Computer-Aided Engineering

(ႝတᇶշπำϩ‫)݋‬

Chapter 1: Introduction
Thomas Jin-Chee Liu (ቅਕ‫ڻ‬Դৣ)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Ming Chi University of Technology
Apr. 2009

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology Ch 1 1 /62

Course outline

Course: Computer-Aided Engineering (ႝတᇶշπำϩ‫)݋‬

Instructor: Thomas Jin-Chee Liu, Ph.D., Assistant Professor
(ቅਕ‫ ڻ‬Դৣ)

Office: Mechanical Engineering, 307-(4)

Tel: (02)29089899 ext. 4569
E-mail: [email protected]

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 Course outline (cont.)

Software : ANSYS

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Course outline (cont.)

Outline
1. Introduction (1st week)
2. Getting started with ANSYS (1st week)
3. Review of solid mechanics (2nd ~ 3rd week)
4. Introduction to finite element method (4th week)
5. Truss elements in ANSYS (5th~ 6th week)
6. Beam and frame elements in ANSYS (7th ~ 8th week)
7. Geometric modeling and meshing in ANSYS (9th ~ 10th week)
8. Two-dimensional plane elements in ANSYS (11th ~ 12th week)
9. Three-dimensional solid elements in ANSYS (13th ~ 14th week)
10. Students’ final reports and presentations (15th ~ 16th week)

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 Introduction

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CAE
Computer-aided engineering (ႝတᇶշπำϩ‫)݋‬
Types: Structural analysis, Thermal analysis, Fluid analysis,
Electromagnetics, Mechanism, Plastic injection molding …
Numerical theories: Finite element method, Boundary element method,
Finite difference method …
Commercial CAE softwares

Real problem CAE (FEM) Result (deformation)

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 The role of CAE in product design
3C product design

Ref: ቅਕ‫ڻ‬, CADesignerᚇᇞ, 2001ԃ11Д.

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FEM

Finite element method (FEM) = Finite element analysis

(FEA)

Applied in most physical problems

Solid mechanics (structural mechanics)
Heat transfer (thermal analysis)
Fluid mechanics (computational fluid dynamics, CFD)
Electromagnetics
…

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 FEM (cont.)
Finite element method (FEM) = Finite element analysis (FEA)
Elements (ϡન) , Nodes (࿯ᗺ), Mesh (ᆛ਱)
Computer simulation
Complicated problems

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Fundamentals for using FEM

Stress analysis Mechanics Using FEM

(่ᄬᔈΚϩ‫)݋‬ of Materials
(‫׷‬਑ΚᏢ)

If necessary:
Elasticity (ቸ‫܄‬ΚᏢ)
FEM theory
… • Review of stress and strain
concepts
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 History of FEM
Hrennikoff (1941), McHenry (1943) – a lattice of line elements (1-D)
Courant (1943) – interpolation functions (shape functions)
Early 1950s – developmemt of digital computers
Argyris and Kelsey (1954) – matrix structural analysis using energy principles
Turner et al. (1956) – stiffness matrices of truss elements, beam elements, 2-D plane stress
elements [direct stiffness method]
Clough (1960) – (a) the first use of the phrase “finite element” (b) triangular and
retangular elements in plane stress problems
…
Zienkiewicz – “The Finite Element Method”. 1967, 1971, 1977, 1989.
FEM software: ANSYS – 1970
Nonlinear FEM software: MARC – 1971
…
Today – (a) High-speed computers and PC’s (b) FEM theory and applications (c)
CAD/CAE

Ref: Logan, A First Course in the Finite Element Method. 1992

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FEM softwares

ABAQUS MSC.MARC
ADINA MSC.Nastran
ALGOR Pro/MECHANICA
ANSYS Ansoft
COSMOS
I-DEAS NX
LS-DYNA

** ೬ᡏӜᆀࣁ၀Ϧљຏн୘኱

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 Simple concepts of FEM

meshing
(discretized)

nodes & elements nodes elements

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Simple concepts of FEM (cont.)

Circle

FEM

exact solution
FEM solution
solution

element numbers

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 Procedures of FEM
F Pre-processor
Problem
Geometry
Material properties
FEM mesh
Boundary conditions
…

Solver
Post-processor
Results
Data
Figures
Animation
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Element types
Classified by physical types
Structural elements DOF: 1-D, 2-D, 3-D
Thermal elements
Fluid elements
Electromagnetic elements
…
Structural elements:
Truss elements
Beam (frame) elements
Shell elements
Plane elements
Axisymmetric elements
Solid elements
Contact elements
…
Linear elements and high-order
elements

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 Structural elements

Solid elements
Plane elements

Shell elements
p

Beam elements
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2D Mesh

Free mesh Mapped mesh

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 3D mesh
Mapped mesh (manual): hex elements
Sweeping mesh : hex elements
Free mesh (auto-mesh): tet elements
hex tet

Mapped mesh

Sweeping
Free mesh
mesh
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CAD/CAE integration

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 FEM applications

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Chair

(T.J.C. Liu)

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 Diaphragm
ౢᏢीฝ: ᇛනཧ, ቅਕ‫ڻ‬, ኻ‫ؼ܃‬, ৪◖ᗶ. ጢТሚϐԖज़ϡનΚᏢϩ‫݋‬. ԋεᐒఓ‫س‬ᆶߎឦύЈ
ӝբीฝ, 2004.

ጢТሚ

ߎឦጢТ

Πᓸ

௢༧
ၢ໒

ጢТ

ሚᡏ ࢬၰ
ஏ࠾პ

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Diaphragm (cont.)
Animation of quasi-static analysis (von Mises stress, MPa)

(animation)

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 Gears

(ANSYS, Inc.)
www.ansys.com

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Crack in rail

ቅਕ‫ڻ‬, ነᔔਏᔈჹॉၰ຋ᕳઇᚯՉࣁϐቹៜ. ୯ҥԋфεᏢᐒఓ

πำ‫س‬ᅺγፕЎ(ࡰᏤ௲௤Ǻᇛනཧ), Ѡࠄ, 1996.
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 Human mandible

݅ች๭, ΠᚓମϐΟᆢԖज़ϡનኳࠠࡌҥᆶΚᏢϩ‫݋‬. ୯ҥԋфεᏢᐒఓπำ‫س‬ᅺ

γፕЎ(ࡰᏤ௲௤Ǻᇛනཧ), Ѡࠄ, 2003.
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Resistance spot welding

(T.J.C. Liu)

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 Structural analysis of new bus
Stress analysis
Stiffness analysis
FMVSS 216, Roof Crush Resistance

Whole vehicle
Components

ࣔ‫߫ݳ‬ᔖߓ
ሽ೯ֆ߫
(T.J.C. Liu)

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Crash test and simulation

Crash simulation
Ford Crown Victoria

(animation)

LS-DYNA
http://www.ncac.gwu.edu/
The FHWA/NHTSA National Crash
Analysis Center (NCAC)
Crash simulation. Courtesy of S.W. Kirkpatrick, Applied Research
Associates, Inc. http://www.arasvo.com/crown_victoria/crown_vic.htm

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 Crash test and simulation (cont.)
Ford Crown Victoria

Finite element models

Crash simulation. Applied Research Associates, Inc.
http://www.arasvo.com/crown_victoria/crown_vic.htm
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Crash test and simulation (cont.)

ًؓ߻ናϷ࣬ᜢќҹኳᔕϩ‫݋‬ᄤCAE࣬ᜢ‫૽୻ೌמ‬ ीჄ‫ൂૼہ‬Տ
ᎄи‫ד‬ǵ‫׵‬ሎֵǵᎄ‫଻ד‬ǵ‫ֻߪ׵‬ǵ࠴‫҇ד‬ ύ๮ًؓπ཰ިҽԖज़Ϧљ
୯ৎଯೲႝတύЈीᆉ‫ڰ‬Κλಔ

http://www2.nchc.org.tw/~c00msl00/crash.htm

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 Crash test and simulation (cont.)

D.S. Liu, S.Y. Chang, Design depowered airbag mass flow rate by using
occupant simulation models and neural network. Crashworthiness, ‫׵‬ሎֵ,ᎄ‫଻ד‬,ᎄи‫ד‬,ᄃඳ໦,ำख़Ӏ,࠴‫҇ד‬,‫ֻߪ׵‬, ًؓ߻ና
occupant protection and biomechanics in transportation systems, ϩ‫݋‬Ϸኳࠠೀ౛. MSC.Software Taiwan solution forum 2000 ཮᝼
ASME AMD-V. 230/BED- V.41, 1998. ፕЎ໣, Ѡч, 2000.

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CFD
ANSYS CFX

(ANSYS, Inc.)
www.ansys.com

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 CFD (cont.)
CFX

ANSYS, Inc. & ॡ॰ઝ‫ݾ‬

www.cadmen.com
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Magnet motor

(ANSYS, Inc.)
www.ansys.com

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 A brief introduction to a
simple example in FEM

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Problem

Determine the stress field and deformation

Young’s modulus
E = 260000 MPa

Poisson’s ratio
= 0.33

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 Define analysis type and element type
Structural stress analysis, plane stress problem, static problem
2D plane stress elements, 4-node elements
Nodal DOF’s: ux , uy

node

4
. . 3

element
y

x 1
. . 2

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Material properties and geometry

E = 260000 MPa
= 0.33
geometry: 200 mm X 20 mm t = 1 mm

Caution: units

For static analysis:

N - mm - MPa
N - m - Pa
lb - in - psi

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 Mesh

Mesh : elements and nodes

186 nodes
150 elements

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Elements and nodes

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 Elements and nodes (cont.)
Continuity between elements

a single node

. . .
A B

. . .
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Elements and nodes (cont.)

Continuity within an element

node
displacements:
4 . . 3
ux = N1 u1x + N2 u2x + N3 u3x + N4 u4x
element uy = N1 u1y + N2 u2y + N3 u3y + N4 u4y

1
. . 2
N : shape function
y

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 Boundary conditions

Fixed end force

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Boundary conditions (cont.)

For static analysis:
Enough constraints
Prevent from the rigid body motion

Enough constraints Rigid body motion

(This problem can’t be solved)

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 Solving equations

FE equations:
Ku = F
Ku=F of the entire system
Combined by many element equations:
Keue=Fe

Matrices :
K = stiffness matrix (material properties)
u = displacement matrix (known and
unknown displacements)
F = force matrix (known and unknown
forces)

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Ku=F

186 x 2 = 372 DOFs (186 nodes)

matrix: K : 372 x 372 , u and F : 372 x 1

K11 K12…... u1x F1x

K21 …... u1y F1y
K31 ……. u2x F2x
u2y = F2y
………… .. ..
…... .. ..
.. F186y

node node

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 K’ u’ = F’
Ku=F
K is singular.
The displacement u = K-1F can’t be solved.
Applying enough boundary conditions,
Ku=F reduce to K’u’ = F’
u’ = K’ -1 F’ can be solved.

K11 K12…... u1x 0 F1x

K21 K22 u1y 0 F1y
K31 K32 K33….. u2x F2x
…... K43 u2y = F2y
………… .. ..
…... .. ..
.. F186y

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K’ u’ = F’ (cont.)

Solve the equation K’ u’ = F’

K33 K34…... u2x F2x

K43 …... u2y F2y
K53 ……. u3x F3x
u3y = F3y
………… .. ..
…... .. ..
.. F186y

u’ = K’ -1 F’
Nodal displacements and forces are obtained.

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 Displacements

node

. .
3

4
. . 3
4
ux uy

element

. . . . 2
element

1
1 2
y

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Strain and stress

Equations: Gauss point

= Bu
4
. . 3

!=D =DBu
1
. . 2

Stresses are calculated at the Gauss points. (Nodal displacements are

calculated at nodes.)
Stresses at nodes = extrapolated from the Gauss points

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 Results by graphics
Deformation and stress !x

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Brief introduction
to ANSYS

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 ANSYS GUI (graphical user interface)
Utility menu

Input window
Toolbar

Main menu

Graphical window

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ANSYS products
ANSYS Structural ANSYS Connection
ANSYS Mechanical Products
ANSYS Professional Parallel Performance for
ANSYS Flotran ( ) ANSYS
ANSYS Emag
ANSYS Multiphysics
ANSYS LS-DYNA
ANSYS Educational Products
(ANSYS Academic Products)
(ANSYS University)
ANSYS ED
ANSYS DesignSpace

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 Using ANSYS

• Operations in ANSYS
• Enter ANSYS
• Quit from ANSYS

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File types in ANSYS

*.db files (database files)

Binary files
Save the solid model, FEM model, boundary conditions …
*.rst files (*.rth files) (result files)
Save the results
log files
Procedure files
Parametric

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 Our textbook

http://www.tsanghai.com.tw

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Other Chinese books for ANSYS

[1] ഋᆒ΋, ጰ୯۸, ႝတᇶշπำϩ‫ – ݋‬ANSYS ٬Ҕࡰࠄ. Ѡч: ӄ๮, 2000.

[2] S. Moaveniচ๱, ഋཥॕ, ݅ࡹϘ᝿, Ԗज़ϡનϩ‫– ݋‬౛ፕᆶᔈҔANSYS.
Ѡч: ଯҥ, 2001.
[3] ഋᆒ΋, ANSYS 6.0 ႝတᇶշπำϩ‫݋‬. Ѡч: ӄ๮, 2002.
[4] ጰ୯۸, ANSYS 7.0 ܎՜ԄΕߐ. Ѡч: ӄ๮, 2003.
[5] ᠭࣤӀ, ໳࢙Ў, ഋᗶ໢, ANSYS ᆶႝတᇶշπำϩ‫݋‬. Ѡч: ӄ๮, 2002.
[6] ᒘ‫ؼػ‬, ݅௴ᇬ, ᖴ۸એ, ANSYS ႝတᇶշπำϩ‫݋‬. Ѡч : Ꮒ݅, 1997.
[7] Ц ‫׸‬, ႝတᇶշπำϩ‫݋‬ϐჴ୍ᆶᔈҔ. Ѡч: ӄ๮, 2001.
[8] நస฻, ANSYS຾໘. Ѡч: ӄ๮, 2006.

‫ځ‬дۘԖύ୯εഌϐANSYSਜᝤ

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 অၸҁፐำ, գஒᏢ཮…

٬Ҕႝတ‫ک‬ANSYSٰ୺Չ่ᄬ‫ޑ‬ᔈΚϩ‫ک݋‬ᡂ‫׎‬ϩ‫݋‬.
ஒᓉΚᏢ,‫׷‬਑ΚᏢᆶCAEೱ่ଆٰ.
ख़ཥፄಞᓉΚᏢ‫׷ک‬਑ΚᏢ୷ҁཷ‫ۺ‬.
ᕇளቸ‫܄‬ΚᏢᆶԖज़ϡન‫୷ޑݤ‬ҁཷ‫ۺ‬.
᏾ӝCADᆶCAE‫ٿ‬໨‫ೌמ‬.
ஒCAE‫ک‬ANSYSᔈҔ‫ډ‬ౢࠔ‫ޑ‬மࡋ೛ी.

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ҁፐำࣁCAE୷ᘵፐำ, ‫܌‬а…

գϝค‫ݤ‬ԋࣁᐱ྽΋य़‫ޑ‬CAE engineer.
գϝค‫ݤ‬ᐱҥֹԋ΋ঁౢࠔ‫ޑ‬ᔈΚϩ‫݋‬஑ਢ.

ჹ ฼ ;

୦ᅺγ੤, ଺CAE࣬ᜢ‫ޑ‬ᔈҔࣴ‫ز‬.
ࡨৣᏢ᛬.
ӭ୦ਜ(‫׷‬਑ΚᏢ,ᐒఓ೛ी,ቸ‫܄‬ΚᏢ,Ԗज़ϡન‫……ݤ‬..).
༇ግANSYS.

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