1 Effects of Exercise on the Circulatory System

Many people know that regular exercise can aid in weight loss, improve your mood, and boost
energy. And also the exercise has both short and long term effects on the circulatory system.
The circulatory system delivers nutrients and oxygen to all cells in the body, and consists of the
heart and the blood vessels. In order to gain short and long term benefits on your circulatory
system, you will need to exercise regularly.

A/ Short Term Effects of Exercise on the Circulatory System

Many short-term effects take place during physical activity or physical exercise, including:

 Faster heart contractions. This leads to an increased heart rate and increased
circulation, which gets oxygenated blood to your muscles quicker.
 Incises Heart rate.
 Increases Cardiac out put.
 Increases blood pressure.
 Blood redistribution.
 Incises stork volume.
 More forceful heart contractions with each heartbeat, which leads to a greater amount
of blood being pumped throughout the body.

B / Long Term Effects of Exercise on the Circulatory System

Athlete can see long term circulatory effects from exercising in as little as two weeks. People
who are just beginning to exercise will see effects in up to four weeks. These effects include:

 The heart and lungs become more efficient as your circulatory increases.
 Decreased resting heart rate, which means your heart doesn’t have to beat as often to
circulate blood. 
 Improved ability to draw in deeper and longer breaths, and take fewer breaths.
 Reduced risk of heart disease.
2 EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Exercise or any physical activity has a special effect on respiratory system We need oxygen at
rest and during exercise , since energy supply to the active muscles increases demand of oxygen .
Another important function of respiration is to eliminate carbon dioxide from the body. During
exercise cellular oxidation increases and thereby carbon dioxide production increases.
Respiratory system maintain an efficient balance between the oxygen and carbon dioxide in the
blood at rest and also during exercise.

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There are some immediate changes that occur during exercise programmed. Also there are some
relatively permanent changes following long-term physical training , the magnitude of changes
being

A/ Short term effect of exercises in respiratory system

a/ Increase Tidal Volume: The amount of air which we inhale or exhale during quiet breathing is
called tidal volume. It is around 500 ml. During exercise, this tidal volume increases. Depending
on intensity it may be 1500-2000 ml for ordinary person and for well trained athlete it may be
increased to 2500 ml.

b/ Respiratory rate: Number of times one takes inspiration or expiration in each minute is called
Respiratory rate. At rest, respiratory rate is around 16 per minute. During exercise, for ordinary
persons it may be increased to 25-30 per minute and for well trained athlete it may be around 38-
40 per minute. C/ Pulmonary ventilation .The Pulmonary ventilation (PV) = Tidal volume
(TV) X Respiratory rate (RR) and therefore at rest it is around 8 lit / min . During exercise since
both TV and RR increases PV will also increase depending on the intensity of exercise. For
ordinary person, the value of PV may be 40-50 lit / min and for well trained athlete ,it may be
around 100 lit / min .

d) Increase Oxygen uptake The amount of oxygen which we take inside the body from ambient
air in each minute at rest is called resting oxygen uptake. It is around 200-300 ml / min .During
exercise oxygen uptake increases to 3.5 lit / min for ordinary person and 4.5 lit/min for well
trained athlete.

e) Lung diffusion capacity Diffusion is the process of movement of gas molecules ( O2 and
CO2 ) that takes place in the lungs and tissues. During exercise there will be more movement of
gas molecules and diffusion capacity increases.

f) Lung volume; For normal breathing at rest lung expand and there is a change in air pressure .
During exercise due to rapid movement of diaphragm and intercostals muscles total area of lung
expands to accommodate more exchange of gases.

Supply oxygen required in metabolism

g/ Eliminate carbon dioxide production in metabolism

h/ More efficient gas exchange

I/ Respiratory rate increases

J/ Tidal volume increases

H/ Minute ventilation increases

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 B Long-term effect of training on Respiratory system

a) Increase Tidal Volume (TV) : Trained athlete’s capacity to inhale or exhale air during
exercise increases to the tune of 2500 ml. Untrained persons cannot increase up to this level
because their capacity is less than trained athletes.

b) Respiratory rate (RR):Trained athlete may increase their rate to 40 in each minute from16 /
min at rest. Untrained persons will not be able to reach to this level. They may increase their rate
up to 25-28 / min.

e/ Diapherpm and inter costal muscle became strength

f /Red blood cells increase

g/ Heart increase as in size

c) Pulmonary ventilation (PV) : A trained athlete may increase PV to around 100 lit/min . This
is because their TV and RR both increases during exercise. Untrained persons may increase it up
to 50-60 lit/min.

d) Oxygen uptake : During exercise , after a long term training , a trained athlete may consume
around 5 lit oxygen per minute .Untrained persons may go up to the level of 3.5 lit oxygen per
minute.

e) Lung diffusion capacity: During exercise, the lung diffusion capacity increases in both
trained and untrained persons . However, trained athletes may increase their diffusion capacity
30% more than that of an untrained person because athlete’s lung surface area and red blood cell
count is higher than that of the non-athletes.

f) Vital capacity: It is the maximum volume of air forcefully expired after a maximal
inspiration. For a healthy adult male it is around 4.8 lit and for women 3.1 lit. The athletes who
are under training for a long period may increase vital capacity to around 6 lit.

g) Efficiency of lung: An athlete’s total efficiency of the lung remain at higher level than the
non-athletes. This efficiency is the key factor for higher rate of oxygen uptake than non-athletes.

h) Second wind: This term is usually described as a sudden transition from an ill-defined
feeling of distress or fatigue during the early portions of prolonged exercise to a more
comfortable, less stressful feeling later in exercise. It has been observed that trained athletes get
their second wind comfortably and easily than non-athletes.

I/ Increase in aerobic capacity

J/ Increase in strength of respiratory muscles (Intercostals)

K/ Increase in tidal volume during exercise

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L/ Increase in minute volume during exercise

H/ Increase in capillarisation around the alveoli

3 The Effects of Exercise on the muscular and skeletal system

Exercise involves a series of sustained muscle contractions, of either long or short duration,
depending on the nature of the physical activity. Effects of exercise on muscles can be
considered short-term and, Long term exercise

A/ Short-Term Effects of muscular and skeletal system

The effects of exercise on muscles varies with the type and duration of the activity. Aerobic
exercise is typical of activities requiring endurance and sustained muscle contractions. Such
activities rely mainly on Type I (slow-twitch muscles) which sustain maximal contraction for
extensive periods of time.

This use of slow-twitch muscles, and the availability of oxygen,prevents the buildup of lactic
acid, and typically does not result in substantial muscle fatigue in the short-term. Sustained
aerobic respiration tends to shift the metabolic pathways of muscle to favor the use of fat as the
primary source of ATP, and glycogen is generally avoided.

Anaerobic respiration, typical of sprinting and weight lifting ,prioritizes the use of Type II
(fast-twitch) muscles fibers for short, high-intensity contractions. Muscles prioritize the use of
readily-available ATP, glucose and glycogen for these contractions, which results in a build-up
of lactic acid. Though traditionally viewed as the cause of muscle fatigue, recent research
indicates ion shortages, particularly of calcium, during an aerobic exercise, causes such
muscle fatigue. However, lactic acid inhibits further ATP production, indirectly causing fatigue.

Muscle soreness, once thought to be due to lactic acid accumulation, has more recently been
attributed to small tearing of the muscles fibers caused by eccentric contraction.

- Muscle temperature increases

- Metabolism increases

- Lactic Acid production increases

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B/ Long-Term Effects of muscular and skeletal system

Muscle hypertrophy, or the increase in muscle mass due to exercise particularly weight training,
is a noticeable long-term effect of exercise. Exercise of specific muscles can often result in
hypertrophy in the opposite muscles as well, a phenomenon known as cross education. Experts
and professionals differ widely on the best approaches to specifically achieve muscle growth, as
opposed to focusing on gaining strength, power, or endurance. It was generally considered that
consistent anaerobic strength training will produce hypertrophy over the long term, in addition to
 IncreasedTendonStrength
Adapt in the same way as muscles May also increase flexibility Cartilage thickens
 Increased Myoglobin Muscles can store more Myoglobin as a result of regular exercise
Binds to oxygen in muscles Improved Oxygen carrying capacity
 Increased Mitochondria/Glycogen + Fat/
 Mitochondria – Produce AT. Therefore can produce more energy Glycogen – Stored
form of Glucose. Source of energy = More energy Fat - Triglycerides mean that you
have a larger source of energy to draw from
 ImprovedMuscleStrength
Overloading the resistance that muscles are moving Muscle adapts and gets stronger
 IncreasedLactateTolerance
Lactic Acid causes fatigue Able to flush it out quicker and tolerate levels more Improved
Capillarisation helps removal in Endurance activities
 IncreasedLigamentStretch
Ligaments and Tendons become more flexible Ligaments are more pliable Increased
ability to change shapes at joints
 ThickerHyalineCartilage
Less chance of bones rubbing together Less Friction More efficient movement More
Synovial Fluid
 Muscular hypertrophy occurs (Increase in size]
 Muscular trength increases
 Muscular endurance increases
 Muscular resistance to fatigue increases
 Strength of tendons increases
 Increase in capillarisation at the muscles

4 Energy production system

The variety of body movements and physical activities is also matched by a great diversity in
energy production systems. Muscle contractions responsible for the various movements and
conditions of the body.

There are six forms of energy:

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(1) Chemical energy

(2) Mechanical power

(3) Thermal energy

(4) Optical energy

(5) Electric energy

(6) Nuclear energy.

There are three regenerative systems (ATP)

1. The non-anoxic or (anaerobic) system is called the posphagian.

2. Mixed system (lactic acid syste).

3. The oxygen system or (antenna).

• The non-oxygen system Creatine phosphate is an energy-rich chemical found in muscle cells
such as ATP. When it is released, a large amount of energy is released. This energy helps to
restore the ATP structure, the direct source of energy, where the ATP mall is restored against
the CP fission. The total for ATP and CP in muscle is very low and is estimated at 0.3 m in
females and 0.6 m M in men, thus limiting the energy efficiency of this system.

• The oxygen system:

This system is characterized by the two other systems to produce energy with the

presence of oxygen as an effective agent during the chemical reactions to rebuild the ATP. In

the presence of oxygen, the building of 39 mol ATP can be restored by the complete cracking

of the molecule of the klykogen to become carbon dioxide and water. This is the largest

amount of ATP reconstruction and this requires hundreds of chemical reactions And

hundreds of enzymatic systems that are significantly more complex than the production of

anaerobic energy in the former two systems. The oxygen system is inside the muscle cell,

but in a specific space called mitochondria, The chemical reactions of the aerobic system or

the oxygen system can be divided into three main series:

1. Aerodynamic: - A series of reactions that are involved in cracking the calcification and

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 converting it into carbon dioxide and water with the presence of oxygen and ending with

the formation of pyrovic acid.

2 .The carbon cycle is the series of chemical reactions that are completed by the full

oxidation. They are called the world of carbon. At the end of the cycle, 2ATP is composed of

carbon, hydrogen and here carbon combines with the oxygen to be the carbon dioxide that

goes from the muscle to the blood and from it to the lungs to get it out with air Exhale .

3. electron transfer chain: a series of chemical reactions are linked in turn Carbs

5/Effect of exercises on nervous system

Music and exercise can both affect autonomic nervous system activity. The peripheral
nervous system is made up of all of the nerves and nerve cells that are external to the central
nervous system. Aerobic exercise is thought to be the most beneficial type of exercise for
improving the capacity of the overall nervous system. It is divided into two divisions, the
sympathetic and the parasympathetic.

Effects of physical exercise on central nervous system functions: The sensory receptors are
cells in the body that can detect changes in the external environment, prompting them to send
electrical impulses to the relevant area for a response. Taken together, these findings suggest
that the regional physiological adaptations that occur with exercise could constitute a
promising field for elucidating molecular and cellular mechanisms of recovery in psychiatric and
neurological health conditions. Certain essential processes in the body are regulated by the
autonomic nervous system, such as blood pressure and the rate at which we breathe. "Lifting
weights makes your nervous system stronger, too: The first few weeks of weightlifting
strengthen the reticulospinal tract, not muscles." People can influence how quickly brain
function declines.

Nerves are collections of specialized cells known as neurons. The brain, the spinal cord, and the
nerves of the body, make up the central nervous system. This article focuses on the effects of
hypoxia on nervous system function and the potential consequences for the exercising human.
The increase in blood circulation because of exercise can induce the formation of new blood
vessels that can, in turn, facilitate the creation of new nerve cells.

A/. The immediate and long trem effects of exercise are . The long-term effects are more
concerned with how pathways for oxygen are enhanced, and how muscle growth is stimulated.
Inducing the effects of the sympathetic nervous system for its benefits also has its time and

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place. In contrast to our extensive knowledge about the peripheral adaptations to exercise,
information about the specific effects of exercise on the central nervous system are

1. The peripheral nervous system can also be broken down into two subdivisions

the somatic nervous system and

the autonomic nervous system.

Aerobic exercise capacity decreases with exposure to hypoxia. The neurobiological effects of
physical exercise are numerous and involve a wide range of interrelated effects on brain
structure, brain function, and cognition. This alerts the brain for learning and makes
information easier to retain. Exercise induced hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system .
The short-term effects of exercise on the nervous system are primarily in relation to the
neurotransmitters. This is how movement is brought about with the use of the skeletal muscles.
The brain, the spinal cord, and the nerves of the body, make up the central nervous system. The
autonomic nervous system can be further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous systems. The nerves carry signals from one area of the body to another. For example,
physical exercise seems to slow the loss of nerve cells in areas of the brain involved in memory.
The short-term effects of exercise on the nervous system are primarily in relation to the
neurotransmitters

. The function of the peripheral nervous system is to relay information from the central nervous
system to the rest of the body, and from the body back to the central nervous system.

Aging is also associated with arterial stiffness and autonomic nervous dysfunction, leading to
increase in the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality

This activation has several knock-on effects,

 heightened blood pressure,

 increased heart rate,
 sweating,
 decrease in the rate of digestion. This system controls the majority of the functions of
both the body and the mind. Find PowerPoint Presentations and Slides using the power
of XPowerPoint.com, find free presentations research about Short And Long Term
Effects Of Exercise On The Skeletal System PPT It causes complex signals to pass through
the neurons in the brain. During exercise, oxygen uptake is a function of the triple-
product of heart rate and stroke volume and arterial-mixed venous oxygen difference .
Physical exercises are generally grouped into three types, depending on the overall
effect they have on the human body: Exercise is associated with increased sympathetic
tone and parasympathetic withdrawal in normal subjects. There are three different

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types of neuron, and each has a unique function of its own. Fantastic aerobic exercises
to try are running, cycling, rowing, swimming