A Design Project Proposal Aquaponics Agr

By
A design project proposal
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
Under Prof. Maria Lisa V. Santos
College of Architecture
University of Philippines
March 2017
Aquaponics Agritourism Complex, Mariano

.................................................................................................................
1.1 Rationale of the Project ............................................................................................. 5
1.1.1 Food Scarcity ...................................................................................................... 5
1.1.2 Urbanization ....................................................................................................... 6
1.1.3 Food Sustainability ............................................................................................. 7
1.1.4 Climate Change .................................................................................................. 8
1.1.5 Main Project ....................................................................................................... 8
1.2 Background of the Project ......................................................................................... 9
..........................................................................................................
2.1 Statement of the Project ......................................................................................... 13
2.2 Delimitations of the Project .................................................................................... 13
2.3 Definition of Terms .................................................................................................. 14
2.3.1 Aquaponics ....................................................................................................... 14
2.3.2 Sustainable Food .............................................................................................. 15
2.3.3 Agritourism ....................................................................................................... 15
2.4 Objectives of the Project ......................................................................................... 15
2.5 Importance of the Project ....................................................................................... 17
....................................................................................
3.1 Review of Related Projects ...................................................................................... 18
3.1.1 Clark Farm Park: Urban Vertical Aquaponics Farm and Leisure Park .............. 18
3.1.2 Multi-level Aquaponics Center ......................................................................... 20
3.1.3 Silang Center for Product Development ......................................................... 21
3.2 Review of Related Actual Projects ........................................................................... 22
3.2.1 Aquaponics in Tuloy sa Don Bosco .................................................................. 22
3.2.2 Growing Power ................................................................................................ 24
3.2.3 Bahay Kubo Organics ....................................................................................... 26
3.3 Related Literature .................................................................................................... 27
3.3.1 Environmental Sustainability Issues in the Philippine Agriculture .................. 27
3.3.2 Aquaponics Farming and Its Systems ............................................................... 33
3.3.3 Clark Green City: Green. Intelligent. Global ..................................................... 40
3.4 Conceptual Framework ........................................................................................... 43
.......................................................................................................
4.1 What is the project? ................................................................................................ 44
4.2 Key Elements of the Project .................................................................................... 45
4.2.1 Location ........................................................................................................... 45
4.2.2 Clientele ........................................................................................................... 46
4.2.3 Implementation Period .................................................................................... 46
4.2.4 Cost & Benefits ................................................................................................ 47
4.2.5 Organization & Management Structure ........................................................... 48
4.3 Important Aspects to Consider................................................................................ 49
4.3.1 Marketing ........................................................................................................ 49
4.3.2 Technical .......................................................................................................... 49
4.3.3 Environmental ................................................................................................. 50
4.3.4 Social ................................................................................................................ 50
4.3.5 Financial ........................................................................................................... 50
4.3.6 Economic ......................................................................................................... 51
4.3.7 Institutional ...................................................................................................... 52
..................................................................................
5.1 Site Selection Process .............................................................................................. 52
5.2 Possible Sites ........................................................................................................... 54
5.3 Evaluation Process ................................................................................................... 55
5.4 Site Inventory .......................................................................................................... 57
5.4.1 Physical ............................................................................................................ 57
5.4.1.1 Location .................................................................................................... 57
5.4.1.2 Accesses.................................................................................................... 60
5.4.1.2.1 Vehicular Access ....................................................................... 60
5.4.1.2.2 Transit System .......................................................................... 61
5.4.1.3 Climate ..................................................................................................... 62
5.4.1.3.1 Sun Shading .............................................................................. 62
5.4.1.3.2 Rainfall Variation ...................................................................... 64
5.4.1.3.3 Temperature ............................................................................ 65
5.4.1.3.4 Prevalent Winds ....................................................................... 66
5.4.1.4 Topography .............................................................................................. 67
5.4.1.5 Hazards ..................................................................................................... 67
5.4.1.6 Geology..................................................................................................... 69
5.4.2 Land Use .......................................................................................................... 70

5.4.2.1 Zoning ....................................................................................................... 70
5.4.2.2 Utilities ..................................................................................................... 72
5.4.2.3 Visuals....................................................................................................... 73
5.4.2.3.1 Vistas to the Site....................................................................... 73
5.4.2.3.2 Vistas from the Site .................................................................. 73
5.4.2.4 Special Restrictions & Legal Ownership ................................................... 74
5.4.3 Biological .......................................................................................................... 75

5.4.3.1 Vegetation ................................................................................................ 75
5.4.3.2 Wildlife ..................................................................................................... 76
5.4.4 Man-made ........................................................................................................ 76

5.4.4.1 Significant Structures ............................................................................... 76
5.4.5 Human & Cultural ............................................................................................ 79

5.4.5.1 Population ................................................................................................ 79
5.4.5.2 Customs & Traditions ............................................................................... 80
5.5 Site Analysis ............................................................................................................. 83

5.5.1 SWOT Analysis ................................................................................................. 83
5.5.2 Implications to the Site .................................................................................... 86
5.6 Site Image Map ........................................................................................................ 87
5.7 Site Program ............................................................................................................ 88
5.8 Conceptual Development Plan ................................................................................ 90
............................................................................................................... 90
The Philippines rely greatly on agriculture as one of the primary sources of
income and has contributed much on the economic growth that we are
currently experiencing. At present our country is currently experiencing crisis
in the agricultural area which has affected much of the society.1
The Philippines is one of the fastest growing population in the world today.
At present, our population has already reached 103,305,138 and counting2.
Every second, this number increases even more. All these people shall be
relying on the agricultural sector to provide sufficient food for all. The problem
is, the supply of food that the country produces is just not enough for the
consumption of its citizens. More and more people are demanding food but
farmers and their crops are barely not enough3.
1
Information about Philippine Agriculture. (2016, March 13). Retrieved from
http://countrystat.psa.gov.ph/?cont=3
2
Philippines Population (2017) - Worldometers. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/philippines-population/
3
Briones, N. D. (n.d.). Environmental Sustainability Issues in Philippine Agriculture. University of
the Philippines.
Just recently, the National Economic and Development Authority has
stated that inflation hit from 2.7% to 3.3% due to the much heavier food basket
that we have. By the 2nd month of 2017, market prices for meat, rice, fish and
vegetables has gone up which has pushed the food subgroup inflation to 4.3%4.
Ever since, our country has been an agricultural country. As an archipelago
with 7,641 islands, bodies of water paved way to the start of civilization and
agricultural economy. Vast parcels of land were dedicated for agricultural use
due to the high nutrition present in the soil which is suitable for planting
different fruits and vegetables.
As technology rose, our country has simultaneously developed which
resulted to different ways of life. After centuries of development, automobiles
started to replace traditional water vehicles. Old vernacular houses and
structures started to improve with the use of rocks, steel and cement. New
building started to rise up until urban areas like Metro Manila. More and more
buildings are being built since more families from rural areas migrate to these
urban areas in hope
The effect of urbanization is very evident in terms of the economy and the
environment. As a country that has yet to be fully developed, our economy
relies mostly on the service-oriented. Although it has benefited us in
4
the Philippines.
establishing a name in the global market, it has marginalized the agricultural
sector. As a result, agricultural lands are slowly either being converted to
industrial or commercial lands.
A rapid and uncontrolled would probably result to a decline on the quality
of life and environmental degradation, acceleration of greenhouse gas
emissions, and political turbulence5.
Food is what makes a human being work. People are the most essential
factor in order to make an economy circulate. This is why it is important to
consider the quality of food we are eating.
Nowadays, most of the food we see in a grocery store is the product of an
unsustainable food system. It is important to consider the quality of food we
eat since unsustainable food systems often result to the destruction of soil,
water contamination, or worse, disease outbreaks.
Lately, there have been growing concerns regarding food sustainability.
Animal products are increasingly raised only for profit. This means raising to
get the highest price in the market with no regard to proper health and
stewardship. This goes the same with plant crops. Marketed crops are raised
with the use of growth inducing chemicals in order to produce larger products
5
Gonzales, R. C. (2015). Clark Farm Park: an urban vertical aquaponics farm and leisure
park (Master's thesis, University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines).
to sell. What we don’t know is that genetically modifying food through the use
of chemicals may have repercussions to whoever eats it.
Sustainable food are what people are designed to eat. It is what humans
ate for thousands of years up until the 20th century. We have always been told
to “check the label” when choosing the food we eat. This isn’t a bad advice,
but the most sustainable food are the ones which do not need any labels6.
Our country geographic setting is the reason why we always experience
natural calamities such as typhoons and earthquakes. These calamities usually
cause damage to our agricultural sector.
Aside from natural calamities, the effects of climate change such as
unpredictable droughts and irregular span of seasons affect crops since they
are exposed to all these physical calamities and changes in the environment.
The crops are badly damaged and may be wasted7.
All these major issues may be potentially solved through aquaponics
farming within an agritourism facility.
6
Gonzales, R. C. (2015). Clark Farm Park: an urban vertical aquaponics farm and leisure
park (Master's thesis, University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines).
7
the Philippines
Aquaponics is the use of aquaculture (raising fish) and hydroponics (soil-
free plant farming) in order to achieve a sustainable & waste efficient foo
production. Its system has two vital elements which are the fish and the plants.
In normal aquaculture, animals’ excretions are usually thrown away since they
are of no future use. Aquaponics integrated the use of plants, in order to filter
the water from all the animal excretions which are broken down into nitrates
for the plants’ nutrient. The plants in return provide clean water and all the
nutrients needed by the fishes. This would lead to almost 0% waste for the
whole system and plenty of sustainable food ready for consumption8.
An agritourism facility does not only provide sustainable food for
consumers but also help educate people with regards to food production.
Letting people know how food is produced may actually help them appreciate
food sustainability.
The fast-paced population growth has been and is currently a major
crisis that the world is facing ever since the stat of the 20 th century. The
population trajectory that the world has indicates that there is a need to build
new cities from now to 2030 with a population of one million every five days!
With this great increase in population, farmers of the world must
produce more food per unit of land, water, and agrochemicals. In order to do
8
The Aquaponics Source. (2010, March). What is Aquaponics? Retrieved from
https://www.theaquaponicsource.com/what-is-aquaponics/
so, however, farmers simply can’t continue producing using the same
conventional soil-based agricultural system. They will have to do this while
facing climate change, volatility, shifting nutrition needs, and the increasing
scarcity of most of the physical factors of production.
Farming has great impacts on the world’s most critical resources.
Accordingly, farmers will have to produce while also ensuring the provision of
various vital ecosystem services. If this weren’t to happen, people will not only
degrade those resources but also exhaust the ability to produce enough food.
This is why agriculture is at the threshold of a necessary paradigm shift9.
In the Philippines is primarily considered as an agricultural country,
because of its rich fertile soil which makes crops grow healthy. With the
improvements in technology, more and more of the food we eat are products
of unsustainable farming. In addition, farmers and animal raisers tend to use
growth accelerators in their products in order to suffice for the need of the
growing population. This results to genetically modified products which
eliminates most of the nutrients needed by the consumers.
9
Giovanucci, D., Scherr, S., Neirenberg, D., Hebebrand, C., Shapiro, J., Milder, J., & Wheeler, K.
(2014). Food and Agriculture: The future of sustainability. Sustainable Development in the 21st
Century, 1(2), 5-16.
Eating fresh and naturally organic meat and vegetables would not just
be beneficial to the human body but would also make much less damage to
the environment10.
The province of Tarlac is a landlocked area situated at the heart of
Central Luzon. Given its location, it has always had problems with regards to
the supply of fish and vegetable goods in the market.
As a landlocked province, the supply of fresh fish is always obtained
from adjacent provinces such as Pangasinan and Zambales. Delivery vehicles
have to travel very early towards the province just so the goods would still be
fresh when the markets start to operate.
The same situation is also evident in terms of the province’s source for
vegetables. Fresh vegetables had to come all the way from the Mountain
Province and has to be travelled almost half a day. Although the soil present in
most parts of the area is suitable for crop production, not all vegetables which
we usually consume can be planted on flatlands with higher temperature11.
With both problems at hand, an aquaponics systems can become a great
solution in at least lessening this existing crisis since it combines aquaculture
(fish farming) and hydroponics (soil-free crop production) into one farming
system. What’s even better is that the system produces sustainable food with
10
Gabriel, V. M. (2011). Silang Center for Product Development (Master's thesis, Mapua Institute
of Technology, Metro Manila, Philippines).
11
Regional Operations Monitoring Services | Official Portal of the Department of Agriculture.
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.da.gov.ph/services/regional-operations-monitoring-services/
almost zero waste. The proposed farming system may not completely solve
the problem on daily product transport from other provinces but it may at least
provide for a portion for a specific area in the province12.
Clark Green City, which is actually located in Capas, Tarlac, is a seen
solution by the government in order to ease traffic and congestion in urban
cities, specifically, Metro Manila. This future development aims to produce a
sustainable city which will house major institutional and commercial spaces as
a way to decongest Manila and ease its traffic problems. With its aim to
become a model for a self-sustaining city and the fact that it is located in a
land-locked province, there is a need for agricultural and manufacturing areas
as well 13.
An aquaponics agritourism, which aims to be a food production facility
while being a recreational space as well may add to the city’s food production
source and help solve issues on market food transport.
Moreover, Tarlac is currently trying to boost its tourism activity by
promoting its natural sceneries and cultural facilities 14. The proposed
aquaponics agritourism complex would be a new tourist attraction that people
would want to visit since it will not just offer recreation but also knowledge on
12
13
Garcia, M. J. (2016, May 30). Why we need Clark Green City, a new metropolis. Philippine Daily
Inquirer [Metro Manila]. Retrieved from http://business.inquirer.net
14
Tarlac Tourism Strategy. (2017, February 13). Retrieved from
http://www.tourism.gov.ph/SitePages/InteractiveSitesPage.aspx?siteID=13
food sustainability and since it would be situated in Clark Green City, it would
be easily accessible.
The project is an agritourism complex concentrating on food organically
grown through aquaponics. Aquaponics is new farming system yet to be applied
in the Philippines.
The proposed developments shall be located at Clark Green City which is a
massive megacity currently being constructed at Capas, Tarlac. This development
shall include a production area for both crops and fish species, a research and
training area for the future aquaponics farmers, a mini market for crop and fish
trade, and a restaurant featuring all the freshly grown food from the facility itself.
The project shall be a low-rise structure, thus, shall be considering governing
laws and regulations on the construction of such facilities.
The Clark Green City development is a massive project with plans of
housing over 1.2 million people15. Given that aquaponics is centered around the
production of organics crops and fish, the production time would be relatively
15
Casanova, A. (2016, August 11). Alternative Urban Futures: Clark Green City Project [PDF
document].
longer than those of conventional agricultural farming systems used today.
Thus, its production rate might not cope up with the demand of the 1.2 million
projected population. On this note, the aquaponics agritourism complex shall
only be one of many food production centers in Clark Green City and shall not
be the primary food supply of the community. It will not provide for the entire
1.2 million population of city but rather just a portion of it.
Aquaponics deals with many scientific processes in terms of its actual
execution. This study will not delve deeply into its scientific process but rather
focus more on the architectural details and construction of the facility. The
actual scientific process shall be considered especially on the determination of
the space requirements and basic needs of the facility.
Although aquaponics can produce various types of crops and raise a
variety of aquatic species, it is still limited to small & ordinary crops since it tries
to limit the use of soil in its production process. The project shall only be
particular to crops and vegetables cultivated locally since other crops are also
sensitive to climate conditions and setting16.
– according to the Urban Gardeners’ Organization,
aquaponics is the combination of recirculation aquaculture and
hydroponics. In aquaponics, you grow plants and fish together in one
16
Sawyer, J. (2012). Aquaponics: Growing Fish and Plants Together. Colorado: Author.
integrated system. The fish waste provides a food source for the
growing plants and the plants provide a natural filter for the water the
fish live in. This creates a sustainable ecosystem where both plants and
fish can thrive.
– the World Health Organization stated that in order
for a specific food to be called sustainable, it must first take into
account environmental, health, social & economic concerns and
consists of eight inter-related principles: local & seasonal, organic,
reduce foods of animal origin & maximize welfare standards, excludes
fish species identified as at risk, fair-trade certified products, promote
health & well-being, food democracy, reduction of waste and
packaging
- involves any agriculturally based operation or activity
that brings visitors to a farm or ranch.
1. Aquaponics has barely been heard in our country. Gauging from the
Philippines’ current problems on food production, where more and
more agricultural lands are being converted to commercial and
industrial lands and also the growing imbalance between food
production and population, having an aquaponics facility might solve
both problems. The said aquaponics facility which has the capacity to
replace conventional agricultural systems would need a new building
typology since it hasn’t been done in the country. This project would
help provide a new building typology specifically for emerging
farming systems which relies on new found technology.
2. Several studies have already been conducted with regards to urban
farming. Compared to an agritourism project, urban farming deals
mostly with the integration of vertical farms into housing and markets.
An agritourism project has a different approach since it has an agro-
recreation building typology which is under the scope of tourism. Being
a facility with a dual typology, new architectural problems might occur
once both typologies are combined. Stated below are some anticipated
problems in the design process of this project:
• Creation of a new building aesthetic that would fit both a
production, tourism, and educational facility;
• Determination of the size and scale of each major use
(agricultural production, learning space, recreational space) of
the facility
• Establishing privacy boundaries and spatial restrictions for each
type of prospect user.
This project shall identify and apply solution regarding these
problems.
3. The mix of two forms of building occupancy would help examine
whether the acquisition of knowledge regarding food sustainability
and production might actually change the visitors’ way thinking with
regards to making better food choices. This project would help
discover how architecture can change people’s lives.
This aquaponics system is already being applied in other countries as their
alternative farming system. If this were to be implemented in the Philippines, it
would be one of the first of its kind that might spark change for the betterment
agricultural sector. Aquaponics is a possible solution to food scarcity since it does
not only help generate supply for a community’s food basket but also promote
sustainable food in the process as well.
In the quest of solving the country’s crisis on urbanization, land is definitely
a big resource that should be cherished by the government. Aside from controlling
the urban sprawl that’s happening, the administration should find other
alternatives in solving this crisis. The project may serve as a vital experiment on
how to produce the same amount of food while minimizing the land that is used
in producing it.
Lastly, the province of Tarlac shows great potential in terms of its tourism
programs and development. Having the Clark Green City is a way of boosting the
province’s tourism industry. The proposed agritourism complex, being situated
inside CGC would most likely be visited by many tourists since it its located in a
prospect mega city.
The Clark Farm Park was an architectural thesis done by Rod Kevin
Gonzales during his thesis year in the college back in 2015. This project is probably
one of the closest to this current study. His study housed the same aquaponics
farming system which is the same system to be used in this project. Gonzales’
proposed building in his study is situated at the Clark Freeport Zone and is meant
to serve the suburban and highly urbanized areas near the facility. It features a
vertical farm, a food processing zone and a market, as the food generator and
distributor. It also incorporates a research facility and educational zones. In order
to be considered as a park, recreational spaces were also integrated such as a
leisure park, pond, amphitheater, and a restaurant in order to provide an
experience which will bring agriculture close to people.
Although various spaces were provided in his design, Gonzales’ study
focused mainly on the production of food to be consumed by the community
surrounding the facility thus this resulted allocating a large portion of the site
mainly for food production.

This study on the other hand shall be focusing more on the production and
promotion of sustainable food as a way of educating visitors/tourists of the vast
advantages that it gives to the human body. This shall be achieved through the
accommodation of learning spaces, training facilities, a mini market, and a small
restaurant as an exhibition space for the goods that it produces. Although some of
the harvests may be sold to nearby public markets to achieve financial
independence, majority of its goods shall still be dedicated to the restaurant and
the mini-market inside the facility.
An aquaponics farm would be an effective solution for some of the major
problems that our country is facing specifically: food scarcity, rapid and
uncontrolled urbanization, food sustainability, and climate change. If the
aquaponics farm system is integrated with tourism, it will become a more active
and more responsive to the community related to it.
The space program used in Gonzales’ study may also be used as a reference
for the space programming of this study especially on the list of spaces that may
be included. Although the allocation of spaces may be different due to the
difference in emphasis on both projects, its programming would still be a good
basis on the probable space allocations in the design phase17.
17
Gonzales, R. C. (2015). Clark Farm Park:an urban vertical aquaponics farm and leisure
park (Master's thesis, Universrity of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines).
Erin Maryse Aralar’s thesis entitled the Multi-level Aquaponics Center is an
architectural thesis which includes a food production area both for crops and fish
species, a research and training area for future urban farmers and trainees, a
market for crop and fish trade, and a restaurant serving the freshly grown food in
the facility. The project is a high-rise structure which takes into consideration the
considerably small lot area chosen, building height and regulations, and other
important factors.
This thesis has helped provide an in-depth explanation of the aquaponics
system that she used and the constraints that the author encountered and how
she solved it in the middle of the design phase.
Much like this thesis, my proposed complex shall also include almost the same
facilities but shall serve different users
Since the project is an agritourism complex, one of the main users shall be the
visitors who would be coming from time to time to experience the site. With this,
the architectural design of the facilities shall aim to please the said visitors rather
than just for the sake of food production as done in Aralar’s thesis18.
18
Aralar, E. C. (2012). The Multi-level Aquaponics Center (Master's thesis, University of the
Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines).
Venus Marie Gabriel’s architectural thesis entitled Silang Center for
Product Development showcases an agritourism complex which features products
best known in the vicinity of the site. Gabriel located her project in the
Municipality of Silang which is a first-class municipality in the province of Cavite.
The vastness of the municipality in terms of real estate, industrial, commercial,
and agro-industrial development has made it a very viable location for the
agritourism complex.
In Gabriel’s thesis, her main goal is to create an agritourism complex and
livelihood program which will showcase the primary crops grown in the area
specifically coconut, corn, coffee, banana, pineapple and other tree crops like
mango, lansones and avocado.
Her proposed complex aims to provide an environment conducive to
developing a sustainable community where people have access or connection
between nature. She planned on doing this by providing a natural wellness-spa, a
restaurant featuring freshly harvested crops from the municipality itself, and
learning spaces which would help the tourists appreciate their local products. The
complex shall also help in terms of the livelihood in the community since farmers
can easily sell their products at a higher value.
My proposed thesis project is somehow similar to this architectural thesis
but still has its own differences.

Aquaponics has the capacity to produce a wide variety of organic crops and
fish. Although it is constrained with only plants with soft branches, the possibilities
are huge. From Gabriel’s thesis, she plans on featuring natural products harvested
outside the complex but still inside the municipality it is located in. I plan on
featuring harvests fresh from the aquaponics farm and fish tanks itself through
making these raw products into healthy dishes in a restaurant featured inside the
complex.
If possible, the extra harvests from the aquaponics farm may be sold to
nearby markets as one way of making the facility self-sustaining.
Since aquaponics farming is a relatively new farming system in the
Philippines, learning spaces such as multipurpose halls, activity areas and the
aquaponics farm itself shall help educate tourists of the benefits they can get on
eating sustainable food and applying aquaponics as an alternative farming system
in the country19.
Tuloy sa Don Bosco is a facility for street children which is located in
southern Metro Manila. It uses a special system in order to provide for the needs
of the street children that they try to house in their facility. Their special technique,
which they call “Tuloy Aquaponics System (TAPS)” is what provides the
19
Gabriel, V. M. (2011). Silang Center for Product Development (Master's thesis, Mapua Institute
of Technology, Metro Manila, Philippines).
organization funds in order to continue their operations. This organization serves
as an exemplary model in terms of their proper implementation and management
of the use of aquaponics as their primary source of funding for their operation.
Fr. Rocky Evangelista, the president and founder of Tuloy Foundation, Inc.
had the idea of building Tuloy sa Don Bosco 16 years ago. An abandoned 4.5-
hectare land in southern Metro Manila became the perfect lot to build his
envisioned facility since the village around it is surrounded by street children and
kids who had no place to go at night. Once they started to accept children from
the village, they definitely needed something that will provide for the needs of the
children specifically food20.
Aquaponics became his turn-to project since it does not only produce the
actual food that the children will consume but it may also generate income for
their future improvements and operations.
The visionary in Fr. Rocky soon acknowledged the limits of the aquaponics
system. The absence of soil in the aquaponics system limits the types of plants that
could be grown for food. He then devised a new system, which he christened
“aquaterraponics”.
20
Ortiz, M. (n.d.). The priest who fed an entire children's village - waytogo. Retrieved from
https://waytogo.cebupacificair.com/priest-aquaponics-village/
Figure 1: Aquaterraponics System in Tuloy21
In the new system, plants are grown in organic soil enriched with organic
compost (Tuloy has a special enclosure with native pigs, ducks and goats providing
natural fertilizer). The planters are placed over the fish pond, and hydrated with
filtered water from the aquaponics tanks. Soil may fall into the pond during
watering, but this does not harm the fish and could even serve as their food 22.
Since implementing aquaterraponics and aquaponics together, Tuloy’s
vegetable and herb production has increased significantly. They even have a
surplus, which is sold to visitors and churchgoers.
Growing Power is a non-profit organization which has already
established a number of urban farms in Milwuakee which houses greenhouses,
21
Aquaterrponics System. (2010). Retrieved from https://s3-ap-southeast-
1.amazonaws.com/waytogo/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/27104458/Aquaterraponics-helped-
boost-Tuloys-food-production.jpg
Figure 1
22
Lozada, D. (2015, June 6). Tuloy Foundation: A house of refuge for street children. Retrieved
from http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/95301-tuloy-foundation-refuge-street-children
aquaponic houses, worm depository, poultry houses, apiary, outdoor pens for
their livestock, anaerobic digester, rainwater catchment system and a retail
store.
Will Allen, the chief executive officer, believes that:
“If people can grow safe, healthy, affordable food, if they have access
to land and clean water, this is transformative on every level in a community. I
believe we cannot have communities without a healthy food system.”
The organization does projects which always fall into three essential
areas:
a.) Projects and Growing Methods
The organization conducts on-site workshops and hands-on
demonstrations to visitors and farm enthusiasts where they show the growing
methods they use and how easy they can be replicated and modified. The
people in the organization are very enthusiastic in the promotion of
sustainable food not just to their community but possibly the entire country.
b.) Food Production and Distribution
The main food production processes are being done in the
organization’s demonstration greenhouses, rural farm in Merton, and urban
farms in Milwuakee and Chicago. Aside from crops, they also produce organic
grass-based meats. All these products are being sold through the Farm-to- City
Market Basket Program and also to numerous restaurants and grocery stores
in Chicago
c.) Education and Technical Assistance
The organization also conducts outreach programs for farmers and
communities as a way of educating folks. Aside from outreach activities, they
also conduct youth programs, have an active volunteer base, and are working
on policy initiatives regarding agriculture.
The Growing Power have developed a livelihood program which has
made a deep connection to its surrounding community by involving them in
the activities of the organization and by making sure that they establish a
symbiotic relationship with them. Their desire to involve the surrounding
community in their projects has contributed to their success and continuous
advancement23.
Bahy Kubo Organics started by Ryan Aguas, Enzo Pinga, and Ilia Pascual.
Their goal is to offer urban farming for every non-farmer through aquaponics. To
23
Growing Power. (n.d.). About Growing Power. Retrieved from www.growingpower.org/
them, aquaponics is a disruptive solution to two things the Philippines faces: food
security and lack of livelihoods.
With their own hands Bahay Kubo Organics has built 8 farms, 6 of which
are in communities with little arable land to speak of.
Currently, the aquaponics farms in the GK village in Las Piñas, barangay
Suay in Negros, barangay Alingarog and Pagnamitan in Guiuan, and in Culion
Palawan are all continuing to learn how to grow the food that they can eat.
BKO’s most successful farm to date is its first, the Fairplay For All farm in
Payatas 24.
Farming and fishing are the major source of livelihood in rural
households in the Philippines.
Farming systems in the country are complex and multi-faceted which
help promote an efficient production and a steady source of income.
Traditional farming systems are still being used although new technologies
have emerged in the past years which produces food at a more efficient rate.
What’s worse is that these farming systems also bring about consequences on
24
Bahay Kubo Organics: Bringing Farming to the City ~ OrganicFarming.com.PH. (n.d.). Retrieved
from http://www.organicfarming.com.ph/2015/03/photo-from-bahay-kubo-organics-
facebook.html
25
the Philippines
the environment, notably soil erosion, water pollution, groundwater
depletion, loss of natural habitats, and the loss of biological diversity.
Having the constant pressure oh a high population growth rate, as well
as globalization, the country is trying to revitalize the agricultural and fishing
sectors. Under the Medium Term Development Plan of 2004-2010, almost two
million hectares of agribusiness land are to be developed as a source of
livelihood and to generates additional employment. However, as the country
accelerate the pace of efforts in order to cope up with globalization initiative
and to ensure food security, it cannot but confront the environmental impacts
that threaten the agricultural production.
The major problems out the country’s agricultural sector revolves
around the urgency for: increased production to sustain food needed by the
population, greater global competitiveness, and employment generation in
order to meet political promises by officials in the terms. Aside from achieving
these goals however, the country must also contend with the threat of
sustainability of the croplands and fishery resources. Shown in Table 1 are the
summarized effects of agricultural practices and farming systems in the
Philippine environment.
Table 1. Effects of Agricultural practices and farming systems on the Philippine Environment
As an archipelagic country with 7,100 islands with a total coastline of
18,000 kilometers, aquatic resources definitely serve as another significant
part of the Filipino society. Aquatic ecosystems, specifically the marine and
coastal areas provide many essential functions. The recycling of nutrients, a
habitat for various organisms, and as recreation and livelihood for the
community are just some of its significance.
Philippine aquaculture is also suffering the same environmental stress
much like agricultural lands. The water sources in our country include inland
freshwater (rivers, lakes, and groundwater) and marine (bay, coastal, and
oceanic water). It might seem that there is sufficient water but in reality, there
is actually not enough in highly polluted area especially during the dry season.
The major threats that the Philippine Aquaculture is having are:
siltation due to deforestation and improper agricultural practices, settlements

and coastal land development, nutrient enrichment sue to agricultural
fertilizer run-off and sewage, industrial pollutants, destructive fishing
methods, overfishing, storms and typhoons, and others
Various initiatives have been made in order to mitigate the adverse
environmental impacts of farming systems and to protect the agricultural
production bases. These are through policies, programs, and action projects
that the government and some organization are doing.
The administration and management of the environment and natural
resources has been bureaucratically centralized and vested to certain national
government agencies. The Department of Natural Resources and Department
of Agriculture are the two lead agencies which are tasked on the sustainable
use of resources through proper management, protection, and rehabilitation
of degraded coastal and marine environments.
Probably the first policy formulated regarding ecological and
environmental conservation was the Philippine Strategy for Sustainable
Development of 1989. This plan provide the framework of the action aimed
towards achieving the goal of sustainable development.
The Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA) of 1997 is “an
act prescribing urgent related measures to modernize the agriculture and
fisheries sectors of the country in order to enhance their profitability, and
prepare the said sectors for the challenges of globalization through an

adequate, focused, and rational delivery of necessary support services,
appropriating funds therefore and for other purposes”.
This act identified and delineated the Network Projected Areas for
Agriculture and Agro-Industrial Development (NPAAAD) and the Strategic
Agriculture and Fishery Development Zones (SAFDZ). This serves as the
basis for proper planning and strategic agriculture and fishery development
and in the identification of sustainable crops, livestock, and fishes that can be
economically grown and commercially developed for local and international
markets.
The Fisheries Code of 1998 promotes an integrated and community-
based management approach to fisheries management. The code addresses
utilization of fisheries and aquatic resources through the following state
policies:
a) Achieving food security as the overriding consideration of fisheries;
b) Limiting access to fishery resources to citizens of the Philippines;
c) Rationale and sustainable development of fishery resources;
d) Protection of the rights of fisher folks and giving priority to municipal waters;
e) Provision of support to the fisheries sector through research, financing
infrastructure, and marketing assistance;
f) Granting the private sector the privilege of utilizing the fishery resources.
Lastly, the NIPAS Law or the National Integrated Protected Area System
Act of 1992 embodies the conservation of biodiversity in the Philippines. It is
focused on the determination and delineation of protected areas.
In order to respond to the urgent needs of the rapidly growing
population, the Philippine agricultural sector has embraced the tenets of
modern and conventional practices. Although this generates an abundant
amount of food, the environmental impacts caused by it may threaten the
livelihood of Filipino farmers and fishermen in the next decades.
There may be policy initiatives being done in order to make the
country’s agriculture responsive to environmental concerns, there are still
problems faced when implementing these policies.
The framework within which agricultural production can increase
without have a massive environmental damage to an ecosystem should have
these four elements:
• Initiation of dynamic, community-based, and participatory land-use planning
processes that identify and mitigate the risks of natural resource degradation
and other adverse environmental impacts;
• Socioeconomic support to improve the capacity of farmers and fisher folks in
poorer areas to manage efficiently their resources through holistic
management systems
• Greater investment ion human capital and rural infrastructure, including the
improves use of information and communication technology, and training and
empowering municipal agricultural workers to work with farmers and fisher
folks in applying environmentally sound production methods; and
• Ongoing assessment, monitoring and evaluation of environmental impacts in
all segments of the food production chain.
The simplest definition of aquaponics is that it is the marriage of
aquaculture and hydroponics that grows fish and plants together in one integrated
system.
The fishes and the plants interact with each other through a symbiotic
relationship where both parties are essential for the life of the other. The fish
wastes provide an organic food source for the growing plants while the plants on
the other hand provide a natural filter for the water that the fishes are living in. A
third participant is actually included in between this symbiotic relationship where
microbes (nitrifying bacteria) and composting red worms that thrive in the growing
media convert the ammonia from the fish waste into nitrites and then nitrates
which serves as food for the plants26.
26
Figure 2. The Aquaponics Cycle27
Hydroponics is a relatively new farming system which is a completely new
and different solution to problems that conventional soil-based farming systems
have. Some of these problems are the amount of water required, soil-borne
insects, heavy-digging and soil damage, destruction of natural habitats, and
massive space consumption.
All these issues are solved by hydroponics but unfortunately it has its own
problems itself. Traditional hydroponic systems rely on the careful application of
expensive, man-0made nutrients made from mixing together various chemicals,
27
Survival Gardener. (n.d.). The Aquaponics Cycle. Retrieved from
http://survivalgardener.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/aquaponics-cycle.jpg
Figure 2
salts and trace elements. In aquaponics, however, fishes can be fed with
inexpensive fish food, food scraps, and personally grown food28.
Aquaculture on the other hand, also has its problems since the water in
tanks become polluted with fish effluent which gives off concentrations of
ammonia. 10-20%of the water shall be disposed daily which is a tremendous
amount. In aquaponics on the other hand, no water is discharged since the plants
purifies the water themselves thus recirculating water at a very efficient manner29.
Knowing the disadvantages of soil-based farming and hydroponics, we
would soon realize how aquaponics can completely change the way we produce
food.
The term aquaponics was first coined in the 1970s when the Aztec Indians
started to raise plants on rafts on the surface of a lake. In modern times,
aquaponics emerged from the aquaculture industry as fish farmers started to
explore method of raising fish while at the same time try to reduce their land and
water dependence. This resulted to fish farmers raising their fishes on large ponds
or in netted pens off the ocean coastlines.
The first large commercial aquaponics facility, was established in the mid-
1980s called Bio shelters in Amherst, and it is still operational as we speak. More
and more people started to appreciate the various advantages that aquaponics
28
29
brings to the agriculture industry thus, various associations were established.
Some of which are: Aquaponics Association, Green Acre Aquaponics, and The
Aquaponics Source30.
Aquaponics is actually considered a game changer in the world of
agriculture especially now that the world is facing problems on food scarcity and
fast population growth rate. Aquaponics reuse resources which are “wastes” in
conventional farming systems. The are no more toxic run-off from either
hydroponics or aquaculture. This farming system also uses only 1/10th of the
water of soil based gardening and even less than in hydroponics or in aquaculture.
Watering and fertilizing are also an easy task in aquaponics since these two
elements are already present in the system itself31.
One slight disadvantage of the aquaponics system is its limited crop and
fish options. Since plants and fishes live in different kinds of environmental
conditions, only a limited number of species of plants and fishes are raised on
aquaponics systems. Fortunately, the species of fish and types of plants are the
ones which are in demand in the market. Shown on the table below are the types
of fish and plants capable of thriving in an aquaponics system.
30
Sawyer, T. (2013, September 9). Hybrid Aquaponics – The Marriage of Media and Raft |The
Aquaponic Source. Retrieved from https://www.theaquaponicsource.com/blog/hybrid-
aquaponics-the-marriage-of-media-and-raft/
31
Table 2: Fish & Plants species capable of thriving in Aquaponics Systems32
FISH PLANTS
Grown for consumption: Vegetables: Lettuce, Beans, Squash,
Tilapia, Yellow, Perch, Zucchini, Broccoli, Peppers,
Trout, Catfish, Bass, Cucumbers, Peas, Spinach
Bluegill, Carp, Freshwater Herbs: Basil, Thyme, Cilantro, Sage,
Prawns Lemongrass, Wheatgrass, Oregano,
Aquarium Fish: Goldfish, Parsley
Koi, Tetra, Pacu, Danios, Fruits: Strawberries, Watermelon,
Cichlid, Guppies, Oscar Cantaloupe, Tomatoes
Flowers: Most garden varieties
Three primary methods of aquaponics growing are widely used at present.
32
Table 2
Figure 3. Raft Based Aquaponics; plants on holed rafts33
The raft based aquaponics growing system uses a foam raft that is floating in
a channel filled with fish effluent water that has been through filtration to remove
solid wastes. Plants are placed in holes in the raft and the roots dangle freely in
the water. This method is most appropriate for growing salad greens and other
fast growing, relatively low-nutrient plants.
33
Gaston, C. (2009, July 28). Aquaponics in Fishponds on Floating Rafts. Retrieved from
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_K1uGf7yROag/Sm4jmvcQwlI/AAAAAAAAADI/C7DKvxedSN4/s400/unh
ealthy+raft_640.jpg
Figure 3
Figure 4: Media Based Aquaponics; Gravel growing beds above fish tanks34
The second method is called media based aquaponics because plants are
grown in inert planting media (gravel, expanded clay pellets, coir, etc.). The media
provides both the biological (ammonia based waste) and mechanical (solid waste)
filtration, so requires far less maintenance than raft-based systems. Large, fruiting
plants are also grown much more successfully in media based systems than in
rafts.
34
Figure 4
Figure 5: Hybrid Aquaponics; mixing media and raft aquaponics35
The third method is called hybrid aquaponics, which is a combination of the
two. The media beds become the pre-filter for the solid waste before the water
enters the raft systems. This hybrid system style provides planting flexibility, high
productivity and low maintenance.
The Clark Green City is a 9,450-hectare future development which is
located 80 km from Metro Manila. This is a vital undertaking by the Base
Conversion and Development Authority (BCDA) which is a 24-year old government
corporation dedicated to the creation of Special Economic Zones within former US
military bases. BCDA has long been present in terms of the Philippines economy
35
Figure 5
through its contribution of a major road construction specifically the Subic-Clark-
Tarlac Expressway (SCTEX) and has also helped in the construction of vibrant
economic districts such as Bonifacio Global City and Newport City with the help of
the private sector.
This massive project was brought about by the need to address issues such
as congestion, worsening traffic, climate change, uncontrolled urban sprawl,
soaring populations, poverty and social exclusion. These problems are clearly
evident in the Greater Capital Region of the Philippines (Metro Manila, Central
Luzon, CALABARZON)36.
Figure 6: Clark Green City Proposed Development Plan37
36
About – Clark Green City. (2016, April). Retrieved from https://clarkgreencityphils.com/about/
37
Base Conversion and Development Authority. (2016, April). Retrieved from
https://clarkgreencityphils.com/about/#jp-carousel-701
Figure 6
In Metro Manila, traffic congestion has become so unbearable, that it has
also triggered major economic loses in the country. As reported in a 2014 Jica
transport study entitled Roadmap for Transport Development for Metro Manila
and Its Surrounding Areas, “without intervention, traffic costs likely increase to P6
billion a day by 2030 from today’s P2.4 billion (2012).” The study also stated that
the lower income groups will be hardest hit by traffic congestion as it worsens by
2030. Given the unabated urban population growth, Metro Manila and adjacent
provinces has to accommodate and additional two million and six million
respectively by the year 203038.
The Clark Green City Development became the result of the government’s
desire to address congestion on urban cities. Congestion after all, not only affects
every individual plying the streets of the urban core, but also threatens the
Philippine economy.
The developers of CGC believe that this project would become a long-term
solution which should be rapidly implemented. They hope to establish a new city
which will house approximately 1.12milion residents, 800,00 new jobs and
workers, and an annual gross output of P1.57 trillion to the national economy 39.
Merging with nature, the heart of CGC is proposed to be a central park with
business district wrapped around it that has magnificent views of the hills. Served
38
Cabuenas, J. (2016, June 12). Clark Green City access road to be completed next month. GMA
News Online. Retrieved from http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/
39
document].
by public transport, housing and industries form the other layers. A network of
open spaces forms the bond between diverse mixed use districts. This shall be a
destination where nature, lifestyle and business, education, and industry converge
into a global city based on principles of sustainability40.
40
Garcia, M. J. (2016, May 30). Why we need Clark Green City, a new metropolis. Philippine Daily
Inquirer [Metro Manila]. Retrieved from http://business.inquirer.net
The framework is formulated and inspired by the Maslow’s Hierarchy of
Needs. Notice that the primary needs are located at the left part of the framework
and the secondary and tertiary needs are at the center and right parts,
respectively.
This is not an implication of what is more important over what is relatively
not. This is a framework for solving the problem, starting from the issues, with a
systematic consideration of what needs to be done first, until the whole problem
is solved.
The project is to design an agritourism complex which focuses on aquaponics as
its farming system. The complex shall include recreational, educational and
production spaces which will be accessible to the public.
As an urban farm, the complex shall house multiple aquaponics set-ups
which will produce organic plants and fish. These products shall either be sold to
the CGC community and public markets or be featured in the complex’s restaurant
& organic market.
Aquaponics, being a new farming system in the Philippines, is not yet
widely known in the country. The provision for recreational spaces such as a
restaurant, organic market, and the main food production space itself shall help
society acknowledge this farming system as a better alternative to the
conventional farming systems that Filipino farmers use.
Educational spaces such as conference halls and research areas shall be
provided for visitors who are eager to learn aquaponics and do further research
and modifications to this farming system.
Various processes such as background research, contextual analysis, design
programming, and schematics shall be conducted during the actual design
process.
Figure 7: Clark Green City Conceptual Development Plan

The Clark Green City development is located in between Capas, Tarlac and
Clark, Pampanga. Although the construction is still under its 1 st phase, BCDA has
already released a conceptual master plan of the whole development where
indicated are the zoning of spaces and its area allocation.
Based from the conceptual master plan, the Clark Green City shall have an
area allocated specially for urban farming. Which is a perfect location for an
agritourism complex focusing on aquaponics.
Since the project is an agritourism development, a type of development
overlapping in two different fields, the complex shall also have two types of
clientele:
As a tourist attraction, the complex shall be accessible to anyone
who wish to see it. Thus, no restrictions shall be made on whoever are
allowed to use/see the complex.
As an agricultural farm, the complex shall serve the community
surrounding it. In particular, it shall be a food source for a portion of the
CGC community. Based on the projected population and employment by
BCDA, Clark Green City shall house 1.2 million people; eight hundred
thousand of which are workers within the city.

According to the developer, the Clark Green City is a 5-phase development
which will be spread out in a span of 50 years. The 1st phase of development has
already begun in 2016 where 288 of the 9,450-hectare land is already under
development.
Based from the released conceptual development plan by BCDA, the
development of the urban farming landbanks and other facilities concerning it
shall still be on the 5th phase which would probably be 20-30 years from now.41
The cost of the project is marginally higher than other ordinary
construction projects since an agritourism complex, specifically one that focuses
in aquaponics, needs proper site development with nice aesthetics and requires a
very specific lists of materials and equipment to make the aquaponics system
operable.
Shown below is the general cost estimates of the project:
Table 3: Assumed project cost42
41
document].
42
The Clark Green City community will likely benefit from this project the
most since one of the complex’s main purpose is to contribute to the community
food basket surrounding it.
On a larger viewpoint, having a very unique tourism facility such as this
would help boost the province’s tourism program thus establishing its own cultural
identity. The knowledge that the visitors would be able to obtain regarding
aquaponics may be spread through the nation and if possible , even be replicated.
When this happens, the country would greatly benefit.
Project management and operations shall be done through the
cooperation of three government agencies: Department of Agriculture
(DA), Bureau of Fisheries (BFAR), and Department of Science and
Technology (DOST). These here agencies will be in-charge of monitoring
the crop and fish production as well as the research department43.
BFAR have already assisted cooperative specializing in aquaponics
farming while DOST has future proposals on developing an aquaponics
43
exhibit space. The Department of Agriculture would help since this is a food
generating facility in the first place.
Given that the one of the primary aims of BCDA as the developer of Clark
Green City is making it a sustainable city, having an aquaponics agritourism
development which doesn’t just aim to be a recreational and educational space
but also as a food production facility would make a perfect fit. The fact that the
complex shall be producing sustainable food and sell it to the market would mean
and additional key point to making CGC as a sustainable city.
Aquaponics have already been available and is already being used in other
countries. These countries have already adapted this farming system to their
agricultural sector as they make their way to becoming a sustainable nation.
Various experiments and modifications have already been made to the system.
This would become an advantage for this projects since these data may serve as
basis on what and which aquaponics systems would actually work based on the
Philippines’ environmental conditions.
The proposed complex will utilize locally available equipment used in
aquaponics such as pumps, row beds, and fish tanks in order to minimize the
building cost. However, the environmental control systems that will be used may
still not be readily available in the Philippines. Since the project is envisioned to be
built in the next 10-20 years, it is assumed that these environmental control
technologies would already be available by then.
Since the structure will be using a recirculating system for aquaponics
farming, there likely wouldn’t be much environmental waste from the facility.
Since the aquaponics system just recirculates water, there would be massive
amounts of water to be saved compares to traditional soil-based farming. Also,
since the plants and fish shall be cultivated through the use of organic resources,
there would likely be no damage to the soil and waterbodies.
The proposed complex aims to entice city dwellers to shift to sustainable
food and maybe even raising their own vegetables and fish in their “own
backyard”. The facility would also be able to help agricultural and fish farmers in
their livelihood through developing their craft even more with the use of modern
technology and using a significantly less land area.
The financing of the project shall be done through a partnership between
the Philippine government and the United States Agency for Internal Development
(USAID)
The USAID’s Bureau of Asia released an opportunity to fund agricultural
projects which manifests innovation and sustainability. USAID has decided to
concentrate on Agriculture and agribusinesses since these two sectors are key
drivers behind the ASEAN region's economic growth. Southeast Asia is one of the
most productive agricultural baskets in the world, producing 129 million tons of
rice, 40 million tons of corn, 171 million tons of sugarcane, 1.44 million tons of
soybean, and 70.34 million tons of cassava in 2012. Advances in technology and
regional connectivity have made it easier for such commodities to enter global
value chains. In addition to being home to over 600 million people, ASEAN is also
strategically located between major East Asia and South Asia markets, making it
an ideal supply and processing base for agribusinesses with an eye for expansion
and growth.
The goal of the funding is to increase access and finance for organizations
operating across the ASEAN countries in which USAID works (including Cambodia,
Indonesia, Laos, Burma, Philippines, and Vietnam). This call is a competitive
approach for USAID to consider ideas that advance the state-of-the-art solutions
with potential partners 44.
The income of the development shall come from the sales of the produced
vegetables and fish through the restaurant, organic market, public markets
44
Grow!: Due Feb 24: USAID ASEAN Ag Innovations | AgTechXChange. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://agtech.partneringforinnovation.org/community/funding/blog/2017/02/03/usaid-funding-
for
outside the facility, and other possible clients (e.g. other commercial
establishments, hotels, etc.). The plants and fish species that will be produced shall
surely be of highly organic quality which will help ensure profit despite the
complex’s operational costs.
As a tourism facility, the project’s administration may also create activities
and income generating projects (e.g. recreational activities, facility rentals,
lecture) as a way of adding to the income.
Project management and operations shall be done through the
cooperation of three government agencies: Department of Agriculture (DA),
Bureau of Fisheries (BFAR), and Department of Science and Technology (DOST).
These here agencies will be in-charge of monitoring the crop and fish production
as well as the research department 45.
BFAR have already assisted cooperative specializing in aquaponics farming
while DOST has future proposals on developing an aquaponics exhibit space. The
Department of Agriculture would help since this is a food generating facility in the
first place.
45
The Manual for Philippine Agritourism Program is a guidebook for developing
agritourism program in the Philippines. A significant content in this literature are
the nine factors that it has given that make a good agritourism site. These nine
factors may serve as the main criteria for the site selection of this project46.
a) Accessibility and Distance- The site, preferably, should be of close proximity
to major gateways and highways
b) Products- The products should be intended for consumption and sale. Basic
needs of plants should also be available and should be in good quality
c) Attractions- The site should be near major tourist destinations or important
facilities
d) Facilities & Utilities- There should be available necessary utilities such as
plumbing, electrical and water lines
e) Infrastructure- The site should be accessible using good roads. There should
also be available communication systems
f) Peace and Order- The vicinity should be peaceful and clam
g) Market Attractiveness- Farm site should be near the target market and should
respond to needs to secure its market growth and development
h) Environmental Techniques and methods geared to protect the environment-
Preferred sites are those with policies regarding sustainability
46
Department of Tourism. (n.d.). Rules and Regulations for the Accreditation of Agritourism/Farm
Site.
i) Social Acceptance- The government should be supportive of the project. It is
also preferred to have a site where users need this kind of facility
Figure 8: Possible Site Locations at Clark Green City
It has been established that the Clark Green City is already a viable site
location for the proposed project which is why both possible site locations are
situated in the said city. It is just a matter of properly locating the site in terms of
the given land use and zoning by the BCDA. Shown in the figure above is the
proposed master plan of the Clark Green City development and the possible
locations for the site.
Table 4: Site Selection Criteria & Evaluation

Basing from the table above, placing the proposed site in the agricultural-
innovation hub zone would be more beneficial since it provides both the proximity
of space to the majority of the population but also provides a sense of solitude to
the space. The project is also considered as an innovation to agriculture thus
making this area the better site location.

Figure 9: The Site and its Vicinity47
The proposed site is a 2.5-hectare land that is part of a bigger undeveloped
field which belongs to the Agri-Innovation Hub of Clark Green City. The Agri-
innovation Hub is part of the 403-hectare land dedicated by the developer as open
space, residential spaces, agricultural areas and for future developments.
47
Figure 9
Figure 10: Clark Green City Location48
Clark Green City which is a visionary development project by the government
which is expected to be completed by the year 2050. According to the released
CGC development plan by BCDA, the green city shall be connected through SCTEX
(Subic- Clark- Tarlac Expressway) which is one of the major expressways linking
Capas with other adjacent towns and cities. CGC is also located at close to Clark
Freeport Zone; a free economic zone concentrating on business, industry,
education and tourism in the country.
48
Figure 10
Figure 911: Location of Capas in relation to the province49
Clark Green City is located at one of the southern towns of the province of
Tarlac which is Capas. The vast hectares of land in Capas has become the perfect
site for the development of the green city since it is the nearest town to Metro
Manila in Tarlac.
49
Tarlac City Government. (2009). Capas,Tarlac Location. Retrieved from tarlac.gov.ph
Figure 11
Figure12: Access to the Site
Since the site is a part of a 5-phase development which has just started
construction sometime last year, roads and access ways are yet to be constructed.
From the given conceptual master plan of the development, the site is
traversed by three major roads linking it to the heart of the city.
Given that the goal of BCDA is to create a sustainable city worthy of admiration,
the amount of vehicular traffic would probably be significantly less than what
urban cities in the Philippines have now.

Despite this vision of the developer, where CGC is a sustainable city intricately
planned to become a model city in the country, users should still likely expect
medium amount traffic at most since it will be a mega city after all.
At a macroscale, the North Luzon Expressway (NLEX) and the Subic-Clark-
Tarlac Expressway (SCTEX) are also some of the notable highways currently
operable serving as the main access to Clark Green City.
Figure 13: Proposed Clark Rail System Route50
50
document].
Figure 13
In line with BCDA’s goal of building Clark Green City as a way of
decongesting Metro manila, a Clark Rail Transit System is being proposed as a way
of linking the city to other adjacent provinces. CGC shall house a 100-hectare
transport hub with retail components linking it to significant locations such as
Metro Manila, Clark International Airport Terminal, and other provinces extending
from north of Luzon to south.
The Philippines is located in the tropics and the weather and climate
prevailing in any particular place in the country is due to its geographical location
and the different wind systems that prevail in the locality during the different
times of the year.
Sun’s rays hit the earth at the extremes of angles which manifest during
the summer solstice and winter solstice. Dates of the solstices are not absolute
and thus vary through the years 51. For the purposes of the study, the days that
are on the average of all the observed days of each phenomenon will be
considered. Summer solstice normally occurs on the 21st of June on the northern
51
United States Naval Observatory. (2015). Earth's Seasons. Retrieved from
http://aa.usno.navy.mil/ data/docs/EarthSeasons.php
hemisphere while the winter solstice normally occurs on the 21st of December52.
These two dates were considered in analyzing the sun path diagram of the site.
Based from Figure 14, the south side of the site is exposed to the
most sunlight. The analysis shows the azimuth and elevation of the sun rays which
would be useful in the tropical design of structure. The development of the project
must adapt to the conditions of the sun path in order to minimize heat gain
Figure 1410: Sun Path Diagram at the Site53
52
Time and Date AS. (n.d.). Countdown Timer. Retrieved from
http://www.timeanddate.com/count down/generic?p0=145
53
Calculation of sun’s position in the sky for each location on the earth at any time of day [en].
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.sunearthtools.com/dp/tools/pos_sun.php?lang=en
Shown in Figure 15 is the rainfall variation graph of Region III. Based From the
graph, the first two months of the year has the least amounts of rainfall occurrence
while the months July & August shows the highest.

Figure 1115: Rainfall Variation Graph of Region III54
Figure 16: Temperature Graph of Region III 55
54
Climate Capas: Temperature, Climate graph, Climate table for Capas - Climate-Data.org. (n.d.).
Retrieved from https://en.climate-data.org/location/20684/
Figure 15
55
Climate Capas: Temperature, Climate graph, Climate table for Capas - Climate-Data.org. (n.d.).
Retrieved from https://en.climate-data.org/location/20684/
Figure 16
The temperature is highest in May, at around 28.9 °C. At 25.4 °C on average,
January is the coldest month of the year.
Wind generally flows along the northeast-southwest axis. There are two
main wind systems that affect the weather system of the Philippines: Amihan
(Winter Monsoon) and Habagat (Summer Monsoon). Amihan is characterized by
the dry cool winds coming from Siberia, Mongolia and Northern China run through
the Philippines from late September or early October to April. On the other hand,
Habagat is characterized by saturated southwest breeze that brings precipitation
to the Philippines. These wind systems manifest on the microclimate of the
University of the Philippines. Average speed of the wind in Quezon City is 1.4 m/s
axis 56.
56
Schwartz, E., Haymes, G., Heimiller, H., & Scott, G. (2001). Wind Energy Resource Atlas:
National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved from http://www.nrel.gov
/wind/pdfs/26129.pdf
Figure 127: Topographic Map in Clark Green City57
Basing from Figure 17, the entire Clark Green City Development is situated
at a rather low elevation ranging from 53 to 84m. Although the figure above only
shows the macroscale topography, a more detailed slope map shall be provided
further in the study since the plans are yet to be acquired from the BCDA.
Certain hazards have to be considered in the construction of large-scale
developments such as CGC. The developer has taken into consideration historical
57
Topographic map Capas. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://en-ph.topographic-
map.com/places/Capas-8929751/
records of events and geographical considerations in order to keep the proposed
metropolis free from natural danger.
In 1991, the proximity of Capas to Mt. Pinatubo has resulted not just in
physical destruction to the towns surrounding Mt. Pinatubo. It also led to the
displacement of over 1,000 families, particularly IPs affected by the eruption of
Mt. Pinatubo. This displacement then resulted in an increase in informal settlers.
The 1,200-km-long Philippine fault zone (PFZ) is a major tectonic feature
that transects the whole Philippine archipelago from northwestern Luzon to
southeastern Mindanao. This arc-parallel, left-lateral strike slip fault is divided into
several segments and has been the source of large-magnitude earthquakes in
recent years, such as the 1973 Ragay Gulf earthquake (Magnitude 7.0), 1990 Luzon
earthquake (Mw 7.7) , and 2003 Masbate earthquake (Ms 6.2). The high seismic
risk posed by this fault zone requires a large-scale active faults map, a fundamental
data set for seismic hazard mitigation 58.
Clark Green City was envisioned by BCDA as a safe metropolis free from
any major natural hazards which might spontaneously happen. One of the reasons
why it was placed at this certain location is because this area is free from natural
hazards. The Clark Green City is neither located on any fault lines nor on the
Pinatubo Permanent Danger Zone.
58
Philippine Fault Zone Maps. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=379&Itemid
=500023
Figure 137: Clark Green City as a safe metropolis59
Surveys from the Bureau of Soils and Water Management further classified
Capas’ soil into two main soil series: Angeles & Luisita Soil Series60.
59
document].
Figure 17
60
PhilRice. (2010). Improving Agricultural Productivity in Tarlac. Rice Technology Bulletin, 66, 21-
22.
Figure 18
Figure 148:Soil taxonomic classification of each soil series in Tarlac
A conceptual zoning map has been publicly released by BCDA which indicates
various land allocations and uses. The proposed project shall be located at an area
classified as an urban farming landbank.
Although the proposed plan is still on its conceptual phase, it is already being
used as reference by the BCDA for further refinements and alterations. Figure 9
also indicates the location of the urban farming landbank in comparison to the
whole development.
Figure 19: Clark Green City Conceptual Zoning61
61
document].
Figure 19
Figure 150: Conceptual Underground Utilities at CGC62
BCDA has unveiled it plans of having an underground utility tunnel that will
run along the streets of Clark Green City. The underground utility tunnel is a joint
venture partnership for the development and operations of power generation and
distribution, energy management, water supply and disposal, district cooling,
telecommunications & information systems, solid waste management, and natural
gas supply & distribution. All of which shall be connected to a central operations
facility.
62
document].
Figure 20
The advantages of having a utility tunnel are: to allow for unobstructed
views of the city, significantly reduce costs and disruptions due to recurrent
excavation works, better access to utility lines for maintenance works/repairs, and
provides added protection to utility lines and real-time monitoring.
The site location gives a great advantage in terms of the views to the site
especially since it shall be considered as a tourism destination.
Since the areas surrounding the site are mostly urban farming landbanks,
expect vast open fields when approaching the site. This would mean a clear and
unobstructed vista of the proposed facilities thus hopefully attracting more visitors
to come.
Figure 161: Vistas from the site

Shown in Figure 15 are the major vistas which can be seen when on the
site. Views of plantations (orange arrows) and open fields makes the proposed
complex fit to its location since it leans on agricultural development and
innovations.
The proposed UP Global Campus is set to be built on two separate pieces
of land within CGC. One of which (yellow arrows pointing to UP global campus) is
adjacent south of the site while the other north of it.
Beside the UP campus is a public realm mall and some housing
developments close to the central node of the city.
The proposed project shall be governed by special building regulations and
requirements which shall be provided by the developer and at the same time be
governed by the national laws and codes applying to it.
Since the project shall be funded through a public-private partnership,
ownership, the facility shall belong to both the government and the USAID’s
Bureau od Asia
From a 2011 study of the municipality of Capas, it was found out that the
Bauhinia (Bauhinia L.), locally known as “Alibangbang”, was the most sampled
plant species in the Area63; the research concluded that it thrived the most in the
green plains based from its frequency in their chosen zone of study. Below is an
inventory of some of the notable vegetation species found in various parts of the
municipality
Table 5: Notable Vegetation Species found in various parts of Capas
63
Vallejo, B., Aloya, A., Ong, T., & Villasper, J. (2008). Spatial Patterns of Bird Diversity and
Abundance in an Urban Tropical Landscape. Retrieved from from http://www.
journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/science diliman/article/view/1133/1181
Capas, still undeveloped in most of its areas, is home to various kinds of
wildlife. As a way to boost the tourism development of the province, these areas
where various kinds of wildlife thrive are being developed into eco-tourism
destinations where various activities can be done. Some of which are the
Whitewater Fisheries and Kayaking in San Jose, Forest trails and wellness spas in
Pinatubo, and bird watching along Capas 64.
Based from the conceptual land use plan released by BCDA, there are three
notable structures adjacent to the site which may affect in the design process.
a. Proposed UP Campus
The University of the Philippines is considered as the prime state university
in the country. As stated in RA 9500, the State shall promote, foster, nurture and
protect the right of all citizens to accessible quality education. Toward this end, it
is the policy of the State to strengthen the University of the Philippines as the
national university. With this, the proposed-UP Campus at CGC shall be a global
campus where foreign schools and universities shall be accommodated.
64
Department of Tourism - The Ultimate Travel Guide in the Philippines. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.visitmyphilippines.com/index.php?view=print&title=SpecialInterest&func=all&pid=4
260
With the construction of the Clark Green City formally starting through the
ground-breaking ceremony last April 11, 2016, the University of the Philippines
consequently revealed plans for a campus in the master-planned city where the
University is expected to build human capital to drive the city and Region III’s
growth. Figure 10 shows the conceptual image of the proposed campus65.
Figure 22: Conceptual perspective of the proposed-UP Campus66
The UP Board of Regents approved the memorandum of agreement
between UP and the BCDA, the developer of CGC, on July 22, 2015, through which
BCDA allocates 70 hectares in CGC for the use of the University.
65
Lontoc, J. B. (2016, May 13). Future UP campus has big role in Central Luzon growth |
University of the Philippines System Website. Retrieved from http://www.up.edu.ph/future-up-
campus-has-big-role-in-central-luzon-growth/
66
University of the Philippines. (2016). Future UP Campus in CGC. Retrieved from
http://www.up.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/UP-CGC-Perspective.png
As the future campus of the national university of the country, the whole
campus shall become a significant structure not just within the green city but also
to the nation since it will serve as the link of our country to other educational
institutions around the world.
b. Death March Memorial Shrine
Figure 23: Capas Nationall Shrine67
The Capas National Shrine is a 70-meter obelisk with a memorial wall
surrounding the structure constructed to mark the end of the Bataan Death March
during the Second World War
67
Capas National Shrine. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.traveltothephilippines.info/wp-
content/uploads/2013/06/Tarlac-Capas-National-Shrine.jpg
At present, the Clark Green City is still under its phase 1 of development.
Thus, there are still no record of population. For the purpose of this study the
population of the proposed metropolis shall be based on the projected population
as given by the BCDA.
Figure 17: Projected Population of CGC68
68
document].
Figure 24
From Figure 22, the population of the city shall reach over 1.25 million
people. Most of which are workers of the companies and establishments within
the city.
Given that the CGC is still under development, we have no ways of knowing
the cultural diversity which will be present in the city by the time of its operations.
Since customs and traditions are two things deeply rooted in the physical and
geographic location of a community, there may be a possibility of CGC adapting
the customs of the province of Tarlac.
Tarlac is well known as the Melting Pot of Central Luzon due to the
presence of the following four major ehtnolinguistic groups: Pampangos, Ilocanos,
Tagalogs and Pangasinenses. Amidst cultural diversities the people have learned
to live as one and at peace with one another. Thus, Tarlac served as the cradle of
great men and women in every field of endeavor.
Foremost figures were the late Benigno S. Aquino, Jr., the country’s latter-
day hero and Carlos P. Romulo, the former Secretary General of the United
Nations. Another notable figure was Leonor Rivera of Camiling, Tarlac, Jose Rizal’s
beloved and better known as “Maria Clara” in his novel Noli Me Tangere. The
province also takes pride in being home to the First Woman president of the
Philippine Republic in the person of Corazon C. Aquino who hails from Concepcion,
Tarlac.
Figure 185: Tarlac's Rice Cake Delicacies69
Figure 26: Tarlac Melting Pot Festival70
With its people of diverse language draws a cultural array rich in its own
way. Just like any town in the province, Fiestas still abound in this community in
celebration of Feasts of Saints and Thanksgiving Festivals. The open doors during
69
Tarlac Rice Cake Delicacies. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.benjielayug.com/wp-
content/uploads/2014/10/A-merienda-of-camote-rice-cake-and-corn-coffee.jpg
Figure 23
70
Melting Pot Festival in Tarlac. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://metrocebu.com.ph/wp-
content/uploads/2016/01/tarlac-pot-festival.jpg
Figure 24
fiestas signal an invitation for anyone to join the festive bouquet of local delicacies
from the original menu of Victorian tastes. Home to quality diket – a variety of rice
that is the original ingredient to native rice cakes, kakanin like patupat, palitaw and
tupig among other sweet cakes are some of the learned and passed on culture of
food delicacy in the town. Up to the present time, new generation kept the recipe
with its tastes that never parted on its original texture 71.
71
Traditions | Region III – Central Luzon. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://3ccentralluzon.wordpress.com/history/tarlac/traditions/
Based from the initial site inventory and SWOT analysis conducted, Figure
27 shows an on-site representation of some of the design implications which
should be done in order to solve some of the threats and weaknesses found.
Figure 19: On-site Design Implications

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from
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SN4/s400/unhealthy+raft_640.jpg
Figure 3
• Giovanucci, D., Scherr, S., Neirenberg, D., Hebebrand, C., Shapiro, J., Milder, J., &
Wheeler, K. (2014). Food and Agriculture: The future of sustainability. Sustainable
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said-funding-for
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• Lozada, D. (2015, June 6). Tuloy Foundation: A house of refuge for street children.
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journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/science diliman/article/view/1133/1181

A Design Project Proposal Aquaponics Agr

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A design project proposal

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

Under Prof. Maria Lisa V. Santos

Aquaponics Agritourism Complex, Mariano

5.4.2 Land Use .......................................................................................................... 70

5.4.2.2 Utilities ..................................................................................................... 72

5.4.2.3.1 Vistas to the Site....................................................................... 73

5.4.2.3.2 Vistas from the Site .................................................................. 73

5.4.2.4 Special Restrictions & Legal Ownership ................................................... 74

5.4.3 Biological .......................................................................................................... 75

5.4.3.2 Wildlife ..................................................................................................... 76

5.4.4 Man-made ........................................................................................................ 76

5.4.5 Human & Cultural ............................................................................................ 79

5.4.5.2 Customs & Traditions ............................................................................... 80

5.5 Site Analysis ............................................................................................................. 83

currently experiencing. At present our country is currently experiencing crisis

in the agricultural area which has affected much of the society.1

At present, our population has already reached 103,305,138 and counting2.

farmers and their crops are barely not enough3.

Ever since, our country has been an agricultural country. As an archipelago

different fruits and vegetables.

As technology rose, our country has simultaneously developed which

resulted to different ways of life. After centuries of development, automobiles

started to replace traditional water vehicles. Old vernacular houses and

urban areas in hope

environment. As a country that has yet to be fully developed, our economy

relies mostly on the service-oriented. Although it has benefited us in

sector. As a result, agricultural lands are slowly either being converted to

industrial or commercial lands.

A rapid and uncontrolled would probably result to a decline on the quality

of life and environmental degradation, acceleration of greenhouse gas

emissions, and political turbulence5.

factor in order to make an economy circulate. This is why it is important to

consider the quality of food we are eating.

Nowadays, most of the food we see in a grocery store is the product of an

unsustainable food system. It is important to consider the quality of food we

water contamination, or worse, disease outbreaks.

Lately, there have been growing concerns regarding food sustainability.

of chemicals may have repercussions to whoever eats it.

Our country geographic setting is the reason why we always experience

natural calamities such as typhoons and earthquakes. These calamities usually

cause damage to our agricultural sector.

Aside from natural calamities, the effects of climate change such as

The crops are badly damaged and may be wasted7.

All these major issues may be potentially solved through aquaponics

farming within an agritourism facility.

whole system and plenty of sustainable food ready for consumption8.

An agritourism facility does not only provide sustainable food for

The fast-paced population growth has been and is currently a major

With this great increase in population, farmers of the world must

conventional soil-based agricultural system. They will have to do this while

scarcity of most of the physical factors of production.

Farming has great impacts on the world’s most critical resources.

This is why agriculture is at the threshold of a necessary paradigm shift9.

In the Philippines is primarily considered as an agricultural country,

of unsustainable farming. In addition, farmers and animal raisers tend to use

growing population. This results to genetically modified products which

eliminates most of the nutrients needed by the consumers.

The province of Tarlac is a landlocked area situated at the heart of

the supply of fish and vegetable goods in the market.

As a landlocked province, the supply of fresh fish is always obtained

from adjacent provinces such as Pangasinan and Zambales. Delivery vehicles