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Science Notes - Lession-2 - Acids, Bases & Salts (Chemistry)
Science Notes - Lession-2 - Acids, Bases & Salts (Chemistry)
LESSON 2
ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
INTRODUCTION
A wide variety of materials consists essentially of elements and compounds having different
characteristics exist around us. Some of them are sour, some are bitter, while some are salty in taste.
For Example - Sour and bitter tastes of food are due to acids and bases, respectively, present in them.
Acids react with bases to produce salt whose properties are different from acid and base,
ACIDS –
The term "acid" is derived from the latin word "acidus" meaning sour to taste.
Example - Sour taste of lemon, unripened grapes, Vinegar, tomatoes etc.
According to Arrhenius theory:
"An acid is a substance which dissolved in water; it ionizes and releases hydrogen ions H aq. in
solution".
Note: - Hydrogen ion do not exist as H ions in solution, they attach themselves to the polar water
molecules to form hydronium ions or hydroxonium ions, H 3O or H aq.
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BASES –
Substances with bitter taste and given a soapy touch are known as bases but many bases have
corrosive nature. So bases are defined as”
According to Arrhenius :
Those substance which give hydroxide or hydroxylion OH in their aqueous solution” are
called bases.
NaOH aq Na aq OH aq
KOH aq K aq OH aq
Example: Sodium hydroxide NaOH , Zinc oxide ZnO , Copper oxide CuO , Calcium
hydroxide Ca OH 2 , Aluminum hydroxide Al OH 3 .
The compound which are either metallic oxide or metallic hydroxide. Which combines with acids to
form salts and water only
CuO 2HCl
CuCl2 + H 2O
NaOH + HCl
NaCl + H 2O
Alkalis
Base which completely dissolves in water are called alkalis.
All the alkalis are bases but all bases are not alkalis.
Examples Fe OH 3 ferric hydroxide and cupric hydroxide Cu OH 2 are base, but not an alkali.
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Volatile liquid - Carbonic acid H 2CO3 , Hydrochloric acid HCl Nitric acid HNO3
Ques. You have been provided with three test tubes. One of them contains distilled water and the other
two contain an acidic solution and basic solution, respectively. If you are given red litmus paper, how will
you identify the contents of each test tube? [NCERT]
Activity: Take small amount of finely chopped onions along with some strips of clean cloth in a plastic bag.
Tie up the bag tigthtly and leave it as such in a refrigerator for a night. In the morning, take two of these
strips and check their odour. Now put a few drops of dilute HCI solution on one strip and a few drops of
dilute NaOH solution on the other. Rinses both the cloth strips with water and again check their odour and
note down in your note book. You will see that onion will give different odour in HCI and NaOH.
You can repeat the activity by taking dilute vanilla essence. Smell dilute vanilla essence. Now take some
dilute HCI solution in one test tube and dilute NaOH solution in another test tube add a few drops of
dilute vanilla essence to both the test tubes and shake well. Check the odour once again. You will feel
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different smells in both the test tubes. Lastly, you can repeat the activity by taking clove oil in place of
vanilla essence.
From this activity, we conclude that vanilla, onion or clove oil can also be used as olfactory indicators since
these change their odour in acidic and basic media.
(IV) Effect on Skin - All strong mineral acids have a corrosive action on skin and cause painful
burns.
Example -
Concentrated sulphuric acid stains the skin black. Concentrated nitric acid & hydrochloric acid stains
the skin yellow.
(V) Electrical Conductivity: All mineral acids are good conductors of electricity and conduct
electricity in their aqueous solution. On electrolysis, they decompose liberating hydrogen at cathode
(2) Chemical Properties of Acids –
(I) Reaction with metals
Dilute acids like hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulphuric acid H 2 SO4 reacts certain active metals to
evolve hydrogen gas form their metallic salt
Zn s H 2 SO4
ZnSO4 aq H 2 g
dilute
2 Na s 2HCl
2NaCl aq H 2 g
dilute
Mg s H 2 SO4
MgSO4 aq H 2 g
dilute
Fe s H 2 SO4
FeSO4 aq H 2 g
dilute
Activity: To study the reaction of acids, with metals.
Materials required: Granulated zinc, dilute sulphuric acid. Boiling tube, Matchbox
Procedure: Take about 5 ml of dilute sulphuric acid in a boiling tube. Add a few piece of zinc metal
into it and place an inverted boiling tube over its mouth. You can see the bubbles of hydrogen gas
coming out of the mixture in the lower tube. After a few minutes, remove the upper boiling tube
(Keeping its mouth downwards) near to its mouth. What do you see? The gas in the upper boiling
tube burns with a blue flame producing popping sound. Repeat similar experiment with different
acids and a few other metals. Write down your observations.
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Observation: Colourless, odourless gas is evolved. It burns explosively with a 'pop' sound.
Zn s H 2 SO4 dil ZnSO4 aq H 2 g
Conclusion: Reactive metals react with dilute acid to liberate hydrogen gas.
Delivery tube
Stand Burning of hydrogen
gas with a pop sound
Candle
Test tube
Dilute Hydrogen
gas
sulphuric acid bubbler
Zinc granules Soap bubbler filled
with hydrogen
Soap
solution
Reaction of zinc granules with dilute sulphuric acid and
testing hydrogen gas by burning
Metals which can displace hydrogen from dilute acid are known as active metals.
e.g. – Na, K, Zn, Fe, Ca, Mg etc.
Q. Why should curd and sour substances not keep in brass and copper vessels? [NCERT]
Q. Which gas is usually liberated when an acid reacts with a metal? Illustrate with an example. How
will you test for the presence of this gas? [NCERT]
Q. Write word equations and then balanced equations for the reaction taking place when
(a) Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with zinc granules [NCERT]
(b) Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium ribbon.
(c) Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with aluminium powder
(d) Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with iron filings
Q. Equal lengths of magnesium ribbons are taken in test tubes A and B. Hydrochloric acid HCl is
added to test tube A. while acetic acid CH 3COOH is added to lest tube B. Amount and
concentration taken for both the acids are same. In which test tube will the fizzing occur more
vigorously and why? [NCERT]
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Activity : To study the reaction of sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate with dilute acids.
Materials required: Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). Sodium hydrogencarbonate. Hydrochloric acid
(dil). Limewater, Boiling tubes, Delivery tube.
Procedure:
Thistle funnel
Spiral
Cork Delivery tube
Test tube
Carbon dioxide
Dilute Test tube
Calcium
hydrochloric hydroxide
acid
Sodium solution
carbonate
Take about 0.5g of sodium carbonate in a boiling tube, and 2-3 ml of freshly prepared limewater in
another test tube. Set a delivery tube as shown in fig. given alongside. Add about 2mL of dilute
hydrochloric acid into the boiling tube containing sodium carbonate. A brisk effervescence is seen
in the reaction mixture. Pass the gas evolved through limewater with the help of a delivery tube.
What do your observe? The limewater turns milky. When excess of carbon dioxide is passed, the
milky ness disappears. Repeat similar experiment with sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO3), and
if desired with other acids also.
Conclusion : All acids decompose carbonates and hydrogencarbonates with the liberation of carbon
dioxide gas.
Q. Metal compound A reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce effervescence. The gas evolved
extinguishes a burning candle. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction if one of the
compounds formed is calcium chloride. [NCERT]
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Activity : To study the reaction of dilute acid with metal oxides (or basic oxides.)
Materials required: Copper (II) oxide. Dilute hydrochloric acid , Test tube
Procedure: Take about 0.5g of copper (II) oxide (black in color) in a test tube. Add dilute
hydrochloric acid drop wise with occasional shaking till copper (II) oxide dissolve. Note the
color of the solution. I not it bluish-green? It is the solution of copper (II) chloride.
Conclusion: Acids react with metal oxides to give the corresponding salt & water.
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Some of the alkalis like sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are called deliquescence because they
absorb carbon dioxide from the air and its strength decreases with time.
(III) Reaction of Bases with Acids
They neutralise the acids to form salt
Acid Base
Salt + Water
(IV) Reaction of Bases with ammonium salt.
Bases react with ammonium salt to evolve ammonia gas.
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Use of Bases
S. No Base Use
1 Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) It is used in the manufacture of washing soap, paper, petrol
refining and as a reagent in the laboratory.
2 Potassium hydroxide (KOH) It is used in the manufacture of soap paper (bathing soap)
and alkaline batteries.
3 Calcium hydroxide (Slaked It is used in the manufacture of bleaching powder and
lime) [Ca(OH)2] softening of hard water.
4 Magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2] It is used as an antacid.
5 Aluminium hydroxide [Al(OH)3] It is used as a foaming agent in fire extinguishers-
6 Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) It is used in removing grease stains from clothes
7 Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) It is used as a cleaning agent for domestic purposes and
also for removing permanent hardness of water.
Comparis between Properties of ACIDS & BASES
Acids Bases
(i) Sour in taste (i) Bitter in taste
(ii) The properties are due to the presence of (ii) The properties are due to the presence of
hydrogen ion H in water solution of an hydroxide ion OH in water solution of a
acid base
(iii) Turns blue litmus to red (iii) Turns red litmus to blue
(iv) Aqueous solution conducts electricity (iv) Aqueous solution conducts electricity
(v) Reacts with active metals like Na, K, Ca (v) Does not react with metals except with Zn,
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Ethanol Non-Conducting
Conclusion : The solutions of acids and bases are good conductors of electricity. The solution of
glucose and ehtanol are nonconductor of electricity.
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A common thing for all the bases (or) is that they all produce hydroxide ions OH when dissolved in
water.
For Example – NaOH, Mg (OH)2, Ca (OH)2 and NH4OH are all bases because they dissolve in water
to produce hydroxide ion OH
Q. Why do HCl, HNO3, etc show acidic characters in aqueous solutions while solutions of compounds
like alcohol and glucose do not show acidic characters? [NCERT]
Q. Why does an aqueous solution of acid conduct electricity? [NCERT]
Q. Compounds such as alcohols and glucose also contain hydrogen but are not categorised as acids.
Describe an Activity to prove it.
Q. Why does dry HCl gas not change the colour of the dry litmus paper? [NCERT]
Q. Why does distilled water not conduct electricity, whereas rain water does? [NCERT]
Q. Why do acids not show acidic behaviour in the absence of water? [NCERT]
Activity : To show that acids furnish H (aq) ions only in the presence of water.
Materials required: Common salt, Conc, sulphuric acid, anhydrous calcium chloride, blue litmus
paper, boiling tube, delivery tube packed with anhydrous calcium chloride.
Procedure:
Take 0.5g of dry common salt in a dry boiling tube. Add a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid over
common salt in the boiling tube. What do you see? A colourless, irritating gas is evolved. Fit a cork carrying a
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calcium chloride packed delivery tube into the mouth of the boiling tube. Bring a dry blue litmus paper near
the opening of the calcium chloride tube. Observe, if there is any change in colour. Colour of the litmus
paper remains unchanged. Now, bring a moistened blue litmus paper near the mouth of the calcium chloride
tube. Do you observe any change in the colour of litmus paper? Yes, blue litmus has changed to red.
From the above activity, following conclusion can be drawn :-
Conclusion: Dry HCI gas on coming in contact with dry blue litmus paper does not produce H+ ions,
and hence the colour of litmus paper does not change so. We can say that separation of H+ ions form
acid takes place only in the presence of water.
Important Point – Why should water be never added to dilution of an Acid?
Ans. Mixing of water in acid is an exothermic process and more heat is produced that splashing of water.
In order to avoid this. We must add acid into water and not water into acid.
Morever, acid must also be added to water in small lots and not in one installment.
Acids and bases on dilution with water, decreases the concentration of H aq or OH aq ions in the acidic
and basic solutions respectively. If we find quantitatively, the amount of H aq / OH aq ions present in
a solution, we can judge how strong an acid or a base is?
We can do this by the help of a universal indicator, which is a mixture of several indicators. The universal
indicator shows different colours at different concentration of hydrogen ions or pH values in solution.
Q. When diluting an acid, why is it recommended that the acid should be added to water and not
water to the acid? [NCERT]
Q. How is the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+) affected when a soution of an acid is
diluted? [NCERT]
Q. How is the concentration of hydroxide ions OH affected when excess base is dissolved in a
solution of sodium hydroxide? [NCERT]
Q. You have two solutions, A and B. The pH of solutions A is 6 and pH of solution B is 8. Which
solution has more hydrogen ion concentration? Which of this is acidic and which one is basic?
[NCERT]
Q. What effect does the concentration of H+ (aq) ions have on the nature of the solution? [NCERT]
Q. Do basic solutions also have H+(aq) ions? If yes, then why are these basic? [NCERT]
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pH SCALE-
S.P.L. sorenson. a Danish Chemist in 1909 introduced the concept of measuring the concentration of
hydrogen ions ( H (aq)] in a particular solution., The p in pH stands for 'potenz' in German, meaning
power. On the pH scale we can measure pH from "0" (very acidic) to 14 (very alkaline).
If H aq OH aq 1107 mol litre1 , then the solution is neutral
If H aq OH aq
H aq 110
7
mol litre1 , then the solution should be acidic
And H aq OH aq or
H aq 1107 mol litre1 , then the solution should basic or alkaline
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Q. Five solutions A, B, C, D and E when tested with universal indicator showed pH as 4, 1, 11, 7
and 9, respectively. Which solution is [NCERT]
(a) neutral (b) strongly alkaline (c) strongly acidic (d) weakly acidic
Q. Fresh milk has pH of 6. How do you think the pH will change as it turns into curd? Explain your
answer [NCERT]
Q. Why milkman adds a very small amount of baking soda to fresh milk. [NCERT]
(a) Why does he shift the pH of the fresh milk from 6 to slightly alkaline?
(b) Why does this milk take a long time to set as curd?
helps in digestion. Sometimes excess of acid is produced in the stomach due to overeating or eating
spicy foods. This stage is called acidity. To get relief from this pain, we take tablets known as
antacids. These contain bases to neutralise the excess acids.
Example - Magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia). Mg OH 2
(3) pH change as the cause of tooth decay
Generally, the pH in the mouth is more than 7, as the saliva produced in the mouth is basic in nature.
However, when we take food, some food particles remain in the mouth after eating and bacteria
present in the mouth produce acids by degradation of food particles. This acid lowers the pH in the
mouth, tooth decay starts when the pH of acid formed in the mouth falls below 5.5. Therefore to
prevent tooth decay, it is advised to clean the mouth and use toothpastes which are generally basic,
for cleaning the teeth. It neutralise the excess acid and prevent tooth decay.
(4) Self defence by animals and plants through chemical Warfare
The sting of the honey bee contains formic acid, this-acid causes a lot of irritation and pain. The
pain can be reduced by applying baking soda paste on the affected region as the acid gets
neutralised.
In plant kingdom nettle (Bichu-Booti) is a herbaceous-plant which grows in wild. The nettle leaves
have stinging hair. When a person happens to touch the leaves of a nettle plant accidentally, the
stinging hair of nettle leaves inject methanoic acid (HCOOH) into the skin of the person causing
burning pain. The nettle sting, being acidic can be neutralised by rubbing baking soda on the skin.
Nature provides remedy for the nettle sting in the form of a 'dock' plant, which often grows besides the
nettle plants. The leaves of dock plant contain some basic chemicals which neutralises methanoic
acid.
SALTS –
A substance formed by the partial or complete replacement of H aq ions of an acid by a metal or
electropositive ion, is called a salt
For Example –
H 2SO4 NaOH
NaHSO4 H 2O
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Example –
NaCl + Water
Na aq Cl aq
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The salts which are obtained by the partial replacement of ionisable hydrogen atoms of a polybasic
acid by a metal or an ammonium ion are called Acid Salts.
H 2SO4 + NaOH
NaHSO4 + H 2O
Insufficient amount Sodium hydrogen
Sulphate (acid salt)
NaHSO4
Na H + SO24
4 Phosphoric acid H3PO4 NaH2 PO4 , Na 2 HPO4 , KH2 PO4 , K 2 HPO4 , Ca H2 PO4 2 ,CaHPO4
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(III) By Decomposition
(a) By Decomposition of metal hydrogen carbonates
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FAMILY OF SALT
The salts having the same positive radical (or cation) or negative radical (or anion) are said to belong to the
same family. For example,
NaCl (sodium chloride) and Na2SO4 (sodium sulphate) belong to the family of sodium salts because
both contain the same radical (or cation), that is Na+. These may be called sodium salts.
Copper sulphate (CuSO4) and sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) belong to the family of sulphates because
both contain the same acid radical (or anion), that is sulphate (SO4).
The salts belong to certain families are listed belong :
Sulphate Family Sodium Family Chloride Family
Potassium sulphate K 2SO4 Sodium sulphate NaSO4 Sodium chloride (NaCl)
pH OF SALT:
Activity:
Collect the following salt samples - sodium chloride, potassium nitrate, aluminium chloride, zinc
sulphate, copper sulphate, sodium acetate, sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogencarbonate.
Check their solubility in water.
Check the action of these solutions on litmus and find the pH using a pH paper.
Which of the salts are acidic, basic or neutral?
Identify the acid or base used to form the salt.
Salt
S. Salt Solubility Action on pH Nature Acid Base
No. litmus
1 Sodium Chloride soluble No action 7 Neutral HCl NaOH
2 Potassium Nitrate soluble No action 7 Neutral HCl KOH
3 Aluminium Chloride soluble Turns red Less than7 Acidic HCl Al OH 3
4 Zinc Sulphate soluble Turns red Less than7 Acidic H 2SO4 Zn OH 4
5 Copper sulphate soluble Turns red Less than7 Acidic H 2SO4 Cu OH 4
6 Sodium acetate soluble Turns blue More than7 Basic CH3COOH NaOH
7 Sodium Carbonate soluble Turns blue More than7 Basic H 2CO3 NaOH
8 Sodium soluble Turns blue More than7 Basic H 2CO3 NaOH
Hydrogencarbonate
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The main source of common salt (sodium chloride) is the sea water. Sea water contains about 3.5% of
soluble salts, the most common of which is sodium chloride (2.7 to 2.9%). Saline water of inland lakes, such
as Sambhar lake in Rajasthan is also a good source of common salt (sodium chloride) is also found as rock
salt. Beds of rock salt were formed when lakes/Seas dried up in past.
CHEMICALS FROM COMMON SALT
Common salt is a raw material for chemicals and play an important role for making various materials of
daily use. Such as sodium hydroxide, baking soda, washing soda, bleaching powder and many more.
(i) Sodium hydroxide: Commercially, sodium hydroxide is also called caustic soda because of its
corrosive action on animal and vegetable tissues.
Chlor-alkali process for obtaining sodium hydroxide - When we pass electricity through a solution of
sodium chloride, commonly called brine. It decomposes to form sodium hydroxide according to the
following equation.
2NaCl aq 2H2O l
Electric
Current
2NaO aq Cl2 g H2 g
On electrolysis, chlorine gas is formed at anode and hydrogen at cathode sodium hydroxide solution is
formed near the cathode. All these products are commercially important. The process of production of
sodium hydroxide from sodium chloride is known as chlor-alkali process because of products formed - chlor
for chlorine and alkali for sodium hydroxide.
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It can be used to neutralise an acid because it is mild non-corrosive base due to the hydrolysis of HCO3
ion.
The following reaction takes place when it is heated during cooking.
2NaHCO3 s
Heat
Na 2 s H2O g CO2 l
Q. What will happen if a solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate is heated? Give the equation of the
reaction involved. [NCERT]
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Carbon dioxide so produced during the reaction is responsible for making the bread and cake to rise
making them soft and spongy.
(b) As an ingredient in antacids. Being alkaline, it neutralises excess acid in the stomach and provides
relief.
(c) It is used in soda-acid fire extinguisher.
(iv) Washing soda (Sodium carbonate)
The chemical formula of washing sode is Na 2CO3 .10H2O, (sodium carbonate decahydrate). Anhydrous
sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) is generally called soda ash. Washing soda is manufactured by Solvay
process. This process is also known as Ammonia soda process. The raw material needed for the process
are sodium chloride, lime stone CaCO3 and ammonia NH3 . The reactions involved are.
Q. Name the sodium compound which is used for softening hard water. [NCERT]
Q. Give two important uses of washing soda and baking soda. [NCERT]
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Water of crystallization : It is fixed number of water molecules present in crystalline salt, e.g.
Plaster of paris is hemihydrate (hemi means half and hydrate means water) of calcium sulphate. Its
molecular formula is CaSO4 .1/ 2 H2O or CaSO4 2 .H2O
During the preparation of plaster of paris, temperature should be controlled carefully. Otherwise,
anhydrous calcium sulphate (CaSO4) will be formed. Anhydrous calcium sulphate does not set into hard
mass when mixed with water. So, if temperature is not controlled carefully, the plaster of paris obtained
will have poor setting property.
Q. Write an equation to show the reaction between plaster of paris and water. [NCERT]
Q. Plaster of Paris should be stored in a moisture -proof container. Explain why? [NCERT]
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EXERCISE
2. The properties of.____________ are due to the hydrogen ions it produces in aqueous solution.
4. A farmer treats the soil of his field with lime when the soil has ___________ nature.
12.
________________.
3Fe 4H2O
1. Name the acids present in (i) vinegar (ii) lemon (iii) orange
4. Name the gas which is liberated at cathode during the electrolysis of mineral acid.
7. What will happen to the concentration of [H+] ions in a solution if NaOH is added to water?
8. Why does copper not react with dil. H2SO4 or dil. HCl?
10. When concentrated acid is diluted, does the pH get higher or lower?
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Column-A Column-B
Compound Chemical Name
1. How is plaster of paris obtained? What reaction is involved in the setting of a paste of plaster of
paris?
2. What happens when crystals of washing soda are left open in dry air? What is this named as?
3. How can you prepare acid-base indicator at home?
4. Write down the molecular formula for: Sulphuric acid, Nitric acid, Phosphoric acid, Carbonic acid.
5. Name the gas evolved when dilute sulphuric acid acts as sodium carbonate. Write the chemical
equation for the reaction involved.
6. What does pH stand for? What does a pH scale indicate?
7. Differentiate between:
(i) Strong acid and concentrated acid
(ii) Weak base and dilute base
8. 'Sweet tooth' may lead to tooth decay. Explain why? What is the role of toothpaste in preventing
cavities?
9. A blue salt becomes white on heating. With the help of a reaction explain the change in colour.
10. Why do we not categorise metal oxides as salts while we categorise metal sulphide as salts?
11. What happen when electric current is passed through brine? Give reaction.
12. Select the formulae of acids, bases and salts from the following list :
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NaCl, NaOH, H3PO4 , Na 2CO3 , Ca OH 2 , CuSO4 5H 2O, H 2SO4 , H 2CO3 , HCl, NaHCO3 ,
Na 2CO3 10H2O, Al OH 3 , KCl
1. Dry HCl gas does not affect a dry blue litmus paper, whereas it changes a moist blue litmus paper to
red. Explain.
2. What is the pH scale? How can you know, if the given sample is acidic, basic or neutral from its pH
value.
3. How can you classify salts on the basis of their solubility in water? Give examples.
4. What is plaster of paris? How is it prepared? Give the chemical equation.
5. Comment on the statement: Are the crystals of salts really dry?
6. Discus chlor-alkali process for manufacturing sodium hydroxide
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ANSWER KEY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D B D C A B D B B D
11 12 13 14
B A D B
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