amount of data from
can significantly advance the current healthcare situation. Dentistry 4.0 anywhere, anytime with ample storage. It processes all inputs from dif-
technologies connect all dentistry devices, which helps to capture and ferent sources to turn them into valuable information that can be used to
store a large amount of patient data for better dental care. rectify any discrepancy during the process [57,58]. This improves the
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whole treatment process and the quality of the product before reach- ment record is easily identified through this, which positively affects
ing the end-user/customer. Complex event processes and "In-memory" the treatment process. With smart devices’ help, a patient can access
are real-time analysis techniques that can be used to drive efficiency his data for predictive treatment in dentistry. Dentistry 4.0 technolo-
further. Table 1 discusses the significant applications of Dentistry 4.0 gies also create a higher level of flexibility, which improves dentistry-
technologies for dental healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic. required products with customisation. These technologies also provide
The dental industry can now adopt new opportunities and innova- highly automated and computerised management systems, which min-
tions through various technological advancements for a patient-centric imises the involvement of humans. We foresee that these technologies
care system. Dentistry 4.0 provides high-quality manufacturing by us- would reduce dental treatment duration, minimise his visit to dental
ing new technologies [108,109]. The considerable benefit of the patient- clinics during the COVID-19 pandemic, and ultimately improve dental
centric device market depends upon the decentralised and smart manu- healthcare.
facturing of high-quality products as per the needs of a particular patient
[110,111]. Conflicts of Interest
Discussion None.
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