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Vinegar
Vinegar
In this laboratory exercise we will determine the percentage Acetic Acid (CH3CO2H) in Vinegar.
We will do this by Titrating the Acetic Acid present with a Strong Base; Sodium Hydroxide
(NaOH). The Endpoint of the Titration will be detected using a Phenolphthalein indicator; an
acid-base indicator that changes color from clear to pink in going from its acidic form to its basic
form.
Acetic Acid (fr. Latin acetum for vinegar) is the main component of Vinegar. It is a carbon
based compound with a single ionizable proton, making it an organic acid of the larger class of
organic acids called Carboxylic Acids; organic compounds with a –COOH functional moeity.
Alcoholic solutions containing less than 18% Grain Alcohol become Vinegar when airborne
bacteria oxidize the Alcohol into Acetic Acid:
(Here, [O] is a general notation for any oxidizing agent.) For instance, Cider Vinegar is
produced from fermented apples. Balsamic Vinegar is prepared from the must of white grapes.
White Vinegar is prepared from distilled alcohol. Vinegars are used for a variety of purposes;
cooking, cleaning, pickling and gardening. Typically the Acetic Acid content of a vinegar will
vary from about 5-8% for Table Vinegars to about 18% for Pickling Vinegars. (Pure Acetic
Acid is referred to as Glacial Acetic Acid.)
We will determine the Acetic Acid content of a commercially prepared White Vinegar solution
using a type of Volumetric Analysis called Titrimetry.
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Volumetric Analyses were late in being developed because accurate methods for measuring
volume are difficult to come by.
According to Francis Holme’s book on bleaching, the “value” of pearl ashes was measured in
1756 by noting the number of teaspoonfuls of dilute nitric acid which had to be added before
effervescence ceased. This was the first clear instance of using a volumetric approach to chemical
analysis ...
The Titration is performed by slowly adding the titrant to the analyte solution via the buret until
an Endpoint is reached. The Endpoint is represented by some distinct physical change in the
analyte solution; typically an Indicator color change, or the cessation of effervescence in the case
of the pearl ash titration above. If the indicator is chosen well, the Endpoint will represent the
Equivalence Point of the Titration Reaction; the point at which the added amount of titrant is
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Suppose we Titrate a solution of Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) with a Standard 0.1054 M Solution of
Sodium Hydroxide. The titration reaction is:
and:
Or, in grams:
In our case, the Analyte is the Acetic Acid in the Vinegar and the Titrant is a dilute solution of
the strong base Sodium Hydroxide. The titration reaction is:
The Endpoint of the titration will be detected by observing the color change for a
Phenolphthalein indicator added to the Vinegar.
Kc = (Eq. 4)
Note, H2O is included in this expression because, although it is a liquid, it is not a Pure Liquid.
However, because the H2O concentration is large and relatively constant, we frequently define a
new constant, Ka, the Acid Dissociation Constant, as:
Ka = Kc [H2O] = (Eq. 5)
For Acetic Acid, this constant has a value of Ka = 1.8 x 10-5, indicating only a small percentage
of the Acetic Acid is dissociated in solution.
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At the Equivalence Point of the Titration, we have a solution which contains predominately the
Acetate Ion (CH3CO2-); see (Eq. 2). Because Acetic Acid is a Weak Acid, its Conjugate Base,
the Acetate Ion, is also a Weak Base. This means it will partially Hydrolyze in Water to form
OH-:
Kc = (Eq. 7)
And, again, because the H2O concentration is large and relatively fixed, we can define a Base
Dissociation Constant Kb as:
Kb = Kc [H2O] = (Eq. 8)
This is important because it allows us to calculate the expected pH at the Equivalence Point of
the Titration. For a Titration that results in a 0.05 M solution of Acetate Ion, we have:
In any titration we wish to have the Equivalence Point equal to the Endpoint. For our case, this
means we should select an Indicator that changes color near pH = 8.72. (See appendix.)
Phenolphthalein will suffice; changing from clear to pink near pH = 8.
One final point needs to be addressed. How do we know the concentration of the OH- titrant?
Although Sodium Hydroxide is a solid, preparation of solutions of accurately known
concentration is difficult. The base is very hygroscopic. Additionally, the resulting solution
tends to absorb Carbon Dioxide from the air, which neutralizes some of the base. The solution is
simple enough, we Standardize the NaOH solution by using it to Titrate a solution of Potassium
Hydrogen Phthalate (KHC8H4O4), which is frequently abbreviated KHP. Here the KHP is acting
as a Primary Standard. Primary Standards are extremely stable solids that can be weighed out
very accurately and used to Standardize titrant solutions whose concentration is not accurately
known.
The Neutralization reaction for KHP by NaOH is in a one-one mole ratio, so the Titration
Reaction is:
By knowing the mass of the KHP, we can determine the number of moles NaOH used in the
titration and thus determine its concentration.
Suppose 1.0221g of KHP is titrated with 37.80mL of NaOH. What is the concentration of the
NaOH Standard Solution?
Molarity = = = 0.1324 M
Thus, we will first prepare a solution of NaOH and Standardize it against KHP. Then, we will
use this Standard Solution to Titrate the Vinegar to a Phenolphthalein Endpoint. This will allow
us to determine the number of moles Acetic Acid in the Vinegar. And, this can be used to
determine the Percentage Acetic Acid.
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Pre-Lab Questions
1. What volume of 6M NaOH solution is required to make 400 mL of 0.1M NaOH.
2. Suppose 0.8532g of KHP is titrated with 27.54 mL of NaOH. What is the concentration of
the NaOH solution?
3. A Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) is titrated with a 0.1214 M NaOH Standard Solution. 41.56
mL of the Standard is required to reach the Endpoint. The Titration Reaction is:
Procedure
Standardization of NaOH
1. Weigh out ~0.715g of KHP on the glazed papers provided.
2. Transfer this to a 250 mL Erlenmeyer Flask. Wash any residual KHP off the glazed paper
into the flask. Dissolve in 50 mL deionized Water.
4. Titrate to the Endpoint with your NaOH solution. Your instructor will indicate how to
properly use the Buret. For the 50mL burets used in this titration, all volume readings
can be made with a precision of 0.02 mL. Check with your instructor to make sure
you are reading the buret with sufficient precision.
5. Repeat this process for a total of three trials. Check with your instructor to make sure
the results are sufficiently close to each other. If the results are not sufficiently close
together, repeat the titration a fourth time.
Titration of Vinegar
1. Obtain about 25 mL of Vinegar in a small beaker. Be sure to record the brand and
Percentage Acetic Acid reported by the manufacturer.
2. Use a pipet to transfer 4 mL of the Vinegar to a 250 mL Erlenmeyer Flask. Dilute this to
about 50 mL with Water.
5. Repeat this process for a total of three trials. Check with your instructor to make sure
the results are sufficiently close to each other. If the results are not sufficiently close
together, repeat the titration a fourth time.
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Data Analysis
1. Determine the Molarity of the Standard NaOH solution for each of the three trials in the
Standardization procedure. Average the results.
2. Determine the mass of Acetic Acid in the Vinegar solution for each of the three trials in the
Titration procedure. Average the results.
3. Determine the mass of the Vinegar solution used for each titration. The density of Vinegar
is about
1.005 g/mL.
5. Calculate the Percentage Difference between your result and that reported by the
manufacturer.
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In this exercise, we will examine the Titration Curve for a weak acid that is being titrated with a
strong base. We will use Titrator to generate the Titration Curve for this system; varying the
initial concentration of acid and the acid’s dissociation constant Ka.
Consider the titration of Acetic Acid (HAc), a typical weak acid, with Sodium Hydroxide. The
Titration Reaction for this system is:
Initially, we start with a system that contains only Acetic Acid and Water and their ionization products all
at equilibrium:
As Hydroxide is added via the buret, Acetic Acid is converted to Acetate and these equilibria
must be re-established. We can use Titrator to determine the concentration of each species after
the equilibria are established. In particular, we wish to determine the equilibrium concentration
of H+ at each point during the titration; a plot of pH versus volume Hydroxide added constitutes
the Titration Curve.
To establish our Titrator definition we will select HAc as a Component; we start with a known
Formal Total concentration of this species. H2O is another natural choice for the Components;
its Free concentration is fixed at 55.5M. Also, selecting H+ as a component makes sense because
its removal from HAc and H2O “forms” both the Ac- and the OH-. However, we want to titrate
the system with OH-, which means that this must be a Component. If OH- is to be our
Component choice (why can’t both H+ and OH- be selected as components?), then we will no
longer able to “form” Ac-. So, in order to select HAc, H2O and OH- as Components, we must re-
write the first equilibrium in such a way as to form Ac-. We will do this by compounding both of
our equilibria in the following fashion:
Now, all is right with the World; OH- can be used to “form” Ac- from HAc. It can also form H+
from H2O. And, now, we have not over specified the system with too many components.
So, the Titrator definition for this system, starting with 0.1F HAc, will be:
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Questions:
Now, let’s titrate the system with Hydroxide. Click on “Titrate”. Specify the Titrant
composition:
Titrant Composition
Primary: OH-
Concentration: 0.1 M
Now click “Titrate” and display the H+ concentration as the 2nd Species.
Questions:
2. Examine the Results Table and determine the pH at the following volumes added:
12.5 mL
25.0 mL (Equivalence Pt.)
50.0 mL
How does the pH at the Equivalence Pt. compare with the transition pH for the indicator
Phenolphthalein? Is this a good Indicator choice for this titration? Explain.
3. Use Titrator’s “Export” feature (under the “File” tab) to save the “Results” table.
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4. Now change the initial concentration of Acetic Acid and the Hydroxide titrant
concentrations to the following values. Generate the Titration Curve for each case. (All
other titration parameters should be the same as above.)
5. Upload each case into Excel and plot each Titration Curve simultaneously on the same
graph.
Note:
1) When uploading the files into Excel, indicate that the “Results” files are
“Space Delimited”.
2) You will have to manually select the columns containing the H+
concentrations and the Vol. Titrant added.
3) You will have to have Excel calculate the pH from the H+ data.
6. Qualitatively, what is happening to the Titration Curve? Do we have to worry about our
Indicator choice?
7. Return to a system that is 0.1M HAc being titrated with 0.1M OH-. Decrease the
equilibrium constant for the acid. Do this by changing the logK for the formation of Ac-
from 9.23 to: