Lesson 11 Sampling and Sampling Techniques

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 (PRR2-S)
Lesson 11 SAMPLING AND SAMPLING

TECHNIQUES
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 (PRR2-S)
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Lesson 11 SAMPLING AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
It is the process of selecting a number of individuals for a

study in such a way that the individuals represent the larger
group from which they were selected. It allows the
researcher to infer information about a population based on
the results from a subset of the population without having to
investigate every individual.
TARGET POPULATION
TARGET POPULATION
The target population is the total group of individuals

from which the sample might be drawn. A sample is the
group of people who take part in the investigation. The
people who take part are referred to as “participants”.
STUDY POPULATION
STUDY POPULATION
Study population is the operational definition of target

population. Researchers are seldom in a position to study the
entire target population, which is not always readily
accessible.
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
Sample is a group of people, objects, or items that are

taken from a larger population for measurement. The sample
should be representative of the population to ensure that we
can generalize the findings from the research sample to the
population as a whole.
SAMPLE
SAMPLING FRAME and

PURPOSE OF SAMPLING
SAMPLING FRAME and PURPOSE OF SAMPLING
• Sample frame is list of all elements or other units

containing the elements in a population.
• The purpose of sample is to gather data about the

population in order to make an inference that can be
generalized to the population
STAGES IN THE SELECTION

OF A SAMPLE
STAGES IN THE SELECTION OF A SAMPLE
1. Define the target population

2. Select a sampling frame
3. Determine if a probability or nonprobability sampling
method will be chosen
4. Plan procedure for selecting sampling units
5. Determine sample size
6. Select actual sampling units
7. Conduct fieldwork
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
A. PROBABILITY SAMPLING
In this technique, the researcher starts with a complete

sampling frame of all eligible individuals from which the
sample is selected. In this way, all eligible individuals have a
chance of being chosen for the sample. This method allows
for a more generalized result derived from a strong statistical
inference. However, this method is time-consuming and
expensive.
1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

Selecting subjects so that all members of a population have an
equal and independent chance of being selected
Example: You want to select a simple random sample of 100 STEM-

HUMSS students of SPCC. You assign a number to every STEM-HUMSS
student, and use a random number generator to select 100 students.
2. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
The population is divided into two or more groups called strata,
according to some criterion, such as geographic location, grade
level, age, or income, and subsamples are randomly selected from
each strata.
2. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
Example: ABC National High School has 600 Grade 11 students and
400 Grade 12 students. You want to ensure that the sample reflects
the grade level balance of the school, so you sort the population into
two strata based on the grade level. Then you use random sampling
on each group, selecting 60 Grade 11 students and 40 Grade 12
students which gives you a representative sample of 100 students.
3. CLUSTER SAMPLING
The process of randomly selecting intact groups, not individuals,
within the defined population sharing similar characteristics. Clusters
are locations within which an intact group of members of the
population can be found.
Example: A fast-food chain has 50 branches in a city with the same

number of crew. Since it is pandemic, you cannot travel to every
branch to collect the data you need, so you use random sampling to
select 15 branches – these are your clusters.
4. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
In this technique, every member of the population is listed with a
number, but instead of randomly generating numbers, individuals are
chosen at regular intervals.
Example: In 800 doctors listed alphabetically, you select the sample

for every 10th count. The 10th doctor will be sample number 1, 20th
doctor will be the sample number 2, the 30th doctor will be sample
number 3, and so on.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
B. NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLING
In this technique, the researcher does not start with a

complete sampling frame, so some eligible individuals have
no chance of being selected. Although it is easier and easy
to do, it has a higher risk of sampling bias. These techniques
are often used in qualitative research wherein the researcher
does not intend to test a hypothesis, rather, to develop an
understanding of a small or under-researched population.
1. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
Participants are selected based on their availability and
willingness to take part in the research. This does not guarantee that
the selected participants are representative of the population.
Example: You want to know the opinion of the students about

Practical Research 2 subject, so you asked your classmates to
complete a survey about it. Since you only chose your classmates,
the sample is not representative of all the students taking Practical
Research 2 subject in the school.
2. QUOTA SAMPLING
This method is used widely in market researches. The researcher
is given a quota of the subjects needed in the research.
Example: A market researcher is asked to interview ten teenagers, 10

working mothers, 10 children aged 9 – 12, etc. These numbers are the
only subjects of the study regardless of other factors.
3. PURPOSIVE (JUDGEMENT) SAMPLING

In this technique, the researcher purposely chooses the sample
which he/she thinks is most useful for the study he/she is conducting.
This is useful when the researcher wants to gain detailed knowledge
about a specific phenomenon.
Example: You want to know the challenges faced by working

students in the current learning modality, so you purposefully select a
number of working students in your school.
4. SNOWBALL SAMPLING
This technique is normally used when the sample is not
accessible. Existing subject is asked to identify other subjects known
to them, so the sample increases in size just like a rolling snowball.
Example: You are researching about the triggers of cheating among

students. You interview one known subject who qualifies for the
subject description you created. After that, you asked the subject to
give you a name of another person who can be the next subject of
your study.
Synchronous
activity
Synchronous activity: What sample should you use?
Determine whether the given is a sample or the
population.
Synchronous activity: Sample or population, and why?
Determine whether to use sample or population as the
respondents and Explain the reason for the choice
asynchronous
activity
asynchronous activity: consultation
Consult your study

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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 (PRR2-S)

Lesson 11 SAMPLING AND SAMPLING

How’s your day so far?

It is the process of selecting a number of individuals for a

The target population is the total group of individuals

Study population is the operational definition of target

Sample is a group of people, objects, or items that are

SAMPLING FRAME and

• Sample frame is list of all elements or other units

• The purpose of sample is to gather data about the

STAGES IN THE SELECTION

1. Define the target population

In this technique, the researcher starts with a complete

1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

Example: You want to select a simple random sample of 100 STEM-

Example: A fast-food chain has 50 branches in a city with the same

Example: In 800 doctors listed alphabetically, you select the sample

In this technique, the researcher does not start with a

Example: You want to know the opinion of the students about

Example: A market researcher is asked to interview ten teenagers, 10

3. PURPOSIVE (JUDGEMENT) SAMPLING

Example: You want to know the challenges faced by working

Example: You are researching about the triggers of cheating among

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