Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Statistics and Probability - q4 - Mod4 - Identifying Parameter To Be Tested Given A Real Life-Problem - V2 PDF
Statistics and Probability - q4 - Mod4 - Identifying Parameter To Be Tested Given A Real Life-Problem - V2 PDF
Probability
Quarter 4 – Module 4:
Identifying Appropriate Test
Statistics Involving Population
Mean
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.
Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Brgy. San Isidro, Cainta, Rizal
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Statistics and
Probability
Quarter 4 – Module 4:
Identifying Appropriate Test
Statistics Involving Population
Mean
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
What I Need to Know
In the previous module, you have learned more about hypothesis. You identified the
two kinds of hypotheses and the directionality test of hypothesis. The module also
discussed about the notations commonly used in formulating a hypothesis. You also
accomplished activities identifying the test of hypothesis to be used after formulating
null and alternative hypotheses.
This time, you are ready to identify the test statistic to be used when the population
variance is known and unknown.
Choose the best answer to the given questions or statements. Write the letter of your
choice on a separate sheet of paper.
1. If the variance is unknown and the sample size is small, which test statistic is
appropriate?
a. t-test c. two-tailed test
b. z-test d. one-tailed test
2. One-sample z-statistic is used instead of one-sample t-statistic when
___________.
a. μ is known. c. μ is unknown.
b. σ is known. d. σ is unknown
3. Based on the Central Limit Theorem, when the sample (n) is extremely large
and the variance is known, what is the statistical test to be used?
a. t-test c. two-tailed test
b. z-test d. one-tailed test
4. Which of the following characteristics can be considered in using z-
test/statistic as an appropriate test?
a. Sample standard deviation is known.
b. Population is not normally distributed.
c. The sample size is greater than 30.
d. Population standard deviation is unknown.
5. What test is appropriate if the distribution is not normal, there is a sufficiently
large sample size, and population variance is unknown?
a. t-test c. null test
b. z-test d. hypothesis test
6. Which of the following notations is needed in identifying the test statistic to be
used in computing test value?
a. µ b. α c. σ d. 𝑥
7. In a sample n=100 selected from a normal population 𝑥̅ = 56 and 𝑠 = 12, what
statistical test is applicable?
a. t-test c. left-tailed test
b. z-test d. two-tailed test
8. The t-test for single sample mean may be used when all the following
conditions are true except ____________.
a. Sample size is less than 30.
b. Sample standard deviation (𝑠) is known.
c. Population standard deviation (𝜎) is known.
d. Data are approximately normally distributed.
9. A simple random sample of 150 observations was taken from a large
population. The sample average and the sample standard deviation were
determined to be 70 and 16, respectively. What is the value of the s?
a. 1.6 B. 16 C. 70 D. 150
13. An agent believes that the average closing cost of purchasing a new home is
₱328,250. She selects 40 new home sales at random and finds that the average
closing cost is ₱333,300. The standard deviation of the population is ₱6,060.
What is the test statistic appropriate to used?
a. t-test c. standard deviation
b. z-test d. Central Limit Theorem
14. What test statistic is appropriate to use in the given problem below? “A random
sample of 29 medical doctors showed that they work an average of 55 hours
per week with a standard deviation of 7.5 hours per week. If the average is 48
hours per week, is this given evidence significantly greater than the rest of the
medical doctors?”
a. t-test c. variance
b. z-test d. two-tailed test
15. Last 2015, the government made a claim that the average income of the Filipino
people was ₱18,000. However, a sample was taken recently showing an
average income of ₱20,000 with a population standard deviation of ₱1,300.
Which test statistic is appropriate to use?
a. t-test c. one -tailed test
b. z-test d. two-tailed test
In the previous module, you were taught how to formulate null and alternative
hypotheses. You are now ready to analyze statistical hypothesis to determine the
correct test statistics to be used in computing the results and making decisions.
What’s In
1. In the items above, how did you differentiate the statements describing
standard normal distribution from those involving t-distribution?
2. Were you able to answer them easily? If not, which item/s did you find difficult
to answer?
3. Were you able to differentiate the statements characterizing normal
distribution from those describing t-distribution?
What’s New
Examples:
1. The average number of ad clicks per day for Facebook before was 192,000
and the standard deviation was 100,000. Sixty-four (64) days after the
redesign, the mean number of ad clicks per day was 200,000.
𝜇 = ______ 𝑥̅ = ______ 𝑛 = ______ 𝜎 = ______
3. The mean number of close friends for the population of people living in the
Philippines is 5. The standard deviation of scores in this population is 1.2.
An investigator predicts that the mean number of close friends for introverts
will be significantly different from the mean of the population. The mean
number of close friends for a sample of 26 introverts is 6.
𝜇 = ______ 𝑥̅ = ______ 𝑛 = ______ 𝜎 = ______
Guide Questions:
Before we move forward to the different test statistics, it is important to define the
following terms:
Example:
µ = ₱100 the average allowance of the population (Senior High School students)
𝐧 = 𝟒𝟎 the number of students taken from all Senior High School students
̅ = ₱120 the mean allowance of the sample
𝒙
𝛔 = ₱50 the standard deviation of the population
Now you already know how to get the data needed in choosing test statistics. This
time, you will determine what test statistic is appropriate in computing test value in
the hypothesis testing.
A test statistic is a random variable that is calculated from sample data and used
in a hypothesis test. You can use test statistics to determine whether to reject or
accept the null hypothesis. The test statistic compares your data with what is
expected under the null hypothesis.
To identify the test statistic, you must consider whether the population standard
deviation/variance is known or unknown. If the population standard deviation σ is
z-test
In a z-test, the sample is assumed to be normally distributed. A z-score is calculated
with population parameters such as “population mean” and “population standard
deviation”. It is used to validate a hypothesis that the sample drawn belongs to the
same population. When the variance is known and either the distribution is normal
or sample size is large, use a z-test statistic.
t-test
Like a z-test, a t-test also assumes a normal distribution of the sample. A t-test is
used when the population variance or standard deviation are not known. When the
variance is unknown and a sample size is less than 30, use a t-test statistic
assuming that the population is normal or approximately normal.
When population standard deviation σ is not known, we may still use z-score by
replacing the population standard deviation σ by its estimate, sample standard
deviation s. Since the sample is large the resulting test statistic still has a distribution
that is approximately standard normal.
Historically, this was very useful, as most statisticians before did not have access to
the t-table of quantities for very large number of degrees of freedom. But with modern
computers today, using t-test with a very large sample size is not a problem at all.
However, since you will be using a t-table with only limited number of degrees of
freedom, you will use z-test when the sample size is large even though the population
standard deviation is unknown.
When sample sizes are small, the Central Limit Theorem does not apply. You must
then impose stricter assumptions on the population to give statistical validity to the
test procedure. One common assumption is that the population from which the
sample is taken has a normal probability distribution to begin with. Under such
circumstances, if the population standard deviation is known, then the test statistic
𝑥̅ −𝜇𝑜
𝜎 still has the standard normal distribution.
⁄ 𝑛
√
𝒏 ≥ 𝟑𝟎 𝒏 < 𝟑𝟎
Illustrative Examples:
1. A manufacturer claimed that the average life of batteries used in their
electronic games is 150 hours. It is known that the standard deviation of this
type of battery is 20 hours. A consumer wished to test the manufacturer’s
claim and accordingly tested 100 electronic games using the battery. It was
found out that the mean is equal to 144 hours.
Here, the sample size (n) is 100 (extremely large) and population
standard deviation (20 hours) is known, then the appropriate test
statistic to be used is z-test.
Note:
The illustrative examples above used standard deviations instead of
variances. Variance is the square of the standard deviation and conversely,
the standard deviation is the square root of the variance. Hence, if the
standard deviation is known in the problem, then basically, variance is also
known.
What’s More
3. The cholesterol levels in a certain population have a mean of 210 and standard
deviation of 21. The cholesterol levels for a random sample of 9 individuals are
measured and the sample mean x is determined. What is the z-score for a
sample mean x=180?
___________2. Based on the report of the school nurse, the average height of Grade
11 students has increased. Five years ago, the average height of Grade 11 students
was 170cm with a standard deviation of 38cm. She took a random sample of 150
students and derived the average height of 165cm.
___________3. Knowing from a previous study that the average of athletes is 80, an
athletic adviser asked how his soccer players are academically doing as compared to
other student athletes. After an initiative to help improve the average of student
athletes, the adviser randomly selected 15 soccer players and found 85 as the
average with a standard deviation of 1.25.
___________5. It was known that the number of tickets purchased by students at the
ticket window for the volleyball match of two popular universities followed a
distribution that has a mean of 500 and a standard deviation of 8.9. Suppose that a
few hours before the start of one of these matches, there are 100 eager students
standing in line to purchase tickets. If there are 250 tickets remaining, what is the
probability that all 100 students will be able to purchase the tickets they want ?
Complete the following sentences by filling each blank with the correct word or
phrase.
Make a comics strip on how to determine the appropriate tool when the
variance is known, variance is unknown, and when Central Limit Theorem is used.
Your work will be evaluated using the following rubric.
Assessment
Directions: Choose the best answer to the given questions or statements. Write the
letter of your choice on a separate sheet of paper.
a. f-test c. z-test
b. t-test d. Central Limit Theorem
8. Based on Central Limit Theorem, the z-test for single sample may be used
when all the following conditions are TRUE except _________________.
a. Sample size is less than 30.
b. Data are normally distributed.
c. Population standard deviation is known.
d. Population standard deviation is unknown.
9. What is the sample standard deviation if a simple random sample of 220
students is drawn from a population of 2,740 college students? Among the
sampled students, the average IQ score is 115 with standard deviation of 10.
a. 10 b. 115 c. 220 d. 2,740
10. The supervisor of a certain company claimed that the mean workday of his
workers is 8.3 hours per day. A sample of 20 workers was taken and it was
found out that the mean workday is 8 hours with standard deviation of 1 hour.
At 0.01 level of significance, is the mean workday less than 8.3 hours?
What test statistic is to be used in the given problem?
a. z-test c. right-tailed test
b. t-test d. left-tailed test
12. A leader of an association of jeepney driver claims that the average daily take-
home pay of all jeepney drivers in Caloocan is ₱350.00. A random sample of
100 jeepney drivers in Caloocan was interviewed and the take-home pay was
found to be ₱420.00. If 0.05 significance level was used to find out whether
the average take home pay is different from ₱350.00 and population variance
was assumed to be ₱92.00, what is the appropriate test statistic?
a. t-test c. left-tailed test
b. z-test d. right-tailed test
Additional Activities
Chua, Jedd Amerson S. Soaring 21st Century Mathematics: Statistics and Probability.
Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House Inc., 2016.
De Guzman, Danilo. Statistics and Probability. Quezon City: C & E Publishing Inc,
2017.
Punzalan, Joyce Raymond B. Senior High School Statistics and Probability. Malaysia:
Oxford Publishing, 2018.
Sirug, Winston S. Statistics and Probability for Senior High School CORE Subject A
Comprehensive Approach K to 12 Curriculum Compliant. Manila: Mindshapers
Co., Inc., 2017.
Online Resources
LaMorte, Wayne W. “Central Limit Theorem (CLT).” Accessed May 27, 2020
http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPHModules/BS/BS704_Probability/
BS704_Probability12.html