Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Method of Research Not Final
Method of Research Not Final
Sipe, Rafael
Tabago, Jannel
A.Y 2021-2022
Camiling, Tarlac
1
CHAPTER I
Introduction
Root Crops are the third major valuable crop in the Philippines. They are local
crops that affordable and easy to cultivate otherwise can basically apply in a huge range
sustenance of our society. Here in the Philippines, there are many planted root crops such
Carrot (Daucus carota), is well known food crop that grown locally specially in
the Cordillera farms which is categorize as one of the important high value crop in
Benguet and some parts of Mountain Province. Subsequently, the currently Philippine
production of carrot will not supply the demand and due to the accelerated number of
fast-food chains, hotels, and local carrot-based snacks food manufacturers. On the other
side of the coin. Radish (Raphanus sativus L. is a popular choice for cultivation, they are
easy to grow, rapidly maturing crop with many varieties able to reach maturity within 60
oldest cultivated crop. Taro is slightly sweet and nutty in flavor, and it sometimes eaten
as staple food where rice, banana corn and sweet potato are unavailable. These three root
crops will process and convert by medium and large scale farmers as flour, starch and
even raw materials in the production of animal feeds. In addition, they can be converted
into different food products with higher economic value .Due to the fact that they have
2
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, Carrot production in the country
reached 65,987 metric tons in 2016. The Cordillera contributed the biggest share with
88.9% or 58,695 metric ton while Negros Island Region was the second one which
produced 2.9% share or 1,914 metric tons. (PNA). In the past year, radish production
grew at an annual rate of 0.72 percent. It averaged 9.7 thousand metric tons annual
production. For Taro or gabi annual production rate is in 0.3 percent. In the year 2015,
In this modern day, there are various invention and innovation created and
In the Philippines, progress in transformation were made to improve and increase the
production of chips made by carrot, radish and Taro to provide income for local and
international exports.
Manual slicing or chipping using a sharp blade or knife often results in minimum
rupture and deformation of the crops, non-uniform cuttings or uneven slices. Through
has given attention and importance. Due to the high demand for root, tubers and crops for
developed and evaluate n its performance using the different root crops.
3
The performance level of multi-crop chipper is always affect the volume of
production. Its efficiency to use other root crops will be also a vital figure to say that our
Small to medium scale chips producers may allowed to used other root crops for
their chips production that possibly open an another door to generate and increase their
applied.
The general objective of the study is to evaluate the performance of multi- crop
1. Evaluate the performance of the machine in terms of its capacity and efficiency
The scope of the study was the performance evaluation of the multi-crop chipper.
Crops to be tested were carrot, radish and taro. Evaluation of the multi-crop chipper was
based on the Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES) for chipper (PAES
223:2004).
The study was conducted in Barangay Sawit, Camiling Tarlac from October 15 to
November 15 2021. Data gathering and analysis was done from November 20 to
December 20 2021.
4
Definition of Terms
To better understand the contents of the study, the following terms were
operationally defined.
Artificial Colors - are produced synthetically to dye and enhance most foods and
beverages. Also known as, certified colors, artificial color additives must be approved by
the FDA. They are used far more often than natural colors in the food Industry, due to a
lower cost, longer shelf life and higher reliability than natural dyes.
Belts- a continuous band of material used in machinery for transferring motion from one
wheel to another.
Carrot is a root vegetable. It provides some important nutrients and resistant starch,
Chips - a thin slice of food (typically potato) made crisp by being fried, baked, or dried
Crops - a cultivated plant that is grown as food, especially a grain, fruit, or vegetable.
Electric Motor - any of a class of devices that convert electrical energy to mechanical
Food tubers - are edible underground plant stems grown for food.
Mechanical Devices - is a mechanical structure that uses power to apply forces and
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Root Crops - are underground plant parts eaten by humans as food. They are generally
Rotary Cutting Knives - It consists of a handle with a circular blade that rotates. Rotary
cutter blades are very sharp, can be re-sharpened, and are available in different sizes:
usually smaller blades are used to cut small curves, while larger blades are used to cut
Slicing Machine - A machine suitable to continuously cut and distribute slices of crops.
Taro - an edible tropical tuber with slightly sweet flesh. The color of the flesh varies with
the variety.
CHAPTER II
6
Carrots (Daucus carota L.), one of the most important root vegetables in the
Apiaceae family, are grown all over the world. Because of its high concentration of
carotenoids, anthocyanins, dietary fiber, vitamins, and other nutrients, the storage root is
widely used. Carrot extracts, which are high in antioxidants, play an important role in
carrots have all been extensively researched. Hormone regulation in carrot growth and
development has also received a lot of attention. Many efficient tools have recently been
technology. A substantial amount of sequence data has been generated and used to
improve carrot breeding. For carrot research, a genome editing system based on
Carrot is one of the top ten most economically important vegetable crops in the
Philippines, Poliquit and Calong (2018) claimed. It is a biennial plant belonging to the
Umbelliferae or Apiaceae family. It is a popular perishable crop in the market due to its
special characteristics as a vegetable that can be sliced into cubes and blended with
pickles, chop suey, and fashioned into sticks and curls to provide a beautiful garnish and
appetizer. It normally grows best in highland locations, with Benguet being the most
region, the market price rises most of the time. That is why farmers are urged to engage
in carrot farming since it may create more than in a single manufacturing procedure.
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coloration, it's commonly used as a garnish or salad ingredient, but it's much more than
that. Ordinary radishes are high in vitamin C and minerals such as sulphur, iron, and
Foliate, as well as sulfur, iron, and iodine. Radishes can be added to vegetable juice to
add a little extra flavor. They can help clear your sinuses and soothe your sore throat in
and has been shown to improve asthma symptoms due to its anti-inflammatory
properties.
According to Politud (2016), radish is grown for its young tender tuberous root,
which is consumed either cooked or raw. It is high in Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and
minerals such as calcium, potassium, and phosphorus. It has diuretic and refreshing
and chronic diarrhea. The roots can also help with urinary problems and piles. Radish
leaves are a good source of protein extraction on a commercial scale, and radish seeds are
edible. Potential source of non-drying fatty oil suitable for soap making, illuminating, and
edible applications.
Taro is a large perennial herbaceous plant growing up to 5-6 feet. It’s rather large
heart-shaped, frilly-edged leaves at the end of long, stout petioles appear like an
elephant’s ear. It grows best in marshy, wet soil and warm, humid climates.
staple in many regions of Asia and Africa. Taro corms are very high in starch, and are a
good source of dietary fiber. Raw taro contains sodium, carbohydrate, dietary fiber,
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sugars, protein, vitamins, and minerals (Huang et al., 2011). It was also reported that a
breast cancer (Kundu et al., 2012). The identified active constituent of taro was found to
be highly related to three taro proteins: 12 kDa storage protein, tarin, and lectin (Kundu
et al., 2012).
Several slicing and chipping machines have been designed and tested in various
developing countries especially the Caribbean and South East Asian countries as reported
Designed, constructed and evaluated a machine for slicing yam and it was
reported that the machine’s thickness of cut can be varied from 2 mm to 20 mm and the
slicing efficiency ranged from 82 to 93% and the rate of work is 45 cuts per minute.
machine in which a rotating abrasive drum rubs the skin from the material passed through
Designed, fabricated and tested a pedal-operated chipping and slicing machine for
tubers and it was reported that the machine performed satisfactorily with
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In Nigeria a number of researchers have worked on production of slicing machine
for various crops such as okra, onion and tubers (Odigboh 1976 and 1983).
Science in the Philippines has designed a simple slicer, which is said to cut sweet
potatoes much faster than manual methods. The Carrot is held on the cutting platform
against a plate, which controls the thickness of slice. Slices are then cut off with the
Agriculture [IITA]’s post-harvest unit. The size of the chips produced are 36mm thick 6-
A dual power chipper was developed (hand operated and 3.75kW gasoline motor)
to produce fine chips with an average working capacity of 36.28 kg/hr. and 346 kg/hr and
make a 5 mm cut in moderately ripe and 91% for moderately unripe matured plantain
pulps. However, these slicers are lacking in the provision for slicing the banana directly
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A portable small-scale multi-crop chipper machine was developed and
constructed to slice different crops into choice sizes at no risk of injuries to fingers. The
machine was evaluated using three selected crops; garden egg, freshly harvested Taro,
and plantains (ripe and unripe). The chipping efficiency, percentage crop damage and
chip characteristics (length, width and thickness) were equally evaluated. The machine
Taro and unripe plantain more efficiently than ripped plantain, obviously because of high
adversely by crop moisture content. There are more well-formed chips with cassava and
unripe plantain than ripped ones. The determined efficiencies and machine capacities for
chipping different crops were 12 desirable with highest efficiency recorded in chipping
unripe plantain (89.72%) while the lowest efficiency was recorded in chipping ripe
plantain (48.05%). The highest machine capacity (53.58%) was recorded while chipping
operation of micro, small-scale and medium (MSMEs) chip processors, to introduce new
mechanism different from the existing conventional chippers, and develop a low costs,
efficient and easy to operate and maintain chipping machine fabricated out of locally
available materials. The machine was driven by 0.5 hp. electric motor and was made up
of dual chipping section to upscale chipping capacity. It was composed of blade plate and
blades, connecting rods, pistons, crankshaft, hopper, discharge chute, chipping collector,
frame, machine support, power transmission and pulleys and belt cover. The machine
11
performance was tested using the following parameters: feeding capacity (FC), chipping
capacity (CC) and chipping efficiency (CE) as to percentage of whole and damaged chips
with acceptable thickness. Outcomes of the test showed that the machine has an overall
FC and CC of 139.58 kg.hr1 and 139.02 kg.hr1, respectively. The machine’s has a CE of
95.48%. Whole chips obtained were 95.63% and the damaged chips were 4.37% of the
total input materials. The developed machine is efficient, easy to operate and maintain.
These generally make the machine acceptable for commercialization. It was tested for
ripe and unripe Carrot, Radish and Taro. Keyword: Power driven, Piston type, multi-crop
designed, fabricated and evaluated for performance. The major components of the
machine include the hopper, mainframe, conveying disc, slicing unit, slicing shaft, idler
shaft, pulley, bearing, electric motor base and outlet. The machine is powered by a three
phase, 1400 rpm, and 2 kW electric motor. The performance of the machine was
evaluated in slicing four selected crops (Carrot, Radish and Taro), grouped into three
sizes (small, medium and large) at five machine speeds of 39 rpm, 41 rpm, 43 rpm, 46
rpm and 48 rpm respectively. The parameters that were investigated were slicing
efficiency and throughput capacity. A speed of 46 rpm was found to favor the slicing of
large size crops only, while a throughput capacity of 48.9 kg/h and efficiency of 95.4%
were obtained for carrot. Medium and large size samples gave good result for potato at a
speed of 41 rpm with capacities and efficiencies of 72.8 kg/h, 88.9 kg/h, 97.9% and
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94.8% respectively. Best result for small and medium size grade of onion we achieved at
speed of 41 rpm with capacities and efficiencies of 44.6 kg/h, 71.6 kg/h, 91.7% and
efficiency of 96% was obtained for yam. The machine is therefore observed to perform
best at the optimum operating speed of 41 rpm for all the crops selected except carrot.
The result of the study shows that the machine can slice root and tuber crops
constructed to slice different crops into choice sizes at no risk of injuries to fingers. The
machine was evaluated using three selected crops; garden egg, freshly harvested radish,
and plantains (ripe and unripe). The chipping efficiency, percentage crop damage and
chip characteristics (length, width and thickness) were equally evaluated. The machine
chipped Radish and unripe plantain more efficiently than ripped plantain, obviously
moisture content. There are more well-formed chips with cassava and unripe plantain
than ripped ones. The determined efficiencies and machine capacities for chipping
different crops were desirable with highest efficiency recorded in chipping unripe
plantain (89.72%) while the lowest efficiency was recorded in chipping ripe plantain
(48.05%). The highest machine capacity (53.58%) was recorded while chipping garden
13
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
The study’s concept was to know the performance efficiency of the multi- crop
chipper and to increase farmers’ productivity and to decrease its manpower and labor.
were tachometer, weighing scale, calculator, and timer. The study also used a set of
14
METHODS USE
The conceptual framework of the study is shown in Figure 1. This started from
the machine, fresh crops and materials to be use in evaluating the performance, which
serve as the inputs. The process done and the resulting output was also presented.
efficiency of the
● Weighing scale machine in terms of
machine in terms
quality of chips
of quality
Flowchart of Activities
The activities done in the study are shown in Figure 2, which started, from
15
Study of Conceptualization
Freshly Washed
& Peeled Crops
Collecting By-
Data Analysis products
Design Concept of Multi-crop Chipper
A multi-crop chipper was designed and it has four (4) major parts:
Hopper - It is a large, pyramidal shaped container attached on one side of the machine,
which served as entry of the crops to be chipped, and going to the blades. It was made of
steel. 9 in. width by 12 inch height with 45˚ inclination at its sides.
Blades - the cutting tool placed inside the body of the machine that rotates during the
operation.
Discharge chute- the opening at the bottom part of the machine through which chipped
16
The Multi-crop chipper was operated by ½ HP electric motor. The sample crops
were fed into the hopper one at a time. They automatically went through the blade, which
rotated horizontally. The chipped crops slide down to the container below the machine
Machine Fabrication
were used in the fabrication. Stainless sheets were used as the main material for the
construction of the chipper. This was to avoid rusts and contamination of the chipped
products. These were used for the body of the chipper and the discharge chutes. High
quality, sealed bearings were used for the blades to rotate smoothly. MIG was used to
reduce micro pitting and leaks that occur from the use of standard "stick" metal arc
welding.
First, a pattern of the body to the discharge chute of the chipper was drawn on the
stainless steel sheet before it was cut. After cutting, it was temporarily welded to the body
to check if it had the right size and shape. Then the base of the machine was constructed
next. The lengths of the angle bars were measured accurately before cutting. Next was the
assembling of the body and the base then the construction of the hopper, the hopper was
formed and welded on the side of the body. Lastly, the construction of the blade with a
diameter of 9 inches was drawn on the stainless sheet first before cutting. The blades
were created on a stainless plate with 4mm spacing of the holes. They were made sharp
to make the cutting operation easier. After temporarily assembling the parts, they were
17
permanently welded to form the designed multi-crops chipper. During the fabrication,
actual monitoring and supervision was done to ensure the correctness of the design.
Weight of the Crops. Each treatment of the study utilized 1000 grams per crop
per replication.
Speed of the Pulley. A tachometer was used to measure the average speed of the
machine.
using different pulleys with different diameters. While they were functioning and
operating as expected, they were set for final testing and evaluation.
Design Consideration
The principal components of multi-crop chipper were the body, the rotating
blades, hopper, frame, belt and pulley, and the motor. The body was made of stainless
steel sheet. It measured 10 inch diameter. The hopper was also made of stainless steel
sheet, with dimensions of 10 x 4.5 x 10 inches. The frame was made of thick angle bars.
The blades were formed on a hard stainless steel plate 9 in. diameter, equally spaced with
4mm clearance. The electric engine used was 0.5 hp. placed on the side of the body
Factors like power selection, torque, belt speed and driving force for the motor
18
Final Testing and Evaluation.
The following equipment and materials were used in testing the performance of
the machine:
2. Weighing scale
3. Large Container
4. Stopwatch
Bulk quantities of fresh carrot, radish and taro were purchased. They were first
cleaned thoroughly and checked for damage. The carrot were peeled and washed.
Each crop sample for chipping weighed 1kg per treatment. They were fed into the
machine and the chipping process was observed. The time of operation per loading was
recorded using a stopwatch. The chipped products were collected from the discharge
chute using a large container. After each chipping, the products were classified according
to their quality, whether whole or damaged chips. These were weighed separately then set
into operation by the power source and known weights of every crops were fed into the
crop chipping unit. The sharp and rotating blade causing the crops to slice thin pieces and
chips are produce. The chips produced from each crops per treatment and replication are
collected in the large container from the discharge chute. The stop clock is activated from
the beginning and stop at the end of chipping process. After chipping, separating the
19
whole chips from the damaged chips then put it in a weighing scale to get the mass of
The machine was tested using different speed at three pulley combinations (12”,
10” and 8”) to determine which among the speed will provide the highest efficiency and
Using the 12- inch pulley, 1kg carrot, 1kg radish and 1kg taro per treatment, three
replication each crop the treatment manipulation set-up, the parameters like feeding
capacity, chipping capacity, chipping efficiency and percentage of whole and damaged
The next pulley had a diameter of 10 inches. The same load of carrot, radish and
taro were fed in the hopper having the same weight to test the machine’s performance.
The same parameters were put into test (Appendix Figure 4-31).
Finally, the third test used the 8- inch pulley. The test followed the same
The same parameters were evaluated and finally compared on what pulley have
The process used in the experiment set-up evaluated the performance of the multi-
Experimental Layout
20
The table shows the experimental layout of the study using the Completely
Randomized Design (CRD) with the three (3) treatments. Each treatment were replicated
Data Analysis
The gathered were tabulated and analyzed using the Analysis of Variance of the
Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was
The three crops were chipped separately and each was individually analyzed. For the
prime mover 3 inches pulley diameter was used while 12, 10 and 8 inches pulley
Data to be Gathered
21
The following data were gathered during the testing.
This is the amount of Carrot, Radish and Taro that can be feed into the machine per
unit time.
FC = 0
…………………… (Equation 1)
where:
3.6
= Conversion factor
22
It refers to the amount of the Carrot, Radish and Taro that can be processed by the
machine either whole chips or damaged chips per unit of time (kg/hr.) under crosswise,
CC = 0
…………………… (Equation 2)
where:
6. Chipping efficiency, %
chips over the total quantity of the chipped sweet potatoes, potato, cassava
CE = − ..…………… (Equation 3)
where:
23
Percentage of whole chips is the total volume of completely chipped, Carrot, Radish and
Taro over the total weight of chips collected in the chipping outlet during the chipping
the total volume of deformed, broken, discolored, or thicker than 4 mm chipped Carrot,
Radish and Taro produced by the machine over the total volume of chips collected to the
CW =
x 100 …………………(Equation 4)
where:
DC =
x 100 …………………(Equation 5)
where:
24
Result and Discussion
This chapter contains detailed presentation and discussion of data analysis and the results
of this study.
The following were the results of the testing of the multi-crop chipper using the different
a. Feeding Capacity of the Multi-crop Chipper for Carrot. The results shows the feeding
capacity of the machine using Carrot in Table 3. T2 gives the highest mean of 928.53
kg/hr., followed by T3 with 811.93 kg/hr. and T3 having 574.67 kg/hr. The Analysis of
variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR) shown in
Appendix Table 1 revealed that the feeding capacities of the machine using the different
25
Table 3. Feeding capacity (kg/hr.) of the machine- using carrot
REPLICATIONS
The results shows feeding capacity of the machine -using Radish in Table 4. T2 gives
the highest mean of 987.85 kg/hr. followed by T3 with 923.85 kg/hr. and T1 having
735.02 kg/hr. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Tool for Agricultural
Research (STAR) as shown in Appendix Table 1 revealed that the feeding capacity of the
machine using the different sizes of pulley for testing sweetpotato were not significantly
different.
26
T1 (3x12) 795.52 724.83 684.72 2205.07 735.02
The results shows feeding capacity of the machine using Taro in Table 5. T1 gives
the highest mean of 604.6 kg/hr followed by T3 with 573.56 kg/hr. and T2 having 511.29
kg/hr. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research
(STAR) as shown in Appendix Table 1 revealed that the machine using the different sizes
REPLICATIONS
27
T3 (3x8) 472.44 670.39 577.85 1720.68 573.56
Grand 5067.95
Total
Grand 563.15
Mean
The results shows the chipping capacity of the machine using Carrot in Table 6. T3 gives
the highest mean of 1,012.82 kg/hr., followed by T1 with 557.57 kg/hr. and T2 having
509.79 kg/hr. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Tool for Agricultural
Research (STAR) as shown in Appendix Table 2 revealed that the chipping capacities of
the machine using T1 and T2 were not significantly different but they were significantly
different from T3. This means that the machine performed better in chipping using the 3
REPLICATIONS
28
T1 (3x12) 646.32 582.78 443.61 1672.71 557.57 b
Grand 6180.49
Total
Grand 686.72
Mean
The results shows Chipping Capacity of the machine using sweetpotato in Table 7 T2
gives the highest mean of 531.52 kg/hr. followed by T3 with 409.89 kg/hr. and T1 having
233.30 kg/hr. Analysis of variance as shown in Appendix Table 2 revealed that the
chipping capacity of the machine using T2 and T3 were not significantly different but
they were significantly different from T1. The machine performed better using T2 & T3
in chipping sweetpotato.
REPLICATIONS
29
T1 (3x12) 175.05 215.06 309.78 699.89 233.30 b
Grand 3524.11
Total
Grand 391.57
Mean
The results shows Chipping Capacity of the machine using cassava in Table 8. T1 gives
the highest mean of 575.54 kg/hr. followed by T3 with 573.38 kg/hr. and T2 having
404.67 kg/hr. Analysis of variance as shown in Appendix Table 2 revealed that the
chipping capacity of the machine using T1 and T3 were not significantly different but
they were significantly different from T2. The machine performed better using T1 & T3
in chipping cassava. Chipping capacity (kg/hr) of the machine using the different crops
The summary of comparison of means for chipping capacity is shown in Table 9. For
cassava, the machine performed best using T1 and T3, for potato, using T3 and for
30
REPLICATIONS
Grand 4660.76
Total
Grand 517.86
Mean
31
a. Chipping Efficiency of the Multi-crop Chipper for Potato
The results shows the chipping efficiency of the machine using potato in Table 10. T1
gives the highest mean of 88.03%, followed by T2 with 85.62% and T3 having 83.47%
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR)
as shown in Appendix Table 4 revealed that the chipping efficiency of the machine using
REPLICATIONS
Grand 771.38
Total
Grand 85.71
Mean
32
The results shows Chipping Efficiency of the machine -using sweetpotato in Table 11. T2
gives the highest mean of 82% followed by T3 with 78.75% and T1 having 77.54%.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR)
as shown in Appendix Table 4 revealed that the chipping efficiency of the machine using
the different sizes of pulley for testing sweetpotato were not significantly different.
REPLICATIONS
Grand 716.3
Total
Grand 79.59
Mean
The results shows Chipping Efficiency of the machine using cassava in Table 12. T3
gives the highest mean of 81.15% followed by T1 with 76.63% and T2 having 75.64%.
33
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR)
as shown in Appendix Table 4 revealed that the chipping efficiency of the machine using
the different sizes of pulley for testing cassava did not vary significantly.
REPLICATIONS
Grand 700.26
Total
Grand 77.81
Mean
The results shows percentage of whole chips of the machine using potato in Table 13. T2
gives the highest mean of 89%, followed by T1 with 86.83% and T3 having 85.5. %
34
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR)
as shown in Appendix Table 5 revealed that the percentage of whole chips of the machine
using the different sizes of pulley for testing potato were not significantly different.
Table 13. Percentage of Whole chips (%) of the machine using potato.
REPLICATIONS
T2 (3x10) 95 89 83 267 89
Grand 784
Total
Grand 87.11
Mean
The results shows Whole chips of the machine -using sweetpotato in Table 14. T2 gives
the highest mean of 82.67% followed by T3 with 80.67% and T1 having 75.17%.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR)
35
as shown in Appendix Table 5 revealed that the percentage of whole chips of the machine
using the different sizes of pulley for testing sweetpotato were not significantly different.
Table 14. Percentage of Whole chips (%) of the machine -using sweetpotato
REPLICATIONS
Grand 715.5
Total
Grand 79.50
Mean
The results shows Percentage of Whole chips of the machine using cassava in Table
15. T3 gives the highest mean of 81.33% followed by T1 with 73.33% and T2 having
36
whole chips of the machine using the different sizes of pulley for testing cassava were
Table 15. Percentage of Whole chips (%) of the machine -using cassava
REPLICATIONS
Grand 678.5
Total
Grand 76.05
Mean
The results shows Percentage of damaged chips of the machine-using potato in Table
16. T2 gives the highest mean of 15.17%, followed by T1 with 12% and T3 having 11.17
% Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research
(STAR) as shown in Appendix Table 6 revealed that the percentage of damaged chips of
the machine using the different sizes of pulley for testing potato were not significantly
different.
Table 16. Percentage of Damaged chips (%) of the machine- using potato.
REPLICATIONS
37
T1 (3x12) 15.00 11.00 10.00 36.00 12.00
Grand 115.00
Total
Grand 12.78
Mean
REPLICATIONS
Grand 183
Total
38
Grand 20.33
Mean
The results shows Percentage of Damaged chips of the machine using cassava in Table
18. T2 gives the highest mean of 23% followed by T1 with 21.83 and T3 having 18.83%
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR)
as shown in Appendix Table 6 revealed that the percentage of damaged chips of the
machine using the different sizes of pulley for testing cassava were not significantly
different.
Table 18. Percentage of Damaged chips (%) of the machine using cassava.
REPLICATIONS
T2 (3x10) 21 30 18 69 23
Grand 191
Total
Grand 21.22
Mean
39