Matching headings practice test

(Thái Nguyên)
A HISTORY OF FINGERPRINTING
A To detectives, the answers lie at the end of our fingers. Fingerprinting offers an accurate
and infallible means of personal identification. The ability to identify a person from a mere
fingerprint is a powerful tool in the fight against crime. It is the most commonly used forensic
evidence, often outperforming other methods of identification. These days, older methods of
ink fingerprinting, which could take weeks, have given way to newer, faster techniques like
fingerprint laser scanning, but the principles stay the same. No matter which way you collect
fingerprint evidence, every single person's print is unique. So, what makes our fingerprints
different from our neighbor’s?

B A good place to start is to understand what fingerprints are and how they are created. A
fingerprint is the arrangement of skin ridges and furrows on the tips of the fingers. This
ridged skin develops fully during foetal development, as the skin cells grow in the mother's
womb. These ridges are arranged into patterns and remain the same throughout the course of
a person's life. Other visible human characteristics, like weight and height, change over time
whereas fingerprints do not. The reason why every fingerprint is unique is that when a baby's
genes combine with environmental influences, such as temperature, it affects the way the
ridges on the skin grow. It makes the ridges develop at different rates, buckling and bending
into patterns. As a result, no two people end up having the same fingerprints. Even identical
twins possess dissimilar fingerprints.

C It is not easy to map the journey of how the unique quality of the fingerprint came to be
discovered. The moment in history it happened is not entirely clear. However, the use of
fingerprinting can be traced back to some ancient civilizations, such as Babylon and China,
where thumbprints were pressed onto clay tablets to confirm business transactions. Whether
people at this time actually realized the full extent of how fingerprints were important for
identification purposes is another matter altogether. One cannot be sure if the act was seen as
a means to confirm identity or a symbolic gesture to bind a contract, where giving your
fingerprint was like giving your word.

D Despite this uncertainty, there are those who made a significant contribution towards the
analysis of fingerprinting. History tells us that a 14th century Persian doctor made an early
statement that no two fingerprints are alike. Later, in the 17th century, Italian physician
Marcello Malpighi studied the distinguishing shapes of loops and spirals in fingerprints. In
his honour, the medical world later named a layer of skin after him. It was, however, an
employee for the East India Company, William Herschel, who came to see the true potential
of fingerprinting. He took fingerprints from the local people as a form of signature for
contracts, in order to avoid fraud. His fascination with fingerprints propelled him to study
them for the next twenty years. He developed the theory that fingerprints were unique to an
individual and did not change at all over a lifetime. In 1880 Henry Faulds suggested that
fingerprints could be used to identify convicted criminals. He wrote to Charles Darwin for
advice, and the idea was referred on to Darwin's cousin, Sir Francis Galton. Galton eventually
published an in-depth study of fingerprint science in 1892.

E Although the fact that each person has a totally unique fingerprint pattern had been well
documented and accepted for a long time, this knowledge was not exploited for criminal
identification until the early 20th century. In the past, branding, tattooing and maiming had
been used to mark the criminal for what he was. In some countries, thieves would have their
hands cut off. France branded criminals with the fleur-de-lis symbol. The Romans tattooed
mercenary soldiers to stop them from becoming deserters.

F For many years police agencies in the Western world were reluctant to use fingerprinting,
much preferring the popular method of the time, the Bertillon System, where dimensions of
certain body parts were recorded to identify a criminal. The turning point was in 1903 when a
prisoner by the name of Will West was admitted into Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary.
Amazingly, Will had almost the same Bertillon measurements as another prisoner residing at
the very same prison, whose name happened to be William West. It was only their
fingerprints that could tell them apart. From that point on, fingerprinting became the
standard for criminal identification.

Questions 1-5
The Reading Passage has seven paragraphs, A-F
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-F from the list of headings below.(10 points)
List of Headings
i Key people that made a difference
ii An alternative to fingerprinting
iii The significance of prints
iv How to identify a criminal
v Patterns in the making
vi Family connections
vii Exciting new developments
viii A strange coincidence
ix Punishing a criminal
x An uncertain past

0. Paragraph A ____ iii____

1. Paragraph B
2. Paragraph C
3. Paragraph D
4. Paragraph E
5. Paragraph F

(Tuyên Quang)
A. The software tools of research are typically more abundant than hardware tools in the
social sciences. Software is usually thought of as meaning computer programs that tell
the hardware what to do, but any tool not related to a physical device can be considered
software. Included in this category are published tests and questionnaires.
B. Often researchers want to gather information related to a general area such as personality
or intelligence. For these instances, the use of a standardized test may be the best choice.
With already published tests you can be sure of both validity and reliability and can save
a lot of time that might otherwise be spent on test construction. Standardized tests can be
classified into five main categories: achievement, aptitude, interest, personality, and
intelligence.
C. Achievement tests are designed specifically to measure an individual's previously learned
knowledge or ability. They are available for many topic areas related to psychology,
education, business, and other fields. Achievement tests require that prior learning take
place and that this learning be demonstrated in order to pass.
D. Aptitude tests attempt to predict an individual’s performance in some activity at some
point in the future. They do not require any specific prior learning although basic
knowledge related to reading and writing is usually required and some preparation, such
as studying up on math formulas or sentence structure, can be helpful. A well-known
example of this type is the Scholastic Achievement Test (SAT) designed to predict future
college performance.

E. Interest inventories also require only general knowledge but no preparation is needed.
These tests look at an individual's subjective interests in order to make predictions about
 some future behavior or activity. Perhaps the most used interest inventory is the Strong
Interest Inventory, which compares interests related to specific careers in order to help
guide an individual's career path. Endorsed interests are compared with the interests of
successful individuals in various fields and predictions are made regarding the test-taker's
fit with the various career fields.
F. Typically designed to assess and diagnose personality and mental health related disorders,
personality tests are used extensively by psychologists in clinical, educational, and
business related settings. By far the most widely used test of this type is the Minnesota
Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Second Edition (MMPI-2), which compares an
individual's responses on a series of true-false items to those suffering from various mental
disorders such as depression, schizophrenia and anxiety. The theory behind the test argues
that if you endorse items similar to the items endorsed by those with depression, for
example, then the chances that you are also depressed increases.

G. Intelligence tests could be classified as aptitude tests since they are sometimes used to
predict future performance. They could also be classified as personality tests since they can
be used to diagnose disorders such as learning disabilities and mental retardation.
However, because of their limited scope, we will place them in their own category. The
purpose of an intelligence test is to attain a summary score or intelligence quotient (IQ) of
an individual's intellectual ability. Scores are compared to each other and can be broken
down into different subcategories depending on the intelligence test used. The most
commonly used tests of this type are the Wechsler Scales, including the Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale (WAIS), the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), and the
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI).

H. Self-response questionnaires are a great way to gather large amounts of information in a

relatively short amount of time. A questionnaire, similar to a survey you might see on a
web page, allows subjects to respond to questions, rate responses, or offer opinions. Their
responses can then be used to place them in specific categories or groups or can be
compared to other subjects for data analysis. A concern with self- report, however, is the
accuracy of the responses. Unlike direct observation, there is no way of knowing if the
subject has told the truth or whether or not the question was understood as intended.
There are several different methods for gathering information on a questionnaire or
survey, including a Likert scale, the Thurstone technique, and the semantic differential.
The Likert scale is a popular method used in surveys because it allows the researcher to
quantify opinion based items. Questions are typically grouped together and rated or
responded to based on a five-point scale. This scale typically ranges in order from one
extreme to the other, such as (1) very interested; (2) somewhat interested; (3) unsure; (4)
not very interested; and (5) not interested at all. Items that might be rated with this scale
representing the subject's level of interest could include a list of careers or academic
majors, for example.

Choose the most suitable headings for sections A–F from the list below. Use each heading
once only.Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
 List of Headings
i. Testing acquired knowledge
ii. The way future performance is forecast through testing
iii. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
iv. Software tools in research explained
v. The use of a five-point scale in testing
vi. A test used to obtain a summary score of an individual's intelligence
vii. The method most widely used by psychologists in various situations
viii. Subjective interests employed to predict future behaviour
ix. The different classes of standardized tests
x. The importance of prior learning in tests
xi. Information gathered by self-reporting

Your answer:
1. Para A: iv 1. Para B: ______ 2. Para C: ______ 3. Para D: ______
4. Para E: ______ 5. Para F: ______ 6. Para G: ______ 7. Para H: ______

(Vĩnh Phúc)
List of Headings:
i      Disobeying FAA Regulations
ii     Aviation disaster prompts action
iii    Two coincidental developments
iv    Setting Altitude Zones
v     An oversimplified view
vi    Controlling pilots' licence
vii   Defining airspace categories
viii  Setting rules to weather conditions
ix    Taking of Safety
x     First step towards ATC 

Example                                   Answer

Paragraph B                                  X

1. Paragraph A
2. Paragraph  C
3. Paragraph  D
4.  Paragraph  E
5. Paragraph  F
6. Paragraph   G
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL IN THE USA
A   An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the
establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate and oversee the
operation of aircraft in the skies over the United States, which were becoming quite
congested. The resulting structure of air traffic control has greatly increased the safety of
flight in the United States, and similar air traffic control procedures are also in place over
much of the rest of the world.
B   Rudimentary air traffic control (АТС) existed well before the Grand Canyon disaster. As
early as the 1920s, the earliest air traffic controllers manually guided aircraft in the vicinity of
the airports, using lights and flags, while beacons and flashing lights were placed along cross-
country routes to establish the earliest airways. However, this purely visual system was
useless in bad weather, and, by the 1930s, radio communication was coming into use for
АТС. The first region to have something approximating today's АТС was New York City,
with other major metropolitan areas following soon after.
C  In the 1940s, АТС centres could and did take advantage of the newly developed radar and
improved radio communication brought about by the Second World War, but the system
remained rudimentary. It was only after the creation of the FAA that full-scale regulation of
America's airspace took place, and this was fortuitous, for the advent of the jet engine
suddenly resulted in a large number of very fast planes, reducing pilots' margin of error and
practically demanding some set of rules to keep everyone well separated and operating safely
in the air.
D   Many people think that АТС consists of a row of controllers sitting in front of their radar
screens at the nation's airports, telling arriving and departing traffic what to do. This is a very
incomplete part of the picture. The FAA realised that the airspace over the United States
would at any time have many different kinds of planes, flying for many different purposes, in
a variety of weather conditions, and the same kind of structure was needed to accommodate
all of them.
E  To meet this challenge, the following elements were put into effect. First, АТС extends over
virtually the entire United States. In general, from 365m above the ground and higher, the
entire country is blanketed by controlled airspace. In certain areas, mainly near airports,
controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the ground, and, in the immediate vicinity
of an airport, all the way down to the surface. Controlled airspace is that airspace in which
FAA regulations apply. Elsewhere, in uncontrolled airspace, pilots are bound by fewer
regulations. In this way, the recreational pilot who simply wishes to go flying for a while
without all the restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in uncontrolled airspace,
below 365m, while the pilot who does want the protection afforded by АТС can easily enter
the controlled airspace.
F  The FAA then recognised two types of operating environments. In good meteorological
conditions, flying would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR), which suggests a
strong reliance on visual cues to maintain an acceptable level of safety. Poor visibility
necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR), under which the pilot relied on altitude
and navigational information provided by the plane's instrument panel to fly safely. On a
clear day, a pilot in controlled airspace can choose a VFR or IFR flight plan, and the FAA
regulations were devised in a way which accommodates both VFR and IFR operations in the
same airspace. However, a pilot can only choose to fly IFR if they possess an instrument
rating which is above and beyond the basic pilot's license that must also be held.
G   Controlled airspace is divided into several different types, designated by letters of the
alphabet. Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F, while controlled airspace below 5,490m
above sea level and not in the vicinity of an airport is Class E. All airspace above 5,490m is
designated Class A. The reason for the division of Class E and Class A airspace stems from
the type of planes operating in them. Generally, Class E airspace is where one finds general
aviation aircraft (few of which can climb above 5,490m anyway), and commercial turboprop
aircraft. Above 5,490m is the realm of the heavy jets, since jet engines operate more efficiently
at higher altitudes. The difference between Class E and A airspace is that in Class A, all
operations are IFR, and pilots must be instrument-rated, that is, skilled and licensed in
aircraft instrumentation. This is because АТС control of the entire space is essential. Three
other types of airspace, Classes D, С and B, govern the vicinity of airports. These correspond
roughly to small municipal, medium-sized metropolitan and major metropolitan airports
respectively, and encompass an increasingly rigorous set of regulations. For example, all a
VFR pilot has to do to enter Class С airspace is establish two-way radio contact with АТС. No
explicit permission from АТС to enter is needed, although the pilot must continue to obey all
regulations governing VFR flight. To enter Class В airspace, such as on approach to a major
metropolitan airport, an explicit АТС clearance is required. The private pilot who cruises
without permission into this airspace risks losing their license.
Question 7-10
Do the following statements agrees with the given information of the reading passage?
In boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet, write:
TRUE    if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE    if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN    if there is no information on this
7. The FAA was created as a result of the introduction of the jet engine.
8. Air traffic control started after the Grand Canyon crash in 19 56.
9. Beacons and flashing lights are still used by the ATC today.
10. Some improvements were made in radio communication during World War II.