Alphabet Inc.

Alphabet Inc. is an American multinational technology

conglomerate holding company headquartered in Mountain Alphabet Inc.
View, California. It was created through a restructuring of
Google on October 2, 2015,[3] and became the parent
company of Google and several former Google
subsidiaries.[4][5][6] The two co-founders of Google remained
as controlling shareholders, board members, and employees at
Alphabet. Alphabet is the world's third-largest technology
company by revenue and one of the world's most valuable
companies.[7][8] It is one of the Big Five American
information technology companies, alongside Amazon,
Apple, Meta Platforms and Microsoft.

The establishment of Alphabet Inc. was prompted by a desire

to make the core Google business "cleaner and more
accountable" while allowing greater autonomy to group Googleplex, home to Alphabet Inc., in
companies that operate in businesses other than Internet Mountain View, California
services.[5][9] Founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin Type Public
announced their resignation from their executive posts in
December 2019, with the CEO role to be filled by Sundar Traded as Nasdaq: GOOGL (http://
Pichai, also the CEO of Google. Page and Brin remain co- www.nasdaq.com/symb
founders, employees, board members, and controlling ol/googl) (Class A)
shareholders of Alphabet Inc.[10] Nasdaq: GOOG (http://
www.nasdaq.com/symb
ol/goog) (Class C)
Nasdaq-100
Contents components (A & C)
History S&P 100 components (A
& C)
Structure
S&P 500 components (A
Corporate identity
& C)
Finances
ISIN US02079K3059
Investments and acquisitions US02079K1079
Investments Industry Conglomerate
Acquisitions
Founded October 2, 2015
Lawsuits
Founders Larry Page
See also Sergey Brin
References Headquarters Googleplex, Mountain
External links View, California, U.S.
Area served Worldwide
Key people John L. Hennessy
History (Chairman)
On August 10, 2015, Google Inc. announced plans to create Sundar Pichai (CEO)
a new public holding company, Alphabet Inc. Google CEO Ruth Porat (CFO)
Larry Page made this announcement in a blog post on
Google's official blog.[11] Alphabet would be created to Products Artificial intelligence
restructure Google by moving subsidiaries from Google to Automation
Alphabet, narrowing Google's scope. The company would Autonomous cars
consist of Google as well as other businesses including X Biotechnology
Development, Calico, Nest, Verily, Fiber, Makani, CapitalG,
Cloud computing
and GV.[12][13][14] Sundar Pichai, Product Chief, became the
new CEO of Google, replacing Larry Page, who transitioned Computer hardware
to the role of running Alphabet, along with Google co- Corporate venture
founder Sergey Brin.[15][16] capital
Fiber to the x
In his announcement, Page described the planned holding Health care
company as follows:[5][17]
Internet
Robotics
Alphabet is mostly a collection of companies. Software
The largest of which, of course, is Google. This
Revenue US$257.637 Billion
newer Google is a bit slimmed down, with the
(Fiscal Year Ended
companies that are pretty far afield of our main
December 31, 2021)[1]
internet products contained in Alphabet instead.
... Fundamentally, we believe this allows us more Operating US$78.714 Billion
management scale, as we can run things income (Fiscal Year Ended
independently that aren't very related. December 31, 2021)[1]
Net income US$76.033 Billion
(Fiscal Year Ended
Page says the motivation behind the reorganization is to make December 31, 2021)[1]
Google "cleaner and more accountable and better". He also
Total assets US$359.268 Billion
said he wanted to improve "the transparency and oversight of
(Fiscal Year Ended
what we're doing", and to allow greater control of unrelated
December 31, 2021)[1]
companies.[5][9]
Total equity US$251.635 Billion
Former executive Eric Schmidt (now Technical Advisor) (Fiscal Year Ended
revealed in the conference in 2017 the inspiration for this December 31, 2021)[1]
structure came from Warren Buffett and his management Owners Larry Page (controlling
structure of Berkshire Hathaway a decade ago.[18] Schmidt shareholder)
said it was he who encouraged Page and Brin to meet with Sergey Brin (controlling
Buffett in Omaha to see how Berkshire Hathaway was a
shareholder)
holding company made of subsidiaries with strong CEOs
who were trusted to run their businesses.[18] Number of 156,301 (2021)
employees
Before it became a subsidiary of Alphabet, Google Inc. was Subsidiaries Calico
first structured as the owner of Alphabet. The roles were CapitalG
reversed after a placeholder subsidiary was created for the
DeepMind
ownership of Alphabet, at which point the newly formed
subsidiary was merged with Google. Google's stock was then Google
converted to Alphabet's stock. Under the Delaware General Google Fiber
Corporation Law (where Alphabet is incorporated), a holding GV
company reorganization such as this can be done without a Intrinsic
vote of shareholders, as this reorganization was.[19] The
Isomorphic Labs
restructuring process was completed on October 2, 2015.[3]
Verily
Alphabet retains Google Inc.'s stock price history and Waymo
continues to trade under Google Inc.'s former ticker symbols Wing
"GOOG" and "GOOGL"; both classes of stock are
X Development
components of major stock market indices such as the S&P
500 and NASDAQ-100.[20] Website abc.xyz (https://abc.xy
z/)
On December 3, 2019, Page and Brin jointly announced that Footnotes / references

they would step down from their respective roles, remaining [2]
as employees and still the majority vote on the board of
directors. Sundar Pichai, the CEO of Google, is to assume the CEO role at Alphabet while retaining the
same at Google.[21]

Structure
Beside its largest subsidiary, Google, Alphabet Inc. has several other subsidiaries in several other industries,
among others:[22][23][24]

Subsidiary Business Executive Leader

Calico Human health (by overcoming aging) Arthur D. Levinson
CapitalG Private equity for growth stage technology companies David Lawee
DeepMind Artificial intelligence Demis Hassabis
Google Internet services Sundar Pichai
Google Fiber Internet access: via fiber Dinesh Jain
GV Venture capital for technology companies David Krane

Intrinsic Robotics software Wendy Tan White[25]

Isomorphic Labs Drug discovery Demis Hassabis
Verily Human health Andrew Conrad
Waymo Autonomous driving Dmitri Dolgov Tekedra Mawakana
Wing Drone-based delivery of freight James Ryan Burgess
X Development Research and development for "moonshot" technologies Astro Teller

As of September 1, 2017, their equity is held by a subsidiary known as XXVI Holdings, Inc. (referring to
the Roman numeral of 26, the number of letters in the alphabet), so that they can be valued and legally
separated from Google. At the same time, it was announced that Google would be reorganized as a limited
liability company, Google LLC.[26][27]

Eric Schmidt said at an Internet Association event in 2015 that there may eventually be more than 26
Alphabet subsidiaries. He also said that he was currently meeting with the CEOs of the current and
proposed Alphabet subsidiaries. He said, "You'll see a lot coming."[28]

While many companies or divisions formerly a part of Google became subsidiaries of Alphabet, Google
remains the umbrella company for Alphabet's Internet-related businesses. These include widely used
products and services long associated with Google, such as the Android mobile operating system,
YouTube, and Google Search, which remain direct components of Google.[12][29]
Former subsidiaries include Nest Labs, which was merged into Google in February 2018[30] and Chronicle
which was merged with Google Cloud in June 2019.[31] Sidewalk Labs was absorbed into Google in 2021
following CEO Daniel L. Doctoroff's departure from the company due to a suspected ALS diagnosis.[32]

In January 2021, Loon LLC CEO Alastair Westgarth mentioned in a blog post[33] that the company would
be shutting down, citing lack of a scalable and sustainable business model. In July 2021, Alphabet
announced Intrinsic, a new robotics software company spun out of X.[34] In November 2021, Alphabet
announced a new company named Isomorphic Labs, using artificial intelligence for drug discovery and
headed by DeepMind CEO Demis Hassabis.[35]

Corporate identity
Page explained the origin of the company's name:[17]

We liked the name Alphabet because it means a collection of letters that represent language,
one of humanity's most important innovations, and is the core of how we index with Google
search! We also like that it means alpha‑bet (Alpha is investment return above benchmark),
which we strive for!

In a 2018 talk, Schmidt disclosed that the original inspiration for the name came from the location of the
then Google Hamburg office's street address: ABC-Straße.[36]

Alphabet has chosen the domain abc.xyz (https://abc.xyz/) with the .xyz top-level domain (TLD), which
was introduced in 2014. It does not own the domain alphabet.com (https://www.alphabet.com/), which is
owned by a fleet management division of BMW. Following the announcement, BMW said it would be
"necessary to examine the legal trademark implications" of the proposals. Additionally, it does not own the
domain abc.com (https://abc.com/), which is the domain of the Disney-owned American Broadcasting
Company.[37][38]

The website features an Easter egg in the paragraph where Larry Page writes, "Sergey and I are seriously
in the business of starting new things. Alphabet will also include our X lab, which incubates new efforts
like Wing, our drone delivery effort. We are also stoked about growing our investment arms, Ventures and
Capital, as part of this new structure." The period after "drone delivery effort" is a hyperlink to
"hooli.xyz",[39] a reference to the television series Silicon Valley.[40]

Finances
For the fiscal (and calendar) year 2020, Alphabet reported a net income of $40,269 million. The annual
revenue was $182.5 billion, an increase of 23% over the previous fiscal year.

Revenue Net income Total assets

Year Employees
(mil. USD) (mil. USD) (mil. USD)

2016[41] 90,272 19,478 167,497 72,053

2017[42] 110,855 12,662 197,295 80,110

2018[43] 136,819 30,736 232,792 98,771

2019[44] 161,857 34,343 275,909 118,899

2020[45] 182,527 40,269 319,616 135,301

As per its 2017 annual report, 86% of Alphabet's revenues came from performance advertising (through
user clicks using AdSense and Google Ads) and brand advertising.[46] Of these, 53% came from its
international operations. This translated to a total revenue of US$110,855 million in 2017 and a net income
of US$12,662 million.

On February 1, 2016, Alphabet Inc. surpassed Apple to become the world's most valuable publicly traded
company until February 3, 2016, when Apple surged back over Alphabet to retake the position. Experts
cited Apple's lack of innovation as well as increasing Chinese competition as reasons for the poor
performance.[47][48]

As of 2019, Alphabet is ranked No. 15 on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States
corporations by total revenue.[49]

On January 16, 2020, Alphabet became the fourth US company to reach a $1 trillion market value[50]
entering the trillion dollar companies club for the first time.

Investments and acquisitions

Investments

In November 2017, Alphabet Inc. led a Series A round of $71 million along with Andreessen Horowitz
and 20th Century Fox in music startup UnitedMasters, founded by Steve Stoute.[51]

In addition to funding startups, Alphabet also invests in more mature companies, including publicly traded
companies like Uber and privately held companies like Medium.[52]

Acquisitions

An analysis of the company's investments in 2017 suggested that it was the most active investor in that
period, outdoing the capital arm of Intel and also its own best customer. Alphabet, Inc. acquired seven of its
own capital-backed startups in the 2017 financial year, with Cisco second having acquired six of the
company's previous investments.[53]

Flatiron Health, a startup founded by two former Google employees and backed by Alphabet, Inc.,
announced that it was to be acquired by health conglomerate Hoffmann-La Roche for $1.8  billion. The
company provides electronic medical records and analysis to identify improved treatments for oncology
patients.[54]

Lawsuits
In 2017, Alphabet Inc. sued Uber over technology similar to Alphabet's proprietary self-driving car
technology. Alphabet's autonomous vehicle technology had been under development for a decade by
Alphabet's Waymo (self-driving vehicle division). The proprietary technology is related to 14,000
documents believed to have been downloaded and stolen by a former Waymo engineer, subsequently
employed by Uber.[55][56] The lawsuit was settled in February 2018, with Uber agreeing not to use the
self-driving technology in dispute and also agreed to provide Waymo with an equity stake of 0.34%,
equating to around $245 million at the firm's early 2018 value.[57]
In October 2018, a class action lawsuit was filed against Google and Alphabet due to "non-public"
Google+ account data being exposed as a result of a privacy bug that allowed app developers to gain
access to the private information of users. The litigation was settled in July 2020 for $7.5 million with a
payout to claimants of at least $5 each, with a maximum of $12 each.[58][59][60]

In October 2020, the United States Department of Justice filed an antitrust lawsuit against Alphabet,
alleging anti-competitive practices.[61]

On 2 December 2020, the National Labor Relations Board filed a complaint that claimed Alphabet Inc
conducted unlawful monitoring and questioning of several workers at Google. The employees in question
were fired for unionization attempts and protesting company policies. The board also alleges that Google
unlawfully placed employees on administrative leave in retribution. Alphabet Inc has denied any
wrongdoing and said it acted legally.[62]

On 7 June 2021, Alphabet Inc., parent company to Google, announced it had settled an antitrust suit with
the French Autorité de la concurrence with a payment of $270 million. The settlement amounted to less
than 0.7% of Alphabet Inc.'s yearly earnings.[63]

On 12 June 2021, it was announced that Japan would launch an antitrust probe into Alphabet Inc. and
Apple Inc. to determine whether their dealings with Japanese smartphone makers violate current antitrust
measures or could necessitate new ones.[64]

See also
Google LLC
 San Francisco Bay Area portal
 Internet portal

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External links
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 Business data for Alphabet Inc. (class A): Google Finance (https://www.google.com/finance?
q=GOOGL) · Yahoo! Finance (https://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=GOOGL) · Bloomberg (https://w
ww.bloomberg.com/quote/GOOGL:US) · Reuters (https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/ov
erview?symbol=GOOGL.O) · SEC filings (https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=
getcompany&CIK=1652044)
Business data for Alphabet Inc. (class C): Google Finance (https://www.google.com/finance?
q=GOOG) · Yahoo! Finance (https://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=GOOG) · Bloomberg (https://ww
w.bloomberg.com/quote/GOOG:US) · Reuters (https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/overvi
ew?symbol=GOOG.O) · SEC filings (https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getc
ompany&CIK=1652044)

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