PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MULTI- CROP CHIPPER

USING DIFFERENT ROOT CROPS

Aguilar, Karen Jane

Ratcho, John Lloyd

Sipe, Rafael

Tabago, Jannel

Bachelor of Science in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering

A.Y 2021-2022

Republic of the Philippines

TARLAC AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

Camiling, Tarlac

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 CHAPTER I

Introduction

Root Crops are the third major valuable crop in the Philippines. They are local

crops that affordable and easy to cultivate otherwise can basically apply in a huge range

of agro-ecological conditions. This type of crop stands as a particular source of

sustenance of our society. Here in the Philippines, there are many planted root crops such

as carrot, radish and Taro.

Carrot (Daucus carota), is well known food crop that grown locally specially in

the Cordillera farms which is categorize as one of the important high value crop in

Benguet and some parts of Mountain Province. Subsequently, the currently Philippine

production of carrot will not supply the demand and due to the accelerated number of

fast-food chains, hotels, and local carrot-based snacks food manufacturers. On the other

side of the coin. Radish (Raphanus sativus L. is a popular choice for cultivation, they are

easy to grow, rapidly maturing crop with many varieties able to reach maturity within 60

days. Meanwhile, Taro or gabi (Colocasia esculenta), considered to be the Philippine's

oldest cultivated crop. Taro is slightly sweet and nutty in flavor, and it sometimes eaten

as staple food where rice, banana corn and sweet potato are unavailable. These three root

crops will process and convert by medium and large scale farmers as flour, starch and

even raw materials in the production of animal feeds. In addition, they can be converted

into different food products with higher economic value .Due to the fact that they have

many uses; the demand of them is significantly increased.

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 According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, Carrot production in the country

reached 65,987 metric tons in 2016. The Cordillera contributed the biggest share with

88.9% or 58,695 metric ton while Negros Island Region was the second one which

produced 2.9% share or 1,914 metric tons. (PNA). In the past year, radish production

grew at an annual rate of 0.72 percent. It averaged 9.7 thousand metric tons annual

production. For Taro or gabi annual production rate is in 0.3 percent. In the year 2015,

there was approximately 111, 550 metric tons harvested.

In this modern day, there are various invention and innovation created and

continuously execute to mechanize chipping production both locally and internationally.

In the Philippines, progress in transformation were made to improve and increase the

production of chips made by carrot, radish and Taro to provide income for local and

international exports.

Manual slicing or chipping using a sharp blade or knife often results in minimum

rupture and deformation of the crops, non-uniform cuttings or uneven slices. Through

technological advancement, the use of mechanical devices to slice agricultural products

has given attention and importance. Due to the high demand for root, tubers and crops for

small-scale production of chips, it is necessary that a multicrop chipping machine be

developed and evaluate n its performance using the different root crops.

Significant of the Study

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 The performance level of multi-crop chipper is always affect the volume of

production. Its efficiency to use other root crops will be also a vital figure to say that our

machine has good operation and application.

Small to medium scale chips producers may allowed to used other root crops for

their chips production that possibly open an another door to generate and increase their

income. With that, performance evaluation of the machine is an ultimate way to be

applied.

Objectives of the Study

The general objective of the study is to evaluate the performance of multi- crop

chipper Specifically, it aims the following:

1. Evaluate the performance of the machine in terms of its capacity and efficiency

2. Evaluate the quality of the chipped crops

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The scope of the study was the performance evaluation of the multi-crop chipper.

Crops to be tested were carrot, radish and taro. Evaluation of the multi-crop chipper was

based on the Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES) for chipper (PAES

223:2004).

Time and Place of the Study

The study was conducted in Barangay Sawit, Camiling Tarlac from October 15 to

November 15 2021. Data gathering and analysis was done from November 20 to

December 20 2021.

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Definition of Terms

To better understand the contents of the study, the following terms were

operationally defined.

Artificial Colors - are produced synthetically to dye and enhance most foods and

beverages. Also known as, certified colors, artificial color additives must be approved by

the FDA. They are used far more often than natural colors in the food Industry, due to a

lower cost, longer shelf life and higher reliability than natural dyes.

Belts- a continuous band of material used in machinery for transferring motion from one

wheel to another.

Carrot is a root vegetable. It provides some important nutrients and resistant starch,

which may have health benefits

Chips - a thin slice of food (typically potato) made crisp by being fried, baked, or dried

and eaten as a snack.

Crops - a cultivated plant that is grown as food, especially a grain, fruit, or vegetable.

Electric Motor - any of a class of devices that convert electrical energy to mechanical

energy, usually by employing electromagnetic phenomena.

Food tubers - are edible underground plant stems grown for food.

Mechanical Devices - is a mechanical structure that uses power to apply forces and

control movement to perform an intended action.

Mechanize - to equip with machinery especially to replace human or animal labor

Radish - is a red or white vegetable that is the roots of a plant.

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Root Crops - are underground plant parts eaten by humans as food. They are generally

storage organs, enlarged to store energy in the form of carbohydrates.

Rotary Cutting Knives - It consists of a handle with a circular blade that rotates. Rotary

cutter blades are very sharp, can be re-sharpened, and are available in different sizes:

usually smaller blades are used to cut small curves, while larger blades are used to cut

straight lines and broad curves.

Slicing Machine - A machine suitable to continuously cut and distribute slices of crops.

Taro - an edible tropical tuber with slightly sweet flesh. The color of the flesh varies with

the variety.

CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature

Description of Carrot, Radish and Taro

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 Carrots (Daucus carota L.), one of the most important root vegetables in the

Apiaceae family, are grown all over the world. Because of its high concentration of

carotenoids, anthocyanins, dietary fiber, vitamins, and other nutrients, the storage root is

widely used. Carrot extracts, which are high in antioxidants, play an important role in

disease prevention. Carotenoids' biosynthesis, metabolism, and medicinal properties in

carrots have all been extensively researched. Hormone regulation in carrot growth and

development has also received a lot of attention. Many efficient tools have recently been

adopted in carrot research as a result of the development of high-throughput sequencing

technology. A substantial amount of sequence data has been generated and used to

improve carrot breeding. For carrot research, a genome editing system based on

CRISPR/Cas9 was also built.

Carrot is one of the top ten most economically important vegetable crops in the

Philippines, Poliquit and Calong (2018) claimed. It is a biennial plant belonging to the

Umbelliferae or Apiaceae family. It is a popular perishable crop in the market due to its

special characteristics as a vegetable that can be sliced into cubes and blended with

pickles, chop suey, and fashioned into sticks and curls to provide a beautiful garnish and

appetizer. It normally grows best in highland locations, with Benguet being the most

important contributor, followed by Cebu. As a result of its restricted manufacturing

region, the market price rises most of the time. That is why farmers are urged to engage

in carrot farming since it may create more than in a single manufacturing procedure.

A radish is the root of a plant related to mustard, which is also a surprisingly

healthy plant. Because of its mild-to-peppery flavor and distinctive red-and-white

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coloration, it's commonly used as a garnish or salad ingredient, but it's much more than

that. Ordinary radishes are high in vitamin C and minerals such as sulphur, iron, and

iodine. Daikon is even better, as it contains vitamin C, potassium, magnesium, and

Foliate, as well as sulfur, iron, and iodine. Radishes can be added to vegetable juice to

add a little extra flavor. They can help clear your sinuses and soothe your sore throat in

this form. Radishes contain vitamin C, which is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory,

and has been shown to improve asthma symptoms due to its anti-inflammatory

properties.

According to Politud (2016), radish is grown for its young tender tuberous root,

which is consumed either cooked or raw. It is high in Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and

minerals such as calcium, potassium, and phosphorus. It has diuretic and refreshing

properties. It is used in homeopathy to treat neurological disorders, headaches, insomnia,

and chronic diarrhea. The roots can also help with urinary problems and piles. Radish

leaves are a good source of protein extraction on a commercial scale, and radish seeds are

edible. Potential source of non-drying fatty oil suitable for soap making, illuminating, and

edible applications.

Taro is a large perennial herbaceous plant growing up to 5-6 feet. It’s rather large

heart-shaped, frilly-edged leaves at the end of long, stout petioles appear like an

elephant’s ear. It grows best in marshy, wet soil and warm, humid climates.

Esculenta commonly known as taro is a tropical plant that is a major dietary

staple in many regions of Asia and Africa. Taro corms are very high in starch, and are a

good source of dietary fiber. Raw taro contains sodium, carbohydrate, dietary fiber,

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sugars, protein, vitamins, and minerals (Huang et al., 2011). It was also reported that a

water-soluble extract of C. esculenta inhibits lung colonizing ability as well as

spontaneous metastasis from mammary gland-implanted tumors, in a murine model of

breast cancer (Kundu et al., 2012). The identified active constituent of taro was found to

be highly related to three taro proteins: 12 kDa storage protein, tarin, and lectin (Kundu

et al., 2012).

Slicing and Chipping Machine

Several slicing and chipping machines have been designed and tested in various

developing countries especially the Caribbean and South East Asian countries as reported

by (Clarke et al., 1987).

Designed, constructed and evaluated a machine for slicing yam and it was

reported that the machine’s thickness of cut can be varied from 2 mm to 20 mm and the

slicing efficiency ranged from 82 to 93% and the rate of work is 45 cuts per minute.

The ‘Crypto peerless’ abrasive drum peeler is an example of a typical commercial

machine in which a rotating abrasive drum rubs the skin from the material passed through

(Ukatu, Aboaba et al., 1996).

Designed, fabricated and tested a pedal-operated chipping and slicing machine for

tubers and it was reported that the machine performed satisfactorily with

production of slices of uniform thickness ranging from 1 mm to 13 mm thickness and a

throughput of about 376 kg/h at an efficiency of about 83%.

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 In Nigeria a number of researchers have worked on production of slicing machine

for various crops such as okra, onion and tubers (Odigboh 1976 and 1983).

According to UNIFEM, the Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food

Science in the Philippines has designed a simple slicer, which is said to cut sweet

potatoes much faster than manual methods. The Carrot is held on the cutting platform

against a plate, which controls the thickness of slice. Slices are then cut off with the

hinged cutting blade. Capacity is 21 – 23 kg per hour.

Development of Multi-crop Chipper

In Nigeria, manually operated chipper has been developed by rural agricultural

industrial development services [PAIDS] and International Institute of Tropical

Agriculture [IITA]’s post-harvest unit. The size of the chips produced are 36mm thick 6-

10mm wide and 100-250mm long.

A dual power chipper was developed (hand operated and 3.75kW gasoline motor)

to produce fine chips with an average working capacity of 36.28 kg/hr. and 346 kg/hr and

efficiency of 91.83% and 87.09% respectively. (Oladeji et al., 2014).

Reported a plantain-slicing device that achieves 92.6% efficiency, when used to

make a 5 mm cut in moderately ripe and 91% for moderately unripe matured plantain

pulps. However, these slicers are lacking in the provision for slicing the banana directly

over the drying pan. (Obayopo et al., 2012).

Conventional Multi-crop Chipper

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 A portable small-scale multi-crop chipper machine was developed and

constructed to slice different crops into choice sizes at no risk of injuries to fingers. The

machine was evaluated using three selected crops; garden egg, freshly harvested Taro,

and plantains (ripe and unripe). The chipping efficiency, percentage crop damage and

chip characteristics (length, width and thickness) were equally evaluated. The machine

Taro and unripe plantain more efficiently than ripped plantain, obviously because of high

moisture content. Performance efficiency of the machine and chip characteristics

adversely by crop moisture content. There are more well-formed chips with cassava and

unripe plantain than ripped ones. The determined efficiencies and machine capacities for

chipping different crops were 12 desirable with highest efficiency recorded in chipping

unripe plantain (89.72%) while the lowest efficiency was recorded in chipping ripe

plantain (48.05%). The highest machine capacity (53.58%) was recorded while chipping

garden egg (Segun et.al., 2017).

Performance Evaluation of Multi-crop Chipper

Power-driven piston type multi-crop chipper was designed to improve chipping

operation of micro, small-scale and medium (MSMEs) chip processors, to introduce new

mechanism different from the existing conventional chippers, and develop a low costs,

efficient and easy to operate and maintain chipping machine fabricated out of locally

available materials. The machine was driven by 0.5 hp. electric motor and was made up

of dual chipping section to upscale chipping capacity. It was composed of blade plate and

blades, connecting rods, pistons, crankshaft, hopper, discharge chute, chipping collector,

frame, machine support, power transmission and pulleys and belt cover. The machine

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performance was tested using the following parameters: feeding capacity (FC), chipping

capacity (CC) and chipping efficiency (CE) as to percentage of whole and damaged chips

with acceptable thickness. Outcomes of the test showed that the machine has an overall

FC and CC of 139.58 kg.hr1 and 139.02 kg.hr1, respectively. The machine’s has a CE of

95.48%. Whole chips obtained were 95.63% and the damaged chips were 4.37% of the

total input materials. The developed machine is efficient, easy to operate and maintain.

These generally make the machine acceptable for commercialization. It was tested for

ripe and unripe Carrot, Radish and Taro. Keyword: Power driven, Piston type, multi-crop

chipper, Carrot, Radish and Taro (Prenaie et al., 2018).

Design and Performance Evaluation of a Multi-Crop Slicing Machine

Agbetoye and Abdulateef (2009), reported a multi-crop slicing machine was

designed, fabricated and evaluated for performance. The major components of the

machine include the hopper, mainframe, conveying disc, slicing unit, slicing shaft, idler

shaft, pulley, bearing, electric motor base and outlet. The machine is powered by a three

phase, 1400 rpm, and 2 kW electric motor. The performance of the machine was

evaluated in slicing four selected crops (Carrot, Radish and Taro), grouped into three

sizes (small, medium and large) at five machine speeds of 39 rpm, 41 rpm, 43 rpm, 46

rpm and 48 rpm respectively. The parameters that were investigated were slicing

efficiency and throughput capacity. A speed of 46 rpm was found to favor the slicing of

large size crops only, while a throughput capacity of 48.9 kg/h and efficiency of 95.4%

were obtained for carrot. Medium and large size samples gave good result for potato at a

speed of 41 rpm with capacities and efficiencies of 72.8 kg/h, 88.9 kg/h, 97.9% and

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94.8% respectively. Best result for small and medium size grade of onion we achieved at

speed of 41 rpm with capacities and efficiencies of 44.6 kg/h, 71.6 kg/h, 91.7% and

96.4% respectively. A throughput capacity of 135.7 kg/h at a speed of 41 rpm and

efficiency of 96% was obtained for yam. The machine is therefore observed to perform

best at the optimum operating speed of 41 rpm for all the crops selected except carrot.

The result of the study shows that the machine can slice root and tuber crops

satisfactorily with slices ranging from 8 mm to 9 mm thickness were obtained.

Design and performance evaluation of a small-scale multi-crop chipper

A portable small-scale multi-crop chipper machine was developed and

constructed to slice different crops into choice sizes at no risk of injuries to fingers. The

machine was evaluated using three selected crops; garden egg, freshly harvested radish,

and plantains (ripe and unripe). The chipping efficiency, percentage crop damage and

chip characteristics (length, width and thickness) were equally evaluated. The machine

chipped Radish and unripe plantain more efficiently than ripped plantain, obviously

because of high moisture content.

Performance efficiency of the machine and chip characteristics adversely by crop

moisture content. There are more well-formed chips with cassava and unripe plantain

than ripped ones. The determined efficiencies and machine capacities for chipping

different crops were desirable with highest efficiency recorded in chipping unripe

plantain (89.72%) while the lowest efficiency was recorded in chipping ripe plantain

(48.05%). The highest machine capacity (53.58%) was recorded while chipping garden

egg. (Bello et. al. 2017).

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 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

The study’s concept was to know the performance efficiency of the multi- crop

chipper and to increase farmers’ productivity and to decrease its manpower and labor.

Instruments Used for the Data Gathering

The instruments used in determining the performance of the multi-crop chipper

were tachometer, weighing scale, calculator, and timer. The study also used a set of

questionnaires designed to determine the sensory attributes of the chipped crop.

14
METHODS USE

Conceptual Framework of the Study

The conceptual framework of the study is shown in Figure 1. This started from

the machine, fresh crops and materials to be use in evaluating the performance, which

serve as the inputs. The process done and the resulting output was also presented.

INPUTS PROCESS OUTPUT

●Multi-crop Determining Capacity and

chipper capacity and efficiency of the

efficiency of the machine

● Chipped crops Determining the Efficiency of the

efficiency of the
● Weighing scale machine in terms of
machine in terms
quality of chips
of quality

Figure 1. Concept Framework of the study

Flowchart of Activities

The activities done in the study are shown in Figure 2, which started, from

Identifying and collection of materials until data analysis.

15
 Study of Conceptualization
Freshly Washed
& Peeled Crops

Preparation of Materials Loading

Testing of Multi Crop- Chipping

Collecting By-
Data Analysis products
Design Concept of Multi-crop Chipper

A multi-crop chipper was designed and it has four (4) major parts:

Hopper - It is a large, pyramidal shaped container attached on one side of the machine,

which served as entry of the crops to be chipped, and going to the blades. It was made of

steel. 9 in. width by 12 inch height with 45˚ inclination at its sides.

Blades - the cutting tool placed inside the body of the machine that rotates during the

operation.

Discharge chute- the opening at the bottom part of the machine through which chipped

materials were thrown out. It has a dimension of 4 x 12 inches.

Electric motor (½ hp.) - it is the source of power of the machine.

Principles of Multi-crop Chipper Operation and Procedures

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 The Multi-crop chipper was operated by ½ HP electric motor. The sample crops

were fed into the hopper one at a time. They automatically went through the blade, which

rotated horizontally. The chipped crops slide down to the container below the machine

through the discharge chute.

Machine Fabrication

A multi-crop chipper was designed and fabricated. Locally available materials

were used in the fabrication. Stainless sheets were used as the main material for the

construction of the chipper. This was to avoid rusts and contamination of the chipped

products. These were used for the body of the chipper and the discharge chutes. High

quality, sealed bearings were used for the blades to rotate smoothly. MIG was used to

reduce micro pitting and leaks that occur from the use of standard "stick" metal arc

welding.

First, a pattern of the body to the discharge chute of the chipper was drawn on the

stainless steel sheet before it was cut. After cutting, it was temporarily welded to the body

to check if it had the right size and shape. Then the base of the machine was constructed

next. The lengths of the angle bars were measured accurately before cutting. Next was the

assembling of the body and the base then the construction of the hopper, the hopper was

formed and welded on the side of the body. Lastly, the construction of the blade with a

diameter of 9 inches was drawn on the stainless sheet first before cutting. The blades

were created on a stainless plate with 4mm spacing of the holes. They were made sharp

to make the cutting operation easier. After temporarily assembling the parts, they were

17
permanently welded to form the designed multi-crops chipper. During the fabrication,

actual monitoring and supervision was done to ensure the correctness of the design.

Testing and Performance Evaluation of the Multi-crop Chipper

Weight of the Crops. Each treatment of the study utilized 1000 grams per crop

per replication.

Speed of the Pulley. A tachometer was used to measure the average speed of the

machine.

Preliminary Testing. The preliminary testing of the machine was performed

using different pulleys with different diameters. While they were functioning and

operating as expected, they were set for final testing and evaluation.

Design Consideration

The principal components of multi-crop chipper were the body, the rotating

blades, hopper, frame, belt and pulley, and the motor. The body was made of stainless

steel sheet. It measured 10 inch diameter. The hopper was also made of stainless steel

sheet, with dimensions of 10 x 4.5 x 10 inches. The frame was made of thick angle bars.

The blades were formed on a hard stainless steel plate 9 in. diameter, equally spaced with

4mm clearance. The electric engine used was 0.5 hp. placed on the side of the body

which was connected to the belt and pulley.

Factors like power selection, torque, belt speed and driving force for the motor

were also considered to attain the expected performance of the machine.

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Final Testing and Evaluation.

The following equipment and materials were used in testing the performance of

the machine:

1. Weight of carrot, radish, and taro

2. Weighing scale

3. Large Container

4. Stopwatch

5. Tray (for the separation of whole and damaged chips)

Bulk quantities of fresh carrot, radish and taro were purchased. They were first

cleaned thoroughly and checked for damage. The carrot were peeled and washed.

Each crop sample for chipping weighed 1kg per treatment. They were fed into the

machine and the chipping process was observed. The time of operation per loading was

recorded using a stopwatch. The chipped products were collected from the discharge

chute using a large container. After each chipping, the products were classified according

to their quality, whether whole or damaged chips. These were weighed separately then set

into operation by the power source and known weights of every crops were fed into the

crop chipping unit. The sharp and rotating blade causing the crops to slice thin pieces and

chips are produce. The chips produced from each crops per treatment and replication are

collected in the large container from the discharge chute. The stop clock is activated from

the beginning and stop at the end of chipping process. After chipping, separating the

19
whole chips from the damaged chips then put it in a weighing scale to get the mass of

whole and damaged chip.

The machine was tested using different speed at three pulley combinations (12”,

10” and 8”) to determine which among the speed will provide the highest efficiency and

functionality of the machine.

Using the 12- inch pulley, 1kg carrot, 1kg radish and 1kg taro per treatment, three

replication each crop the treatment manipulation set-up, the parameters like feeding

capacity, chipping capacity, chipping efficiency and percentage of whole and damaged

chips of the machine were evaluated (Appendix Figure 4-30).

The next pulley had a diameter of 10 inches. The same load of carrot, radish and

taro were fed in the hopper having the same weight to test the machine’s performance.

The same parameters were put into test (Appendix Figure 4-31).

Finally, the third test used the 8- inch pulley. The test followed the same

procedure as in the first and second pulleys (Appendix Figure 4-30).

The same parameters were evaluated and finally compared on what pulley have

the most significant result.

The process used in the experiment set-up evaluated the performance of the multi-

crop chipper in terms of functionality of efficiency of chipping the crop.

Experimental Layout

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 The table shows the experimental layout of the study using the Completely

Randomized Design (CRD) with the three (3) treatments. Each treatment were replicated

three (3) times.

T1R1 T2R1 T3R1

T1R2 T2R2 T3R2

T1R3 T2R3 T3R3

Data Analysis

The gathered were tabulated and analyzed using the Analysis of Variance of the

Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was

used in the comparison of means among the treatments.

The three crops were chipped separately and each was individually analyzed. For the

prime mover 3 inches pulley diameter was used while 12, 10 and 8 inches pulley

diameter for the machine variables.

Treatments were as follow:

T1 = 3” x 12” (7.62 cm x 30.48 cm) pulley diameter

T2 = 3” x 10” (7.62 cm x 25.4 cm) pulley diameter

T3 = 3” x 8” (7.62 cm x 20.32 cm) pulley diameter

Data to be Gathered

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The following data were gathered during the testing.

1. Weight of whole chipped crops per trial (grams)

2. Weight of broken chipped crops per trial (grams)

3. Operating time (sec.)

4. Feeding capacity, kg/hr.

Feeding Capacity (FC), in kg/hr.

This is the amount of Carrot, Radish and Taro that can be feed into the machine per

unit time.

FC = 0

…………………… (Equation 1)

where:

Wi = weight of the input Carrot, Radish and Taro, g

To = total operating time, sec

3.6

= Conversion factor

5. Chipping capacity, kg/hr.

Chipping Capacity (CC), in kg/hr.

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It refers to the amount of the Carrot, Radish and Taro that can be processed by the

machine either whole chips or damaged chips per unit of time (kg/hr.) under crosswise,

lengthwise and slant form per unit time.

CC = 0

…………………… (Equation 2)

where:

Wc = weight of the chipped Carrot, Radish and Taro,

6. Chipping efficiency, %

Chipping Efficiency (CE), in %

This is defined as the percentage by output of the undamaged or whole

chips over the total quantity of the chipped sweet potatoes, potato, cassava

collected to the chipping

CE = − ..…………… (Equation 3)

where:

Wc = weight of the chipped Carrot, Radish and Taro, g

Wd = weight of the damaged Carrot, Radish and Taro, g

7. Percentage whole and damaged chips (CW & CD), %

Percentage Whole and Damaged Chips (CW & CD), in %

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Percentage of whole chips is the total volume of completely chipped, Carrot, Radish and

Taro over the total weight of chips collected in the chipping outlet during the chipping

operation multiplied by 100, expressed in %. While the percentage of damaged chips is

the total volume of deformed, broken, discolored, or thicker than 4 mm chipped Carrot,

Radish and Taro produced by the machine over the total volume of chips collected to the

chipping outlet multiplied by 100, expressed in %.

CW =

x 100 …………………(Equation 4)

where:

Cw = weight of the whole Carrot, Radish and Taro, g

Wt = weight of the total Carrot, Radish and Taro, g

DC =

x 100 …………………(Equation 5)

where:

Cw = weight of the damaged Carrot, Radish and Taro, g

Ct = weight of the total chipped Carrot, Radish and Taro, g.

24
Result and Discussion

This chapter contains detailed presentation and discussion of data analysis and the results

of this study.

Performance Evaluation of the Multi-crop Chipper

The following were the results of the testing of the multi-crop chipper using the different

sizes of pulley to the three different crops used.

I. Feeding Capacity of the Multi-crop Chipper

a. Feeding Capacity of the Multi-crop Chipper for Carrot. The results shows the feeding

capacity of the machine using Carrot in Table 3. T2 gives the highest mean of 928.53

kg/hr., followed by T3 with 811.93 kg/hr. and T3 having 574.67 kg/hr. The Analysis of

variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR) shown in

Appendix Table 1 revealed that the feeding capacities of the machine using the different

sizes of pulley using potato were not significantly different.

25
Table 3. Feeding capacity (kg/hr.) of the machine- using carrot

REPLICATIONS

Treatment R1 R2 R3 Total Mean

T1 (3x12) 645.32 594.15 484.55 1724.02 574.67

T2 (3x10) 985.12 914.37 886.11 2785.3 928.53

T3 (3x8) 847.36 812.80 775.63 2435.79 811.93

Grand Total 6945.11

Grand Mean 771.71

b. Feeding Capacity of the Multi-crop Chipper for Radish

The results shows feeding capacity of the machine -using Radish in Table 4. T2 gives

the highest mean of 987.85 kg/hr. followed by T3 with 923.85 kg/hr. and T1 having

735.02 kg/hr. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Tool for Agricultural

Research (STAR) as shown in Appendix Table 1 revealed that the feeding capacity of the

machine using the different sizes of pulley for testing sweetpotato were not significantly

different.

Table 4. Feeding capacity (kg/hr.) of the machine- using Radish

Treatment R1 R2 R3 Total Mean

26
 T1 (3x12) 795.52 724.83 684.72 2205.07 735.02

T2 (3x10) 1052.45 986.23 924.87 2963.55 987.85

T3 (3x8) 975.58 920.21 875.96 2771.92 923.97

Grand Total 7940.54

Grand Mean 882.28

c. Feeding Capacity of the Multi-crop Chipper for Taro

The results shows feeding capacity of the machine using Taro in Table 5. T1 gives

the highest mean of 604.6 kg/hr followed by T3 with 573.56 kg/hr. and T2 having 511.29

kg/hr. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research

(STAR) as shown in Appendix Table 1 revealed that the machine using the different sizes

of pulley for testing Taro were not significantly different.

Table 5. Feeding capacity (kg/hr.) of the machine -using Taro

REPLICATIONS

Treatment R1 R2 R3 Total Mean

T1 (3x12) 596.03 561.62 655.74 1813.39 604.6

T2 (3x10) 495.85 458.32 579.71 1533.88 511.29

27
 T3 (3x8) 472.44 670.39 577.85 1720.68 573.56

Grand 5067.95

Total

Grand 563.15

Mean

II. Chipping Capacity of the Multi-crop Chipper

a. Chipping Capacity of the Multi-crop Chipper for Carrot

The results shows the chipping capacity of the machine using Carrot in Table 6. T3 gives

the highest mean of 1,012.82 kg/hr., followed by T1 with 557.57 kg/hr. and T2 having

509.79 kg/hr. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Tool for Agricultural

Research (STAR) as shown in Appendix Table 2 revealed that the chipping capacities of

the machine using T1 and T2 were not significantly different but they were significantly

different from T3. This means that the machine performed better in chipping using the 3

x 8 pulley diameter when potato is used.

Table 6. Chipping capacity (kg/hr.) of the machine using potato

REPLICATIONS

Treatment R1 R2 R3 Total Mean

28
 T1 (3x12) 646.32 582.78 443.61 1672.71 557.57 b

T2 (3x10) 548.72 517.52 403.08 1469.32 491.44 b

T3 (3x8) 1074.38 1049.56 914.52 3038.46 1012.82

Grand 6180.49

Total

Grand 686.72

Mean

b. Chipping Capacity of the Multi-crop Chipper for Sweetpotato

The results shows Chipping Capacity of the machine using sweetpotato in Table 7 T2

gives the highest mean of 531.52 kg/hr. followed by T3 with 409.89 kg/hr. and T1 having

233.30 kg/hr. Analysis of variance as shown in Appendix Table 2 revealed that the

chipping capacity of the machine using T2 and T3 were not significantly different but

they were significantly different from T1. The machine performed better using T2 & T3

in chipping sweetpotato.

Table 7. Chipping capacity (kg/hr.) of the machine- using sweetpotato.

REPLICATIONS

Treatment R1 R2 R3 Total Mean

29
 T1 (3x12) 175.05 215.06 309.78 699.89 233.30 b

T2 (3x10) 668.18 444.47 481.90 1594.55 531.52 a

T3 (3x8) 417.97 381.09 430.61 1229.67 409.89 a

Grand 3524.11

Total

Grand 391.57

Mean

c. Chipping Capacity of the Multi-crop Chipper for Cassava

The results shows Chipping Capacity of the machine using cassava in Table 8. T1 gives

the highest mean of 575.54 kg/hr. followed by T3 with 573.38 kg/hr. and T2 having

404.67 kg/hr. Analysis of variance as shown in Appendix Table 2 revealed that the

chipping capacity of the machine using T1 and T3 were not significantly different but

they were significantly different from T2. The machine performed better using T1 & T3

in chipping cassava. Chipping capacity (kg/hr) of the machine using the different crops

The summary of comparison of means for chipping capacity is shown in Table 9. For

cassava, the machine performed best using T1 and T3, for potato, using T3 and for

sweetpotato, it is best using T2 & T3.

Table 8. Chipping capacity (kg/hr.) of the machine using cassava

30
 REPLICATIONS

Treatment R1 R2 R3 Total Mean

T1 (3x12) 536.42 547.58 642.62 1726.62 575.54 a

T2 (3x10) 312.97 350.31 550.72 1214 404.67 b

T3 (3x8) 479.53 656.98 583.63 1720.14 573.38

Grand 4660.76

Total

Grand 517.86

Mean

Table 9. Chipping capacity (kg/hr.) of the machine of different crops.

Pulley CASSAVA POTATO SWEET POTATO

(3x12) 575.5400 a 557.5700 b 233.2967 b

(3x10) 404.6667 b 509.7933 b 531.5167 a

(3x8) 573.3767 a 1012.8200 a 409.8900 a

III. Chipping Efficiency of the Multi-crop Chipper

31
 a. Chipping Efficiency of the Multi-crop Chipper for Potato

The results shows the chipping efficiency of the machine using potato in Table 10. T1

gives the highest mean of 88.03%, followed by T2 with 85.62% and T3 having 83.47%

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR)

as shown in Appendix Table 4 revealed that the chipping efficiency of the machine using

the different treatments for potato were not significantly different.

Table 10. Chipping efficiency (%) of the machine -using potato.

REPLICATIONS

Treatment R1 R2 R3 Total Mean

T1 (3x12) 85 89.16 89.95 264.11 88.03

T2 (3x10) 79.50 90.35 87 256.85 85.62

T3 (3x8) 88 82 80.42 250.42 83.47

Grand 771.38

Total

Grand 85.71

Mean

b. Chipping Efficiency of the Multi-crop Chipper for Sweetpotato

32
The results shows Chipping Efficiency of the machine -using sweetpotato in Table 11. T2

gives the highest mean of 82% followed by T3 with 78.75% and T1 having 77.54%.

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR)

as shown in Appendix Table 4 revealed that the chipping efficiency of the machine using

the different sizes of pulley for testing sweetpotato were not significantly different.

Table 11. Chipping efficiency (%) of the machine -using sweetpotato.

REPLICATIONS

Treatment R1 R2 R3 Total Mean

T1 (3x12) 75 77.08 80.53 232.61 77.54

T2 (3x10) 84 85 78.43 247.43 82.48

T3 (3x8) 69.85 83 83.41 236.26 78.75

Grand 716.3

Total

Grand 79.59

Mean

c. Chipping Efficiency of the Multi-crop Chipper for Cassava

The results shows Chipping Efficiency of the machine using cassava in Table 12. T3

gives the highest mean of 81.15% followed by T1 with 76.63% and T2 having 75.64%.

33
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR)

as shown in Appendix Table 4 revealed that the chipping efficiency of the machine using

the different sizes of pulley for testing cassava did not vary significantly.

Table 12. Chipping efficiency (%) of the machine using cassava

REPLICATIONS

Treatment R1 R2 R3 Total Mean

T1 (3x12) 61.11 82.56 86.22 229.89 76.63

T2 (3x10) 77.77 68.09 81.05 226.91 75.64

T3 (3x8) 80.79 76.53 86.14 243.46 81.15

Grand 700.26

Total

Grand 77.81

Mean

IV. Percentage of Whole chips (%) of the Multi-crop Chipper

a. Percentage of Whole chips (%) of the machine using potato

The results shows percentage of whole chips of the machine using potato in Table 13. T2

gives the highest mean of 89%, followed by T1 with 86.83% and T3 having 85.5. %

34
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR)

as shown in Appendix Table 5 revealed that the percentage of whole chips of the machine

using the different sizes of pulley for testing potato were not significantly different.

Table 13. Percentage of Whole chips (%) of the machine using potato.

REPLICATIONS

Treatment R1 R2 R3 Total Mean

T1 (3x12) 85 90 85.5 260.5 86.83

T2 (3x10) 95 89 83 267 89

T3 (3x8) 84.5 89.5 82.5 256.5 85.5

Grand 784

Total

Grand 87.11

Mean

b. Percentage of Whole chips (%) of the machine -using sweetpotato

The results shows Whole chips of the machine -using sweetpotato in Table 14. T2 gives

the highest mean of 82.67% followed by T3 with 80.67% and T1 having 75.17%.

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR)

35
as shown in Appendix Table 5 revealed that the percentage of whole chips of the machine

using the different sizes of pulley for testing sweetpotato were not significantly different.

Table 14. Percentage of Whole chips (%) of the machine -using sweetpotato

REPLICATIONS

Treatment R1 R2 R3 Total Mean

T1 (3x12) 75 74 76.5 225.5 75.17

T2 (3x10) 82.5 85.5 80 248 82.67

T3 (3x8) 69.5 85.5 87 242 80.67

Grand 715.5

Total

Grand 79.50

Mean

c. Percentage of Whole chips (%) of the machine using cassava.

The results shows Percentage of Whole chips of the machine using cassava in Table

15. T3 gives the highest mean of 81.33% followed by T1 with 73.33% and T2 having

71.5%. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Tool for Agricultural

Research (STAR) as shown in Appendix Table 5 revealed that the percentage of

36
 whole chips of the machine using the different sizes of pulley for testing cassava were

not significantly different.

Table 15. Percentage of Whole chips (%) of the machine -using cassava

REPLICATIONS

Treatment R1 R2 R3 Total Mean

T1 (3x12) 55 80.5 84.5 220 73.33

T2 (3x10) 73.5 64 77 214.5 71.5

T3 (3x8) 82 75 87 244 81.33

Grand 678.5
Total

Grand 76.05
Mean

V. Percentage of Damage chips (%) of the Multi-crop Chipper

a. Percentage of Damaged chips (%) of the machine using potato

The results shows Percentage of damaged chips of the machine-using potato in Table
16. T2 gives the highest mean of 15.17%, followed by T1 with 12% and T3 having 11.17
% Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research
(STAR) as shown in Appendix Table 6 revealed that the percentage of damaged chips of
the machine using the different sizes of pulley for testing potato were not significantly
different.

Table 16. Percentage of Damaged chips (%) of the machine- using potato.

REPLICATIONS

Treatment R1 R2 R3 Total Mean

37
 T1 (3x12) 15.00 11.00 10.00 36.00 12.00

T2 (3x10) 24.50 9.50 11.50 45.50 15.17

T3 (3x8) 11.00 10.50 12.00 33.50 11.17

Grand 115.00
Total

Grand 12.78
Mean

b. Percentage of Damaged chips (%) of the machine using sweetpotato

The results shows Percentage of damaged chips of the machine-using sweetpotato in

Table 17. Percentage of Damaged chips (%) of the machine-using sweetpotato.

REPLICATIONS

Treatment R1 R2 R3 Total Mean

T1 (3x12) 24 22 18.5 64.5 21.5

T2 (3x10) 15.5 15 22 52.5 17.5

T3 (3x8) 30 17.5 18.5 66 22

Grand 183
Total

38
 Grand 20.33
Mean

d. Percentage of Damaged chips (%) of the machine using cassava

The results shows Percentage of Damaged chips of the machine using cassava in Table
18. T2 gives the highest mean of 23% followed by T1 with 21.83 and T3 having 18.83%
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR)
as shown in Appendix Table 6 revealed that the percentage of damaged chips of the
machine using the different sizes of pulley for testing cassava were not significantly
different.

Table 18. Percentage of Damaged chips (%) of the machine using cassava.

REPLICATIONS

Treatment R1 R2 R3 Total Mean

T1 (3x12) 35 17 13.5 65.5 21.83

T2 (3x10) 21 30 18 69 23

T3 (3x8) 19.5 23 14 56.5 18.83

Grand 191
Total

Grand 21.22
Mean

39