EEET2465 Lecture 1 Introduction To Communication Engineering
EEET2465 Lecture 1 Introduction To Communication Engineering
EEET2465 Lecture 1 Introduction To Communication Engineering
Lecturer:
Dr. W. F. Lee
E-mail: [email protected]
Location:
• Laboratories (35%)
–Four (4) labs (each over 4 weeks for FT/2 weekends for PT)
• Assignments (3 x 5% = 15%)
–Three (3) Blackboard tests on the three main topics (analogue
communications, digital communications and optical
communications)
• Communication Engineering
deals with the transfer of
information between two or more Networks
parties
• Communication Engineering
consists of three major sub-
sections: Systems
–Communication Networks
–Communication Systems
–Communication Devices
Devices
Transmission
Transmitter Receiver
Media
Distance
Transmission
Transmitter Media Receiver
Distance
100010101100110111101111111011011100101010000110010000110010
RMIT University©2014 EEET2465 – Communication Engineering
Time & Frequency Domains of Signals and Systems
1.5
1/2
0.5
|S(f)|
s(t)
-0.5
1/6
-1 1/10
-1.5 0
0 T 2T -5f -3f -f 0 f 3f 5f
Time, sec Frequency, Hz
1 1
x(t ) = sin 2πf 0t + sin 3(2πf 0 )t + sin(5(2πf 0 )t )
( ) ( )
3 5
RMIT University©2014 EEET2465 – Communication Engineering 24
DC Component of a signal
Note: signal is
now centred
around 0.5
instead of zero.
1 1 1
x(t ) = + sin(2πf 0t ) + sin(3(2πf 0 )t ) + sin(5(2πf 0 )t )
2 3 5
RMIT University©2014 EEET2465 – Communication Engineering 25
DC Component of a signal
1 1 1
x(t ) = + sin(2πf 0t ) + sin(3(2πf 0 )t ) + sin(5(2πf 0 )t )
2 3 5
RMIT University©2014 EEET2465 – Communication Engineering 26
Transforms for Time & Frequency Domains
• From circuit theory you would be familiar with the three main
equations to use to calculate power dissipated in a circuit or
circuit element:
2 V2
P = VI , P = I R, P=
R
• For example the power dissipated in the circuit below can be
found to be: 2 2
V 10 100 1
P= = = = Watts
R 100 + (1500 || 1000 ) 700 7
∫ x(t )
2
E = lim dt
T →∞
−T / 2
T /2 T /2
1
∫ (t )dt = ∞ T →∞ T ∫
2 2
E = lim x P = lim x (t )dt < ∞
T →∞
−T / 2 −T / 2
T /2 T /2
1
T →∞ T ∫
2
A2
2
1 1 1
= − × 0 − − ×1 = as T → ∞
2 2 2
RMIT University©2014 EEET2465 – Communication Engineering 36
Example 1.1b - Energy Signals
∫ ∫
2 2
E= x(t ) dt = X ( f ) df
−∞ −∞
15
10
5
x(t)
-5
-10
-15
-20
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time, sec
15
10
5
x(t)
-5
-10
-15
-20
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time, sec
RMIT University©2014 EEET2465 – Communication Engineering 40
Example 1.2 - Parseval’s Theorem
4
3.5 3.5
3
|X(f)|
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
Frequency, Hz
RMIT University©2014 EEET2465 – Communication Engineering 41
So far
• So far we have looked at the idea of signal spectra and the link
between the time domain and frequency domains.
• We have also looked at signal power and energy and
determined the parameters needed to classify a signal as a
power signal, energy signal or neither.
• We have introduced Parseval’s theorem which is used to link
the time and frequency domains together.
• In the second half of this lecture we will consider some of the
characteristics of different transmission media.
• Using the figure below, mark in the absolute, 3dB and first-null
bandwidths for the spectra given by:
1
X ( f ) = sinc f .(u( f + 10) − u( f − 10))
2
0.884
Messages
Noise
Distance
Image used under Creative Commons licence: wikimedia.org (2012). Wikimedia Commons [online].
Available: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Electromagnetic-Spectrum.svg (by Victor Blacus)
h
r
r
• In television reception,
multipath scattering can cause
‘ghosting’ to occur to a
picture.
• Ghosting is very disruptive to
an image with multiple,
spatially offset ‘ghost’ images
appearing on the screen.
• The image (right) has been
affected by severe multipath
scattering. Lena image after being transmitted though a
wireless channel with three multipaths
• Another phenomena in
wireless communication is the
Doppler effect.
• Doppler effect is caused by
motion of a transmitter and/or
receiver.
• Like sound, RF frequencies
can appear to change
depending on whether the
transmitter is moving towards
or away from the receiver.
• Think of the sound of a
moving ambulance as it
passes by.
Lena image with Additive White Noise. (Signal-to-noise ratio increasing from left to right)