Ict JSS 2
Ict JSS 2
WEEK ONE
TOPIC: COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
There are a number of programming languages existing today. Each language has
its own rule for writing the instructions. Programming languages are designed for
specific purposes, such as scientific applications, business solutions or web page
development.
Programmers must decide which programming languages and tools to use when
they write programs.
1. Machine language
2. Low level language
3. High level language
Machine Language
Low-level programming languages are sometimes divided into two categories: first
generation and second generation.
1. Scientific language
2. Multi-purpose language
3. Commercial language
4. Command language for operating system
5. Special purpose programming language.
Scientific Language
This is the language that is used for scientific and engineering purposes. Examples
include FORTRAN – Formula Translator, BASIC – Beginner All-purpose
Symbolic Instruction Codes. It combines the features of the extensive arithmetic
computational ability and the ability to handle mathematical expression.
Multi-Purpose Language
This type of high level programming language can cope with a number of different
types of application areas. Examples of multi-purpose language are Visual BASIC,
PL/I C++, Java etc.
Commercial Language
This type of program was first developed by the American Government Defensive
Department to create a common administrative language for internal and external
use. The prominent language is COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language).
(vi) JAVA
(vii) C etc.
Before a program is written, there is need for proper planning on how the problem
at hand will be solved. Steps to follow are;
1. Problem definition
2. Planning the solution
3. Program coding
4. Program testing
5. Program documentation
1. Problem definition: The programmer is expected to study the problem and also
know all inputs to be used in the program and the expected output.
2. Planning the solution: Before a program is written, flowchart for that program
must first be written and tested before the actual coding of the program. A
flowchart is a diagrammatical representation of the step by step method involved
in writing a given program.
4. Program testing: The written program is tested and errors are corrected to
check the workability of the program
Numbers 0 – 9,
Alphabets A – Z, a – z,
They are data that can change in constant numerals versus variable numerals.
Types of Variables:
1. Numeric Variable: these are used to hold numbers, integers, real numbers or
exponential form. Examples are A1, T4, and G9 R2 etc.
2. String Variable ($): String variables are used to hold inputs that are alphabetic.
This kind of variable can be up to 255 characters in length but it must be enclosed
in double quotes (“”). It is represented with the $ sign
Examples of Variables:
Numeric Variable String Variable ($)
A A$
GREEN GREEN$
C1 C1$
DEBORAH DEBORAH$
ADA ADA$
L L$
Line Numbers:
In BASIC, we need a line number for each BASIC statement. Line Numbers must
be positive whole numbers from 1 to 99,999. A line number is always in integer
form and this is done to give room for correction when necessary. It is presented in
the format below:
10 ……………………..
20 ……………………..
30 ……………………..
40 …………………….. Etc.
REM statements stand for remark or Remember. The statement allows you to add
comment and explanatory notes to your program. This may as well include date
and what the program or segment of a program is all about. Computer does not
execute REM hence, it is NOT necessary to use Line Number for REM. It is just a
remark that aids the programmer or whoever reads the program to remember or
understand certain things about the program.
Examples:
Assignment statements are used to assign values to a Variable. Examples are LET,
INPUT, and DATA
INPUT Statement
This allows you to type in data into a variable directly from the keyboard while the
program is running. This program will be able to produce the required result with
given data. The INPUT statement can be used in the following ways;
Example:
30 INPUT A
Note: if you want to a set of written note to display on your output screen exactly
the way you have typed it in your program, you enclose the text with a double
quote (“”).
Example:
PRINT “Hello”
LET Statement
The LET statement permits the programmer to assign numbers and formulas to a
variable name.
Example:
30 LET HEPHZIBAH = 50
DATA Statement
The statement (Read and Data) goes hand in hand. Data statement is used to enter
data into a program before running the program or before program execution
occurs. The data to be entered into the program is read from DATA statement.
Example:
10 READ A, B, C, D
20 DATA 3, 5, 10, 15
Note: The way you arrange the values on DATA line is exactly how the values
will go into the variables. So be mindful of it.
The result of the processed data is displayed by output statement. The PRINT
statement brings out the processed data. The print statement has the general format.
Example:
20 PRINT D, E, C
25 PRINT A, $, C
END Statement: this always indicates the end of a BASIC program. When the
computer comes across the end statement in a program, the computer automatically
ends. End should always be the last statement in the program to indicate the
physical end of the program.
Example:
40 END
CLS
This means CLear Screen. Every BASIC program should begin with CLS to avoid
getting unexpected display on the screen.
(iv) Line number should increase in steps of 10 to allow for insertion of extra lines
during program modification.
Example 1: Write a BASIC program to find the average of three numbers.
Solution:
10 READ A, B, C
40 END
Example 2: Write a BASIC program to calculate the volume of a box.
Solution:
20 READ L, B, H
60 END
Conditional Statements
These are statements in BASIC programming that are dependent on some certain
conditions and criteria before they can be obeyed. Example is IF…THEN…ELSE
IF…THEN…
This is a conditional statement. If the condition is true, the statement following the
“THEN” is executed.
Example:
2 INPUT A
50 PRINT A
60 END
Sample Program
10 REM PROGRAM TO PRINT NAME AND ADDRESS
30 LET B$ = “Uti Road off DSC Express Way, Warri, Delta State”
40 PRINT A$
50 PRINT B$
60 END
WEEK THREE
TOPIC: GRAPHIC PACKAGES
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson the student should be able
to:
- Describe graphic packages
- Identify different types pf computer graphics
CONTENT
Graphic refers to drawings and design using graphical software and packages such
as
- Instant Artist
- Microsoft Publisher
- Page maker
- Corel Draw
- Freelance Drawing
- Photoshop
- Logo graphic etc.
Features of Graphic packages
a. Menu bar: is used to activate commands of graphic packages and operation,
some packages contain the following, file, edit, view, text, tools, window,
help etc.
b. Toolbar: this is a bar that contain short cut to the menu and other command
c. Tool box is a bar with tools for creating, filling and modifying objects in the
drawing
d. Printable area: is referred to as the work space inside the drawing window
e. Colour palette: it is a bar that allows you to fill desired objects or tex with
any colour you want.
Uses of graphic packages
1. They are used to create, edit, display and print graphic images
2. They are used to design letter head paper, birthday cards, wedding cards,
complimentary cards, invitation cards, logo, banner etc.
3. They are used for designing art work
4. They are used for designing cartoons, news, book cover, illustration in the
textbooks.
WEEK FOUR
TOPIC: GRAPHIC PACKAGES
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, the students should be
able to:
- Practically explore graphic package to know what each button and icons
satnds for
Corel Draw
This is one of the well-known graphic packages gotten from Corel Corporation in
Canada. It is the most used package by desktop publisher, media houses, and
graphic students. There are different version of CorelDraw.
Getting started with CorelDraw
i. Boot your computer system
ii. Click start
iii. Move to program
iv. Select the version of CorelDraw installed on your system
v. Click on the selected one
vi. A dialogue box appears where you can choose your option, in that dialog
box you would find
New graphic, open last edited, open graphic, template, Corel Tutor, and
what’s new.
To open an existing file
This can be done in two ways
1. Shortcut by using keyboard press CTRL + O
2. Go to file menu, click on file, click on open
List of all document would appear, you can select the document you want to open
To save your file (Ctrl + S) or
- Go to file menu
- Click on save as
- A dialog box will appear
- Type the name of the file
- Click save
To copy a file (Ctrl + C)
- Go to edit menu
- Click edit
- Click on copy
- Go to the area where you want to paste on
- Click the place
- Go back to edit menu
- Click edit
- Click paste or Ctrl + V
The toolbox is very useful, because it contains the tools you will use in order to
come up with your drawing. It contains the following tools:
a. Free-Form Select and Select Tool: For selecting a specific object, which then
you can copy and paste in another location, or you can opt to delete that
selection.
b. Eraser/Colour Eraser: This is for erasing your drawing or the colour you have
applied.
c. Pick Colour: This picks a specific colour you want and makes it the active
colour, meaning that whatever you do next will have that colour.
d. Pencil: You will use it for drawing.
e. Airbrush: For spraying your object with colour.
f. Line Tool: For drawing a line. To make your line straight, hold down the Shift
key and then drag your mouse holding the left button. Select the thickness of
the line below the toolbox.
g. Rectangle Tool: For making rectangles. You can also draw a square by holding
the Shift key.
h. Ellipse: For drawing an ellipse, you can also draw a perfect circle by holding
the shift key before you start dragging your mouse.
i. Fill With Colour: As the name suggests, you use this tool to fill an object with
colour at once.
j. Magnifier: This is a zoom tool that you can use to magnify a part of your
drawing.
k. Brush: Use this for painting, just like you would paint your house.
l. Text: You will use this for entering text.
m. Curve Tool: For drawing a curve.
n. Polygon Tool: For drawing a polygon, but still you can draw a lot of other
objects.
o. Rounded Rectangle: This tool helps you to draw a rectangle with rounded
corners.
WEEK SIX
TOPIC: ICT AS A TRANSFORMATION TOOL
CONTENT
1. Computers
2. Telephone (GSM)
3. Cellular network
4. Satellite communications
5. Television
6. The Internet.
EVALUATION
Disadvantages of ICT
WEEK EIGHT
Fax Machine
Fax (short for facsimile), sometimes called telecopying or telefax (the short form
of telefacsimile), is the telephonic transmission of scanned printed material (both
text and images), normally to a telephone number connected to a printer or other
output device. The original document is scanned with a fax machine (or a
telecopier), which processes the contents (text or images) as a single fixed
graphic image, converting it into a bitmap, and then transmitting it through
the telephone system in the form of audio-frequency tones. The receiving fax
machine interprets the tones and reconstructs the image, printing a paper copy.
Fax machines with additional electronic features can connect to computers; can be
used to scan documents into a computer, and to print documents from the
computer. Such high-end devices are called multifunction printers and cost more
than fax machines.
The Telephone
Computer can use a machine called a modem to talk to other computers over a
telephone line. This allows a computer to connect to other computer networks
including the internet.
Early telephones needed to be connected with wires. Now telephone calls can be
sent with radio. This is also called wireless. While the term “wireless” in this
context means radio and can refer to any telephone that uses radio waves, it is
primarily used for cellular mobile phones.
The Differences among GSM, Fax Machine and Telephone
Differences
S/n GSM Fax Telephone
It can be used for
Global system of mobile
1. Facsimile transmission sending text and
communication
audio messages
It is used for scanning
It is used for making calls and sending/receiving images It cannot send
2.
and sending text messages. images
and text documents
Presence of a SIM card SIM card is not needed SIM card is not
3.
is essential (Uses telephone line) needed
WEEK NINE AND TEN
TOPIC: IT GADGETS