Remedial Law
Remedial Law
Honey Joy Belen Vice-Chair for Academics, Kathleen Trine De Lara Vice-Chair for Administration,
Jhoanna Paula Bitor Operations Officer, Michael Angelo Tamayo Secretary, Rhian Lee Tiangco
Treasurer, Shianne Camille Dionisio Auditor, Gillian Albay Public Relations Officers, Mikyla Cordero
Volunteer Core Head, Ayla Monica Cristobal Creative Director
O
Atty. Victor Carlo Antonio V. Cayco
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Arellano University School of
Law
1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Generally prospective in Retroactive in application
1.A. DISTINGUISH: SUBSTANTIVE LAW application. in the sense that it may
AND REMEDIAL LAW be made to apply to
actions pending and
undetermined at the time
Substantive Law creates, defines and regulates of its passage (Dacudao
rights and duties regarding life, liberty or vs. Gonzales, G.R. No.
property which, when violated, gives rise to a 188056, January 8,
cause of action. 2013).
Remedial Law prescribes the methods of It originates from the Supreme Court is
enforcing those rights and obligations created by legislature. expressly empowered to
substantive law by providing a procedural system promulgate procedural
for obtaining redress for the invasion of rights rules [Art. VIII, Sec. 5
and violations of duties, and by prescribing rules (5), 1987 Constitution].
as to how suits are filed, tried and decided by the
courts.
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CENTER FOR LEGAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH <<<<<<
A(1). Yes. The Supreme Court has the power
a) protection and enforcement of constitutional to amend, repeal or even establish new rules
rights; for a more simplified and inexpensive
b) pleading, practice, and procedure in all process, and the speedy disposition of cases
courts; (Neypes vs. CA, G.R. No. 141524, September 14,
c) admission to the practice of law; 2005).
d) integrated bar; and,
e) legal assistance to the underprivileged (2) The constitutional power of the Supreme
Court to promulgate rules of practice and
procedure necessarily carries with it the
Q. What is the exclusive powerof the power to overturn judicial precedents on
Supreme Court? points of remedial law through the
amendment of the Rules of Court (Pinga vs.
Heirs of Santiago, G.R. No. 170354, June 30,
A. While the power to define, prescribe and
2006).
apportion the jurisdiction of the various
courts is, by constitutional design, vested
Power of the SC to Suspend Procedural
unto Congress, the power to promulgate
Rules
rules concerning the protection and
enforcement of constitutional rights,
The courts have the power to relax or suspend
pleading, practice and procedure in all courts
technical or procedural rules or to except a case
belongs exclusively to the Supreme Court
from their operation when compelling reasons so
(Estipona, Jr. vs. Lobrigo, G.R. No. 226679,
August 15, 2017). warrant or when the purpose of justice requires
it.
1.B.1 Limitations on the Rule-Making
Power of the Supreme Court Q. Is the power to suspend procedural rules
mandatory or dicretionary?
1) The rules shall provide a simplified and
inexpensive procedure for the speedy A. What constitutes good and sufficient cause
disposition of cases; that would merit suspension of the rules is
2) They shall be uniform for all courts of the discretionary upon the courts(CIR vs. Mirant
same grade; Pagbilao Corp., Gr. No 159593, October 12, 2006).
3) They shall not diminish, increase, or modify
substantive rights; Reasons that Would Warrant the
4) Rules of procedure of special courts and Suspension:
quasi-judicial bodies shall remain effective
unless disapproved by the Supreme Court[Sec. a. the existence of special or compelling
5(5), Art. VIII, Constitution]; and
circumstances;
b. the merits of the case;
5) The power to admit attorneys to the Bar is not
c. a cause not entirely attributable to the fault or
an arbitrary and despotic one but is the duty
negligence of the party favored by the
of the court to exercise and regulate by a
suspension of rules;
sound and judicial discretion (Andres vs.
Cabrera, 127 SCRA 208, February 29, 1984). d. a lack of any showing that the review sought
is merely frivolous and dilatory; and,
1.B.2. Power of the Supreme Court to e. the other party will not be unjustly prejudiced
amend and suspend procedural rules thereby (Sarmiento vs. Zaratan, G.R. No. 167471,
February 5, 2007);
Power of the SC to Amend Procedural Rules f. Where substantial and important issues await
resolution(Silverio Jr. vs. Filipino Business
Consultants Inc., G.R. No. 143312, August 12,
Q. Does the SC has the power to amend
2005);
procedural rules?
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g. When transcendental matters of life, liberty or COURT JUDGE
state security are involved(De Guzman vs. resignation, or cessation
Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 103276, April 11, 1996). from the service of the
judge presiding over it.
In other words, the judge
may resign, become
incapacitated, or be
1.C. NATURE OF THE PHILIPPINE COURTS disqualified to hold office,
but the court remains.
1.C.1. Meaning of a Court - A court is an (ABC Davao Auto Supply
organ of government belonging to the judicial vs. Court of Appeals,GR
department the function of which is the No. 113296, January 16,
application of the laws to controversies brought 1998).
before it as well as the public administration of COURT JUDGE
justice (Black’s, 5th Edition, 356). A court is a tribunal a judge is simply an
officially assembled officer of such tribunal
under authority of law (Wagenhorst vs.
1.C.2. Distinguish: Court and Judge
(Riano bk. 2, Civpro vol. Philadelphia Life
1 Bar Leture Series, Insurance Co., 358 Pa.
COURT JUDGE p.39); 55,55A2d 762, cited by
A court is a tribunal a judge is simply an Black’s 5th Ed.);
officially assembled officer of such tribunal
under authority of law (Wagenhorst vs. A court is an organ of the
(Riano bk. 2, Civpro vol. Philadelphia Life government (Black’s, 5th
1 Bar Leture Series, Insurance Co., 358 Pa. Ed., 318) with a
p.39); 55,55A2d 762, cited by personality separate and
Black’s 5th Ed.); distinct from the person
or judge who sits on it
A court is an organ of the (People vs. Carlos, G.R.
government (Black’s, 5th No. L-239, June 30,
Ed., 318) with a 1947);
personality separate and
distinct from the person A court is a being in A physical person
or judge who sits on it imagination comparable (People ex rel. Herndon
(People vs. Carlos, G.R. to a corporation (People vs. Opekl, 188 III 194,
No. L-239, June 30, ex rel. Herndon vs. 58 NE 996, cited by
1947); Opekl, 188 III 194, 58 Black’s, 5th Ed.);
NE 996, cited by Black’s,
A court is a being in a physical person (People 5th Ed.);
imagination comparable ex rel. Herndon vs.
to a corporation (People Opekl, 188 III 194, 58 A court is an office A judge is a public
ex rel. Herndon vs. NE 996, cited by Black’s, (Riano, Civpro vol. 1 Bar officer (Todd vs. United
Opekl, 188 III 194, 58 5th Ed.); Leture Series, 2016 ed., States, 158 US 278, 39
NE 996, cited by Black’s, p. 40); L Ed 982, 15 S ct. 889,
5th Ed.); cited by Black’s, 5th
Ed.);
A court is an office A judge is a public officer
(Riano, Civpro vol. 1 Bar (Todd vs. United States, Jurisdiction does not Jurisdiction does not
Leture Series, 2016 ed., 158 US 278, 39 L Ed attach to the judge but attach to the judge.
p. 40); 982, 15 S ct. 889, cited to the court. The
by Black’s, 5th Ed.); continuity of a court and
the efficacy of its
Jurisdiction does not Jurisdiction does not proceedings are not
attach to the judge but attach to the judge affected by the death,
to the court. The resignation, or cessation
continuity of a court and from the service of the
the efficacy of its judge presiding over it.
proceedings are not In other words, the judge
affected by the death,
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COURT JUDGE for a writ of amparo (Sec. 3, The Rule on the Writ of
may resign, become Amparo) or a petition for a writ of habeas data
incapacitated, or be (Sec. 3, The Rule on the Writ of Habeas Data) . These
disqualified to hold office, petitions may be filed originally not only with the
but the court remains.
Regional Trial Court, the Sandiganbayan or the
(ABC Davao Auto Supply
vs. Court of Appeals,GR Supreme Court but also with the Court or
No. 113296, January 16, Appeals(Riano, Civpro vol. 1, 2016 ed., Bar Leture
1998). Series, p. 48).
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and ultimately to the highest. This hierarchy is
determinative of the venue of appeals, and is
1.C.6. Constitutional and statutory courts likewise determinative of the proper forum for
petitions for extraordinary writs. This is an
Constitutional court - is one created byadirect established policy necessary to avoid inordinate
Constitutional provision. Example of this court is demands upon the Court’s time and attention
the Supreme Court of the Philippines. It owes which are better devoted to those matters within
its ’creation from the Constitution itself (Sec. 1, its exclusive jurisdiction, and to preclude the
Art. VIII, Constitution of the Philippines). In the further clogging of the Court’s docket (Sec. 9[1],
Philippines, only the Supreme Court is a BP129; Sec. 5[1], Art. VIII, Constitution of the
constitutional court (Riano, Civpro vol. 1 Bar Leture Philippines).
Series 2016 ed., p. 45-46).
As a matter of policy, direct recourse to the
Statutory court - is one created by a law other Supreme Court should not be allowed. The
than the Constitution. All courts in the Supreme Court is a court of last resort, and must
Philippines, except the Supreme Court, are so remain if it is to satisfactorily perform the
statutory courts (Riano, Civpro vol. 1 Bar Leture functions assigned to it. It cannot and should not
Series 2016 ed., p. 46). be burdened with the task of dealing with causes
in the first instance. Its original jurisdiction to
Note: The Sandiganbayan is not a constitutionally issue the so-called extraordinary writs should be
created court. It was not directly created by the exercised only where absolutely necessary or
Constitution but was created by law pursuant to where serious and important reasons exist
a constitutional mandate. The 1973 Constitution therefor(Gios-Samar, Inc. vs. DoTC, G.R. No. 217158,
required the then Batasang Pambansa to create a March 12, 2019).
special court to be known as the San- CHAPTER I
GENERAL PRINCIPLES 35 diganbayan (Sec. 5, Rationale:The rationale for this rule is three-
Art. XIII, 1973 Constitution) and its existence fold: (1) to prevent inordinate demands upon the
continues to be recognized by the 1987 Court's time and attention which are better
Constitution (Riano, Civpro vol. 1 Bar Leture Series, devoted to those matters within its exclusive
p. 34-35). jurisdiction; (2) to prevent further overcrowding
of the Court's docket; and (3) to prevent the
1.C.7. Courts of law and equity- Philippine inevitable and resultant delay, intended or
courts are both courts of law and equity. Hence, otherwise, in the adjudication of cases, which in
both legal and equitable jurisdiction is dispensed some instances had to be remanded or referred
with in the same tribunal (U.S. vs. Tamparong, G.R. to the lower court as the proper forum under the
No. 9527, August 23, 1915). rules of procedure, or as better equipped to
resolve the issues because this Court is not a trier
Court of law- is atribunal which administers of facts(Gios-Samar, Inc. vs. DoTC, G.R. No. 217158,
justice according to the laws of the land. March 12, 2019).
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in the first instance. Its jurisdiction to issue Supreme Court (Republic vs. Caguioa, G.R. No.
extraordinary writs should be exercised only 174385, February 20, 2013).
where absolutely necessary or where serious
and important reasons exist (Purok Bagong The presence of one or more of the so-called
Silangan vs. Yuipco, G.R. No. 135092, May 4, "special and important reasons" is not the
2006). decisive factor considered by the Supreme Court
in deciding whether to permit the invocation, at
1. Q. Does the concurrence of jurisdiction give the first instance, of its original jurisdiction over
the parties unrestrained freedom of choice of the issuance of extraordinary writs. Rather, it is
the court? the nature of the question raised by the parties in
those "exceptions" that enables the Court to
A. This concurrence of jurisdiction among allow the direct action before it (Gios-Samar, Inc.
theSupreme Court, Court of Appeals vs. DoTC, G.R. No. 217158, March 12, 2019).
andRegional Trial Courts in certain cases
should not be construed as giving toparties 1.C.9. Doctrine of Non-Interference or
unrestrained freedom of choice of the court Doctrine of Judicial Stability
to which application therefore will be
directed. There is a principle of hierarchy of General Rule: Doctrine of Non-Interference or
courts to be followed (Quesada vs. Department Doctrine of Judicial Stability must be observed.
of Justice, G.R. No. 150325, August 31, 2006).
Exemption:
Q. Why unwarranted demands upon the SC’s This principle does not apply where a third-party
attention must be prevented? claimant is involved, who may vindicate his claim
(Manliguez vs. CA, G.R. No. 92598, May 20, 1994).
A.Unwarranted demands upon the Supreme
Court’s attention must be prevented to 2. Q. What is doctrine of non-interference?
allowtime and devotion for pressing matters
within itsexclusive jurisdiction (Cruz vs. A.This principle holds that courts of equal
Gingoyon, G.R. No. 140954, April 12, 2005). and coordinate jurisdiction cannot interfere
with each other’s orders (Lapu-Lapu
When the Doctrine of Hierarchy of Courts Development and Housing Corporation vs. Group
May Be Disregarded: Management Corporation, G.R. No. 141407,
September 9, 2002). This principle also bars a
a) If warranted by the nature and importance of court from reviewing or interfering with the
the issues raised in the interest of speedy judgment of a co-equal court over which it
justice and to avoid future litigations; has no appellate jurisdiction or power of
b) In cases of national interest and of serious review (Villamor vs. Salas, G.R. No. 101041,
implications. Under the Principle of Liberal November 13, 1991).
Interpretation, for example, SC may take
cognizance of a petition for certiorari directly 3. Q.May the RTC nullify or enjoin the
filed before it; enforcement of a writ of possession issued by
c) When there are special and important another RTC?
reasons clearly stated in the petition;
d) When dictated by public welfare and the A. A Regional Trial Court has no poweror
advancement of public policy; authority to nullify or enjoin the enforcement
e) When demanded by the broader interest of of a writ of possession issued by another
justice; Regional Trial Court (Suico Industrial
f) When the challenged orders were patent Corporation vs. CA, G.R. No. 123050, January 20,
1999).
nullities; or,
g) When analogous exceptional and compelling
4. Q. Does the doctrine of non-interference
circumstances called for and justified the
applyies with equal force to administrative
immediate and direct handling by the
bodies?
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A. Yes. When the law provides for an appeal
from the decision of an administrative body Test of Jurisdiction: Whether the court has the
to the Supreme Court or Court of Appeals, it power to enter into inquiry and not whether the
means that such body is co- equal with the decision is right or wrong (Herrera vs. Barreto, G.R.
Regional Trial Court in terms of rank and No. 8692, September 10, 1913).
statute, and logically beyond the control of
the latter (Philippines Sinter Corporation vs. Effect of Lack of Jurisdiction: Any decision,
Cagayan Electric Power and Light Co., Inc., G.R. judgment, resolution or final order rendered by
No. 127371, April 25, 2002). court without jurisdiction shall be NULL and
VOID(Bilag vs. Ay-ay, G.R. No. 189950, April 24,
2017).
2. JURISDICTION
Aspects of Jurisdiction
Jurisdiction is the power or authority of a court
to hear, try and decide a case, and to carry its 1. Jurisdiction over the subject matter
judgment into effect. 2. Jurisdiction over the parties
3. Jurisdiction over the issues of the case
1. Q. How is jurisdiction determined? 4. Jurisdiction over the res or property in
litigation(Riano, Civpro vol. 1 Bar Lecture Series,
A. Jurisdiction is determined by the 2016 ed., p.54)
allegations of the parties in the complaint,
not in the answer (Padlan vs Dinglasan, G.R. 2.A. CLASSIFICATION OF JURISDICTION
No. 180321, March 20, 2013.
2.A.1. Distinguish: Original and Appellate
Jurisdiction as Authority to Execute
1. Original Jurisdiction – Power of the court
Jurisdiction is also considered as an authority to to take judicial cognizance of a case
execute the decisions rendered by the court. instituted for judicial action for the first time
under conditions provided by law(Riano,
Q. What is the importance of the authority Civpro vol. 1 Bar Lecture Series, 2016 ed., p.47).
to execute decisions?
2. Appellate Jurisdiction – Authority of a
A. The power to control the execution of its court higher in rank to re-examine the final
decision is an essential aspect of jurisdiction. order or judgment of a lower court which
The most important part of a litigation, tried the case now elevated for judicial
whether civil or criminal, is the process review(Riano, Civpro vol. 1 Bar Lecture Series,
ofexecution of decisions where supervening 2016 ed., p.47).
events may change the circumstance of the
parties and compel courts to It includes the authority to review the final
intervene and adjust the rights of litigants to order or judgment of a lower court with the
prevent unfairness (Echegaray vs. Secretary of power to modify, reverse, sustain, affirm or
Justice, G.R. No. 132601, January 19, 1999). remand the same.
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Municipal Trial Courts within its territorial A court may also be considered “general” if it has
jurisdiction (B.P. 129, Sec. 22). the competence to exercise jurisdiction over
cases not falling within the jurisdiction of any
Sandiganbayan has both original and appellate court, tribunal, person or body exercising judicial
jurisdiction (Duncano vs. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. or quasi-judicial functions (Sec.19 (6), Sec. 20, B.P.
191894, July 15, 2015). 129). It is in this context that the Regional Trial
Court is considered a court of general jurisdiction.
CA is primarily a court of appellate jurisdiction (Riano, Civil Procedure, 2009 ed., p. 41)
with competence to review judgments of the
RTCs and specified quasi-judicial agencies [Sec. 2.A.3. Distinguish : Exclusive and
9(3), B.P. 129]. It is also a court of original Concurrent
jurisdiction with respect to cases filed before it
involving issuance of writs of certiorari, 1. Exclusive Jurisdiction – Power to
mandamus, quo warranto, habeas corpus, and adjudicate a case or proceeding to the
prohibition. Further, CA is a court of original and exclusion of all other courts at that stage.
exclusive jurisdiction over actions for annulment
of judgments of RTCs (Sec. 9 (1),(2), B.P. 129). 2. Concurrent Jurisdiction – Power conferred
upon two (2) or more courts of different
The Supreme Court is also fundamentally a court levels, to exercise original jurisdiction over a
of appellate jurisdiction but it may also be a court particular case or subject matter; also called
of original jurisdiction over cases affecting “coordinate jurisdiction”.
ambassadors, public ministers and consuls, and
in cases involving petitions for certiorari, Note: Concurrent jurisdiction applies only to
prohibition and mandamus(Sec.5 (1), Art.VIII, original and not appellate jurisdiction. In
Constitution of the Philippines). appeals, there is only one court that has
jurisdiction, thus, jurisdiction in appeals is always
However, the Supreme Court en banc is not an exclusive.
appellate court to which decisions or resolutions
of a division of the Supreme Court may be Other Classification of Jurisdiction
appealed (Riano, Civil Procedure Vol. I, 2016 ed.,, p.
48). Territorial Jurisdiction – Exercised within
the geographical limits of the place where the
2.A.2. Distinguish: General and Special court is located.
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Note: On this special case, appeal is to the Court will preserve the subject of the action, and
of Appeals and not to the RTC. to give effect to the final determination of
the appeal. It carries with it the power to
Primary Jurisdiction – Authority of the protect that jurisdiction and to make the
administrative bodies to take cognizance of decisions of the court thereunder effective.
certain cases before they can be filed with The court, in aid of its appellate jurisdiction,
the regular courts. has authority to control all auxiliary and
incidental matters necessary to the efficient
Q. Who has the primary jurisdiction to and proper exercise of that jurisdiction (City
investigate all the cases cognizable with of Manila vs. Judge Cuerdo, G.R. No. 175723,
the Sandiganbayan? February 4, 2014).
A. All cases cognizable by the
Sandiganbayan in the exercise of its 2.B. DOCTRINES OF HIERARCHY OF
original jurisdiction must be COURTS AND CONTINUITY OF
investigated by the Office of the JURISDICTION
Ombudsman in the exercise of its
primary jurisdiction (De Lima vs. Doctrine of hierarchy of courts
Guerrero, G.R. No. 229781, October 10,
2017). Where the courts have concurrent jurisdiction
over a subject matter, such concurrent
Residual Jurisdiction – Jurisdiction of a jurisdiction does not grant the party seeking relief
trial court that remains even after it has lost the absolute freedom to file a petition in any
jurisdiction over the case because of appeal. court of his choice. Pursuant to this doctrine, a
case must be filed first before the lowest court
Note: To have residual jurisdiction, there possible having the appropriate jurisdiction,
must be trial. except if one can advance a special reason for
which would allow a party a direct resort to a
Equity Jurisdiction - aims to provide higher court (RianoBk. 2, Civil ProcedureVol. 1 Bar
complete justice in cases where a court of Lecture Series 2016 ed., p.43).
law is unable to adapt its judgments to the
special circumstances of a case because of a Q. What is Doctrine of continuity of
resulting legal inflexibility when the law is jurisdiction?
applied to a given situation. The purpose of
the exercise of equity jurisdiction, among A. In view of the principle that once a court
others, is to prevent unjust enrichment and has acquired jurisdiction, that jurisdiction
to ensure restitution (Regulus Dev’t., Inc. vs. continues until the court has done all that it
Dela Cruz, G.R. No. 198172, January 25, 2016). can do in the exercise of that jurisdiction.
This principle also means that once
Split Jurisdiction – Jurisdiction that is jurisdiction has attached, it cannot be ousted
anathema to procedure (City of Manila vs. by subsequent happenings or events,
Judge Cuerdo, G.R. No. 175723, February 4, although of a character which would have
2014).
prevented jurisdiction from attaching in the
first instance. The court, once jurisdiction has
Note: There should be no two courts been acquired, retains that jurisdiction
exercising appellate jurisdiction over a until it finally disposes of the case (Abad
particular case in the sense that the party vs. RTC Manila, G.R. No. L-65505 October 10,
can choose where to appeal. 1987).
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A. Even the finality of the judgment does respondents' acts in violation of their right to
nottotally deprive the court of jurisdiction freedom of expression; and
over thecase. What the court loses is the 8. The petition includes questions that are
power to amend, modify or alter the "dictated by public welfare and the
judgment. Even after the judgment has advancement of public policy, or demanded by
become final, the court retains jurisdiction to the broader interest of justice, or the orders
enforce and execute it (Echegaray vs. Secretary complained of were found to be patent
of Justice, G.R. No. 132601, January 19, 11999) , nullities, or the appeal was considered as
except in the case of the existence of a law clearly an inappropriate remedy." (Gios-Samar
that divests the court of jurisdiction. vs. DoTC, G.R. No. 217158, March 12, 2019)
9.
Instances when doctrine is not applicable
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Exceptions: Questions of fact are decided by Note: If, in addition to abovementioned
the SC only on the following instances: cases, questions of fact and law are involved,
the aggrieved party shall appeal to the CA
1. The conclusion is grounded on whose final judgment may be reviewed,
speculations, surmises or conjectures. reversed, modified or affirmed by the SC on
2. The inference is manifestly mistaken, writ of certiorari.
absurd or impossible.
3. There is grave abuse of discretion. d) All cases in which only errors or questions
4. The judgment is based on a of law are involved (i.e., questions or
misapprehension of facts. errors of law only as decided or committed
5. The findings of fact are conflicting. by the lower courts)
6. There is no citation of specific evidence on
which the factual findings are based. Note: Even questions of facts can be raised
7. The findings of absence of facts are on appeal in Writ of Amparo, Writ of
contradicted by the presence of evidence Habeas Data, and Writ of Kalikasan (Riano,
on record. Civpro vol. 1 Bar Lecture Series, 2016 ed., Pp.
8. The findings of the Court of Appeals are 92-95).
contrary to those of the trial court.
9. The Court of Appeals manifestly Concurrent Jurisdiction
overlooked certain relevant and undisputed
facts that, if properly considered, would SC with the Court of Appeals (CA)
justify a different conclusion.
10.The findings of the Court of Appeals are Petitions for certiorari, prohibition and
beyond the issues of the case. mandamus against the following:
11.The findings of the Court of Appeals are
contrary to the admissions of both parties. 1) RTC
(Bicol Agro-Industrial Producers Cooperative, 2) National Labor Relations Commission (NLRC);
Inc. (BAPCI) vs. Obias, G.R. No. 172077, 3) Civil Service Commission; and,
October 9, 2009). 4) Other Quasi-Judicial Agencies.
Appeal by Petition for Review on Certiorari Relevant principles under the power of
concurrent jurisdiction
1. Appeals from the CA under Rule 45.
2. Appeals from the Sandiganbayan on pure 1) The Supreme Court is not a trier of facts;
questions of law. In cases where the penalty 2) One may file a case directly with the
imposed is reclusion perpetua, life Supreme Court based on the doctrine of
imprisonment or death, questions of fact may transcendental importance, which provides
likewise be entertained. that the transcendental importance of some
3. Appeals from the RTC exercising original cases to the publicdemand that they be
jurisdiction in certain cases. settled promptly and definitely, brushing
4. If there is no question of fact and the case aside, if we must, technicalities of
involves: procedure.
3) Doctrine of hierarchy of courts. Such
a) Constitutionality or validity of any treaty, hierarchy is determinative of the venue of
international or executive agreement, law, appeals, and should also serve as a general
presidential decree, proclamation, order, determinant of the appropriate forum for
instruction, ordinance, or regulation is in petitions for the extraordinary writs. A
question. becoming regard for that judicial hierarchy
b) Legality of any tax, impost, assessment, or most certainly indicates that petitions for the
toll, or any penalty imposed in relation issuance of extraordinary writs against first
thereto. level ("inferior") courts should be filed with
c) Jurisdiction of lower courts. the Regional Trial Court, and those against
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the latter, with the Court of Appeals (Gio- in all cases where only questions of law are
Samar, Inc. vs. Department of Transportation and involved, which are appealable to the SC by
Communications, G.R. No. 217158, March 12, petition for review on certiorari under Rule
2019). 45.
2) Appeals from the RTC on constitutional, tax
SC with the Sandiganbayan (SB) and jurisdictional questions which involve
questions of fact.
Petitions for mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, 3) Appeal from decisions and final orders of the
habeas corpus, injunction, and other ancillary Family Courts (R.A. No. 8369).
writs and processes in aid of its appellate
jurisdiction and over petitions of similar nature, Appeal by Petition for Review
including quo warranto, arising or that may arise
in cases filed or which may be filed under E.O. An appeal may be taken to the CA whether it
Nos. 1, 2, 14 and 14-A, issued in 1986 involves questions of fact, mixed questions of fact
(Sequestration of Ill-gotten Wealth by Pres. Marcos, his
and law, or questions of law, in the following
Family and Friends).
cases:
SC with the SB, CA and RTC
Regular (Rule 42)
Appeals in cases decided by the RTC in the
Petition for writ of amparo and petition for writ of
exercise of its appellate jurisdiction.
habeas data.
Special (Rule 43)
SC with the CA and RTC
Appeals from the CSC, awards, judgments, final
orders or resolutions of or, authorized by, quasi-
1) Petitions for habeas corpus and quo
judicial agencies in the exercise of their quasi-
warranto;
judicial functions.
2) Petitions for writs of certiorari, prohibition
and mandamus against lower courts or
2.C.3. Court of Tax Appeals (CTA)
bodies;
3) Petition for Writ of Amparo;
Exclusive appellate jurisdiction to review by
4) Petition for Writ of Habeas Data
appeal:
5) Petition for Writ of Kalikasan
1. Decisions of CIR in disputed assessments,
SC with the RTC
refunds, or other matters arising under the
NIRC or other laws administered by the BIR;
Actions affecting ambassador, other public
2. Inaction by the CIR involving matters above,
ministers and consuls.
where the NIRC provides a specific period of
action, in which case the inaction shall be
2.C.2. Court of Appeals
deemed a denial.
Exclusive original
Note: Sec. 3, Rule 4, of the CTA Rules (A.M.
No. 05-11-07-CTA)added that an appeal in
Actions for annulment of judgments of the RTC
case of inaction shall be deemed a denial “for
on the grounds of extrinsic fraud and lack of
purposes of allowing the taxpayer to appeal
jurisdiction (Rule 47).
his case to the CTA and does not necessarily
constitute a formal decision of the
Appellate
Commissioner of Internal Revenue on the tax
case”.
Appeal by Notice of Appeal or Record on
Appeal (Ordinary Appeal)
3. Decisions of RTC in local tax cases originally
decided or resolved by them.
1) Appeals from the judgments of the RTC in
4. Decisions of the Commissioner of Customs in
the exercise of its original jurisdiction, except
cases involving liability for customs duties.
12
5. Decisions of the Central Board of Assessment
Appeals in the exercise of its appellate a) Over appeals from the judgments of RTC in
jurisdiction over cases involving the tax cases originally decided by them and;
assessment and taxation of real property b) Over petitions for review of the judgments of
originally decided by the provincial or city RTC in the exercise of their appellate
board of assessment appeals. jurisdiction over tax cases originally decided
6. Decisions of the Secretary of Finance on by the MTC (Sec. 7, R.A. No. 9282)
customs cases elevated to him automatically
for review from Commissioner of Customs Note: In criminal offenses involving an amount
which are adverse to the Government. less than one million pesos, the RTC or MTC shall
7. Decisions of the Secretary of Trade and have jurisdiction. Whether the case falls under
Industry, in the case of non-agricultural the jurisdiction of the RTC or MTC depends on
product, commodity or article, and the B.P. 129 as amended, i.e. length of
Secretary of Agriculture in the case of imprisonment, and NOT the amount involved.
agricultural product, commodity or article,
involving dumping and countervailing duties In other words, the MTC has jurisdiction where
under the Tariff and Customs Code (Riano, the criminal offense is punishable with
Civpro vol. 1 Bar Lecture Series, 2016 ed., p.99). imprisonment not exceeding six (6) years. This is
irrespective of the amount of fine, and regardless
Jurisdiction of the CTA over Criminal of other imposable accessory or other penalties,
Offenses including the civil liability arising from such
offenses or predicated thereon, irrespective of
Exclusive Original Jurisdiction over cases kind, nature, value, or amount thereof (Sec. 32(2),
involving criminal offenses arising from violations B.P. 129, as amended).
of the NIRC or Tariff and Customs Code and
other laws administered by the BIR or the Bureau Otherwise, the RTC has jurisdiction (Sec. 20, B.P.
of Customs, where the principal amount of taxes 129 as amended).
and fees, exclusive of charges and penalties,
claimed is at least one million pesos Splitting of Jurisdiction
(Php.1,000,000.00), or where there is a specified
amount claimed(Riano, Civpro vol. 1 Bar Lecture CTA has jurisdiction over a special civil action for
Series, 2016 ed., p.100). certiorari assailing an interlocutory order issued
by the RTC in a local tax case.
Exclusive Appellate Jurisdiction
Q. What is the extent of th jurisdiction of the
a) Over appeals from the judgments RTC in tax CTA over a special civil action?
cases originally decided by them; and,
b) Over petitions for review of the judgments of A.The power of the CTA includes that of
RTC in the exercise of their appellate determining whether or not there has been
jurisdiction over tax cases originally decided grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack
by the MTC(Riano, Civpro vol. 1 Bar Lecture or excess of jurisdiction on the part of the
Series, 2016 ed., p.100). RTC in issuing an interlocutory order in cases
falling within the exclusive appellate
Jurisdiction of the CTA over Tax Collection jurisdictionof the tax court.Indeed, in order
Cases for any appellate court to effectively
exercise its appellate jurisdiction, it
Exclusive Original Jurisdiction in tax must have the authority to issue, among
collection cases involving finahscjscdsvl and others, a writ of certiorari. To rule otherwise
executory assessments for taxes, fees, charges would lead to an absurd situation where one
and penalties when the amount is at least one court decides an appeal in the main case
million pesos (Php.1,000,000.00). while another court rules on an incident in
the very same case. It would be
Exclusive Appellate Jurisdiction somewhat incongruent with the
13
pronounced judicial abhorrence to split Estafa(Serana vs. Sandiganbayan,
jurisdiction to conclude that the G.R. No. 162059, January 22, 2008)
intention of the law is to divide the Falsification (Garcia vs. Sandiganbayan,
authority over a local tax case filed with the G.R. No. 165835, June 22, 2005)
RTC by giving to the CA or this Court Plunder (R.A. No. 7080)
jurisdiction to issue a writ of certiorari against
interlocutory orders of the RTC, but giving to B. Who committed the offense?
the CTA the jurisdiction over the appeal from
the decision of the trial court in the same Where one or more of the accused are
case. It is more in consonance with logic officials occupying the following positions in
and legal soundness to conclude that the government, whether in a permanent,
the grant of appellate jurisdiction to the acting or interim capacity, at the time of the
CTA over tax cases filed in and decided commission of the offense.
by the RTC carries with it the power to
issue a writ of certiorari when Officials of the executive branch occupying
necessary in aid of such appellate the positions of Regional Director and higher,
jurisdiction(Cityof Manila vs. Judge otherwise classified as grade “27” and higher,
Cuerdo, G.R. No. 175723, February 4, 2014). of the Compensation and Classification Act of
1989 (R.A. No. 6758), specifically including:
2.C.4. Sandiganbayan
(Sec. 4, R.A. No. 8249, promulgated February 5, 1. Provincial Governors, Vice-Governors,
1997) Members of the Sangguniang
Panlalawigan, and Provincial
Sandiganbayan is not a constitutional court, it Treasurers, Assessors, Engineers, and
is a constitutionally-mandated court created by other Provincial Department Heads.
law, as required by the Constitution. 2. City Mayors, Vice-Mayors, Members of
the Sangguniang Panlungsod, city
Exclusive Original treasurers, assessors, engineers and
other city department heads.
The uniqueness in the jurisdiction of the 3. Officials of the diplomatic service
Sandiganbayan is that it is determined by three occupying the position of consul or
(3) factors, embodied in the following questions: higher
4. Philippine army and air force colonels,
a) What was the offense committed? naval captains, and all officers of
b) Who committed the offense? higher ranks.
c) How was the offense committed? 5. Officers of the Phi. Nat’l. Police while
occupying the position of provincial
A. What are the crimes committed? director and those holding the rank of
senior superintendent or higher.
1. Violations of R.A. 3019, Anti-Graft and 6. City and Provincial prosecutors and
Corrupt Practices Act; their assistants, and officials and
2. Violations of R.A. 1379 (on Ill-gotten prosecutors in the Office of the
Wealth); Ombudsman and special prosecutor.
3. Violations of Executive Orders issued 7. Presidents, directors or trustees, or
regarding the Marcoses’ Wealth or the managers of government-owned or
PCGG cases, both civil and criminal (E.O. controlled corporations, state
Nos. 1, 2, 14 and 14-A); universities or educational institutions
4. Bribery (Chapter II, Section II, Title VII, of or foundations.
Book II of the Revised Penal Code);
5. Other offenses or felonies, whether simple Note: The salary grade “27”
or complexed with other crimes, committed requirement does NOT apply if the
in relation to office: officer involved is any of those
enumerated in (7) above or those not
14
intended to be salary-graded (Serana vs. While it is true that public office is not an
Sandiganbayan, G.R. no. 162059, January element of the crime of acts of
22, 2008). lasciviousness, nonetheless, the accused
could not have committed the crimes
8. Members of Congress and officials charged were it not for his being the
thereof classified as Grade “27” and up judge of the court where the victim was
under the Compensation and Position working. Taken together with the fact
Classification Act of 1989. that the accused had the authority to
9. Members of the Judiciary without recommend the appointment of the
prejudice to the provisions of the victim as an employee, the crimes
Constitution. committed were, therefore, intimately
10.Chairmen and members of connected with his office (Esteban vs.
Constitutional Commissions, without Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 146646-49, March
prejudice to the provisions of the 11, 2005).
Constitution.
11.All other national and local officials Mere allegation in the amended
classified as Grade “27” and higher information that the offense charged was
under the Compensation and Position committed in relation to his office is not
Classification Act of 1989. sufficient. The phrase is merely a
conclusion of law, not a factual averment
C. How was the crime committed? that would show the close intimacy
between the offense charged and the
In criminal cases, Sandiganbayan shall have discharge of the accused’s official duties
original jurisdiction where there are specific (Lacson vs. Executive Secretary, G.R. No.
128096, January 20, 1999).
allegations of facts showing that the offense
was committed in relation to their office.
Appellate Jurisdiction
Otherwise, regular courts shall take
cognizance in accordance to their vested
From the Regional Trial Courts in cases under
jurisdictions(R.A. No.8249, Section 4).
P.D. No. 1606, as amended by P.D. No. 1861,
R.A. No. 7975 and R.A. No. 8294, whether or not
“In relation to the public office” means
the cases were decided by them in the exercise
that the public office must be an essential
of their original or appellate jurisdictions
ingredient to the commission of the offense
(Regalado, Remedial Law Compendium, Vol. II, p.
or that the office facilitated the commission 277).
of the offense.
Appeal from final judgments, resolutions or
There is no direct relation between the orders of regular courts where all the accused are
commission of the crime of rape with occupying positions lower than Salary Grade 27
homicide and the petitioner's office as or are not otherwise covered by Sec.1(A)
municipal mayor because public office is subsection 1 above.
not an essential element of the crime
charged. The offense can stand
independently of the office (Sanchez vs. Q. Which Court has exclusive original
Demetriou, G.R. No. 111771-77, November 9, jurisdiction in all cases involving violations of
1993). R.A. No. 3019 committed by public officers?
15
as co-principals, accomplices or accessories
with the said public officers. In the instant Note: If the claim for damages is the main
case, respondent is being charged for cause of action, amount thereof shall be
violation of Section 3(g) of R.A. 3019, in considered in determining the jurisdiction of
conspiracy with then Secretary Enrile. the court.
Ideally,under the law, both respondent 7. Actions and special proceedings falling within
and Secretary Enrile should have been the exclusive original jurisdiction of Juvenile
charged before and tried jointly by the and Domestic Relations Court and Court of
Sandiganbayan. However, by reason of the Agrarian Relations.
death of the latter, this can no longer be
done. Nonetheless, it does not follow that the Incapable of Pecuniary Estimation - the
SB is already divested of its jurisdiction over claim or the issue cannot be reduced in an
the person of and the case involving herein amount.
respondent. To rule otherwise would mean
that the power of a court to decide a case Examples:
would no longer be based on the law defining
its jurisdiction but on other factors, such as a. Annulment or rescission of contract;
the death of one of the alleged offenders b. Specific performance;
(People vs. Go, G.R. No. 168539, March 25, 2014) c. Cancellation of title – the ultimate relief is the
cancellation of the title, the subject is only
2.C.5. Regional Trial Courts the title itself; this is different from actions
involving title to, or possession of, real
Exclusive Original property, the jurisdiction of which may be
determined by the assessed value;
Civil Cases d. Cancellation of mortgage.
16
actions as cases where the subject of the 3. Where the only penalty provided by law is a
litigation may not be estimated in terms of fine exceeding Php. 4,000 (Adm. Cir. 09-94)
money, and are cognizable exclusively by the 4. Libel (Art. 360, Revised Penal Code)
RTC (Roldan vs. Barrios, G.R. No. 214803, April 23,
2018). Q. Does the Trial court lose its
jurisdiction over the criminal aspect of
Illustration: offenses commited by justices of
appellate courts and judges of lower
If the prayer is “that judgment be rendered in courts?
favor of the plaintiff ordering the defendant to
finish the construction of the house AND pay the A. The acts or omissions of a judge may
plaintiff Php. 150,000” = Incapable of pecuniary well constitute both a criminal act and an
estimation administrative offense at the same time.
Trial courts retain jurisdiction over the
If the prayer is “for the defendant to finish the criminal aspect of offenses committed by
construction of my house OR pay me Php. justices of appellate courts and judges of
150,000” = Capable of pecuniary estimation lower courts (OCA vs. Sardido, A.M. No.
MTJ-01-1370, April 25, 2003)
While it is true that petitioner does not
directly seek the recovery of title or Appellate
possession of the property in question, his
action for annulment of sale and his claim for Cases decided by the MTC, MeTC, and MCTC in
damages are closely intertwined with the their respective territorial jurisdictions except
issue of ownership of the building which, decisions of lower courts in the exercise of
under the law, is considered immovable delegated jurisdiction(Riano, Civpro vol. 1 Bar
property. It is the recovery of such property Lecture Series, 2016 ed., p.126).
which is the petitioner’s primary objective.
The prevalent doctrine is that an action for 2.C.6. Family Courts(R.A. No. 8369, Sec. 5)
the annulment or rescission of a sale of real
property does not operate to efface the The Family Courts shall have exclusive original
fundamental and prime objective and nature jurisdiction to hear and decide the following
of the case which is to recover said real cases:
property. It is a REAL ACTION. A careful
examination of the complaint reveals that it is 1) Criminal cases where one or more of the
a real action involving not only the recovery accused is below eighteen (18) years of age
of real properties, but likewise the but not less than nine (9) years of age or
cancellation of the titles thereto. Thus, the where one or more of the victims is a minor
filing fees must be based on the assessed at the time of the commission of the offense;
value of the property involved (Ruby Shelter
Builders vs. Formaran, G.R. No. 175914, February Note: If the minor is found guilty, the court
10, 2009). shall promulgate sentence and ascertain any
civil liability which the accused may have
Criminal Cases incurred. The sentence, however, shall be
suspended without need of application
Cases not within the exclusive jurisdiction of any pursuant to P.D. No. 603, otherwise known
court, tribunal or body (B.P. 129, Sec. 20), such as as the "Child and Youth Welfare Code".
those:
2) Petitions for guardianship, custody of
1. Where the penalty provided by law exceeds 6 children, habeas corpus in relation cusody of
years imprisonment irrespective of the fine. minor;
2. Not falling under the original jurisdiction of the 3) Petitions for adoption of children and the
Sandiganbayan revocation thereof;
4) Complaints for annulment of marriage,
17
declaration of nullity of marriage and those children in all civil actions for their custody,
relating to marital status and property support pendete lite, including deduction from
relations of husband and wife or those living the salary, and use of conjugal home and other
together under different status and properties in civil actions for support (R.A. 8369,
agreements, and petitions for dissolution of Section 7).
conjugal partnership of gains;
5) Petitions for support and/or Note: The Family Courts are creations of law, as
acknowledgment; distinguished from Special Commercial Courts
6) Summary judicial proceedings brought under and Intellectual Property Courts which are
the provisions of E.O. No. 209, otherwise created by Supreme Court issuances.
known as the "Family Code of the
Philippines"; 2.C.7. Metropolitan Trial Courts, Municipal
7) Petitions for declaration of status of children Trial Courts, Municipal Trial Courts in
as abandoned, dependent or neglected Cities, and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts
children, petitions for voluntary or involuntary
commitment of children; the suspension, Exclusive Original
termination, or restoration of parental
authority and other cases cognizable under 1. Actions involving personal property whose
P.D. No. 603, E.O. No. 56, Series of 1986, value does not exceed Php. 300,000 or does
and other related laws; not exceed Php. 400,000 in Metro Manila;
8) Cases against minors cognizable under the 2. Probate proceedings, both testate and
Dangerous Drugs Act, as amended; intestate, where the gross value of the estate
9) Violations of Republic Act No. 7610, does not exceed Php. 300,000 or does not
otherwise known as the "Special Protection of exceed Php. 400,000 in Metro Manila;
Children Against Child Abuse, Exploitation 3. Actions involving title to or possession of real
and Discrimination Act," as amended by property, or any interest therein where the
Republic Act No. 7658; and, assessed value or interest therein does not
10) Domestic violence cases against women and exceed Php. 20,000 or does not exceed Php.
children. 50,000 in Metro Manila;
4. Admiralty and maritime cases where the
Cases of Domestic Violence Against: demand or claim does not exceed Php.
300,000 or does not exceed Php. 400,000 in
1. Women: acts of gender-based violence that Metro Manila;
results, or are likely to result in physical, 5. Inclusion and exclusion of voters (B.P. 881,
sexual or psychological harm or suffering to Sec. 138);
women; and, other forms of physical abuse 6. Provisional remedies in principal actions
such as battering or threats and coercion within their jurisdiction;
which violate a woman's personhood, 7. All demand for money not exceeding Php.
integrity and freedom movement. 400,000 in Metro Manila;
2. Children: include the commission of all forms 8. Small Claims Cases (A.M. No. 08-8-7-SC) where
of abuse, neglect, cruelty, exploitation, the value of the demand does not exceed
violence, and discrimination and all other Php. 300,000 (OCA Circular No. 165-2018,
conditions prejudicial to their effective August 1, 2018).
development(R.A. 7610).
Important Note:Effective 1 April 2019, the
Special Provisional Remedies SC increased the amount covered by Small
Claims cases to Php. 400,000 within Metro
Restraining order may be issued against the Manila and to Php. 300,000 outside Metro
accused or defendant upon verified application in Manila (OCA Circular No. 45-2019, effective April
cases of violence among the family members 1, 2019)
living in the same domicile/household.
Demand for money excludes interest,
Court may order the temporary custody of damages of whatever kind, attorney’s fees,
18
litigation expenses, and costs, which amount
must be specifically alleged. The said Forcible Entry and Unlawful Detainer
exclusions are included in determining filing
fees. a) Irrespective of the amount of damages or
unpaid rentals sought to be recovered.
In cases where the claim for damages is the b) Jurisdiction to resolve issue of ownership to
main cause of action, or one of the causes of determine only the issue of possession(Riano,
action, the amount of such claim shall be Civpro vol. 1 Bar Lecture Series, 2016 ed., p.653).
considered in determining jurisdiction.
Summary Procedure In Criminal Cases
Criminal Jurisdiction of MTC
A. Violations of traffic laws, rules and regula-
1) Violations of the city or municipal ordinances tions;
committed within their respective territorial B. Violations of the Rental Law;
jurisdiction (Sec. 32[1], B.P. 129, as amended). C. Violations of city or municipal ordinances;
2) Offenses punishable with imprisonment not D. Violations of B.P.22 (Bouncing Checks Law);
exceeding 6 years irrespective of the amount (A.M. No.00-11-01-SC, effective April 15, 2003);
of fine, and regardless of other imposable E. All other criminal cases where the penalty is
accessory or other penalties, including the imprisonment not exceeding 6 months and/or
civil liability arising from such offenses or Php. 1,000 fine irrespective of other penalties
predicated thereon, irrespective of kind, or civil liabilities arising there from;
nature, value or amount thereof (Sec. 32[2], F. Offenses involving damage to property
B.P. 129, as amended). through criminal negligence where the im-
3) Offenses under (2) above including those not posable fine is not exceeding Php.10,000.
falling within the exclusive original jurisdiction
of the Sandiganbayan where none of the Note: Cases filed by the parties after failure to
accused are occupying positions reach an amicable settlement in barangay
corresponding to salary grade “27” and conciliation proceedings are tried by the MTC in
higher. the exercise of its original jurisdiction.
4) Offenses involving damage to property
through criminal negligence (Sec. 32[2], B.P. 2.C.8. Shari’aCourts
129, as amended).
5) In cases where the only penalty provided by In general, the Shari'a courts shall have
law is a fine of not more than Php. 4,000. jurisdiction over cases involving (i) personal
(Adm. Cir. 09-94). relations; (ii) family and property relations; and,
6) Cases covered by the Rule on Small Claims. (iii) commercial transactions, in addition to their
7) Cases covered by the Rules on Summary jurisdiction over (iv) criminal cases involving
Procedure where the total claim does not Muslims (Sec. 5, 9 and 10, Art. VIII, R.A. No. 9054).
exceed Php. 100,000 or does not exceed
Php. 200,000 in Metro Manila, EXCEPT Shari’a Appellate Court
probate proceedings (A.M. No. 02-11-09 SC
effective Nov. 25, 2002). 1. Exercise original jurisdiction over petitions for
certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, habeas
Exception: Cases falling within the exclusive corpus, and other auxiliary writs and
original jurisdiction of the RTC and of the processes only in aid of its appellate
Sandiganbayan. This means that the MTC does jurisdiction; and,
not, at all times, have jurisdiction over offenses 2. Exercise exclusive appellate jurisdiction over
punishable with imprisonment not exceeding six all cases tried in the Shari’a district courts as
(6) years. This happens if jurisdiction is vested by established by law (Sec. 9, Art. VIII, R.A. No.
law either in the RTC or Sandiganbayan (Riano, 9054).
Criminal Procedure, 2016 ed., p. 38).
Note: The decisions of the Shari’a Appellate
Summary Procedure In Civil Cases Court shall be final and executory. Nothing herein
19
contained shall, however, affect the original and
appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, as Concurrent Jurisdiction of the
provided in the Constitution (Sec. 10, Art. VIII, R.A. Shari'aDistrict Court with the Circuit Court:
No. 9054)
1. Petitions by Muslims for the constitution of
Shari'a District Court the family home, change of name and
commitment of insane person to any asylum;
1. All cases involving custody, guardianship, 2. All other personal and real actions wherein
legitimacy, paternity and filiation arising the parties involved are Muslims except those
under P.D. No. 1083, “Code of Muslim for forcible entry and unlawful detainer which
Personal Laws of the Philippines”; shall fall under the exclusive original
2. All cases involving disposition, distribution jurisdiction of the Municipal Circuit Courts;
and settlement of the estate of a deceased and,
Muslim, probate of wills, issuance of letters of 3. All special civil actions for interpleader or
administration or appointment of declaratory relief where the parties are
administrators or executors regardless of the Muslims or the property involved belongs
nature or the aggregate value of the exclusively to a Muslim.
property;
3. Petitions for declaration of absence and
death and for cancellation and correction of
entries in the Muslim Registries mentioned in
Title VI, Book Two of P.D. No. 1083;
4. All actions arising from customary contracts
in which the parties are Muslims, if they have
not specified which law shall govern their
relations;
5. All petitions for mandamus, prohibition,
injunction, certiorari, habeas corpus, and all
auxiliary writs and processes in aid of its
appellate jurisdiction;
20
21
22
Purple Notes
Criminal
2.D. ASPECTS OF JURISDICTION
Remedial
2.D.2. Jurisdiction Over the Subject Matter
2.D.1. Jurisdiction Over the Persons of
the Parties 2.D.2a. Meaning of Jurisdiction over the
Subject Matter
2.D.1a. How Jurisdiction Over the Plaintiff
is Acquired Q. What is jurisdiction over the subject
matter?
Jurisdiction over the plaintiff is acquired by his
filing of the complaint or petition. By doing so, he A. Jurisdiction over the subject matter is the
submits himself to the jurisdiction of the court. power to hear and determine the general
(Riano, Civil Procedure Vol. I, 2016 ed.,p. 77) class to which the proceedings in question
belong; it is conferred by law and not by the
Important: This presupposes timely payment of consent or acquiescence of any or all of the
the correct amount of docket fees. parties or by erroneous belief of the court
that it exists (Mitsubishi Motors vs. Bureau of
Q.Is the payment of docket fees required? Customs,G.R. No.209830,June 17,2015).
A.Payment in full of docket fees within The term, “subject matter” refers to the
theprescribed period is not only mandatory, item with respect to which the controversy
but also jurisdictional. It is an essential has arisen, or concerning which,the wrong
requirement, without which, the decision has been done, and it is ordinarily the right,
appealed from would become final and the thing, or the contract under dispute (De la
executory as if no appeal has been filed (St. Rama vs. Mendiola, G.R. No. 135394, April 29,
Louis University vs. Cobarrubias, G.R. No. 187104, 2003).
August 03, 2010).
Examples: The terms ‘unlawful detainer’,
However, while the court acquires jurisdiction over ‘forcible entry’, or actions ‘incapable of pecuniary
any case only upon the payment of the prescribed
estimation’ are subject matters. So are the terms
docket fees, its non-payment at the time of the
filing of the complaint does not automatically accionpubliciana, accionreinvindicatoria, partition
cause the dismissal of the complaint provided that of property, foreclosure of mortgage,
the fees are paid within a reasonable expropriation, habeas corpus and action for
period(Unicapital, Inc. vs. Consing, Jr., G.R. Nos. damages, among others (Riano, Civil Procedure,
175277 & 175285, September 11, 2013), Vol. 1, 2014 ed., p. 71)
Bar Operations 23
Commissions 23
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
tainted with an error Note: A judgment with jurisdiction, acts ed, p. 72.). Errors of
of jurisdiction is a based on errors of in excess of its judgment include
nullity (Riano, Civil judgment cannot be jurisdiction or with errors of procedure or
Procedure, Vol. I, considered a nullity.
grave abuse of mistakes in the court’s
2014 ed., p. 73) It is binding on the
parties unless it is
discretiona amounting findigs (Banco Filipino
reversed or annulled to lack of jurisdiction Savings Zand Mortgage
in a direct proceeding (GSIS vs.Oliza, G.R. No. Bank vs. CA, G.R. No.
(Herrera vs. Barretto, 126874, March 10, 132703, June 23, 2000).
G.R. No. 8692, 1999).
September 10, 1913). As to the validity of the judgment
A judgment tainted An erroneous
2. Q. What is exercise of jurisdiction? with an error of judgment is not a void
jurisdiction either judgment, and cannot
A.Where there is jurisdiction over the because of a toted therefore, be
person and the subject matter, the absence of jurisdiction collaterally
decision on all other questions arising to take cognizance of impeached. Such a
in the case is but an exercise of an action or because judgment is binding
jurisdiction. The errors which the courts of a grave abuse of on the parties unless
may commit in the exerciseof discretion, is a nullity. it is reversed or
jurisdiction are merely errors of annulled in a direct
judgment which are the proper subjects proceeding (Herrera
of an appeal (Tolentino vs. Leviste, G.R. vs. Barretto, G.R. No.
No. 156118, November 19, 2004). 8692, September 10,
1913).
3. Q. What would be the test of As to the manner by which the errors
jurisdiction? may be corrected
Errors of jurisdiction Errors of judgment
A. The test of jurisdiction is whether the are correctible only by are correctible by
court has the power to enter into the the extraordinary writ appeal (Cabrera vs.
inquiry and not whether the decision is of certiorari(GSIS vs. Lapid, G.R. No. 129098,
right or wrong(Perkins vs. Roxas, G.R. No. Oliza, G.R. No. 126874, December 6, 2006).
47517, June 27, 1941). March 10, 1999).
24
Bar Operations 25
Commissions 25
Purple Notes
Criminal
2. By the courtRemedial
motu proprio Q. What are the instances where lack of
jurisdiction over the subject matter may not
When it appears from the pleadings or evidence be raised?
on record that the court has no jurisdiction over
the subject matter, the court shall dismiss the A(1). It was petitioners themselves who
same (Rule 9, Sec. 1). invoked the jurisdiction of the court a quo by
instituting an action for reformation of
The earliest opportunity of a party to raise the contract against private respondents. It must
issue of jurisdiction is in a motion to dismiss filed be noted that in the proceedings before the
before the filing or service of an answer. Lack of trial court, petitioners vigorously asserted
jurisdiction over the subject matter of the claim is their cause from start to finish. Not even
a ground for a motion to dismiss [Rule 15, Sec. once did petitioners ever raise the issue of
12(a)(1)]. the court’s jurisdiction during the entire
proceedings which lasted for two years. It
Under the Omnibus Motion Rule, a motion was only after the trial court rendered its
attacking a pleading like a motion to dismiss, decision and issued a writ of execution
shall include all objections then available, and all against them in 1998 did petitioners first
objections not so included shall be deemed raise the issue of jurisdiction ─ and it was
waived.(Rule 15,Sec. 9). only because said decision was unfavorable
to them. Petitioners thus effectively waived
The defense of lack of jurisdiction over the their right to question the court’s jurisdiction
subject matter is, however, a defense not barred over the case they themselves filed (Sps.
by the failure to invoke the same in a motion to Gonzaga vs. CA, , G.R. No. 144025, December 27,
dismiss already filed. Even if a motion to dismiss 2002).
was filed and the issue of jurisdiction was not
raised therein, a party may, when he files an A(2).While it is true that jurisdiction over the
answer, raise the lack of jurisdiction as an subject matter may be raised at any stage of
affirmative defense because this defense is not the proceedings since it is conferred by law,
barred under the omnibus motion rule. it is nevertheless settled that a party may be
barred from raising it on the ground of
When the court dismisses the complaint for lack estoppel (La’o vs. Republic, G.R. No. 160719,
of jurisdiction over the subject matter, it is January 23, 2006).
common reason that the court cannot remand
the case to another court with the proper A(3).The Supreme Court frowns upon the
jurisdiction. Its only power is to dismiss and not undesirable practice of submitting one’s case
to make any other order (Riano, Civil Procedure, , for decision, and then accepting the
2007 ed.). judgment only if favorable, but attacking it
for lack of jurisdiction if it is not (Bank of the
When to Object Philippine Islands vs. ALS Management &
Development Corporation, G.R. No. 151821, April
General rule: Lack of jurisdiction over the 14, 2004).
subject matter may be raised at any stage of the
proceedings, even for the first time on appeal. 2.D.2d. Distinguish: Doctrine of Primary
Administrative Jurisdiction and Doctrine of
Reason: Jurisdiction is conferred by law, and Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies
lack of it affects the very authority of the court to
take cognizance of, and to render judgment on, Doctrine of Primary Administrative
the action. Jurisdiction
1) when there is a violation of due process; The court may on its own initiative object to an
erroneous jurisdiction and may ex mero motu
Bar Operations 27
Commissions 27
Purple Notes
Criminal
take Remedial
cognizance of lack of jurisdiction at any it is not (Bank of the Philippine Islands vs. ALS
point in the case and has a clearly recognized Management & Development Corporation, G.R. No.
right to determine its own jurisdiction in any 151821, April 14, 2004). The rule also applies to
proceeding (Fabian vs. Desierto, G.R. No. 129742, administrative proceedings. The active
September 16, 1998). Under the Rules, when it participation of an individual before the
appears from the pleadings or evidence on record administrative proceedings and the belated
that the court has no jurisdiction over the subject challenge to the jurisdiction of the said body bars
matter, . . . the court shall dismiss the same” him from assailing such acts under the principle
(Rule 9, Sec. 1)Lack of jurisdiction over the subject of estoppel (Office of the Ombudsman vs. Delijero,
matter is a ground for a motion to dismiss. Jr., G.R. No. 172635, October 20, 2010).
2.D.2g. Effect of estoppel on objections to 4. The rule is that the active participation of the
jurisdiction party against whom the action was brought,
coupled with his failure to object to the
1. While it is true that jurisdiction over the jurisdiction of the court or administrative body
subject matter may be raised at any stage of the where the action is pending, is tantamount to an
proceedings since it is conferred by law, it is invocation of that jurisdiction and a willingness to
nevertheless settled that a party may be barred abide by the resolution of the case and will bar
from raising it on the ground of estoppel (La’o vs. said party from later on impugning the court or
Republic, G.R. No, 160719, January 23, 2006). The body’s jurisdiction (Megan Sugar Corporation vs. RTC
fact pattern common among those cases wherein of Iloilo, Branch 68, G.R. No. 170352, June 1, 2011)
the Court invoked estoppel to prevent a party
from questioning jurisdiction is a party’s active 2.D.3. Jurisdiction Over the Issues
participation in all stages of a case, including
invoking the authority of the court in seeking This is the power of the court to try and decide
affirmative relief and questioning the court’s issues raised in the pleadings of the parties
jurisdiction only after receiving a ruling or (Reyes vs. Diaz, G.R. No. 48754, November 26, 1941).
decision adverse to his case for the purpose of
annulling everything done in the trial in which he An issue is a disputed point or question to which
has actively participated. As clearly pointed out in parties to an action have narrowed down their
La’o: “A party who has invoked the jurisdiction of several allegations and upon which they are
the court over a particular matter to secure desirous of obtaining a decision (Black’s Law
affirmative relief cannot be permitted to Dictionary, 5th ed.)
afterwards deny that same jurisdiction to escape
liability.” Where there is no disputed point, there is no
issue (Riano, Civil Procedure, Vol. I, p. 100, 2014 ed.).
2. The doctrine of estoppel by laches in relation
to objections to jurisdiction first appeared in the Whether or not a court has jurisdiction over
landmark case of Tijam vs. Sibonghanoy. Here, aspecific issue is a question that requires nothing
the Supreme Court barred a belated objection to but an examination of the pleadings (Reyes vs.
Diaz, G.R. No. 48754, November 26, 1941).
jurisdiction that was raised only after an adverse
decision was rendered by the court against the
How Jurisdiction Over the Issue is
party raising the issue of jurisdiction and after
Conferred and Determined
seeking affirmative relief from the court and after
participating in all stages of the proceedings. The
1. Generally, jurisdiction over the issues is
doctrine
conferred and determined by the allegations
in the pleadings of the parties (Riano, Civil
3. The Supreme Court frowns upon the Procedure, Vol. I, p. 100, 2014 ed.).
undesirable practice of submitting one’s case for 2. It may also be determined and conferred by
decision, and then accepting the judgment only if stipulation of the parties (Rule 18, Sec. 2).
favorable, but attacking it for lack of jurisdiction if
28
Bar Operations 29
Commissions 29
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
rendition of judgment on the res. It cannot action or because of the parties unless it is
extend its jurisdiction beyond the res and a grave abuse of reversed or annulled in
issue a judgment enforcing discretion, is a a direct proceeding
petitioner’spersonal liability. In doing so nullity. (Herrera vs. Barretto,
G.R. No. 8692, September
without first having acquired jurisdiction
10, 1913).
over the person of petitioner, as it did, As to the manner by which the error may be
the trial court violated her constitutional right corrected
to due process, warranting the annulment of Errors of jurisdiction Errors of judgment are
the judgment rendered in thecase (Biaco vs. are correctible only correctible by appeal
Philippine Countryside Rural Bank, G.R. by the extraordinary (Cabrera vs. Lapid, G.R.
No.161417, February 8, 2007). writ of No. 129098, December 6,
certiorarcertiorari i(GSIS 2006).
vs. Oliza, G.R. No.
2.D.5. Jurisdiction over the remedies 126874, March 10,
1999).
2.E. Distinguish error of jurisdiction and
error of judgment
Bar Operations 31
Commissions 31
Purple Notes
Criminal
EXCEPT Remedial
when such barangay units adjoin
each other and parties thereto agree to Actions Covered
submit their differences to amicable
settlement by an appropriate lupon; a) purely civil in nature where the claim or relief
7. Classes of dispute which the President may prayed for by the plaintiff is solely for payment or
determine in the interest of justice; or, reimbursement of sum of money; and,
8. One of the parties is a juridical entity.
b) the civil aspect of criminal actions, either filed
Note: The prescriptive period for offenses and before the institution of the criminal action, or
cause of action shall be interrupted upon filing of reserved upon the filing of the criminal action in
complaint with the punong barangay, but this court, pursuant to Rule 111 (Sec. 4, A.M. No. 08-8-
must not exceed 60 days(Uy vs. Contreras, G.R. No. 7-SC).
111416, September 26, 1994).
These claims may be:
Other Cases (Procedural Exceptions)
For money owed under the contracts of lease,
1. Accused is under police custody; loan, services, sale, or mortgage;
2. Person has been deprived of personal liberty For damages arising from fault or negligence,
thus calling for a habeas corpus proceeding; quasi-contract, or contract; or,
3. Actions coupled with provisional remedies; The enforcement of a barangay amicable
4. Action barred by prescription; settlement or an arbitration award involving a
5. Labor disputes; money claim pursuant to Sec. 417 of the Local
6. As determined by the President in the Government Code (Sec. 4, A.M. No. 08-8-7-SC).
interest of justice;
7. CARL disputes;
8. Those involving the traditions of indigenous
cultural community(Riano, Civpro vol. 1 Bar JURISDICTON OVER CASES COVERED BY
Lecture Series, 2016 ed., p.664). SUMMARY PROCEDURE
Jurisdictional Amount 2. All other cases where the total amount of the
plaintiff’s claim, exclusive of interests and
Effective 1 April 2019, the SC increased the costs:
amount covered by Small Claims cases to:
Php. 400,000 within Metro Manila; and, DOES NOT EXCEED Php. 300,000 outside
Php. 300,000 outside Metro Manila (OCA Metro Manila; or,
Circular No. 45-2019, effective April 1, 2019).
32
Note: In offenses involving damage to In this jurisdiction, it is settled that the terms
property through criminal negligence, Rules “action” and “suit” are synonymous but the
on Summary Procedure shall govern where operative act which converts a claim into an
the imposable fine does NOT exceed P10,000. “action” or “suit” is the filing of the same with a
“court of justice.” Filed elsewhere, as with some
Totality Rule other body or office not a court of justice, the
claim may not properly be categorized under
Under this rule, where there are several claims or either term (Lopez vs. Compania de Seguros, G.R.
causes of actions between the same or different No. L-19613, April 30, 1966).
parties, embodied in the same complaint, the
amount of the demand shall be the totality of CASES GOVERNED:
clams in all the causes of action, irrespective of
whether the causes of action arouse out of the 3.B.1. Meaning of Ordinary Civil Actions
same or different transactions (Sec. 33[1], BP Blg.
129 as amended by RA No. 7691; Pantranco North Ordinary Civil Action is one by which a party
Express, Inc. vs. Standard Insurance Company, Inc. sues another for the enforcement or protection of
G.R. No. 140746, March 16, 2005). a right, or the prevention or redress of a wrong
(Rule 1, Sec. 3[a]).It is governed by ordinary rules.
2.H. HOW JURISDICTION IS DETERMINED
3.B.2. Meaning of Special Civil Action
General rule: Jurisdiction of the court is
determined by the statute in force at the time of Special Civil Action is one by which a party
the commencement of the action (Narra Nickel sues another for the enforcement or protection of
Mining & Corp., G.R. No. 195580, April 21, 2014). a right, or the prevention or redress of a
Bar Operations 33
Commissions 33
Purple Notes
Criminal
wrongwherein Remedial
it has special features not found in by Petition. by Motion;
ordinary civil acions. It is governed by ordinary by Petition.
rules but subject to specific rules prescribed
under Rules 62 to 71 (Riano, Civil Procedure, 2016 3.B.5. Personal Actions and Real Actions
ed., p. 191).
Actions Based on Subject Matter:
3.B.3. Meaning of Criminal Action Personal and Real Actions(Riano, Civil Procedure
Vol. 1, 2016 ed., p. 194)
Criminal Action is one by which the state
prosecutes a person for an act or omission REAL PERSONAL
punishable by law (Rule 1, Sec. 3[b]). AS TO SCOPE
Actions One which is not
3.B.4. Distinguish: Civil Actions and Special affecting title to founded upon the
Proceedings or possession of privity of real rights
real property, or or real property.
Special Proceedings is a remedy by which a an interest
party seeks to establish a status, a right, or a therein (Rule 4,
particular fact(Rule 1, Sec. 3[c]) Sec. 1).
AS TO VENUE
Special Proceedings under the Rules of Where the Where the plaintiff
Court: property is or any of the
located, or the principal plaintiffs
a) Settlement of estate of deceased persons; portion thereof resides;
b) Escheat; is situated, it is Where the defendant
c) Guardianship and custody of children; “local.” or any of the
d) Trustees; principal defendants
e) Adoption; resides;
f) Rescission and revocation of adoption; In the case of non-
g) Hospitalization of insane persons; resident defendant,
h) Habeas corpus; where he may be
i) Change of name; found, at the
j) Voluntary dissolution of corporations; election of the
k) Judicial approval of voluntary recognition of plaintiff, it is
minor natural children; “transitory.”
l) Constitution of family home; AS TO BASIS
m) Declaration of absence and death; and When it is When it is founded
n) Cancellation or correction of entries in the civil founded upon on privity of contract
registry (Rule 72,Sec. 1). the privity of a such as action for
real estate, damages to real
Civil Action vs. Special Proceedings meaning, the property.
realty, or an
SPECIAL interest therein,
CIVIL ACTION
PROCEEDINGS is the subject
AS TO PURPOSE matter of the
To protect a To establish a action.
right; status;
To prevent or To establish a right;
3.B.6. Local and Transitory Actions
redress a To establish a
wrong. particular fact.
AS TO COMMENCEMENT Actions Based on Permissible Venue:
by Complaint; by Application; Local and Transitory Actions
34
a) attachment;
b) foreclosure of mortgage; Q. Is the payment of docket fee necessary?
c) action for partition; and
d) action for accounting A. Payment of the full amount of the docket
fee is mandatory and jurisdictional (Ayala
Q. Differentiatethe binding effect of quasiin Land, Inc. vs Carpo, G.R. No. 166577, February 3,
rem and in rem actions as to third person. 2010).
A.Actions in remare actions against the thing General Rule: The court cannot acquire
itself. They are binding upon the whole jurisdiction over the subject matter of a case,
world.Quasi in remactions are actions unless the docket fees are paid (Mercado vs. CA,
involving the status of a property over which G.R. No. 150241. November 04, 2004).
a party has interest.Quasi in rem actions are
Exception: Liberal application of the rule on
not binding upon the whole world. They
docket fees.
affect only the interests of the particular
parties (De Pedro vs. Romasan Development
Corporation, G.R. No. 194751, November 26, 1. The court may allow payment of the fee
2014). within a reasonable period of time but in no
case beyond the applicable prescriptive or
Q. What kind of action is an action for reglementary period; and,
unlawful detainer or forcible entry? 2. The party does not deliberately intend to
defraud the court in payment of docket fees,
A. By its very nature and purpose, an action and manifests its willingness to abide by the
for unlawful detainer or forcible entry is a rules by paying additional docket fees when
real action and in personambecause the required by the court(Reyes vs. People, G.R.
plaintiff seeks to enforce a personal No. 193034, July 20, 2015).
obligation or liability on the defendant under 3.
Article 539 of the New Civil Code, for the Q. In what instance does the court may allow
latter to vacate the property subject of the a party to pay the required docket fee if such
action, restore physical possession thereof to party failed to do so at the time of the filing
the plaintiff, and pay actual damages by way of the initiatory pleading?
of reasonable compensation for his use or
occupation of the property (Domagas vs. A. Where the initiatory pleading is NOT
Jensen, supra). accompanied by the payment of the docket
fee, the court may allow payment of the fee
Q. What is the importance in determining if within a reasonable period of time but in no
the action is in rem, in personam and quasi case beyond the applicable prescriptive or
in rem? reglementary period. This ruling is made on
the premise that the plaintiff had
A. To determine if jurisdiction over the demonstrated his willingness to abide the
person of the defendant is required and the rules by paying the additional docket fees
type of summons to be employed (Gomez vs. required. Thus, in a more recent case of
CA, 425 SCRA 98, 103, March 10, 2004). United Overseas Bank vs. Ros, the Court
explained that where the party does not
36
Bar Operations 37
Commissions 37
Purple Notes
Criminal
2. A Remedial
correlative legal Obligation of the CAUSE OF ACTION RIGHT OF ACTION
defendant to respect such right; and statement of alleged given because of the
3. An Act or omission by such defendant in facts. occurrence of the
violation of the right of the plaintiff with alleged facts.
a resulting injury or damage to the Determined by facts Determined by
plaintiff for which the latter may maintain alleged in the substantive law(De
complaint. Guzman vs. CA, G.R.
an action for the recovery of relief from
Nos. 92029-30,
the defendant (Metropolitan Bank and Trust December 20, 1990).
Company vs. Ley Construction and Matter of procedure. Matter of right.
Development Corporation, G.R. No. 185590,
Not affected by Affected by
December 3, 2014). affirmative defense. affirmative defense.
3.C.2. Distinguish: Right of Action and 3.C.3. Distinguish: Failure to State a Cause
Cause of Action of Action and Lack of Cause of
Action
Right of Action
Failure to State a Cause of Action
It is the remedial right or right to relief granted
by law to a party to institute an action against a It is a defect or an insufficiency in the statement
person who has committed a delict or wrong of the cause of action or the allegations in the
against him(Multi-Realty Dev’t Corp vs. The Makati pleading, i.e., not all the elements of a particular
Tuscany Condominium Corp., G.R. No. 146726, June
cause of action are alleged(Zuñiga-Santos vs.
16, 2006).
Santos-Gran, G.R. No. 197380, October 8, 2014).
Elements of Right of Action:
Failure to State a Cause of Action vs. Lack
of Cause of Action [Regalado, Remedial Law
1. Existence of a cause of action or compliance Compendium, Volume I, 9th Revised Ed. (2005)]
with all conditions precedent to the bringing
of the action; and, FAILURE TO STATE A LACK OF CAUSE OF
2. Right to bring and maintain the action must CAUSE OF ACTION ACTION
be in the person instituting it (Turner vs. Refers to the Refers to a situation
Lorenzo Shipping, G.RO. No. 157479, November insufficiency of the where the evidence
24, 2010). pleading. does not prove the
cause of action alleged
in the pleading.
Provided in Sec. 12 of Provided in Sec. 5 of
Rule 8. Rule 10.
Remedy is to allege in Remedy is to file a
Cause of Action vs. Right of Action
the Answer as an demurrer to the
affirmative defense evidence.
CAUSE OF ACTION RIGHT OF ACTION Failure to raise May be raised at any
Delict or wrongful Right to relief theaffirmative defenses time after the questions
act or omission granted by law to a at theearliest of fact have been
committed by the party to institute an opportunity resolved on the basis of
defendant in action against a shallconstitute a waiver the stipulations,
violation of the person who has thereof admissions, or evidence
primary rights of the committed a delict or presented.
plaintiff. wrong against him.
The reason for the The remedy afforded
3.C.4. Test of the sufficiency of a Cause of
action. to the aggrieved
party.
Action
Bar Operations 39
Commissions 39
Purple Notes
Criminal
first Remedial
complaint (Umale vs. Canoga Park
Development Corporation, G.R. No. 167246, July 3. Where the causes of action are between the
20, 2011). same parties but pertain to different venues
or jurisdiction, the joinder may be allowed in
Rules in Case of Divisible Contracts the RTC provided one of the causes of action
fall within the jurisdiction of said court and the
General Rule: A judgment for any single breach venue lies therein; and
of a continuing contract is NOT a bar to a suit for
a subsequent breach. 4. Totality Rule - Where the claims in the
causes of action are principally for the
The filing of a complaint under divisible contract recovery of money, the aggregate amount
covers all the previous ones in one cause of claimed shall be the test of jurisdiction (Rule 2,
action. Sec. 5). This is irrespective of which causes of
action arose out of the same or different
Exception: transaction.
Bar Operations 41
Commissions 41
Purple Notes
Criminal
2. 2. Upon Remedial
its own initiative,
the court may judgment of the court cannot attain real
drop the name of a misjoined party. finality. Otherwise stated, the absence of an
indispensable party renders all subsequent
Note: This may be done at any stage of the actions of the court null and void for want of
proceeding(Riano, Civpro vol. 1 Bar Lecture authority to act not only as to the absent
Series, 2016 ed., p 230). party but even as to those present (Tumagan
vs. Kairuz, G.R. No. 198124, September 12, 2018).
Q. Who is a real party in interest?
Q. Is failure to implead indispensable party in
A. “Interest” within the meaning of the a suit an incurable error?
Rules of Court means material interest or an
interest in issue to be affected by the decree A. The Court clarified that the failure to
or judgment of the case, as distinguished implead indispensable parties is a curable
from mere curiosity about the question error (Pacaña-Contreras vs. Rovila Water Supply,
involved. A real party in interest is the party G.R. No. 168979, December 2, 2013).
who, by the substantive law, has the right
sought to be enforced (Ang vs. Sps Ang, G.R. Q. What will be the recourse of the court in
No. 186993, August 22, 2012). case there is a failure to include an
indispensable party in a suit?
Classification of Parties-in-Interest
A. The court, either motu proprio or upon the
1) Indispensable Parties motion of a party, may order the inclusion of
the indispensable party or give the plaintiff
An indispensable party is a party in interest opportunity to amend his complaint in order
without whom no final determination can be had to include indispensable parties. If the
of an action, and who shall be joined either as plaintiff to whom the order to include the
plaintiffs or defendants. indispensable party is directed refuses to
comply with the order of the court, the
Q. What is the effect of failure to implead an complaint may be dismissed upon motion of
indispensable party in a suit? the defendant or upon the court's own
motion (Navarro vs. Escobido, G.R. No. 153788,
A.1. The joinder of indispensable parties is November 27, 2009).
mandatory. Thus, without the presence of
indispensable parties to a suit or proceeding, Q. How to determine if a party is not an
judgment of a court cannot attain real indispensable party?
finality. The absence of an indispensable
party renders all subsequent actions of the A. A party is not indispensable to the suit if
court null and void for want of authority to his interest in the controversy or subject
act, not only as to the absent parties but matter is distinct and divisible from the
even as to those present (Lotte Phil. Co., Inc. interest of the other parties and will not
vs. Dela Cruz etl.al., G.R. No. 166302. July 28, necessarily be prejudiced by a judgment
2005). which does complete justice to the parties in
court (China Bank vs. Oliver, G.R. No. 135796,
A.2. The joinder of indispensable parties is October 3, 2002).
not a mere technicality. We have ruled that
the joinder of indispensable parties is Co-Owners as Indispensable Parties
mandatory and the responsibility of
General Rule: Co-owners are indispensable
impleading all the indispensable parties rests
parties (Divinagracia vs. Parilla et al., G.R. No.
on the plaintiff. In Domingo vs. Scheer, we 196750, March 11, 2015, citing Sec. 1 of Rule 69).
ruled that without the presence of
indispensable parties to the suit, the
42
A. Both indispensable and necessary parties A person need not be judicially declared
are considered as real parties in interest, incompetent in order that the court may appoint
since both classes of parties stand to be a guardian ad litem. It is enough that he be
benefited or injured by the judgment of the alleged to be incompetent.
suit (Pacaña-Contreras vs. Rovila Water Supply,
G.R. No. 168979, December 2, 2013). In case of supervening incapacity or
incompetency of a party, the action shall
continue to be prosecuted by or against that
party personally and NOT through his
representative, since he continues to be the real
party in interest although assisted by his
guardian.
Bar Operations 43
Commissions 43
Purple Notes
Criminal
General Rule:Remedial
An agent may sue or be sued 6. Actions involving the property of a
without joining the principal if he acted: spouse under the regime of separation
of property (Article 145, Family Code).
a) In his own name, and,
b) For the benefit of an undisclosed Remedy if there is failure to implead one of
principal. the spouses: Amendment of the complaint.
Exception: When the contract involves 5) Quasi-Parties are those in whose behalf a
things belonging to the principal (Rule class or representative suit is brought (Rule 3, Sec.
3,Sec. 3). 12,).
One that is required to be joined as a co-party in Party who has no money or property sufficient
a suit by or against another party, as may be and available for food, shelter and basic
provided by the applicable substantive law or necessities for himself and his family (Rule 3, Sec.
procedural rule (Rule 3,Sec. 4). 21).
A nominal or pro forma party is one who is To litigate as an indigent party, authority may be
joined as a plaintiff or defendant, not granted upon an ex parte application and
because such party has any real interest in hearing. However, it may be contested at any
the subject matter or because any relief is time before judgment is rendered.
demanded, but because the technical rules
of pleadings require the presence of such Authority to litigate as an indigent shall include
party on the record. an exemption:
General Rule: Spouses should sue and be 1. From the payment of docket fees; and,
sued together as they are both 2. From the payment of transcript of
administrators of their community property stenographic notes.
or conjugal partnership property(Villarama
vs. Guno, GR No. 197514, August 6, 2018) . Important: Cross-refer to Sec. 18, Rule
141(2016 Bar).
Exception: Those provided by law:
Indigent-Litigants under Rule 141:
1. Petition for receivership;
2. Petition for judicial separation of a) Those whose gross income and that of their
property; immediate family do not exceed an amount
3. Petition for authority to be the sole double the monthly minimum wage of an
administrator of the absolute employee; and,
community; b) Those who do not own real property with a
4. When a spouse, without just cause, fair market value as stated in the current tax
abandons the other or fails to comply declaration of more than Php. 300,000.
with his or her obligations to the family
with respect to marital, parental or The legal fees shall be a lien on any judgment
property relations (Article 101 and 128, rendered in the case favorably to the indigent
Family Code); litigant, unless the court otherwise provides.
5. Actions involving the mortgage,
encumbrance, alienation or other To be entitled to the exemption, the litigant shall
disposal of a spouse’s exclusive property execute an affidavit that he and his immediate
(Article 111, Family Code); family do not earn a gross income
44
In case where there are defendants with Exception: Compulsory only when parties
unknown identity, the complaint shall be involved are indispensable parties(Rule 3, Sec. 7).
amended to indicate the correct name of the
defendants after knowing the same (Rule 3,Sec. Exceptions to the Exception:
14).
1. Class suits, where it would be impractical to
Plaintiff - One who has an interest in the include all the names of the members of the
subject matter of the action or in obtaining the class in the action; or,
relief demanded. 2. When the inclusion of an indispensable party
is merely a formality.
Note: An unwilling co-plaintiff shall be made a
defendant and the reason therefore shall be Examples
stated in the complaint (Rule 3,Sec. 10).
Co-owners are not indispensable parties in
Defendant - One who claims an interest in the case one of them appoints an agent, as their
controversy or the subject thereof adverse to the obligation is solidary.
plaintiff, or who ordinarily should be joined as a
plaintiff but who does not consent thereto, the Art. 1915, NCC. If two or more persons
reason therefore being stated in the complaint. have appointed an agent for a common
transaction or undertaking, they shall be
Q. How may a party implead an unwilling solidarily liable to the agent for all the
plaintiff? consequences of the agency.
A.1. Before a party may be considered as The rule in this article applies even when the
unwilling plaintiff, it must be shown that said appointments were made by the principals in
party is made aware of the filing of the separate acts, provided that they are for the
complaint. same transaction. The solidarity arises from
the common interest of the principals, and
A.2. It is true that an unwilling party plaintiff not from the act of constituting the agency.
may be joined as a defendant but this must By virtue of this solidarity, the agent can
be set out at the inception of the complaint. recover from any principal the whole
Even if, for the sake of argument, that this compensation and indemnity owing to him
joinder may be made via an amendment, the by the others. The parties, however, may,
allegations of the complaint do not clearly by express agreement, negate this solidary
indicate that the case involves a party who responsibility. The solidarity does not
Bar Operations 45
Commissions 45
Purple Notes
Criminal
disappear Remedial
by the mere partition effected by one single complaint or may themselves maintain
the principals after the accomplishment of or be sued in separate suits.
the agency. X xx When the law expressly
provides for solidarity of the obligation, as in Requisites:
the liability of co-principals in a contract of
agency, each obligor may be compelled to 1. The right to relief arose out of the same
pay the entire obligation. The agent may transaction or series of transactions;
recover the whole compensation from any 2. There is a question of law or fact common to
one of the co-principals (De Castro vs. CA, all the plaintiffs or defendants; and,
G.R. No. 115838. July 18, 2002, supra). 3. Such joinder is not otherwise proscribed by
the provisions of the Rules of Court on
Co-owners are neither indispensable nor jurisdiction and venue (Regalado, F.D., Remedial
necessary parties in case one of them brings Law Compendium, Volume 1, p. 91).
an action for recovery of co-owned property. 4.
Series of Transactions – separate dealings
with the parties but all of which dealings are
Q. Are all co-owners, in a suit for recovery of directly connected with the same type of subject
a co-owned property, indispensable parties? matter of the suit. Parties can either be joined in
one single complaint or may themselves maintain
A.1. In suits to recover properties, all co- or be sued in separate suits(Regalado).
owners are real parties in interest. However,
pursuant to Article 487 of the Civil Code and The rule also applies to counterclaims.
relevant jurisprudence, any one of them may
bring an action, any kind of action, for the 3.D.3. Misjoinder and Non-Joinder of
recovery of co-owned properties. Therefore, Parties
only one of the co-owners, namely the co-
owner who filed the suit for the recovery of Misjoinder and/or non-joinder of Parties is not a
the co-owned property, is an indispensable ground for dismissal of the action (Rule 3, Sec.
party thereto. The other co-owners are not 11).
indispensable parties. They are not even
necessary parties, for a complete relief can be A party is misjoined when he is made a party to
accorded in the suit even without their the action although he should not be impleaded.
participation, since the suit is presumed to A party is not joined when he is supposed to be
have been filed for the benefit of all co- joined but is not impleaded in an action (Riano,
owners(Navarro vs. Escobido, G.R. No. 153788, Civil Procedure Vol. I, 2016 ed., p. 230).
November 27, 2009).
Remedy when there is misjoinder: Motion to
A.2. A co-owner may bring such an action, Strike the names of the parties impleaded
without the necessity of joining all the other (objection to be raised at the earliest opportunity,
co-owners as co-plaintiffs, because the suit is i.e. the moment defect becomes apparent; it
deemed to be instituted for the benefit of all. cannot be raised for the first time on appeal).
If the action is for the benefit of the plaintiff
alone, such that he claims possession for A separate action should be brought against the
himself and not for the co-ownership, the party misjoined.
action will not prosper(Catedrilla vs. Lauron, G.R.
No. 179011, April 15, 2013). Parties may be dropped or added by order of the
court on motion of any party or on its own
Permissive Joinder of Parties initiative at any stage of the action and on such
terms as are just. (Rule 3, Sec. 11).The failure to
The rule on permissive joinder of parties obey the order of the court to drop or add a
enunciates that parties can either be joined in party is a ground for the dismissal of the
46
A. The court finds no difficulty in ruling that Q. May a class suit be instituted on behalf of
they can, for themselves, for others of their all commmuters and motorists who will be
generation and for the succeeding prejudiced by the closure and excavation of
generations, file a class suit. Their road?
personality to sue in behalf of the
succeeding generations can only be based A.In this case, the suit is clearly one that
on the concept of inter-generational benefits all commuters and motorists who
responsibility insofar as the right to a use La Paz Road. As succinctly stated by the
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Purple Notes
Criminal
CA: The Remedial
subject matter of the instant case, 7, the death occurs after judgment has become
i.e., the closure and excavation of the La Paz final and executory.
Road, is initially shown to be of common or
general interest to many persons. The Q. Will the attorney-client relationship still
records reveal that numerous individuals subsist in case the client dies?
have filed manifestations with the lower
court, conveying their intention to join A. The death of the client extinguishes the
private respondents in the suit and claiming attorney-client relationship and divests the
that they are similarly situated with private counsel of his authority to represent the
respondents for they were also prejudiced by client. Accordingly, a dead client has no
the acts of petitioners in closing and personality and cannot be represented by an
excavating the La Paz Road. Moreover, the attorney (Laviña vs. CA, G.R. No. 78295 & 79917,
individuals sought to be represented by April 10, 1989).
private respondents in the suit are so
numerous that it is impracticable to join them Q. Does the counsel of the deceased become
all as parties and be named individually as the counsel of his heirs upon his death?
plaintiffs in the complaint. These individuals
claim to be residents of various barangays in A. No, the counsel will not become the
Biñan, Laguna and other barangays in San counsel of the heirs of the deceased unless
Pedro, Laguna (Juana Complex I Homeowners’ his services are engaged by said heirs (Lawas
Assoc., Inc. et al., vs. Fil-Estate Land, Inc., et al., vs. CA, G.R. No. L-45809,December 12, 1986).
G.R. No. 152272, March 5, 2012).
Substitution by Heirs of the Deceased
3.D.5. Suits Against Entities Without
Juridical Personality The heirs of the deceased may be allowed to be
substituted for the deceased, WITHOUT requiring
Persons associated in an entity without juridical the appointment of an executor or administrator
personality may be sued under the name by and the court may appoint a guardian ad litem
which they are generally or commonly known, for the minor heirs.
but they cannot sue under such name (Rule 3, Sec.
15). The court shall forthwith order said legal
representative or representatives to appear and
Note: Summons to one of them is valid service be substituted within a period of thirty (30) days
of summons to all of them (see discussion on from notice.
Summons).
ACTION THAT ACTION THAT DOES
3.D.6. Effect of Death of a Party Litigant; SURVIVES NOT SURVIVE
Duty of Counsel (Rule 3, Sec. 16) The wrong complained It is one where
of affects primarily property or property
property and property rights are merely
Whenever a party to a pending action dies, and
rights. The injuries to incidental (e.g.,
the claims not thereby extinguished, it shall be the person are merely Annulment of Marriage,
the duty of the counsel to inform the court within incidental. Declaration of Nullity of
thirty (30) days after such death of the fact Marriage). The injury
thereof, and to give the name and address of his complained of is to the
legal representative or representatives. person.
Upon the death of a Upon the death of a
Failure of counsel to comply with this duty shall party, he is succeeded party, the case is
be a ground for disciplinary action. by the estate. Thus, in dismissed.
procedure, a person
never dies; he continues
Note: In Rule 3, Sec. 16, the death of a party is in his estate.
pendente lite. On the other hand, in Rule 39, Sec.
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Purple Notes
Criminal
A favorableRemedial
judgment obtained by the plaintiff JURISDICTION VENUE
shall be enforced in a manner especially A matter of A matter of procedural
provided for prosecuting claims against the substantive law. or adjective law.
estate of a deceased person (See: Rule 86). Conferred by law or May be conferred by the
the Constitution and act or agreement of the
cannot be otherwise parties.
In case the property of the deceased has
agreed upon by the
been attached, the writ of attachment will parties.
NOT be dissolved but will entitle the Cannot be waived; May be waived.
judgment-creditor to preference over other except jurisdiction over
creditors against the estate. the person.
Establishes a relation Establishes a relation
When a party to a pending action dies and the between the court and between the plaintiff
claim is not extinguished, the Rules of Court the subject matter. and the defendant.
require a substitution of the deceased. The Limitation on the Limitation on the court.
plaintiff.
procedure is specifically governed by Sec.16
Deals with substance. Matter of convenience.
of Rule 3.
Courts may motu Courts may not motu
proprio dismiss a case proprio dismiss a case
The Court has nullified not only trial for lack of jurisdiction. on ground of improper
proceedings conducted without the venue.
appearance of the legal representatives of the
deceased, but also the resulting judgments. In Note: The parties may stipulate on the venue as
those instances, the courts acquired no long as the agreement is:
jurisdiction over the persons of the legal
representatives or the heirs upon whom no a) in writing;
judgment was binding. b) made before the filing of the action, and
c) exclusive as to the venue.
3.E. VENUE
3.E.1. Venue of Real Actions (Rule 4, Sec. 1)
It is the place, or the geographical area, in which
a court with jurisdiction may hear and determine The venue of real actions is the place where the
a case, or the place where a case is to be tried. property involved, or a portion of it is situated.
Q. What is the purpose of venue? The rule on venue of real actions covers actions
pertaining to title or possession of real property
A. The rules on venue, like other procedural or interest therein.
rules, are designed to insure a just and
orderly administration of justice or the Venue if it involves property located at
impartial and evenhanded determination of the boundary of 2 places: File a case in
every action and proceeding. Obviously, this either place at the option of the plaintiff.
objective will not be attained if the plaintiff is
given unrestricted freedom to choose where Venue if case involves 2 properties
to file the complaint or petition (Mangila vs. located in 2 different places:
Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 125027, August 12,
2002). If the properties are the object of the
same transaction: file it in any of the 2
Jurisdiction vs. Venue places.
(Riano, Civil Procedure, Vol. I, 2016 ed., p. 147)
If the properties are the subject of 2
JURISDICTION VENUE
distinct transactions: separate actions
The authority to hear The place where the
and determine a case. case is to be instituted;
should be filed in each place unless
deals with locality. properly joined.
50
Residence - the place where the party actually Q. How to determine if the venue stipulation
resides at the time of action. It does not mean is exclusive/restrictive?
permanent home or domicile.
A.1. If the intention of the parties were to
Q. What is the rule on venue if the plaintiff is restrict venue, there must be accompanying
not a resident of the Philippines and the language clearly and categorically expressing
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Purple Notes
Criminal
their Remedial
purpose and design that actions General Rule: Although the venue is technically
between them be litigated only at the place improper, the venue will be deemed proper if the
named by them. (Pacific Consultants vs. defendant does not object.
Schonfeld, G.R. No. 166920, February 19, 2007).
Since venue is not a matter of substantive law
A.2.In view of the predilection to view a but is primarily for the convenience of the
stipulation on venue as merely permissive, parties, it would be up for the defendant to
the parties must, therefore, employ words in question the venue. If he does not raise the issue
the contract that would clearly evince a of venue, the Court has no authority to motu
contrary intention. In Spouses Lantin vs. proprio dismiss a case for improper venue.
Judge Lantion, the Court emphasized that the
mere stipulation on the venue of an action is Exception: In cases covered by Summary
not enough to preclude parties from bringing Procedure, the court may dismiss a case outright
a case in other venues. The parties must be on any of the grounds apparent in the complaint.
able to show that such stipulation This of course includes improper venue. The
is exclusive. In the absence of qualifying or dismissal here need not be preceded by a motion
restrictive words, the stipulation should be to dismiss because it may be done by the court
deemed as merely an agreement on an motu proprio(Sec. 4, 1991 Rules of Summary
additional forum, not as limiting venue to the Procedure).
specified place (Planters Dev’t. Bank vs. Ramos,
G.R. No. 228617, September 20, 2017). Q.What is the effect of restricting the filing of
any suit or action with regards to venue?
Qualifying or Restrictive words
A.In the present case, Spouses Ramos had
a) "only”; validly waived their right to choose the venue
b) "solely"; for any suit or action arising from the
c) "exclusively in this court"; mortgages or promissory notes when they
d) "in no other court save"; agreed to the limit the same to Makati City
e) "particularly"; only and nowhere else. True enough, the
f) "nowhere else but/except —"; and, stipulation on the venue was couched in a
g) words of equal import (Pacific Consultants language showing the intention of the parties
vs. Schonfeld, G.R. No. 166920, February 19, to restrict the filing of any suit or action to
2007). the designated place only (i.e., “exclusively”,
“waiving for this purpose any other venue”).
The court may declare an agreement on It is crystal clear that the intention was not
venue as contrary to public policy if the just to make the said place an additional
stipulation unjustly denies a party a fair forum or venue but the only jurisdiction
opportunity to file suit in the place where any suit or action pertaining to the
designated by the rules. (Sweet Lines Inc. vs. mortgage contracts may be filed. There being
Teves, G.R. No. L-37750, May 19, 1978). no showing that such waiver was invalid or
that the stipulation on venue was against
A third party complaint is ancillary to the public policy, the agreement of the parties
main action. Hence, it must yield to the should be upheld (Planters Dev’t. Bank vs.
jurisdiction and venue of the main action Ramos, G.R. No. 228617, September 20, 2017).
even if said third party complaint is based on
a separate agreement specifying a different
venue. 3.F. PLEADINGS
52
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b) Summary Remedial
of the witnesses' intended Kinds of Defenses that may be contained in
testimonies, provided that the judicial the answer:
affidavits of said witnesses shall be attached
to the pleading and form an integral part 1. Negative Defenses
thereof. a. Negative Pregnant
2. Affirmative Defenses
Only witnesses whose judicial affidavits are
attached to the pleading shall be presented by Negative Defense involves the specific denial
the parties during trial. Except if a party of the material facts alleged in the pleading of
presents meritorious reasons as basis for the the claimant essential to his or her cause/s of
admission of additional witnesses, no other action (Rule 6, Sec. 5[a]).
witness or affidavit shall be heard or admitted
by the court; and Note: General denial will be deemed an
admission of the averments in the complaint.
c) Documentary and object evidence in support
of the allegations contained in the pleading Negative Pregnant is a form of negative
(Rule 7, Sec. 6).(n) expression which carries with it an affirmation or
at least an implication of some kind favorable to
Q.What is the purpose of a complaint? the adverse party (Nelson Valdez vs. Atty. Antolin
Dabon, Jr., A.C. No. 7353,November 16, 2015).
A.The purpose of a complaint is to inform the
defendant clearly and definitely of the claims Q. When is a defense considered negative
made against him so that he may be pregnant?
prepared to meet the issues at the trial
(Tantuico, Jr. vs. Republic, G. R. No. 89114, A. It is considered a negative pregnant
December 2, 1991). when it contains a denial pregnant with an
admission of the substantial facts alleged in
Ultimate Facts - The essential facts constituting the pleading. Where a fact is alleged with
the plaintiff’s cause of action. qualifying or modifying language and the
words of the allegation as so qualified or
Q.When is a fact essential? modified are literally denied, it has been
held that the qualifying circumstances alone
A.A fact is essential if it canot be stricken out are denied while the fact itself is admitted
without leaving the statement of the cause of (Republic of the Philippines vs. Sandiganbayan,
G.R. No. 152154, July 15, 2003).
action insufficient (Tantuico, Jr. vs. Republic, G.
R. No. 89114, December 2, 1991). Q. How is a an allegation considered a
negative pregnant?
Evidentiary Facts - Those facts which are
necessary for determination of the ultimate facts A.Where a fact is alleged with qualifying or
(Salita vs. Magtolis, G. R. No. 106429, June 13, 1994). modifying language and the words of the
allegation as so qualified or modified are
Test of Sufficiency of the Facts (alleged in literally denied, it has been held that the
the complaint): If upon admission or proof of the qualifying circumstance alone is denied while
facts being alleged, a judgment may properly be the fact itself is admitted. It is clear from
given. Atty. Gabon’s Comment that his denial only
pertained as to the existence of a forced
3.F.1b. Answer (Rule 6, Sec. 4 and 5) illicit relationship. Without a categorical
An answer is a pleading in which a defending denial thereof, he is deemed to have
party sets forth his or her defenses. Defenses admitted his consensual affair. (Nelson Valdez
may be negative or affirmative vs. Atty. Antolin Dabon, Jr., A.C. No. 7353,
November 16, 2015)
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Remedialcannot be the subject
A compulsory counterclaim
of a separate action but it should instead be Q. When is counterclaim considered
asserted in the same suit involving the same compulsory?
transaction or occurrence, which gave rise to it.
A.When Mercado sought to annul the
It is elementary that a defending party’s continuing hold-out agreement and deed of
compulsory counterclaim should be interposed at assignment (which he executed as security
the time he files his Answer, and that failure to for his credit purchases), he in effect sought
do so shall effectively bar such claim (Metropolitan to be freed from them. While he admitted
Bank and Trust Company vs. CPR Promotions and having outstanding obligations, he
Marketing, Inc., G.R. No. 200567, June 22, 2015). nevertheless asserted that those were not
covered by the assailed accessory contracts.
Test to determine whether a counterclaim For its part, aside from invoking the validity
is compulsory or not: of the said agreements, SMC therefore
sought to collect the payment for the value
1) Are the issues of fact or law raised by the of the goods Mercado purchased on credit.
claim and the counterclaim largely the Thus, Mercado’s complaint and SMC’s
same?; counterclaim both touched the issues of
2) Would res judicata bar a subsequent suit on whether the continuing hold-out agreement
defendant’s claim absent the compulsory and deed of assignment were valid and
counterclaim rule?; whether Mercado had outstanding liabilities
3) Will substantially the same evidence support to SMC. The same evidence would essentially
or refute plaintiff’s claim as well as the support or refute Mercado’s claim and SMC’s
defendant’s counterclaim?; and, counterclaim. Based on the foregoing, had
4) Is there any logical relation between the these issues been tried separately, the efforts
claim and the counterclaim? (Arturo C. Alba, Jr. of the RTC and the parties would have had to
vs. RaymundMalapajao, G.R. No. 198752, January be duplicated. Clearly, SMC’s counterclaim,
13. 2016) being logically related to Mercado’s claim,
was compulsory in nature (Mercado vs. CA,
Note: Affirmative answers to the above queries G.R. No. 169576, October 17, 2008).
indicate the existence of a compulsory
counterclaim (Financial Building vs. Forbes Park, Doctrine of Ancillary Jurisdiction
G.R. No. 133119, August 17, 2000).
Under this doctrine, the federal district court
Q. When is counterclaim considered acquires jurisdiction of case or controversy as an
permissive? entirety and may, as incident to disposition of
matter properly before it, possess jurisdiction to
A.The Court ruled that Alday’s counterclaim decide other matters raised by case, though
for commissions, bonuses and accumulated district court could not have taken cognizance of
premium reserves is merely permissive. The them if they had been independently
evidence required to provedAlday’s claims presented(Black's Law Dictionary 79 [5th ed., 1979]).
differs from that needed to establish FGU’s
demands for recovery of cash accountabilities Applying to counterclaim, the counterclaim may
from Alday, such as cash advances and costs be considered compulsory regardless of the
of premiums. The recovery of FGU’s claims is amount, in an original action in the Regional Trial
not contingent or dependent upon Court. (Rule 6, Sec. 7)
establishing Alday’s counterclaim, such that
conducting separate trials will not result in Motion to Dismiss and Compulsory
the substantial duplication of the time and Counterclaim
effort of the court and the parties (Alday vs.
FGU Insurance Corp., G.R. No. 138822, January
23, 2001).
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Purple Notes
Criminal
the Remedial
complaint, and does not include the original action or of a counterclaim therein. It
dismissal of the counterclaim, compulsory or may cover all or part of the original claim. (Rule 6,
permissive. Sec. 8)
When the plaintiff files a motion to It is asserted by a defending party against a co-
dismiss on his complaint under Rule defending party so that the latter may be held
17, Sec. 2 after the defedendant has liable for the claim which the claimant seeks to
pleaded his answer with a recover from the cross-claimant.
counterclaim. If a counterclaim has
already been pleaded by the defendant prior A cross-claim must be set up by a defending
to the service upon him of the plaintiff’s party at the time he files his answer.
motion to dismiss, and the court grants the
said motion to dismiss, the dismissal shall be General Rule: Cross-claim is barred if not set up
limited to the complaint. The dismissal shall in the action. (Rule 9, Sec. 2)
be without prejudice to the right of the
defendant to prosecute his or her Exceptions:
counterclaim in a separate action unless
within fifteen (15) calendar days from notice 1. When it is outside the jurisdiction of the court;
of the motion he or she manifests his or her 2. When the court cannot acquire jurisdiction
preference to have his or her counterclaim over third parties whose presence is necessary
resolved in the same action (Rule 17, Sec. 2). for the adjudication of the cross-
claim(Regalado. Vol. 1. 8th ed. p. 147);
When the Dismissal is due to plaintiff’s 3. When the cross-claim either matures or is
fault under Rule 17, Sec. 3 and at a acquired by a party after servinghis or her
time when a counterclaim has already pleading, it may still be setup, with leave of
been set up. The dismissal shall be without court, by supplemental pleadings before
prejudice to the right of the defendant to judgment (Rule 11, Sec. 9); or
prosecute his or her counterclaim in the 4. If through oversight, inadvertence, or
same or in a separate action. (Rule 17, Sec. excusable neglect, it is not asserted, it may
3). still be set up, with leave of court, by
amendment of the pleadingsbefore judgment
Q. Does the dismissal of a complaint follow (Rule 11, Sec. 10).
dismissal of counterclaim?
Note: The cross-claim that shall be barred if not
A.No.A dismissal of an action is different asserted is the cross-claim already existing at the
from a mere dismissal of the complaint. For time the answer is filed, not the cross-claim that
this reason, since only the complaint and not may mature or may be acquired after service of
the action is dismissed, the defendant in the answer. As to the latter, Rule 10, Sec.
spite of said dismissal may still prosecute his 6declares that it may, by leave of court, be set
counterclaim in the same action In Pinga, up by way of a supplemental pleading.
the Court clearly stated that the dismissal of
the complaint does not necessarily result to The dismissal of a complaint carries with it the
the dismissal of the counterclaim (Lim Teck dismissal of a cross-claim which is purely
Chuan vs. LeopoldaCecilio, G.R. No. 155701, defensive but not a cross-claim seeking an
March 11, 2015). affirmative relief.
Cross-claim is any claim by one party against a When a pleader fails to set up a counterclaim or
co-party arising out of the transaction or a cross-claim through oversight, inadvertence, or
occurrence that is the subject matter either of excusable neglect, or when justice requires, he or
58
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Purple Notes
Criminal
found to Remedial
exist, whether thebasis be one of Motion to file third-party complaint
indemnity, subrogation, contribution or other dismissed. We note that in its third-party
substantive right(Asian Construction and complaint, the petitioner alleged that Becthel
Development Corporation vs. CA, G.R. No. 160242, should be ordered to pay the balance of its
May 17, 2005). account, so that petitioner could pay the
same to the respondent. However, contrary
to its earlier plea for the admission of its
Propriety of impleading third-party third-party complaint against Becthel, the
defendant petitioner also sought the dismissal of the
respondent’s complaint. The amount that
The bringing of a third-party defendant is proper petitioner seeks to collect from Becthel
if he would be liable to the plaintiff or to the would NOT be remitted to the respondent
defendant, or both, for all or part of the plaintiff’s after all (Asian Construction and Development
claim against the original defendant, although the Corporation vs. CA, G.R. No. 160242, May 17,
third-party defendant’s liability arises out of 2005).
another transaction.
It goes without saying that the denial of the
The defendant may implead another as third- petitioner’s motion with leave to file a third-
party defendant party complaint against Becthel is without
prejudice to its right to file a separate
a) on an allegation of liability of the third-party complaint against the latter (Asian
Construction and Development Corporation vs.
defendant to the defendant for contribution,
CA, G.R. No. 160242, May 17, 2005).
indemnity, subrogation or any other relief;
b) on the ground of direct liability of the third-
Distinction between Third-Party Complaint
party defendant to the plaintiff or to both the
and Cross-Claim
plaintiff and the defendant; and,
c) there is a causal connection between the THIRD-PARTY
claim of the plaintiff in his complaint and a CROSS-CLAIM
COMPLAINT
claim for contribution, indemnity or other Against a person Against a co-party. (Rule
relief of the defendant against the third-party not a party to the 6, Sec. 8)
defendant. (Asian Construction and Development actioaction. n(Rule 6,
Corporation vs. CA, G.R. No. 160242, May 17, Sec. 11)
2005). Third party is not Cross defendant is a co-
yet impleaded. party, thus, already
Q. What is the requirement for a third-party impleaded.
complaint relative to recovery? Must be pertaining Must arise out of the
to the opponent’s transaction that is the
A. The third-party complaint does not have (plaintiff’s) claim. subject matter of the
to show with certainty that there will be original action or of the
recovery against the third-party defendant, counterclaim therein.
and it is sufficient that pleadings show (Rule 6, Section 8).
possibility of recovery. In determining the
sufficiency of the third-party complaint, the Distinction between Third-Party Complaint
allegations in the original complaint and the and Complaints-in-Intervention
third-party complaint must be examined. A
THIRD-PARTY COMPLAINT-IN-
third-party complaint must allege facts which
COMPLAINT INTERVENTION
prima facie show that the defendant is
Brings into the Same
entitled to contribution, indemnity, action a third
subrogation or other relief from the third- person not
party defendant (Asian Construction and originally a
Development Corporation vs. CA, G.R. No. party(Rule 6, Sec. 11
160242, May 17, 2005). Initiative is with Initiative is with a non-
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Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial 2. that to the best of his or her knowledge,
3.F.3. PARTS AND CONTENTS OF A information, and belief, formed after an
PLEADING inquiry reasonable under the circumstances:
a) It is not being presented for any improper
1. Caption purpose, such as to harass, cause
2. The Body unnecessary delay, or needlessly increase
a) Paragraphs the cost of litigation;
b) Headings b) The claims, defenses, and other legal
c) Relief contentions are warranted by existing law
d) Date or jurisprudence, or by a non-frivolous
3. Signature and address argument for extending, modifying, or
4. Verification reversing existing jurisprudence;
5. Certification against forum shopping c) The factual contentions have evidentiary
support or, if specifically so identified, will
likely have evidentiary support after
3.F.3a. Caption (Rule 7, Sec. 1) availment of the modes of discovery under
these rules; and
The caption sets forth the following: d) The denials of factual contentions are
warranted on the evidence or, if
1) Name of the court; specifically so identified, are reasonably
2) Title of the action; and, based on belief or a lack of
3) The docket number, if assigned. information[Rule 7, Sec. 3 (b)] (n)
Every pleading and other written submissions to Exception: When exceptional circumstances are
the court must be signed by the party or by the present.
counsel representing him or her. [Rule 7, Sec. 3
(a)] The sanction may include, but shall not be
limited to: (NPR)
Signature of Counsel constitutes a ceftificate
by him or her that she has: a) Non-monetary directive or sanction;
b) an order to pay a Penalty in court; or
1. Read the pleading and document; and c) if imposed on motion and warranted for
effective deterrence, an order directing
62
The lawyer or lawfirm CANNOT pass on It subjects the counsel to appropriate penalty
themonetary penalty to the client [Rule 7, Sec.3 and disciplinary action(OCA CIRCULAR NO. 79-
(c)].(n) 2014).
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Criminal
Remedial
basis for verification and, needless to state, 15) Pleadings Allowed in Forcible Entry and
the concurrence of both sources is more Unlawful Detainer Proceedings (Rule 70, Sec.
than sufficient. Bearing both a disjunctive 4);
and conjunctive sense, this parallel legal 16) Petition for Indirect Contempt (Rule 71, Sec.
signification avoids a construction that will 4);
exclude the combination of the alternatives 17) Answer contesting the genuineness of an
or bar the efficacy of any one of the actionable document;
alternatives standing alone (Hun Hyung Park 18) Pleadings filed in civil cases under the 1991
vs. Eung Won Choi, G.R. No. 165496, February Revised Rules on Summary Procedure (Sec.
12, 2007). 3); and
19) Statement of Claim (Form 1-SCC) under The
General Rule: Pleadings need not be under Revised Rules of Procedure for Small Claims
oath, verified or accompanied by an affidavit. Cases(Sec. 6);
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Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
other than by appeal or the special civil action of with the same prayer, the previous case not
certiorari, or the institution of two or more having been resolved yet
actions or proceedings grounded on the same
cause or supposition that one or the other court through res judicata — filing multiple cases
would make a favorable disposition. Forum based on the same cause of action and the
shopping happens when, in the two or more same prayer, the previous case having been
pending cases, there is identity of parties, finally resolved
identity of rights or causes of action, and identity splitting of causes of action — filing
of reliefs sought (Alma Jose vs. Javellana, G.R. No. multiple cases based on the same cause of
158239, January 25, 2012).
action but with different prayers (Sps. Plaza
vs. Lustiva, G.R. No. 172909, March 5, 2014).
Test in determining the existence of forum Litis pendentia is a situation wherein another
shopping action is pending between same parties for the
same cause of action and the second action
Where the elements of litis pendentia are becomes unnecessary and vexatious (Acap vs.
present, and where a final judgment in one case Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 118114, December 7,
will amount to res judicata in the other, there is 1995).
forum shopping.
Lis pendens, which literally means “pending
Elements of Litis Pendentia suit”, refers to the jurisdiction, power or control
which a court acquires over property involved in
a) Identity of the parties or at least such as to a suit, pending the continuance of the action, and
represent the same interests in both actions; until final judgment.
b) Identity of rights asserted and relief prayed
for, the relief being founded on the same Founded upon public policy and necessity, lis
acts; and, pendens is intended to keep the properties in
c) Identity of the first two elements, such that litigation within the power of the court until the
any judgment rendered in one action will, litigation is terminated, and to prevent the defeat
regardless of which party is successful, of the judgment or decree by subsequent
amount to res judicata in the other(Grace Park alienation. Its notice is an announcement to the
Int’l Corp. vs. Eastwest Banking Corp., G.R. No. whole world that a particular property is in
210606,July 27, 2016). litigation and serves as a warning that one who
acquires an interest over said property does so at
5. Q. Is there forum shopping where there are his own risk or that he gambles on the result of
distinct cause of action? the litigation over said property.
A. No. For forum shopping to exist, both The filing of a notice of lis pendens has a two-
actions must involve the same transaction, fold effect:
same essential facts and circumstances and
must raise identical causes of action, subject 1. it keeps the subject matter of the litigation
matter and issues. Clearly, it does not exist within the power of the court until the entry
where different orders were questioned, two of the final judgment to prevent the defeat of
distinct causes of action and issues were the final judgment by successive alienations;
raised, and two objectives were sought. and,
(Alma Jose vs. Javellana, G.R. No. 158239,
January 25, 2012) 2. it binds a purchaser, bona fide or not, of the
land subject of the litigation to the judgment
Three ways to commit forum shopping:
or decree that the court will promulgate
subsequently (Biglang-awa vs. Philippine Trust
through litis pendentia — filing multiple
Company, G.R. No. 158998, March 28, 2008).
cases based on the same cause of action and
66
Bar Operations 67
Commissions 67
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
Non-compliance with the requirements for Tomas University Hospital vs. Surla, G.R. No.
Certification against Forum Shopping (Rule 129718, August 17, 1998);
7, Sec.5) 5. All plaintiffs must sign the certification of non
forum shopping (Loquias vs. Office of the
Ground Effect Ombudsman, G.R. No. 139396, August 15, 2000).
Failure to comply with Not curable by mere
the requirements amendment. Note: Every petition filed with the Supreme
under Rule 7, Sec. 5. Court or the CA must be accompanied by a
Gen. Rule: Cause for certificate of non-forum shopping.
the dismissal of the
case without
prejudice
Administrative Circular No. 28-91, dated
February 8, 1994, issued by the Supreme
Exception: When Court, requires that every petition filed with
otherwise provided, the Supreme Court or the CA must be
upon motion and accompanied by a certificate of non-forum
after hearing. shopping. Later, Administrative Circular No.
Submission of false Indirect contempt of 04-94 was issued and made effective on
certification or non court, without April 1, 1994. It expanded the certification
compliance with any prejudice to the
requirement to include cases filed in court
of the undertakings corresponding
under Rule 7, Sec. 5. administrative and
and in quasi-judicial agencies. The Court
criminal actions. adopted paragraphs (1) and (2) of
Acts of the party or Summary Administrative Circular No. 04-94 to become
his counsel clearly dismissal with Section 5, Rule 7 of the 1997 Rules of Civil
constitute willful and prejudice Procedure. Significantly, to curb the
deliberate forum Direct contempt malpractice of forum shopping, the rule
shopping. Administrative ordains that a violation thereof would
sanctions. constitute contempt of court and be a cause
for the summary dismissal of the petition,
Note: The rule does not apply to cases that without prejudice to the taking of
arise from an initiatory or original action which appropriate action against the counsel of the
has been elevated by way of appeal or certiorari party concerned (Mandaue Galleon Trade, Inc.
to higher or appellate courts or authorities. This vs. Isidto, G.R. No. 181051, July 5, 2010).
is so not only because the issues in the appellate
courts necessarily differ from those in the lower Q. Does the rule on certificate against forum
court, but also because the appealed cases are a shopping also apply in criminal cases?
continuation of the original case and treated as
only one case(Eulogio vs. Bell Sr., G.R. No. 186322, A. No. Certificate of non-forum shopping is
July 8, 2015). not required or necessary in criminal cases
and distinct causes of action. The absence of
Guidelines: a provision on non-forum shopping in the
Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure, unlike in
1. The certificate is to be executed by petitioner the Rules on Civil Procedure, suggests as
and not by counsel; much(Gilbert Guy vs. Asia United Bank, G.R. No.
2. The certificate is required only for complaints 174874, 4 Oct. 2007).
and initiatory pleadings(Korea Technologies Co.
Ltd. vs. Lerma, G.R. No. 143581, January 7, 2008); Q. Does the rule on certificate against forum
3. The certification is mandatory under Sec. 5 of shopping apply to labor cases?
Rule 7 but not jurisdictional (Robert Dev’t Corp.
vs. Quitain, G.R. No. 135042, September 23, A.No.Under the omnibus rules implementing
1999); the Labor Code as amended by D.O. No. 9,
4. Certificate of non-forum shopping is not labor cases are supposed to be filed in the
required in a compulsory counterclaim (Santo Regional Office which has jurisdiction over
68
Q. Who are the signatory/ies to the 1) A distinction must be made between non-
verification and Certification against forum compliance with the requirement on or
shopping? submission of defective verification, and non-
compliance with the requirement on or
A.The requirement that petitioner should sign submission of defective certification against
the certificate of non-forum shopping applies forum shopping.
even to corporations, the Rules of Court
Bar Operations 69
Commissions 69
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
2) As to verification, non-compliance therewith or Definition This is an This is an
a defect therein does not necessarily render the allegation allegation that a
pleading fatally defective. The Court may order that the party has not
its submission or correction or act on the affiant has filed a similar
read the case before any
pleading if the attending circumstances are such
pleading and other court,
that strict compliance with the Rule may be that the tribunal, body
dispensed with in order that the ends of justice allegations or agency.
may be served thereby. therein are
true and
3) Verification is deemed substantially complied correct of his
with when one who has ample knowledge to personal
swear to the truth of the allegations in the knowledge
or based on
complaint or petition signs the verification, and
authentic
when matters alleged in the petition have been records.
made in good faith or are true and correct. Objectives To secure To give
the assurance to
4) As to certification against forum shopping, assurance the court or
non-compliance therewith or a defect therein, that the other tribunal
unlike in verification, is generally not curable by matters that there are
its subsequent submission or correction thereof, alleged in a no other
unless there is a need to relax the Rule on the pleading are pending cases
true and involving
ground of "substantial compliance" or presence
correct. basically the
of "special circumstances or compelling reasons." same parties,
issues and
5) The certification against forum shopping must causes of
be signed by all the plaintiffs or petitioners in a action.
case; otherwise, those who did not sign will be Who The party The party
dropped as parties to the case. Under reasonable should sign himself. himself.
or justifiable circumstances, however, as when all Reason: The Reason: The
the plaintiffs or petitioners share a common counsel has counsel has no
no personal personal
interest and invoke a common cause of action or
knowledge knowledge of
defense, the signature of only one of them in the
of the the substantive
certification against forum shopping substantially substantive allegations.
complies with the Rule. allegations.
What is the Not Not
6) Finally, the certification against forum effect of its jurisdictional jurisdictional;
shopping must be executed by the party-pleader, absence ; the lack of the lack of it
not by his counsel. If, however, for reasonable or it will not will not divest
justifiable reasons, the party-pleader is unable to divest the the court of
sign, he must execute a Special Power of court of jurisdiction.
jurisdiction. It cannot be
Attorney designating his counsel of record to sign
However, it corrected by
on his behalf (Vda. De Formoso vs. Philippine can be amendments.
National Bank, G.R. No. 154704, June 1, 2011). corrected by CAFS is more
amendments important than
. Verification.
Verification vs. Certification against Forum
Shopping 3.F.3e. Contents of a pleading
Bar Operations 71
Commissions 71
Purple Notes
Criminal
1. GovernmentRemedial
is a party; Facts that must be averred with
2. A corporation is a party; particularity: (CALF)
3. In cases of warrantless arrest;
4. In the availment of provisional remedies; and, 1. Capacity to sue or be sued;
5. If the parties are not residents of the same
city or municipality UNLESS the barangays 2. Authority to sue or be sued in a
where they live are adjacent to each representative capacity;
other(Abagatnan vs. Sps. Clarito, GR No. 211966,
August 7, 2017). Note: A party desiring to raise an issue as to
the legal existence or capacity of any party to
Fraud, mistake, or condition of the mind sue or be sued in a representative capacity
shall do so by specific denial which shall
In all averments of fraud or mistake, the include supporting particulars within the
circumstances constituting fraud or mistake must pleader’s knowledge.
be stated with particularity.
3. Legal existence of an organized association of
Malice, intent, knowledge, or other condition of person that is made a party;
the mind of a person may be averred
generally(Rule 8, Sec. 5). Note:If the plaintiff is a foreign corporation,
the following must be averred:
Facts that may be averred generally:
a) The specific circumstance that it is duly
1. Conditions precedent(Rule 8, Sec. 3); licensed to do business in the Philippines;
2. or
Note: There must still be an allegation that b) That the transaction is an isolated one, if it
the specific condition precedent has been is not licensed to do business in the
complied with; otherwise, the case will be Philippines(Olympia Business Machines Co. vs.
dismissed for lack of cause of action. E. Razon, Inc., G.R. No. 75631, October 28,
1987).
Note: It is sufficient to aver that the In the same manner that the plaintiff may assert
document was issued or the act was done in two or more causes of action in a court suit, a
compliance with law. defendant is likewise expressly allowed, under
Section 2, Rule 8, of the Rules of Court, to put up
his own defenses alternatively or even
72
Actionable documents are pleaded by alleging the Q. What does genuiness and due execution
substance of such written instrument in the mean?
pleading and attaching a copy thereof to the
pleading as an exhibit (Rule 8, Sec. 7). A. When the law makes use of the phrase
‘genuineness and due execution of the
How to contest an actionable document: instrument’ it means nothing more than that
the instrument is not spurious, counterfeit, or
1) By specific denial under oath; AND of different import on its face from the one
2) By setting forth what is claimed to be the executed. It is equally true, however, that
facts (Rule 8, Sec. 8). execution can only refer to the actual making
and delivery, but it cannot involve other
General Rule: When an actionable document is matters without enlarging its meaning
properly alleged, failure to specifically deny the beyond reason. The only object of the rule
same under oath (verification) shall result to the was to enable a plaintiff to make out a prima
implied admission of the genuineness and due facie, not a conclusive case, and it cannot
execution of the document. preclude a defendant from introducing any
defense on the merits which does not
Exceptions: contradict the execution of the instrument
introduced in evidence (Benguet Exploration vs.
a) When the adverse party is not a party to the CA, G.R. No. 117434, February 9, 2001).
instrument; or Q. What does “admission of the due
b) When the order for the inspection of the execution and genuineness of a document
document is refused (Rule 8, Sec. 8). mean?
Note: In the above exceptions, SPECIFIC A. It simply means that “the party whose
DENIAL is STILL REQUIRED but it need NOT be signature it bears admits that he signed it or
under oath. Otherwise, the general rule applies that it was signed by another for him with his
that matters which were not specifically denied authority, that at the time it was signed it
are deemed admitted. was in words and figures exactly as set out in
the pleading of the party relying on it, that
the document was delivered, and that any
Bar Operations 73
Commissions 73
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
formal requisites required by law, such as a A.Failure to specifically deny under oath the
seal, an acknowledgment, or revenue stamp, genuineness and due execution of an
which it lacks, are waived by him (Benguet actionable document generally implies an
Exploration Inc. vs. CA, G.R. No. 117434, February admission of the same by the other party.
9, 2001). However, such implied admission is deemed
waived if the party asserting the same has
Note: Failure to deny the genuineness and due
allowed the adverse party to present
execution of the document does not amount to a
evidence contrary to the contents of such
waiver. It does not stop a party from
document without objection (Central Surety
controverting such by evidence of:
vs. Hodges, G.R. No. L-28633, March 30, 1971).
a) Fraud
3.F.4c. Specific Denials
b) Mistake
c) Duress
How made:
d) Want/illegality of consideration
e) Compromise
1. Specify each material allegation of fact the
f) Payment
truth of which a party does not admit, and
g) Statute of limitations
whenever practicable, set forth the substance
h) Estoppel
of the matters upon which he relies to support
i) Minority or imbecility
his denial (Specific Absolute Denial);
Q. When is the requirement of an oath on
2. Specify so much of the averment as is true
specific denial of actionable document not
and material, and deny the remainder
necessary?
(Partial Specific Denial); or,
A. The requirement of oath does not apply
3. State defendant’s lack of knowledge or
when (1) the adverse party does not appear
information sufficient to form a belief as to
to be a party to the instrument or (2) when
the truth of a material averment made in the
compliance with an order for an inspection of
complaint (Specific Denial by Disavowal
the proginal instrument is refused (Rule 8, Sec.
of Knowledge)(Rule 8, Sec. 10).
8; Fernando Medical Enterprises, Inc. vs. Wesleyan
University,781 SCRA 508, January 20, 2016).
Note: This does not apply where the fact as to
Defenses waived by admission which want of knowledge is asserted is, to the
knowledge of the court, so plain and necessarily
1) Forgery of signature; within the defendant’s knowledge that his
2) The party charged signed the instrument in averment of ignorance must be palpably untrue.
some other capacity;
3) Want of authority of an agent; Q. What are considered sham denials?
4) Corporation was not authorized under the
charter to sign the instrument; A. It is settled that denials based on lack of
5) Want of delivery; or, knowledge or information or matters clearly
6) The document as signed was not in words known to the pleader, or ought to be known
and figures exactly set out in the to it, or could have easily been known by it
pleading(Go vs. BPI Savings Bank, GR No. are insufficient and constitute ineffective or
187487, June 29, 2015). sham denials (Fernando Medical Enterprises,
Inc. vs. Wesleyan University, G.R. No. 207970,
January 20, 2016).
Q. What is the effect of failure to specifically
deny under oath the genuineness and due
Q. Does the use of word “specifically” make
execution of an actionable document? How
the denial a specific one?
may it be waived?
74
Bar Operations 75
Commissions 75
Purple Notes
Criminal
General Remedial
Rule: It shall constitute a waiver h. Any Other matter by way of confession and
thereof. avoidance;
i. Former recovery; and
Exception: The following may be raised at any j. Fraud.
part of the proceeding, subject only to the rules
on estoppel and laches: Q. When is such summary judgment proper?
1. Lack of Jurisdiction over the subject matter;
2. Litis pendentia; A. This is after the court summarily hears
3. Res judicata; and both parties with their respective proofs and
4. Statute of limitations (Rule 9, Sec. 1). finds that there is no genuine issue between
them. Summary judgment is proper when
there is clearly no genuine issue as to any
Remedies available against denial of material fact in the action. The theory of
affirmative defenses summary judgment is that, although an
answer may on its face appear to tender
If affirmative defenses are denied they shall issues requiring trial, if it is demonstrated by
notbe subject for a motion for reconsideration or affidavits, depositions or admissions that
petition for certiorari, prohibition or mandamus, those issues are not genuine but sham or
but may beamong the matters to be raised on fictitious.
appeal after a judgment on the merits (Rule 8,
Section 12).(n) A genuine issue is an issue of fact which
calls for the presentation of evidence as
Resolution of Affirmative Defenses distinguished from an issue which is fictitious
and contrived, set up in bad faith or patently
General Rule: The court shallmotu lacking in substance so as not to constitute a
proprioresolve the affirmative defenses within genuine issue for trial (Republic vs.
Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 152154, July 15, 2003).
thirty (30) calendar days from the filing of the
answer [Rule 8, Sec. 12(c)].(n)
3.F.5. Effect of Failure to Plead
Exception: For affirmative defenses in Section 5
Default may occur when the defending party fails
(b) of Rule 6, the court may conduct a summary
to file his answer within the reglementary period.
hearing within fifteen (15) calendar days from
It does not occur from the mere failure of the
the filing of the answer. Such affirmative
defendant to attend the trial. The court cannot
defenses shall be resolved by the court within
motu proprio declare the defendant in default.
thirty (30) days from termination of summary
There must be a requisite motion so that the
hearing[Rule 8,Sec. 12 (d)].(n)
defending party can be declared in default.
Affirmative defenses which may call for a
A declaration of default is not an admission of the
summary hearing
truth or validity of the plaintiff’s claim (Vlason
Enterprises Corp. vs. CA, G.R. No. 121662-64, July 06,
Those set forth under Rule 6, Sec. 5(b): 1999).
(SPIDERS-OFF)
3.F.5a. Failure to Plead Defenses and
a. Statute of limitations; Objections
b. Payment;
c. Illegality; General Rule: Defenses and objections not
d. Discharge in bankruptcy; pleaded either in a motion to dismiss or in the
e. Estoppel; answer are deemed waived.(Omnibus Motion
f. Release; Rule)
g. Statute of frauds;
76
Bar Operations 77
Commissions 77
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial evidence in 2. The defending party failed to answer within
chief on the time allowed therefor;
the
complaint; 3. There must be a motion to declare the
b. to
defending party in default filed by the claiming
prosecute
his action party;
for an
unreasonab 4. The defending party must be notified of the
le length of motion to declare him in default;
time; or
c. to comply Note:All litigious motions shall be servedby
with these personal service, accreditedprivate courier or
Rules or
registeredmail, or electronic means so asto
any order
of the court
ensure their receipt by theother party [Rule 15,
(Rule 17, Sec. 5(b)].(n)
Sec. 3).
(Katon vs. Palanca, Jr., G.R. No. 151149, September 7, 5. There must be proof of the failure to file the
2004.) answer (Sablas vs. Sablas, G. R. No. 144568, July
3, 2007); and,
3.F.5b. Failure to Plead a Compulsory
Counterclaim and Cross-claim Note: Pursuant to the 2019 amendments,
hearing on a motion to declare defendant in
General Rule: A compulsory counterclaim or a default is just discretionary. The court may,
cross-claim not set up shall be barred (Rule 9, Sec. in the exercise of its discretion, and if deemed
2). necessary for its resolution, call a hearing on
the motion(Rule 15, Sec. 6).(n)
Exception: The pleader may, by leave of court,
set up the counterclaim or cross-claim by
amendement before judgment when the failure Q. Can the court motu proprio declare a
to set up such claim is through party in default?
a) Oversight;
b) Inadvertence; A. No.The trial court cannot motu proprio
c) Excusable neglect; or declare a defendant in default as the rules
d) When justice requires (Rule 11, Sec. 10). leave it up to the claiming party to protect
his or its interests. The trial court should
3.F.6 Declaration of Default not, under any circumstances, act as counsel
of the claiming party (Sablas vs. Sablas, G. R.
It is a procedural concept that occurs when the No. 144568, July 3, 2007).
defending partyfails to file his answer within the
reglementary period. It does not occur from the Note: If an amended complaint is filed
failure of the defendant to attend either the pre- resulting in the withdrawal of the original
trial or the trial(Rule 9, Sec.3). complaint, and defendant was declared in
default for failing to answer the original
3.F.6a. When a declaration of default is complaint, the defendant is entitled to
proper answer the amended complaint as to which
he was not in default.
1. The court has validly acquired jurisdiction over
the person of the defending party either by Order of default
service of summons or voluntary appearance;
Issued by the court on plaintiff’s motion and
at the start of the proceedings, for failure of
78
Bar Operations 79
Commissions 79
Purple Notes
Criminal
That the Remedial
party declared in default has a evidence (Continental Leaf Tobacco (Phil.) Inc. vs.
meritorious defense. CA, G.R. No. L-69243, November 22, 1985).
Remedies of a party against an order of f) Petition for Relief from Judgment or Petition
default for Relief from Denial of Appeal (Rule 38, Sec. 1
and 2);
a) A party declared in default may at any time g)
after notice thereof and before judgment, file h) If petition for relief is denied, file a Petition for
a motion under oath to set aside the order of Annulment of Judgment (Rule 47).
default upon proper showing that his or her
failure to answer was due to fraud, accident, Notes:
mistake or excusable negligence and that he
or she has a meritorious defense [Rule 9, Sec. Meritorious defense is a statement of the
3(b)]; evidence which defendant intends to present
b) if the motion is granted and which will
c) A motion for reconsideration of the order warrant a reasonable belief that the result
denying the motion to set aside order of would probably be different if new trial is
default; granted(Velayo-Fong vs. Sps. Velayo, G.R. No.
d) 155488, December 6, 2006).
e) A petition for certiorari to declare the nullity of Where the defendant was improperly
a judgment by default is also available if the declared in default and the order is not lifted,
trial court improperly declared a party in he can elevate the matter by certiorari
default, or even if the trial court properly without waiting for the judgment by default.
declared a party in default, if grave abuse of If a default judgment was already rendered,
discretion attended such declaration(Crisologo he can also resort immediately to certiorari
vs. Globe Telecom Inc., G.R. No. 167631, because his challenge is on the nullity of both
December 16, 2005). the order and the judgment by default.
An order of default and an order denying a
Note: If motion for reconsideration is denied, motion for reconsideration of the default
there is no remedy left because such order is order are NOT appealable as they are merely
interlocutory, UNLESS there is grave abuse of interlocutory orders.
discretion in which case the remedy is a Petition An order denying a petition for relief, seeking
for Certiorari(Rule 65). to set aside an order of default is final and
therefore, appealable.
Remedies of a party against a judgment by
default Q. Is the plaintiff still required to prove his
allegations despite order of default againt
a) Motion for Reconsideration; defending party?
b)
c) Motion for New Trial; A. Yes.The plaintiff is not automatically
d) entitled to the relief prayed for. The law gives
e) If the motion is denied, appeal the judgment; the defendant some measure of protection as
the plaintiff must still prove the allegations in
Note: The more appropriate and adequate the complaint (Saguid vs. Court of Appeals, G.R.
No. 150611, June 10, 2003).
remedy is not ordinary appeal but the special
civil action of certiorari when the petitioners
were not given the opportunity to present
their evidence, and, therefore, nothing can be
reviewed on appeal except the self-serving
evidence adduced by the private respondent
during the ex partepresentation of the Appeal from Judgment by default
80
1. the amount of the judgment is excessive; 3.F.6e. Extent of relief that may be granted
2. is different in kind from that prayed for; or to claimant
3. that the plaintiff failed to prove the material
allegations of his complaint, or that the Where the defendant is declared in default and
decision is contrary to law. subsequently judgment is rendered against him,
such judgment shall not exceed the amount or be
Despite being burdened by the circumstances of different in kind from that prayed for nor award
default, the petitioners may still use all other unliquidated damages.
remedies available to question not only the
judgment of default but also the judgment on 3.F.6f. Actions where default are not
appeal before this Court. Those remedies allowed
necessarily include an appeal by certiorari under
Rule 45 of the Rules of Court.(Farida Bitte vs. Sps. In the following cases, no default may be
Fred and Rosa Jonas, G.R. No. 212256, December 9, declared:(LANS3)
2015)
a) Legal separation;
Order of Default vs. Judgment by Default b) Annulment of marriage;
c) Declaration of Nullity of marriage;
Order of Default Judgment by Default d) Special civil actions of certiorari, prohibition,
Issued by the court, Rendered by the and mandamus (instead, comment is filed);
on plaintiff’s court following a or,
motion, for failure default order or after e) Cases governed by Summary procedure;
of the defendant to it received, ex parte, f) Small claims cases;
file his responsive plaintiff’s evidence.
pleading
3.F.7 Filing and Service of Pleadings
seasonably.
Interlocutory, not Final, appealable.
appealable. Filing is the act of submitting the pleading or
other paper to the court.
Partial Default
Service is the act of providing a party with a
There is partial default when there is a claim or copy of the pleading or any other court
suit upon a common cause of action against submission(Rule 13, Sec. 2).
several defending parties and where at least one
of them files an answer[Rule 9, Sec. 3(c)]. Service where several counsels appear for
one party
3.F.6d. Effect of Partial Default
Where several counsels appear for one party,
General Rule: The court shall try the case such party shall be entitled to only one copy of
against all upon the answers thus filed and any pleading or paper served upon the lead
render judgment upon the evidence counsel if one is designated, or upon any one of
presented[Rule 9, Sec. 3(c)]. them ifthere is no designation of a lead
counsel(Rule 13, Sec. 2).
Exception: Where the defense is personal to the
one who answered, in which case, it will not 3.F.7a. Payment of Docket Fees
benefit those who did not answer.
Q. What is the purpose of a docket fee?
Bar Operations 81
Commissions 81
Purple Notes
Criminal
A. It is notRemedial
simply the filing of the complaint payment of appellate docket fees may be
or appropriate initiatory pleading but the mitigated under exceptional circumstances to
payment of the prescribed docket fee that better serve the interest of justice. It is
vests a trial court with jurisdiction over the always within the power of this Court to
subject matter of the action (Proton Pilipinas suspend its own rules, or to except a
Corporation vs. Banque Nationale De Paris, G.R. particular case from their operation,
No. 151242, June 15, 2005). whenever the purposes of justice require it
(Villamor vs. CA, G. R. No. 136858, January 21,
This is also true in case of appeals, the court 2004; Bautista vs. Unangst, G.R. No. 173002, July
held “as early as 1932, in Lazaro vs. 4, 2008)
Endencia, we have held that the payment of
the full amount of the docket fees is an
indispensable step for the perfection of an 3.F.7b. Distinguish: Filing and Service of
appeal. The Court acquires jurisdiction over Pleadings
any case only upon the payment of the
prescribed docket fees.” (Panay Railways Ins. Filing Service
vs. Development Corporation, G. R. No. 154061, The act of the act of
January 25, 2012) submitting the providing a
pleading or party with a
Definition other paper to copy of the
Q. What is the effect of non-payment of
the court (Rule pleading or any
docket fee and if insufficient? 13, Sec. 2). other court
submission
A. Nonpayment at the time of filing does not (Rule 13, Sec.
automatically cause the dismissal of the case, 2).
as long as the fee is paid within the 1. Personal; 1. Personal
prescriptive or reglementary period (PAGCOR 2. Registered service;
vs. Lopez, 474 SCRA 76, October 25, 2005) . If Manner of mail; 2. Service by
the amount of docket fees is insufficient Filing/Modes 3. Accredited mail;
of Service courier; 3. Substituted
considering the amount of the claim, the
4. Electronic service;
party filing the case will be required to pay means as 4. Electroning
the deficiency, but jurisdiction is not may be means and
automatically lost (Rivera vs. Del Rosario, G.R. authorized facsimile;
No. 144934, January 15, 2004). by the Court 5. Presumptive
in places service.
Q. What is the rule on docket fees on where the
appeal? court is
electronically
A. The right to appeal is a purely statutory equipped.
right. Nonpayment of the appellate fee is a Every judgment, resolution, order,
valid ground for the dismissal of an appeal Papers pleading subsequent to the
because the appellate court does not acquire required to complaint, writted motion, notice,
jurisdiction over the subject matter of the be filed and appearance, demand, offer of
served judgment or similar papers shall
action without such payment. However, delay
be filed with the court, and served
in the payment of the docket fees confers upon the parties affected thereby
upon the court a discretionary power to (Rule 13, Sec. 4).
dismiss an appeal. For this reason, payment
of the full amount of the appellate court
3.F.7c. Periods of Filing Pleadings
docket and other lawful fees within the
reglementary period is mandatory and
PLEADING PERIOD WITHIN
jurisdictional. Nevertheless, as this Court
WHICH TO FILE
ruled, the strict application of the
Answer to the Within thirty (30)
jurisdictional nature of the above rule on
82
Bar Operations 83
Commissions 83
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial and shall NOT be served or filedelectronically:
A motion for extension to fileany pleading, other (ISDAS)
than ananswer, is prohibited and considered a 1. Initiatory pleadings andinitial responsive
mere scrap of paper. The court, however, pleadings;
mayallow any other pleading to befiled after the 2. Subpoenae, protectionorders, and writs;
time fixed bythese Rules(Rule 11, Sec. 11).(n) 3. Documentsthat are not readily amenable
toelectronic scanning;
Note: In cases where service of summons is 4. Appendices and exhibits tomotions; and
made through service upon defendant whose 5. Sealed and confidentialdocuments or records.
identity or whereabouts are unkwown under Rule
14, Sec. 16 or through extraterritorial services Exception to the exception:
under Rule 14, Sec. 17, the defendant must file
his or her answer within a reasonable time, which The foregoing may be be served or filed
shall not be less than sixty (60) calendar days electronically if express permission is granted by
after notice. the court(Rule 13, Sec. 14). (n)
84
Bar Operations 85
Commissions 85
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
Registry receipt; of its filing by the
and clerk of court.
Affidavit of service
of the person who Exception:
did the If the paper copy sent
mailing[Rule 13, by electronic mail was
Sec. 16(b)]. also filed by
registered mail, the
Date of filing: The same shall be proven
date of mailing as by:
shown by the post
office stamp on the Registry receipt;
envelope or the and
registry receipt shall Affidavit of service
be considered as the of the person who
date of filing, did the mailing
payment, or deposit [Rule 13, Sec. 16(d)].
in court (Rule 13, Sec. (n)
3).
By an accredited Proof of filing: Date of filing: The
courier affidavit of service date of the electronic
of the person who transmission shall
brought the beconsidered as the
pleading or other date of filing (Rule
document to the 13, Sec. 3).
service provider;
and Through other Proof of filing:
the courier’s authorized electronic Affidavit of
official receipt and means electronic filing of
document tracking the filing party;
number [Rule 13, and
Sec. 16(c)].(n) A copy of the
electronic
Date of filing: The acknowledgement
date of mailing as of its filing by the
shown by the official court [Rule 13, Sec.
receipt and the 16(e)].(n)
tracking number shall
Date of filing: The
be considered as the
date of the electronic
date of filing,
transmission shall
payment, or deposit
beconsidered as the
in court (Rule 13, Sec.
date of filing (Rule
3).(n)
13, Sec. 3).
By electronic mail Proof of filing
86
Bar Operations 87
Commissions 87
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial13, Sec. 17(d)].(n)
Completeness:
3.F.7g. Conventional service or filing of
A. Electronic Service
orders, pleadings and other documents
General Rule: When
the electronic Notwithstanding the foregoing, the following
transmission of the orders, pleadings, and other documents must be
document, or when served or filed personally or by registered mail
available, at the time when allowed, and shall not be served or filed
that the electronic
electronically, unless express permission is
notification of service
of document is sent.
granted by the Court:
88
Bar Operations 89
Commissions 89
Purple Notes
Criminal
2. Remedial
Amendment as a matter of discretion or by b) the pleading stated no cause of action
leave of court from the beginning which could be
amended(Rule 10, Sec. 3).(n)
Other Set of Classification
Q. Can an order allowing amendment be
1. Substantial Amendment - amendment subject of certiorari?
prejudicial to aparty.
2. Formal Amendment - not prejudicial to a A. NO. As a matter of judicial policy, courts
party because it is only amendment as are impelled to treat motions for leave to file
to theform. amended pleadings with liberality. Hence, as
3. long as it does not appear that the motion for
leave was made with bad faith or with intent
3.F.8a. Amendment as a matter of right to delay the proceedings, courts are justified
(Rule 10, Sec. 5) to grant leave and allow the filing of an
amended pleading. Once a court grants a
a) At any time before a responsive pleading leave to file an amended pleading, the same
is served; or becomes binding and will not be disturbed on
b) In case of a Reply, at any time within 10 appeal UNLESS it appears that the court had
calendar days after it is served. abused its discretion (Yujuico vs. United
Resources Asset Management, G.R. No. 211113,
June 29, 2015).
Amendment as a matter of right, by the
terms of Rule 10,Sec. 2, may be made only
Requisites for amendments by leave of
ONCE.
court
The remedy of a party is mandamus when
a) Motion filed in court;
the court refuses to admit an amended
b) Notice to the adverse party; and,
pleading when its exercise is a matter of
c) Opportunity to be heard afforded to the
right.
adverse party.
Q. Which court is mandated to admit
Note: Even if the amendment is substantial, no
amendment as a matter of right? The trial
leave of court is required if made as a matter of
court.
right.
A. Rule 10, Sec. 2refers to an amendment
Amendment for the second or subsequent time
before the trial court, not to amendments
must always be with leave of court. This is true
before the Court of Appeals. The Court of
even if an answer is yet to be filed or even if the
Appeals is vested with jurisdiction to admit or
case is yet to be set for trial.
deny amended petitions filed before it (Navarro
vda. deTaroma vs. Taroma, G.R. NO. 160214,
December 16, 2005). Amendment for the complaint is now allowed
even if an order for its dismissal has been issued
3.F.8b. Amendments by leave of court provided that the amended complaint is filed
before the dismissal order became final and
When amendment is substantial, it may executory(Rodriguez Jr., vs. Augilar Sr., G.R. No.
only be done with leave of court. Such 159482, August 30, 2005).
leave shallbe refused if it appears to the
court that the motion was made with: Leave of court is required after a responsive
pleading is filed because the amendment of the
a) intent to delay confer jurisdiction on the complaint is not only unfair to the defendant but
court; or will cause unnecessary delay in the proceedings.
On the other hand, where no responsive pleading
90
A. Prior to the filing of an answer, the When issues not raised by the pleadings are tried
plaintiff has the absolute right to amend the with the express or implied consent of the
complaint whether a new cause of action or parties, they shall be treated in all respects as if
change in theory is introduced. The reason they had been raised in the pleadings.
for this rule is implied in the subsequent
Section 3 of Rule 10. Under this provision, No amendment such pleadings deemed amended
substantial amendment of the complaint is is necessary to conform to or authorize
not allowed without leave of court after an presentation of evidence (Rule 10, Sec. 5).(n)
answer has been served, because any
material change in the allegations contained Amendment that changes the cause of
in the complaint could prejudice the rights of action
the defendant who has already set up his
defense in the answer (Remington Industrial General Rule: An amendment that changes the
vs. CA, G.R. No. 133657, May 29, 2002). cause or causes of action is now allowed (LISAM
Enterprises, Inc. and Soriano vs. BDO, G.R. No.
Q. Is a motion for leave to file an amended
143264, April 23, 2012, citing Valenzuela vs. CA).
answer filed after a substantial lapse of time
automatically considered dilatory?
Bar Operations 91
Commissions 91
Purple Notes
Criminal
Exception: A Remedial
complaint can never be amended notice of order admitting the supplemental
if it will alter the jurisdiction of the court. (Rule 10, pleading(Rule 10, Sec. 6).
Sec. 3)
Note: Motion to amend after aresponsive
Exception to the Exception: If the jurisdiction pleading has beenfiled is a litigious motion [Rule
of the courts is concurrent. 15, Sec. 5(6)]. Hence, the court may, in the
exercise of itsdiscretion, and if deemednecessary
Filing of amended pleading for its resolution, calla hearing on said
motion(Rule 15, Sec. 6).
When any pleading is amended, a new copy of
the entire pleading, incorporating the 3.G. SUMMONS (Rule 14)
amendments, which shall be indicated by
appropriate marks, shall be filed(Rule 10, Sec. 7). 3.G.1. Nature and Purpose of Summons
Bar Operations 93
Commissions 93
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
extraterritorially in accordance with Rule 14, 3.G.1e. Return
section [17](Valmonte vs. CA, G.R. No. 108538,
January 22, 1996). Within thirty (30) calendar days from
issuance of summons by the clerk of court
3.G.1b. When Summons Are Issued and receipt thereof, the sheriff or process
server, or person authorized by the court,
General rule: Upon filing of the complaint and shall complete its service.
the payment of the requisite legal fees.
Within five (5) calendar days from service
Exception: If the complaint is, on its face, of summons, the server shall file with the
dismissible under Rule 9, Sec. 1, to wit: court and serve a copy of the return to the
1. Lack of jurisdiction; plaintiff’s counsel, personally, by registered
2. Litis pendentia; mail, or by electronic means authorized by
3. Res judicata; and the Rules.
4. Prescription of the action (Rule 14, Sec. 1).
Should substituted servicehave been effected, the
3.G.1c. Contents of Summons return shall state the following:
(Rule 14, Sec. 2)
1. The impossibility of prompt personal service
It shall be directed to the defendant, signed by within a period of thirty (30) calendar days
the clerk of court under seal, and contain: from issue and receipt of summons;
(a) The name of the court and the names of the 2. The date and time of the three (3) attempts
parties to the action; on at least (2) two different dates to cause
(b)When authorized by the court upon ex parte personal service and the details of the
motion, an authorization for the plaintiff to inquiries made to locate the defendant
serve summons to the defendant; residing thereat; and
(c) A direction that the defendant answer within
the time fixed by these Rules; and 3. The name of the person at least eighteen (18)
(d)A notice that unless the defendant so years of age and of sufficient discretion
answers, plaintiff will take judgment by residing thereat, name of competent person in
default and may be granted the relief applied charge of the defendant’s office or regular
for. (Rule 14, Sec. 2) place of business, or name of the officer of
the homeowners’ association or condominium
Note: A copy of the complaint and order for corporation or its chief security officer in
appointment of guardian ad litem, if any, shall be charge of the community or building where
attached to the original and each copy of the the defendant may be found(Rule 14, Sec. 20).
summons(Rule 14, Sec. 2). (n)
94
Bar Operations 95
Commissions 95
Purple Notes
Criminal
a. The Remedial
case shall be Dismissed with supersedes the first. It refers to a summons
prejudice; other than the original summons.
b. the proceedings shall be Nullified; and
c. the plaintiff shall be meted appropriate When Alias Summons Is Issued: (DLR)
Sanctions(Rule 14, Sec. 3).
a) When the summons is Destroyed;
6. If summons is returned without being served b) When the summons is Lost; or
on any or all the defendants, the court shall c) Whe the summons has been Recalled by the
order the plaintiff to cause the service of court which issued the same.
summons by other means available under the
Rules(Rule 14, Sec. 3). Q. What is the effect of issuance and proper
service of alias summons?
7. Failure to comply with the order shall cause
the dismissal of the initiatory pleading without A. However, upon the issuance and the
prejudice(Rule 14, Sec. 3). proper service of new summons, whatever
defect attended the service of the original
Misrepresentation Failure to comply with summons, was promptly and accordingly
(DNS) the order cured. A case should not be dismissed simply
a. The case shall be The initiatory pleading because an original summons was wrongfully
Dismissed with shall be dismissed served. It should be difficult to conceive, for
prejudice; without prejudice. example, that when a defendant personally
b. the proceedings appears before a Court complaining that he
shall be had not been validly summoned, that the case
Nullified; and
against him should be dismissed. An alias
c. the plaintiff shall
be meted
summons can be actually served on said
appropriate defendant (BPI vs. Sps. Santiago, G.R. No.
Sanctions 169116, March 28, 2007).
General Rule:Summons shall remain valid until 1. Handing a copy thereof to the defendant in
duly served. person and informing the defendant that he or
she is being served; or
Exception: If the summons is recalled by the 2. If he or she refuses to receive and sign for it,
court (Rule 14, Sec. 4). by leaving the summons within the view and
in the presence of the defendant (Rule 14, Sec.
5).
Alias Summons
Note: Under the present rule, Rule 14, Sec. 5
In case of loss or destruction of summons, the refers to the mode of service therein as “Service
court may, upon motion, issue an alias summons In Person On Defendant” not “personal service”.
(Rule 14, Sec. 4).
3.G.5. Substituted Service
Alias Summons is issued when the first summons
has not produced its effect because it is defective If, for justifiable causes, the defendant cannot be
in form or manner of service, and when issued, served personally after at least three (3)
96
Bar Operations 97
Commissions 97
Purple Notes
Criminal
actually Remedial
receive the summons (Chu vs. Mach over the defendant.In case the defendant does
Asia Trading, G.R. No. 184333, April 1, 2013). not reside and is not found in the Philippines
(and hence personal and substituted service
A.(2). Effort to serve the said summons cannot be effected), the remedy of the plaintiff in
personally upon said defendants were made, order for the court to acquire jurisdiction to try
but the same were ineffectual and unavailing the case is to convert the action into a
on the ground that per information of a proceeding in rem or quasi in rem by attaching
person of sufficient age and discretion the property of the defendant.
working therein who signed to acknowledge
receipt , said defendant is always roving Thus, in order to acquire jurisdiction in actions in
outside and gathering news, thus, substituted personam where defendant resides out of and is
service was applied (Macasaet vs. Co, G.R. No. not found in the Philippines, it becomes a matter
156759, June 05, 2013). of course for the court to convert the action into
a proceeding inrem or quasi in rem by attaching
3.G.6. Constructive Service the defendant’s property. The service of
summons in this case (which may be by
General Rule: Summons by publication is publication coupled with the sending by
available only in actions in rem or quasi in rem. It registered mail of the copy of the summons and
is not available as a means of acquiring the court order to the last known address of the
jurisdiction over the person of the defendant in defendant), is no longer for the purpose of
an action in personam. acquiring jurisdiction but for compliance with the
requirements of due process (PCIB vs. Alejandro,
Exception: Summons may, by leave of court, be G.R. No. 175587, September 21, 2007).
served by publication against a resident in an
action in personamunder the conditions set forth Against a non-resident, jurisdiction is acquired
in the following rules: over the person of the defendant by service upon
his person while said defendant is within the
a) When the defendant is designated as an Philippines. As once held, when the defendant is
unknown owner, or the like; a non-resident, personal service of summons in
b) When the identity or whereabouts of the the state is essential to the acquisition of
defendant are unknown and cannot be jurisdiction over him. This is, in fact, the only way
ascertained by diligent inquiry, within ninety of acquiring jurisdiction over his person if he does
(90) calendar days from the commencement not voluntarily appear in the action.
of the action (Rule 14, Sec. 16); or
c) When the defendant is a resident temporarily Summons by publication against a non-resident
out of the Philippines (Rule 14, Sec. 18). in an action in personam is not a proper mode of
service (Velayo-Fong vs. Sps. Velayo, G.R. No.
Note: The present rule expressly states that it 155488, December 6, 2006).
applies “in any action where the defendant is
designated as an unknown owner, or the like, or Q. What is the purpose of “publication”?
whenever his whereabouts are unknown and
cannot be ascertained by diligent inquiry.” Thus, A. Publication is notice to the whole world
it now applies to any action, whether in that the proceeding has for its object to bar
personam, in rem or quasi in rem(Santos vs. PNOC, indefinitely all who might be minded to make
G.R. No. 170943, September 23, 2008).
an objection of any sort against the right
sought to be established. It is the publication
Conversion of an action in personam into of such notice that brings the whole world as
an action in rem a party in the case and vests the court with
jurisdiction to hear and decide it (Alaban vs.
In an action in personam, summons must be CA, GR 156021, September 23, 2005).
served by personal or substituted service,
otherwise the court will not acquire jurisdiction
98
3.G.6a. Service Upon A Defendant Where Any order granting such leave shall specify a
His Identity Is Unknown Or Where His reasonable time, which shall not be less than
Whereabouts Are Unknown sixty (60) calendar days after notice, within
which the defendant must answer (Rule 14, Sec.
In any action, whether in personam, in rem or 17).
quasi in rem, service of summons by
publicationmay, by leave of court, be beeffected Reason: Even if the person is abroad, he has a
when: residence in the Philippines or a place of business
and surely, because of his absence, he cannot be
a) The defendant is designated as an unknown served in person within a reasonable time.
owner, or the like; or
b) Whenever his or her whereabouts are In the case of Montefalcon vs. Vasquez (2008)
unknown and cannot be ascertained by substituted service of summons is the normal
diligent inquiry, within ninety (90) calendar mode of service against a temporarily absent
days from the commencement of the action. resident.
Bar Operations 99
Commissions 99
Purple Notes
Criminal
to protectRemedial
his interests; and to communicate sent by registered mail to the last known
with him from time to time any incident of address of the defendant, or
importance that may affect him or his d) In any Other manner the court may deem
business or his affairs. It is usual for such a sufficient.
man to leave at his home or with his
business associates information as to where Any order granting such leave shall specify a
he may be contacted in the event a question reasonable time, which shall not be less than
that affects him crops up. If he does not do sixty (60) calendar days after notice, within
what is expected of him, and a case comes which the defendant must answer. (Rule 14, Sec.
up in court against him, he cannot in justice 17)
raise his voice and say that he is not subject
to the processes of our courts. He cannot
stop a suit from being filed against him upon Manner of Service
a claim that he cannot be summoned at his
dwelling house or residence or his office or Defendant Action Manner of
regular place of business (Montefalcon vs. Service
Vasquez, G.R. No. 165016, June 17, 2008). Defendant whose In any With leave of
identity or action, court, by
3.G.7. Extraterritorial Service, When whereabouts are whether in publication in
Allowed unknown personam, in a newspaper
rem or quasi of general
in rem circulation
Extraterritorial Service applies when: and in such
places and for
1. The defendant does not reside and is not such time as
found in the Philippines, and the court may
2. The action:(AREA) order.
a) Affects the personal status of the plaintiff
or Defendant does not The action: Service may,
b) Relates to, or the subject of which is, reside and is not (AREA) by leave of
found in the a) Affects court, be
property within the Philippines, in which
Philippines the effected out
the defendant has or claims a lien or personal of the
interest, actual or contingent, or (Extraterritorial status of Philippines:
c) The relief demanded consists, wholly or in Service) the (PIPO)
part, in Excluding the defendant from any plaintiff or
interest therein, or b) Relates a) By
d) The property of the defendant has been to, or the Personal
Attached within the Philippines subject of service as
which is, under
property Section 6;
Manner of service:
within the or
Philippine b) As
Service may, by leave of court, be effectedout of s, in provided
the Philippines:(PIPO) which the for in
defendant Internatio
a) By Personal service as under Section 6; or has or nal
b) As provided for in International conventions claims a convention
to which the Philippines is a party; or lien or s to which
c) By Publication in a newspaper of general interest, the
actual or Philippines
circulation in such places and for such time as
contingen is a party;
the court may order, in which case a copy of t, or or
the summons and order of the court shall be c) The relief c) By
demande Publication
100
A motion is an application for relief other than May be oral when Always filed before
by a pleading (Rule 15, Sec. 1) made in open court judgment and must be
or in the course of written(Rule 6, Sec. 1).
3.H.1b. Distinguish: Motions and Pleadings hearing or trial(Rule
15, Sec. 2).
MOTION PLEADING
A motion is an A pleading is a written
application for relief statement of the 3.H.1c. Contents and Form of Motions
other than a pleading respective claims and
(Rule 15, Sec. 1). defenses of the parties Contents
submitted to the court for
appropriate judgment
(Rule 6, Sec. 1). 1. A motion shall state the relief sought to be
obtained, and the grounds upon which it is
It may be in the form of a based; and
complaint, counterclaim, 2.
cross-claim, third-party 3. If required by these Rules or necessary to
complaint, or complaint- prove facts alleged therein, it shall be
in-intervention, answer or accompanied by supporting affidavits and
reply (Rule 6, Sec. 2). other papers(Rule 15, Sec. 3).
Its purpose is to apply Its purpose is to submit a
for an order not included claim or defense for
in the judgment. appropriate judgment Form (Rule 15, Sec. 2)
(Rule 6, Sec. 1).
May be oral when made Always filed before General Rule: All motions must be in writing.
in open court or in the judgment and must be
course of hearing or written(Rule 6, Sec. 1). Exception:
trial(Rule 15, Sec. 2).
106
108
3. Motion for reconsideration of the court’s If granted, the movant shall be warned
action on the affirmative defenses; that presentation of its evidence must still
be terminated on the dates agreed upon
4. Motion to suspend proceedings without during pre-trial (Rule 15, Sec. 12).(n)
a temporary restraining order or
injunction issued by a higher court; Note: A motion for postponement, whether
written or oral, shall, at all times, be
5. Motion for extension of time to file accompanied by the original official receipt
pleadings, affidavits or any other papers, from the office of the clerk of court
except a motion for extension to file an evidencing payment of the postponement
answer as provided by Section 11, Rule fee under Section 21(b), Rule 141, to be
11; and submitted either at the time of the filing of
said motion or not later than the next
6. Motion for postponement intended for hearing date. The clerk of court shall not
delay, except if it is based on acts of accept the motion unless accompanied by
God, force majeure or physical inability the original receipt(Rule 15, Sec. 12).(n)
of the witness to appear and testify. If
the motion is granted based on such Pro-forma Motions
exceptions, the moving party shall be
warned that the presentation of its A motion pro forma intended merely to delay the
evidence must still be terminated on the proceedings and it shall not interrupt or suspend
dates previously agreed upon (Rule 15, the period of time for the perfection of an
Sec. 12).(n) appeal(Gaspay vs. Sangco, G.R. No. L-27826,
December 18, 1967).
Motion for Extension of Time to File
Pleadings, Affidavits or any Other Papers 3.H.2. Motion for Bill OfParticulars
3.H.2a. Purpose and When Applied for A Bill of Particulars becomes part of the pleading
that it supplements (Rule 12, Sec. 6).
Before responding to a pleading, a party may
move for a definite statement or for a bill of Note: A Motion for a Bill of Particulars is a
particulars of any matter, which is not averred litigated motion(Rule 15, Sec. 5).
with sufficient definiteness or particularity, to
enable him or her properly to prepare his or her 3.H.2b. Actions of the Court
responsive pleading.
Upon the filing of the motion, the clerk of court
If the pleading is a reply, the motion must be must immediately bring it to the attention of the
filed within ten (10) calendar days from service court, which may either:
thereof. Such motion shall point out the defects
complained of, the paragraphs wherein they are a) Deny it;
contained, and the details desired(Rule 12, Sec. 1). b) Grant it outright; or
110
3.H.2c. Compliance With The Order and After service of the bill of particulars or of a more
Effect of Non-Compliance definite pleading, or after notice of denial of his
(Rule 12, Secs. 3 and 4) motion, the moving party may file his responsive
pleading within the period to which he was
Compliance with the Order entitled at the time of filing his motion, which
shall not be less than five (5) calendar days in
General Rule: If the motion is granted, either in any event (Rule 12, Sec. 5).
whole or in part, the compliance therewith must
be effected within ten (10) calendar days from Motion for Bill of Motion for Bill of
notice of the order. Particulars is Particulars is Denied
Granted
The movant may file The movant may file
Exception: When a different period is fixed by his or her his or her responsive
the court. responsive pleading pleading after notice
after service of the of the denial of the
The bill of particulars or a more definite bill of particulars or motion.
statement ordered by the court may be filed a more definite
either in a separate or in an amended pleading, pleading.
serving a copy thereof on the adverse party (Rule In any case, the movant may file his or her
12, Sec. 3). responsive pleading within the period to
which he or she was entitled at the time of
filing his or her motion, which shall not be
Effect of Non-compliance
less than five (5) calendar days.
Exception to the Exception: When the prior Where such notice is premised on the fact of
dismissal is for lack of jurisdiction. payment by the defendant of the claim
involved, the dismissal is with prejudice even
Q. What is the purpose of “two-dismissal if the notice of dismissal does not provide
rule”? that it is with prejudice (Serrano vs. Cabrera,
G.R. No. L-5189, September 21, 1953).
A. The purpose of the “two-dismissal rule” is
to avoid vexatious litigation. When a 3.I.3. Dismissal Upon Motion by Plaintiff;
complaint is dismissed a second time, the Effect on Existing Counterclaim (Rule 17, Sec.
plaintiff is now BARRED from seeking relief on 2)
the same claim (Ching vs. Cheng, G.R. No.
175507, October 8, 2014). In all instances, Rule 17 governs dismissals at the
instance of the plaintiff, not of the defendant.
Dismissal is effected not by motion but by mere (Ching vs. Cheng, G.R. No. 175507, October 8, 2014).
notice of dismissal, which may be filed by the Under this section, the dismissal of the complaint
plaintiff as matter of right before the service of: is subject to the discretion of the court and upon
such terms and conditions as may be just.
a) The answer; or,
b) A motion for summary judgment. This contemplates a situation where an answer
has already been served.
112
The non-appearance of a party and counsel may 3.J.5. Pre-Trial Brief; Effect of Failure to
be excused only for: (FAP) File Pre-Trial Brief
a) Acts of God;
b) Force majeure; or Pre-Trial Brief
c) Duly substantiated Physical inability (Rule 18,
Sec. 4, 2019 Amendments to the 1997 Rules on Contents: (SWAIRES)
Civil Procedure).
1. A concise Statement of the case and the
A representative may appear on behalf of a reliefs prayed for;
party, but must be fully authorized in 2. A summary of Admitted facts and proposed
writing to: stipulation of facts;
3. The main factual and legal Issues to be tried
1. Enter into an amicable settlement; or resolved;
2. Submit to alternative modes of dispute 4. The propriety of Referral of factual issues to
resolution; and commissioners;
3. Enter into stipulations or admissions of facts 5. The documents or other object Evidence to be
and documents (Rule 18, Sec. 4). marked, stating the purpose thereof;
4. 6. The names of the Witnesses, and the
Note: In case of juridical person, a board summary of their respective testimonies; and
resolution is required. The appearance of the 7. A brief Statement of points of law and citation
counsel without the SPA shall render the absent of authorities (Rule 16, Sec. 6).
plaintiff non-suited and the defendant may move
for the dismissal of the case (Daaco vs. Yu, G.R. No. The Pre-Trial Brief must be filed with the court
183398, June 22, 2015). and served on the adverse party at least 3
calendar days before the date of the pre-trial
Effects of Non-Appearance (Rule 16, Sec. 6).
Plaintiff and Counsel Defendant and Effect of Failure to File Pre-Trial Brief
Counsel
Dismissal of the a. Plaintiff shall be
action. The dismissal allowed to present
Failure to file a pre-trial brief has the same effect
shall be with his or her evidence as failure to appear at the pre-trial.
prejudice, unless ex parte within ten
otherwise ordered (10) calendar days Plaintiff and Defendant and Counsel
by the court. from termination Counsel
of the pre-trial; Dismissal of the a. Plaintiff shall be
and action. The allowed to present
b. The court shall be dismissal shall be his or her evidence
allowed to render with prejudice, ex parte within ten
judgment on the unless otherwise (10) calendar days
basis of the ordered by the from termination of
evidence offered court. the pre-trial; and
(Rule 18, Sec. 5). b. The court shall be
allowed to render
judgment on the
basis of the
116
Factors to be considered by the court 4. Intervention will not unduly delay orprejudice
the adjudication of the rights of original
Whether or not the intervention will unduly parties (Rule 19, Sec. 1);
delay or prejudice the adjudication of the 5.
rights of the original parties; and, 6. Intervenor's rights may not be fullyprotected
Whether or not the intervenor’s rights may be in a separate proceeding(Rule 19, Sec. 1;
fully protected in a separate proceeding (Rule Mabayo Farms, Inc. vs. CA, C.R. No. 140058,
19, Sec. 1) (n). August 1, 2002); and,
7.
Pleadings In Intervention (Rule 19, Sec. 3) 8. A copy of the pleading-ininterventionshall be
attached to the motion and served on the
1. Complaint-in-intervention - if it asserts original parties(Rule 19, Sec. 2).
claim against either or all of the original
Q: What are the requisites for a valid
parties.
intervention?
A. Conversely, a person who is not a party in a) if the purpose is to assert a claim against
the main suit cannot be bound by an ancillary either or all of the original parties, the
writ, such as a preliminary injunction. pleading shall be called a complaint-in-
Indeed, he cannot be affected by any intervention; or
proceeding to which he is a stranger. Thus, a b) if the purpose is to unite with the
person not a party to the proceedings in the defending party inresisting a claim against
trial court or in the CA cannot maintain an the latter, he or she shall file an answer-in-
action for certiorari in the Supreme Court to intervention(Rule 19, Sec. 2).
have the judgment reviewed. Stated 3. The answer to the complaint-in-intervention
differently, if a petition for certiorari or shall be filed within fifteen (15) calendar days
prohibition is filed by one who was not a from notice of the order admitting the same,
party in the lower court, he has no standing unless a different period is fixed by the
to question the assailed order (Fernandez vs. court(Rule 19, Sec. 4).
CA, A.M. OCA IPI No. 12-201-CA-J, February 19,
2013).
General Rule: Motion to intervene should be
Q:What is the power of the court in allowing filed at any time before rendition of judgment by
or denying an intervention? the trial court (Rule 19, Sec. 2). An intervention
after trial and decision can no longer be
A. A court’s power to allow or deny permitted (Yau vs. Manila Banking Corporation, G.R.
intervention, albeit discretionary in nature, is No. 126731,July 11, 2002).
circumscribed by the basic demand of sound
judicial procedure that only a person with Exceptions:
interest in an action or proceeding may be
allowed to intervene. Otherwise stated, a a) Even after judgment, where the intervenors
court has no authority to allow a person, who are indispensable parties that without them,
has no interest in an action or proceeding, to no final adjudication of the controversy could
intervene therein. Consequently, when a be made (Rodriguez vs. CA, G.R. No. 184589,
court commits a mistake and allows an June 13, 2013);
uninterested person to intervene in a case, b) When the Republic is the intervenor(Lim vs.
Pacquing, G.R. 115044, January 27, 1995);
the mistake is not simply an error of
c) To protect public interest(Pinlac vs. CA, G.R. No.
judgment, but one of jurisdiction (Añonuevo 91486. September 10, 2003);
vs. Intestate Estate of Jalandoni, G.R. No. 178221,
December 1, 2010).
3.K.3. Remedies for the Denial of Motion to
3.K.2. Time to Intervene
Intervene
a) Appeal
120
Grounds for Quashing Subpoena In computing a period, the first day shall be
excluded and the last day included.
(1) Subpoena Ad Testificandum
Effect of Interruption
Witness is not bound thereby.
Not meritorious; or Should an act be done which effectively
Not qualified to testify. interrupts the running of the period, the
allowable period after such interruption shall start
(2) Subpoena Duces Tecum to run on the day after notice of the cessation of
the cause thereof. The day of the act that caused
Unreasonable and oppressive. the interruption shall be excluded in the
Relevancy of the books, documents or computation of the period (Rule 22, Sec. 2).
things does not appear to be prima facie
relevant to the issue.
Person asking for the subpoena does not 3.N. MODES OF DISCOVERY
advance the cost for the production of the
articles desired; or Discovery is the procedure that enables one
Subject matter or documents are not party in an action to obtain, before trial,
within his power. knowledge of relevant facts and of material
evidence in the possession of the adverse party
Note: In either case, the subpoena may be or of a witness.
quashed for failure to render the witness fees
and kilometrage allowed by the rules(Rule 21, Sec. It is a device employed by a party to obtain
4). information about relevant matters on the case
from the adverse party on preparation for the
trial (Riano, Civil Procedure, Vol. I., p. 437, 2016 ed.).
3.M.COMPUTATION OF TIME (Rule 22)
Rationale:
How to compute time
1. To enable the parties to obtain the fullest
The day of the act or event from which the possible knowledge of the issues and
designated period of time begins to run is to evidence long before the trial, thereby
be excluded and the date of performance preventing surprises during trial; and,
included. 2. To effectively shorten the period of litigation
and speed up adjudication(Hyatt Industrial Mfg.
If the last day of the period falls on a Corp., et al. vs. Ley Construction and Dev. Corp.,
Saturday, a Sunday, or a legal holiday in the et al., G.R. No. 147143, March 10, 2006).
place where the court sits, the time shall not
run until the next working day (Rule 22, Sec. Q.What is the purpose or objective of
1). Discovery?
Under Article 13 of the Civil Code, when the law A.It is to make it possible for all the parties
speak of years, months, days or nights, it shall be to a case to learn all the materials and
understood that years are of 365 days each; relevant facts, from whoever may have
months, of 30 days; days, of 24 hours; and knowledge thereof, to the end that their
nights, from sunset to sunrise. pleadings or motions may not suffer from
inadequacy of factual foundation and all the
relevant facts may be clearly and completely
laid before the Court, without omission or
Persons before whom deposition may be Also known as letters of request, Letters
taken (Rule 23, Secs. 10-11) Rogatory is a document issued by one court to a
foreign court requesting it to:
A. Within the Philippines
1) Judge. a) Take evidence from a specific person within
2) Any person authorized to administer the foreign jurisdiction or serve process on a
oaths, if the parties so stipulate in person whether real or artificial within the
writing. foreign jurisdiction;
3) Notary Public. b) Return the testimony or proof of service for
use in the pending case (Black’s Law Dictionary,
B. Outside the Philippines 8th edition).
126
128
130
As to notice – All errors and irregularities in the 3.N.1d. When may taking of deposition be
notice for taking a deposition are waived unless terminated or its scope limited
written objection is promptly served upon the
party giving the notice. Motion to terminate or limit the
examination
As to disqualification of deposition officer –
Objection to taking a deposition because of When Proper
disqualification of the officer before whom it is to
be taken is waived unless made before the taking 1. At any time during the taking of the
of the deposition begins or as soon thereafter as deposition;
the disqualification becomes known or could be 2. On motion or petition of any party or of the
discovered with reasonable diligence. deponent; and,
3. Upon a showing that the examination is
As to competency or relevancy of evidence being conducted in bad faith or in such
– Objections to the competency of witness or the manner as unreasonably to annoy,
competency, relevancy, or materiality of embarrass, or oppress the deponent or party
testimony are not waived by failure to make
them before or during the taking of the The court in which the action is pending or the
deposition, unless the ground, of the objection is Regional Trial Court of the place where the
one which might have been obviated or removed deposition is being taken may order the officer
if presented at that time. conducting the examination to cease forthwith
Bar Operations 131
Commissions 131
Purple Notes
Criminal
from taking Remedial
the deposition, or may limit the matter, UNLESS the same is privileged or
scope and manner of the taking of the prohibited by a court order(Araneta, Inc. vs.
deposition, as provided in Section 16 of this Rule. Rodas, G.R. No. L-2363 September 23, 1948).
If the order made terminates the examination, it Since answers to interrogatories may be used
shall be resumed thereafter only upon the order in the same manner as a deposition, such
of the court in which the action is pending. may also be used as a basis for Summary
Judgment under Rule 35(Rule 25, Sec. 5; Rule
Upon demand of the objecting party or deponent, 23, Sec. 4).
the taking of the deposition shall be suspended
for the time necessary to make a notice for an Scope of Interrogatories
order. In granting or refusing such order, the
court may impose upon either party or upon the Any matters that can be inquired into under
witness the requirement to pay such costs or Section 2 of Rule 23, and the answers may be
expenses as the court may deem reasonable (Rule used for the same purposes provided in Sec. 4 of
23, Sec. 18). Rule 23.
3.N.2. Written Interrogatories to Adverse General Rule: Interrogatories may relate to any
Parties matter which is:
134
Exception: If, within a period designated in the Remedy Against Implied Admission: File a
request or within such further time as the court motion to be relieved of the consequences of the
may allow on motion, the party to whom the implied admission. The amendment of the
request is directed files and serves upon the complaint per se cannot set aside the legal
party requesting the admission, a sworn effects of the request for admission since its
statement: materiality has not been affected by the
amendment.The party requested may have the
a) denying specifically the matters of which an compliance of the filing and service of the sworn
admission is requested; or, statement deferred. This deferment may be effected
b) setting forth in detail the reasons why he or by the filing with the court objectionsto the request
she cannot truthfully either admit or deny for admission. Compliance shall be deferred until
those matters. such objections are resolved by the court (Rule 26,
Sec.2).
Note: The period designated in the request shall
not be less than fifteen (15) calendar days after 3.N.3b. Consequences of Failure to Answer
service thereofor withinsuch further time as the Request for Admission
court may allow on motion.
Summary judgment may be asked when a
Objections to any request for admission request and order for admission was never
answered.
They shall be submitted to the court by the party
requested within the period for and prior to the It is a settled rule that summary judgment may
filing of his or her sworn statement as be granted if the facts which stand admitted by
contemplated in the preceding paragraph and his reason of a party’s failure to deny statements
or her compliance therewith shall be deferred contained in a request for admission show that
until such objections are resolved, which no material issue of fact exists. By its failure to
resolution shall be made as early as answer the other party’s request for admission,
practicable(Rule 26, Sec. 2). petitioner has admitted all the material facts
necessary for judgment against itself.
Options of the Party Served (Deferment of
Compliance) Q. What is the effect of failure to answer
request for admission?
Upon service of request for admission, the party
served may do any of the following acts: A. If there is a request for admission, and
there is no answer to such request, a motion
a) He may admit each of the matters of which an for summary judgment is proper because
admission is requested, in which case, he facts alleged therein are deemed admitted,
need not file an answer; hence no issues(Allied Agri-business
b) He may admit the truth of the matters of Development Co., Inc. vs. CA, G.R. No. 118438,
which admission is requested by serving upon December 4, 1998).
the party requesting a written admission of
such matters; 3.N.3c. Effect of Admission
c) He may file a sworn statement denying
specifically the matter of which an admission An admission under this mode of discovery is for
is requested; or, the purpose of the pending action only shall not
constitute anadmission by him or her for any
Exception: Unless otherwise allowed by the Note: Production of documents affords more
court for good cause shown and to prevent a opportunity for discovery than a subpoena duces
failure of justice. tecum because in the latter, the documents are
brought to the court for the first time on the date
Note: Within one day from receipt of the of the scheduled trial wherein such documents
complaint, the rule mandates not only the are required to be procured.
preparation of the summons but also the
issuance of an order requiring the parties to avail Q. Are privileged document or things
of interrogatories to parties under Rule 25 and covered by production or inspection of
request for admission by adverse party under document or things under rule 27?
Rule 26. The paties, however, may use, at their
discretion, depositions under Rule 23 or other A.A motion for production or inspection of
measures under Rule 27 and 29 within five days documents or things under Rule 27 is
from the filing of the answer (A.M. No. 03-1-09-SC, subject to the requirement that the
IA, 1, 1.1, 1.2, July 14, 2004). document or things should not be privileged
(Air Philippines vs. Pennswell, Inc., G.R. No.
172835, December 13, 2007).
136
Production or inspection of documents Where the party examined requests and obtains
orthings under Rule 27 vs. Subpoena duces a report on the results of the examination:
Tecum
PRODUCTION OF SUBPOENA DUCES
a. He is obliged to furnish the other party a copy
DOCUMENTS TECUM
Essentially a mode of Means of compelling
of the report of any previous or subsequent
discovery. production of evidence. examination of the same physical and mental
Limited to the parties May be directed to a condition; and
to the action(Rule 27, person whether a party b. He waives any privilege he may have in that
Sec. 1). or not(Rule 21, Sec. 1).. action or any other involving the same
The order under this May be issued upon an controversies regarding the testimony of any
rule is issued only ex parte application. other person who has so examined him or
upon motion with may thereafter examine him(Rule 28, Sec. 4).
notice to adverse
party.
3.N.6. CONSEQUENCES OF REFUSAL TO
COMPLY WITH MODES OF DISCOVERY
3.N.5. Physical and MentalExamination of
Persons
Sanctions:
When examination may be ordered
1. Those which are sought to be established are
deemed established;
In an action in which the mental or physical
2. Contempt;
condition of a party is in controversy, the court in
3. Payment of reasonable fees;
which the action is pending may in its discretion
4. The matter regarding which the questions
order him or her to submit to a physical or
were asked, character or description of land,
mentalexamination by a physician(Rule 28, Sec. 1).
et al., be taken to be in accordance with the
claim of the party obtaining the order;
Notes:
5. Prohibition on the refusing party to produce
evidence, support or oppose the designated
This applies only to parties, NOT witnesses.
claims or defenses;
Since the results of the examination are
6. Striking out pleadings, order the dismissal of
intended to be made public, the same are not
the action, or stay the action until compliance,
covered by the physician-patient privilege
or to render judgment by default; and,
under Rule 130, Sec. 24(b) of the ROC.
7. Order the arrest of the refusing party except
Under this rule, the examining physician
in case of physical and mental examination.
becomes essentially an officer of the court
ordering the examination.
Q. May a party avail multiple modes of
discovery?
Order for Examination
3.O.2a. For absence of evidence (Deleted in The parties may also stipulate verbally in open
A.M. No. 19-10-20-SC) (n) court. Such stipulations are permitted by the
court on good cause shown. Judgment based on
3.O.2b. ForIllness of Party or Counsel: (Rule a compromise agreement is executory and non-
30, Sec. 4) appealable.
1. Motion for postponement stating the grounds The counsels cannot stipulate on what their
relied upon. respective evidence consists of and ask that
judgment be rendered on the basis of such
2. Affidavit or sworn certificationshowing: stipulation.
That the presence of such party or counsel
at the trial is indispensable; and, Stipulation of Facts are not permitted in actions
The character of his illness is such as to for annulment of marriage, legal separation, and
render non-attendance excusable (Rule 30, declaration of nullity of marriage (Family Code, Art.
Sec. 4). 48).
Every civil action or proceeding shall be Q. What is the effect of stipulation of facts?
suspended:
A. Facts stipulated by the parties need not be
If willingness to discuss a possible proven. It cannot be contradicted by
compromise is expressed by one or both evidence to the contrary, and it is conclusive
parties; or, upon the parties, unless it is shown that the
If it appears that one of the parties, before admission was made through a palpable
the commencement of the action or mistake (Bunag vs Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-
proceeding, offered to discuss a possible 39013, 1988).
compromise but the other party refused the
offer (Art. 2030, Civil Code). 3.O.4. Order of Trial (now Rule 30, Sec. 5 under
A.M. No. 19-10-20-SC)
3.O.3. Agreed Statement of Facts Subject to the provisions of section 2 of Rule 31,
and unless the court for special reasons
General Rule: The parties may agree, inwriting, otherwise directs, the trial shall be limited to the
upon the facts involved in the litigation, and issues stated in the pre-trial order and shall
submit the case for judgmenton the facts agreed proceed as follows:
upon, without the introduction of evidence (Rule
30, Sec. 7). a. The plaintiff shall adduce evidence in support
of his or hercomplaint;
140
Exceptions: Consolidation becomes a matter of In the context of legal procedure, the term
duty: "consolidation" is used in three different senses:
a) If the cases, same parties and same subject Where all except one of several actions are
matter are pending before the same judge; stayed until one is tried, in which case the
or, judgment in the one trial is conclusive as to
b) If cases were filed with different branches of the others. This is not actually consolidation
a court and one of such cases has not been but is referred to as such. (QUASI-
partially tried. CONSOLIDATION)
Notes: Consolidation of cases on appeal is Where several actions are combined into one,
allowed. lose their separate identity, and become a
single action in which a single judgment is
Generally, the case which was appealed later and rendered. This is illustrated by a situation
bearing the higher docket number is consolidated where several actions are pending between
with the case having the lower docket number. the same parties stating claims which might
have been set out originally in one complaint.
Q. What is the Purpose of Consolidation? (ACTUAL CONSOLIDATION)
A. It is to have all cases which are intimately Where several actions are ordered to be tried
related, acted upon by one branch of the together but each retains its separate
court to avoid possibility of conflicting character and requires the entry of a
decisions being rendered and in effect, separate judgment. This type of consolidation
prevent confucsion, unnecessary costs and does not merge the suits into a single action,
delay. It is an action sought to avoid or cause the parties to one action to be
multiplicity of suits; guard against oppression parties to the other. (CONSOLIDATION
and abuse, clear congested dockets; and to FOR TRIAL) (Republic vs. Heirs of Oribello, Jr.,
simplify the work of the trial court in order to G.R. No. 199501, March 6, 2013)
attain justice with lease expense and
vexation against the party-litigants (Puncia vs Severance
Toyota Shaw /Pasig, Inc. G.R. No. 214399, June
28, 2016). Itis the act of dividing a lawsuit into two or more
independent causes, each of which terminates in
separate, final and enforceable judgment. In
severance, there is only one action.
Ways of Consolidating Cases
The court, in furtherance of convenience or to
avoidprejudice, may order a separate trial of any
142
144
(a) the commission of the crime; and, (b) the After plaintiff has finished presenting his or her
precise degree of participation therein by the evidence, the defendant may move for the
accused (Singian, Jr. vs., Sandiganbayan, G.R. dismissal of the complaint on the ground that
Nos.195011-19, September 30, 2013). upon the facts and the law, the plaintiff has
shown no right to relief (Rule 33, Sec. 1).
Q. What is the silmilarity between Demurrer
to evidence and Motion to Dismiss? 3.P.2. Effect of denial of Demurrer
A. Demurrer is an aid or instrument for the In civil case, there is no need for a leave of
expeditious termination of an action, similar court prior to filing of demurrer. If denied, the
to a motion to dismiss, which the court or defendant may proceed to present his evidence.
tribunal may either grant or deny
(Nepomuceno vs COMELEC, G.R. No. L-60601, This means that the denial of the demurrer to
December 29, 1983). evidence does not deprive
thedefendanttoadduceevidenceinhisbehalf
Q. What must the court consider in
determining whether the motion is a The order denying the demurrer to evidence shall
demurrer or a dismissal? not be subject of an appeal orpetition for
certiorari, prohibition or mandamus before
A.To determine whether the pleading filed is judgment (Rule 33, Sec. 2).(n)
a demurer to evidence or a motion to
dismiss, the Court must consider (1) the If denied, in criminal case, the accused may
allegations in it made in good faith; (2) the adduce his evidence only if the demurrer is with
stage of the proceeding at which it is filed; leave of court. If demurrer is without leave of
and, (3) the primary objective of the party court, accused can no longer present his
filing it. (Cabador vs. People, G.R. No. 186001, evidence (Rule 119, Sec. 23).
October 2, 2009)
Q. Is the order denying the demurrer of
Motion to Dismiss vs. Demurrer evidence appealable?
3.P.4 Waiver of Right to Present Evidence If the demurrer is granted but on appeal theorder
of dismissal is reversed, the defendant is deemed
to have waived his right to present evidence (Rule
33, Sec.l).
The defendant can always present his evidence in
the event his demurrer is denied, even if no
reservation was made therefore.
146
Similarities (1) Demurrer is a kind of a Motion to Dismiss. It is NOT a prohibited pleading under the Rules
on Summary Proceedings because (a) it is there to similarly expedite the proceedings and (b) it
is not among those mentioned under prohibited pleadings.
(3) Only available AFTER the presentation of the evidence of the plaintiff or prosecution, as the
case may be.
Differences (1) Leave of court is not required. (1) The demurrer may be filed with or without
the leave of court.
148
1. The Court must have jurisdiction over the 2. Admits the material allegation of the adverse
parties and the subject matter; party’s pleading(Rule 34, Sec. 1).
2. The Court and the tribunal must be clothed
with judicial authority to hear and Note: By moving for judgment on the pleadings,
determine the matter before it; plaintiff waives his claim for unliquidated
3. The evidence must have been considered by damages. Claims for such damages must be
the tribunal in deciding the case; and, alleged and proved.
4. The parties must have been given an
opportunityto be heard. When Not Allowed: (DILAU)
A party against whom a claim, counterclaim, or Note: The Adverse party may file a comment
cross-claim is asserted or a declaratory relief is and serve opposing affidavits, depositions, or
sought may, at any time, move with supporting
affidavits, depositions or admissions for a
summary judgment in his favor as to all or any
part thereof(Rule 35, Sec.1 ).
When to File:
He can move for summary judgment at any time admissions within a non-extendible period of five
after filing and service of the complaint, even (5) calendar days from receipt of the motion(Rule
before he answers(Rule 35, Sec. 2). 35, Sec. 3).
3.Q.4c. When the Case not fully adjudicated Unless the court orders the conduct of a hearing,
on motion judgment sought shall be rendered forthwith if
the pleadings, supporting affidavits, depositions
If on motion under this Rule, judgment is not and admissions onfile, show that, except as to
rendered upon the whole case or for all the the amount of damages, there is no genuine
reliefs sought and atrial is necessary, the court issue as to any material fact and that the moving
may, by examining the pleadings and the party is entitled to judgment as a matter
evidence before it and by interrogating counsel, oflaw(Rule 35, Sec. 3 A.M. No. 19-10-20-SC).
ascertain what material facts exist without
substantial controversy, including the extent to Requisites of Affidavit:
which the amount of damages or other relief
isnot in controversy, and direct such further 1. Made on personal knowledge;
proceedings in the action as are just. The facts so 2. Set forth such facts as would be admissible
ascertained shall be deemed established, and the in evidence;
trial shall be conducted on the controverted facts
accordingly(Rule 35, Sec. 4).(4a) Shall show affirmatively that the affiant is
competent to testify to the matters stated therein
Burden of Proof: Lies with the party movant (Rule 35, Sec. 5).
who must demonstrate clearly the absence of
any genuine issue of fact, or that the issue posed Note: Certified true copies of all papers or parts
in the complaint is so patently unsubstantial as thereof referred to in the affidavit shall be
not to constitute a genuine issue for trial, and attached thereto or served therewith (Rule 35,
any doubt as to the existence of such an issue is Sec. 5).
resolved against the movant.(Riano, 2014)
Affidavits in bad faith
3.Q.4d. Affidavits and Attachments
Should it appear to its satisfaction at any
Motion and proceedings timethat any of the affidavits presented pursuant
to this Rule are presented in bad faith, or solely
The motion for summary judgment must be for the purpose of delay(Rule 35, Sec. 6).
supported by:
Effects:
1. Affidavit
152
Disposition of the case (contained in the A judgment on the pleadings may be rendered
dispositive portion); and, upon motion of the claimant/plaintiff (Manila
Signature of the judge.(Rule 36, Sec. 1) Banking Coiporation vs. Yan, et al., G.R. No. 128623,
July 11, 2002).
General Rule: Where there is a conflict between While the case is still on pre-trial, the court may
the fallo and the ratio decidendi, the fallo render a judgment on the pleadings motu proprio
controls. if it finds that such a judgment is proper(Manila
Banking Coiporation vs Yan, et al., G.R. No. 128623,
July 11, 2002).
Note: Point of reference of the 15 day period: Motion for Reconsideration / New Trial
from receipt or notice of judgment. Appeal
b) After finality
Rule of Immutability of Judgment Relief from judgment under Rule 38
Annulment of Judgment under Rule 47
Under the Doctrine of Immutability of Judgments Collateral attack
(Conclusiveness of Judgment), a judgment that
has attained finality can no longer be disturbed. 2. Collateral attack - is made when, in
The doctrine, which is sometimes referred to as another action to obtain a different relief, an
preclusion of issues or collateral estoppel, holds attack on the judgment is made as an
that issues actually and directly resolved in a incident in said judgment. This is proper only
former suit cannot again be raised in any future when the judgment, on its face, is null and
case between the same parties (Riano,Civil void, as where it is patent that the court
Procedure Vol. 1, 2016,p.487). which rendered said judgment has no
154
Court must stay the enforcement, until the Q. Is Consent of the client necessary?
rendition of subsequent judgment.
A. Judgment upon confession and
No appeal may be taken from separate compromise cannot be entered into by
judgment, unless the law allows it. counsel without the knowledge and special
authority of the client (Manufacturer’s Bank
Clarificatory judgment is a judgment rendered by the court, upon motion, when a judgment
previously rendered is ambiguous and difficult to comply with. (Riano, Civil Procedure Vol. 1, 2016, p.525)
It literally means judgment rendered by the court The re-hearing of a case previously decided by
“now for then”. the court before the judgment rendered becomes
final and executory, whereby errors of law or
It is rendered to enter or record such judgment irregularities are expunged from the record, or
as has been formerly rendered but does not where new evidence is introduced, or both.
appear on the record.
3.R.1a. Grounds
Its only function is to record some act of the
court which was done at a former time, but
which was not recorded then, in order to make MOTION FOR NEW MOTION FOR
the record speak the truth, without any changes TRIAL RECONSIDERATION
GROUNDS
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158
1. An order denying a petition for relief or any A. As a rule, parties are not allowed to
similar motion seeking relief from judgment; object to the execution of a final
2. An interlocutory order; judgment.One exception is when the terms
3. An order disallowing or dismissing an appeal; of the judgment are not clear enough and
4. An order denying a motion to set aside a there remains room for its interpretation. If
judgment by consent, confession or the exception applies, the respondents may
compromise on the ground of fraud, mistake seek the stay of execution or the quashal of
or duress, or any other ground vitiating the writ of execution. Although an order of
consent; execution is not appealable, an aggrieved
5. An order of execution; party may challenge the order of
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168
An appeal from a judgment or final order of a 3. Copies of the record on appeal shall be
MTC shall be taken to the RTC exercising served on the adverse party; and
jurisdiction over the area which the former 4. Payment of the full amount of the appellate
pertains (Rule 40, Sec.1). court docket and other fees.
1. Filing a verified Petition for review with the Note:The CA may either require the respondent
CA; to file comment within 10 days from notice or
2. Payment of the corresponding and other dismiss the petition on the grounds provided for
lawful fees to the clerk of court; above.
3. Depositing the amount of P500.00 for costs;
and Due Course
4. Furnishing the RTC and the adverse party a
copy of the petition (Rule 42, Sec. 1). Petition for Review is not a matter of right but
discretionary on the CA.
Form and Contents of the Petition
It may only give due course to the petition if it
The petition shall be filed in seven (7) legible shows on its face that the lower court has
copies, with the original copy intended for the committed an error of fact and/or law that will
court being indicated and shall: warrant a reversal or a review thereof (Rule 42,
Sec. 6;Riano, Civil Procedure Volume I, 2016 ed., P.
126).
1. State the full names of the parties to the
case, without impleading the lower courts or
Stay of Judgment
judges thereof either as petitioners or
respondents;
General Rule: The appeal shall stay the
2. Indicate the specific material dates showing
judgment or final order.
that it was filed on time;
3. Set forth concisely a statement of the
Exceptions:
matters involved, the issues raised, the
specification of errors of fact or law, or both,
172
SUMMARY OF APPEALS
In appeal by record on
appeal – upon approval of
178
Within 15 days from notice of judgment or A. Shall be appealable to the Supreme Court
final order or resolution appealed from. by way of petition for review on certiorari
The SC may grant an additional period of 30 under Rule 45 raising pure questions of law
days only within which to file the petition for (People vs Espinosa, G.R Nos. 153714-20, August
review. 15, 2003).
The failure of the petitioner to comply with any of No civil proceeding involving matter arising under
the requirements regarding the payment of the the National Internal Revenue Code, the Tariff
docket and other lawful fees, the deposit for and Customs Code or the Local Government Code
costs, proof of service of the petition, and the shall be maintained, except as herein provided,
contents of and the documents which should until and unless an appeal has been previously
accompany the petition shall be sufficient ground filed with the CTA and disposed of in accordance
for the dismissal thereof. with the provisions of this Act.
Issues of pure questions of law may be raised; A party adversely affected by a resolution of a
however, CA has the discretion whether or not to Division of the CTA on a motion for
entertain the same. reconsideration or new trial, may file a petition
for review with the CTA en banc.
From the decision of the CA, the aggrieved
party may: A party adversely affected by a decision or ruling
of the CTA en banc may file with the Supreme
a) Appeal by Certiorari under Rule 45; Court a verified petition for review on certiorari
b) File Motion for New Trial. pursuant to Rule 45 of the 1997 Rules of Civil
Procedure (Section 11, R.A. no. 9282, March 30,
Under Rule 37, Motion for New Trial may be filed 2004).
only when the trial court has rendered a decision
already. However, in the CA, even if no decision
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3.R.2m-n.Review of Judgments or Final interpreted by the Supreme Court to refer to
Orders of the COA and COMELEC certiorari under Rule 65 and not appeal by
certiorari under Rule 45 (Aratuc vs. COMELEC,
A party aggrieved by the judgment, final order or 88 SCRA 251; Dario vs. Mison, 176 SCRA 84). To
resolution of the Commission on Elections or implement the above constitutional provision,
Commission on Audit may file a petition for the SC promulgated Rule 64.
certiorari under Rule 65 with the Supreme Court
(Rule 64Sec. 2). RULE 64 RULE 65
Directed only to the Directed to any
The mode of review under Rule 64 is starkly judgments, final orders tribunal, board or
different from the mode applicable to the or resolutions of the officers exercising
judgment, final order or resolution of another COMELEC and COA; judicial or quasi-
judicial functions;
constitutional body, the Civil Service Commission.
Filed within 30 days Filed within 60 days
The judgment of the Civil Service Commission
from notice of the from notice of the
cannot be assailed by a petition for certiorari to judgment; judgment;
the Supreme Court but by appeal. This appeal The filing of a motion The period within
shall be taken by filing a verified petition for for reconsideration or a which to file the
review to the Court of Appeals (R.A. 7902)in motion for new trial, if petition, if the motion
accordance with Rule 43 of the Rules of Court. allowed, interrupts the for reconsideration or
period for the filing of new trial is denied, is
Time for filing of petition the petition for 60 days from notice of
certiorari. If the motion the denial of the
is denied, the aggrieved motion.
Within 30 days (special period of 30 days as
party may file the
opposed to 60 days provided in Rule 65) petition within the
from notice of judgment or final order or remaining period, but
resolution sought to be reviewed. which shall not be less
If a motion for reconsideration was filed and than 5 days reckoned
is subsequently denied, petition must be filed from the notice of
within the remaining period but not less than denial.
5 days in any event reckoned from notice of Not under concurrent Under concurrent
denial. jurisdiction because it is jurisdiction.
“exclusive original”.
Mode of review
As to Periods:
As an independent civil action under Rule 65,
Period Rule 64 Rule 65
to be filed exclusively with the SC.
Filing of petition for certiorari does not stay Time 30 days 60 days
Frame
execution of judgment or final order or
Reckoning From notice of From receipt of
resolution sought to be reviewed unless the Period judgment. denial of Motion for
petitioner files for TRO and Preliminary Reconsideration.
Injunction(Ocampo vs. RPN-9, G.R. no. 192947,
December 9, 2015).
3.R.2o. Review of final judgments or final
orders of the Civil Service Commission
Application of Rules 64 and 65
The judgment of the Civil Service Commission
Sec. 7, Art. IX-A of the Constitution reads,
cannot be assailed by a petition for certiorari to
“unless otherwise provided by the
the Supreme Court but by appeal. This appeal
Constitution or by law, any decision, order or
shall be taken by filing a verified petition for
ruling of each commission may be brought to
review to the Court of Appeals (R.A. 7902)in
the Supreme Court on certiorari by the
accordance with Rule 43 of the Rules of Court.
aggrieved party within 30 days from receipt
of a copy thereof.” The provision was
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Appeals from Awards, judgments, final orders or vs. Ateneo de Naga University, G.R. No. 185058,
resolutions of our authorized by any quasi-judicial November 9, 2015).
agency in the exercise of its quasi-judicial
function, including Civil Service Commission shall 3.R.2r. Review of final judgments or final
be governed by Rule 43. orders of Quasi-judicial Agencies
Judgments of the NLRC are to be brought first to Appeals from judgments and final orders of
the CA by way of petition for certiorari under quasi-judicial bodies/agencies are now
Rule 65 wihtin 60 days from notice of decision, required to be brought to the CA under the
not under Rule 43 of the Rules of Court (St. Martin requirements and conditions set forth in Rule
Funeral Homes vs. NLRC, G.R. No. 130866, September 43. This rule was adopted precisely to
16, 1998). provide a uniform rule of appellate procedure
from quasi-judicial bodies (Carpio vs. Sulu
Q. May the final judgments or final orders of Resource Devt. Corp., G.R. No. 148267. August 8,
the National Labor Relations Commission be 2002).
subject for review? How?
Issues to be Raised
A. Judicial review of decisions of the NLRC is
permitted. However, this review is through a The appeal under Rule 43 may raise issues
petition for certiorari (i.e., special civil action involving questions of fact, of law or mixed
for certiorari) under Rule 65 of the Rules of questions of fact and law.
Court, rather than through an appeal (Manalo
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Period of Appeal not conclusive to the conclusive to CA if
CA. supported by substantial
The appeal shall be taken within 15 days evidence.
from:
Note: Only one (1) motion for 1. Failure of the record on appeal to show
reconsideration shall be allowed(Rule 43, on its face that the appeal was taken
Sec. 4). within the period fixed by these Rules;
2. Failure to file the notice of appeal or the
Extension of Filing record on appeal within the period
prescribed by these Rules;
Upon proper motion and the payment of 3. Failure of the appellant to pay the
the full amount of the docket fee before the docket and other lawful fees as
expiration of the reglementary period, the provided in section 5, Rule 40 and
Court of Appeals may grant an additional section 4 of Rule 41; (Bar Matter No.
period of fifteen (15) days only within 803, 17 February 1998)
which to file the petition for review. No 4. Unauthorized alterations, omissions or
further extension shall be granted except additions in the approved record on
for the most compelling reason and in no appeal as provided in section 4 of Rule
case to exceed fifteen (15) days(Rule 43, 44;
Sec. 4). 5. Failure of the appellant to serve and file
the required number of copies of his
Stay of Judgment brief or memorandum within the time
provided by these Rules;
The appeal shall not stay the award, 6. Absence of specific assignment of
judgment, final order or resolution sought errors in the appellant's brief, or of
to be reviewed UNLESS the CA shall direct page references to the record as
otherwise upon such terms as it may deem required in section 13, paragraphs (a),
just (Rule 43, Sec. 12). (c), (d) and (f) of Rule 44;
7. Failure of the appellant to take the
In Rule 40 (Appeal from the MTC to the necessary steps for the correction or
RTC), 41 (Appeal from the RTC), and 42 completion of the record within the
(Petition for Review from the RTC to the time limited by the court in its order;
CA), the judgment is stayed, unlike in Rule 8. Failure of the appellant to appear at the
43 (Appeals from Quasi-judicial Agencies to preliminary conference under Rule 48
the C.A.); parties must apply for restraining or to comply with orders, circulars, or
order and preliminary injunction to stay directives of the court without
judgment. justifiable cause; and
9. The fact that the order or judgment
Rule 42 Rule 43 appealed from is not appealable(Rule 50,
Decision is stayed by an Decision is immediately Sec. 1). (1a)
appeal. executory. It is not
stayed by an appeal. Notes:
Factual findings are Factual Findings are
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appeal under Rule 41 taken from the application of the rule or principle derived
Regional Trial Court to the Court of Appeals from the earlier case.
raising only questions of law shall be
dismissed, issues purely of law not being With each level of the appellate structure, the
reviewable by said court(Rule 50, Sec. 2). review for correctness function diminishes and
An appeal by notice of appeal instead of by the institutional function, which concerns itself
petition for review from the appellate with uniformity of judicial administration and the
judgment of a Regional Trial Court shall be progressive development of the law, increases.
dismissed(Rule 50, Sec. 2). (Re: Letter Complaint of Merlita B. Fabiana Against
An appeal erroneously taken to the Court of Presiding Justice Andres B. Reyes, Jr., et al. 700 SCRA
Appeals shall not be transferred to the 348 , July 02, 2013)
appropriate court but shall be dismissed
outright(Mitsubishi Motors Philippines Corporation Harmless Error Rule in Appellate Decisions
vs. Bureau of Customs, G.R. no. 209830, June 17,
2015). No error in either the admission or the exclusion
of evidence and no error or defect in any ruling
b) Withdrawal of appeal or order or in anything done or omitted by the
trial court or by any of the parties is ground for
The withdrawal of an appeal maybe a matter of granting a new trial or for setting aside,
right or a matter of judicial discretion. Before the modifying, or otherwise disturbing a judgment or
filing of the appellee’s brief, the appeal may be order, unless refusal to take such action appears
withdrawn as a matter of right. However, once to the court inconsistent with substantial justice.
the appellee’s brief has been filed, the withdrawal The court at every stage of the proceeding must
may be allowed in the discretion of the court (Rule disregard any error or defect which does not
50, Sec. 3). affect the substantial rights of the parties. (Rule
51,Sec. 6)
Dual Function of Appellate Courts
3.R.3. Relief from Judgments, Orders and
An appellate court serves a dual function. Other Proceedings(Rule 38)
1. Correctness function - The case is reviewed Q.What is a Petition for Relief from
on appeal to assure that substantial justice Judgment?
has been done. It is concerned with the
justice of the particular case. A.1. Relief from judgment is a remedy
provided by law to any person against whom
2. Institutional function - the progressive a decision or order is entered through fraud,
development of the law for general application accident, mistake, or excusable
in the judicial system. It is concerned with the negligence. This remedy is equitable in
articulation and application of constitutional character, allowed only in exceptional cases
principles, the authoritative interpretation of where there is no other available or adequate
statutes, and the formulation of policy within remedy provided by law or the
the proper sphere of the judicial function. rules. Generally, relief will not be granted to
a party who seeks avoidance from the effects
The duality also relates to the dual function of all of the judgment when the loss of the remedy
adjudication in the common law system. at law was due to the negligence of his
counsel because of the time-honored
1. Doctrine of res judicata, which decides the principle that clients are bound by the
case and settles the controversy; mistakes and negligence of their
2. Doctrine of stare decisis, which pertains to the counsel(Cagayan Economic Zone Authority vs.
Meridien Vista Gaming Corporation, G.R. No.
precedential value of the case which assists in
194962, January 27, 2016).
deciding future similar cases by the
Note: It must be accompanied with affidavits The petitioner failed to move for new trial in,
showing the fraud, accident, mistake, or or appeal from, or file a petition for relief
excusable negligence relied upon, and the facts against, or take other appropriate remedies
constituting the petitioner’s good and substantial assailing the questioned judgment or final
cause of action or defense, as the case may be order or resolution through no fault
(Rule 38, Sec. 3). attributable to him(Riano, Civil Procedure
Volume I, 2016 ed., p. 584).
Answer to the Petition - Filed within fifteen
(15) days from the receipt of the Petition. If he failed to avail of those other remedies
without sufficient justification, he cannot
3.R.3c. Contents of Petition resort to annulment provided in this Rule.
Otherwise, he would benefit from his own or
1. The petition must be verified; negligence (Republic vs. Sandiganbayan, G.R.
2. Accompanied with affidavits showing FAME No. 140615. February 19, 2001).
relied upon; and
3. The facts constituting the petitioner's good
and substantial cause of action or defense, as Q.When may a final and executory judgment
the case may be (Rule 38, Sec. 3,). be set aside?
Petition based on the first ground – A.A final and executory judgment may still be
petition shall pray that the judgment, set aside if, upon mere inspection thereof, its
order or proceeding be set aside patent nullity can be shown for having been
Petition based on the second ground issued without jurisdiction or for lack of due
– petition shall pray that that the appeal process of law. Annulment of judgment
be given due course. under Rule 47 is an exception to the final
judgment rule (Diona vs. Balangue, G.R. No.
Two Hearings under Rule 38: 173559, January 7, 2013).
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The issuance of summons as in ordinary civil The judgment of annulment may include the
cases and such appropriate proceedings award of damages, attorney’s fees and other
thereafter as contemplated in Section 6, relied. The court may issue such orders of
Rule 14. restitution or other relief as justice and equity
may warrant under the circumstances if the
For the court to acquire jurisdiction over the questioned judgment or final order or
respondent, the rule requires the issuance of resolution had already been executed(Rule 47,
summons should prima facie merit be found in Sec. 9).
the petition and the same is given due course.
3.R.4c. Effects of a Judgment of Annulment Direct Attack - when the object of an action is
to annul or set aside such proceeding, or enjoin
Based on Lack of Jurisdiction: A judgment of its enforcement.
annulment shall set aside the questioned
judgment or final order or resolution and render Q. What is Direct attack and Collateral attack
the same null and void, without prejudice to the upon a judgment?
original action being refiled in the proper court
(Rule 47,Sec. 7). A. Direct attack against a judgment is
made through an action or proceeding the
Based on Extrinsic Fraud: Where the main object of which is to annul, set aside, or
judgment or final order or resolution is set aside enjoin the enforcement of such judgment, if
on the ground of extrinsic fraud, the court, upon not carried into effect, or if the property has
motion, may order the trial court to try the case been disposed of, the aggrieved party may
as if a motion for new trial was granted (Rule sue for recovery.
47,Sec. 7).
Collateral attack is made when, in another
Notes: action to obtain a different relief, an attack
on the judgment is made as an incident in
The prescriptive period for the refiling of the said action. This is proper only when the
original action shall be deemed suspended judgment on its face is null and void, as
from the filing of such original action until the where it is patent that the court, which
finality of the judgment of annulment rendered said judgment has no jurisdiction
EXCEPT where the extrinsic fraud is (Spouses Amancio vs. CA, G.R. No. 152627
attributable to the plaintiff in the original September 16, 2005).
action. (Rule 47, Sec. 8)
Examples:
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court(Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management
1. A petition for certiorari under Rule 65 is a Corporation vs. Maunlad Homes Inc., G.R. no. 215933.
direct attack. It is filed primarily to have an February 8, 2017).
order annulled.
2. An action for annulment of a judgment is Essential Requisites for a Writ of Execution
likewise a direct attack on a judgment.
3. A motion to dismiss a complaint for 1. It must conform strictly to the decision or
collection of a sum of money filed by a judgment which gave life to it;
corporation against the defendant on the 2. It cannot vary the terms of the judgment it
ground that the plaintiff has no legal seeks to enforce nor may it go beyond the
capacity to sue is a collateral attack on the terms of the judgment sought to be
corporation. A motion to dismiss is incidental executed; and
to the main action for sum of money. It is 3. It must conform to the dlspositive portion of
not filed as an action intended to attack the the decision to be executed(Riano, Civil
legal existence of the plaintiff (Co vs. CA, G.R. Procedure Volume I, 2016, pg. no. 607).
no. 93687. May 6, 1991).
Meaning of Final Judgment
3.S. EXECUTION, SATISFACTION AND The term “final”, when used to describe a
EFFECT OF JUDGMENTS (Rule 39) judgment, may be used in two senses:
Exceptions: (SIRA)
3.S.2a. Execution as a Matter of Right
a) Orders granting Support even if the main case
is still pending. It shall issue upon the expiration of the period to
b) Orders in Injunctions. appeal, on motion, if no appeal was perfected
c) Orders in Receivership; and from a judgment or order that disposes of the
d) Orders in Accounting cases. action or proceeding (Rule 39, Sec. 1).
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Issuance of a writ of execution becomes 2. Execution of several, separate or partial
ministerial duty of the court (Riano, Civil Procedure, judgment (Florendo vs. PIC, G.R. No. 167976,
Volume 1, 2016 ed., p. 604). January 20, 2010).
General Rule: Execution will issue as a matter Requisites of Execution Pending Appeal
of right only when: (MH-GG)
a) The judgment has become final and 1. Motion by prevailing party with notice to the
executory; adverse party;
b) The judgment debtor has renounced or 2. Hearing on the motion;
waived his right of appeal; 3. Good reasons to justify the discretionary
c) The period for appeal has lapsed without an execution; and,
appeal having been filed; or 4. Good reasons must be stated in the special
d) Having been filed, the appeal has been order(Rule 39,Sec. 2).
resolved and the records of the case have
been returned to the court of origin. Q. In what instances will an execution
pending appeal considered as a matter of
Exception: Execution pending appeal(City of right?
Iligan vs. Principal Management Group , Inc., G.R. No.
145260, July 31, 2003) A. An execution pending appeal is deemed
an exception to the general rule, which
Q. When will the issuance of a writ of allows an execution as a matter of right only
execution becomes ministerial duty of the in any of the following instances:
court? i. (a) when the judgment has become
final and executory;
A. Once a judgment becomes final and ii. (b) when the judgment debtor has
executory, the prevailing party can have it renounced or waived his right of
executed as a matter of right, and the appeal;
issuance of a writ of execution becomes the iii. (c) when the period for appeal has
ministerial duty of the court. Once a decision lapsed without an appeal having been
becomes final and executory, it is the filed; or
ministerial duty of the presiding judge to iv. (d) when, having been filed, the appeal
issue a writ of execution except in certain has been resolved and the records of
cases, as when subsequent events would the case have been returned to the
render execution of judgment unjust court of origin (Abenion vs. Pilipinas Shell
(Mangahas vs. Paredes, G.R. no. 157866, Petroleum Corporation, G.R. No. 200749,
February 14, 2007). February 6, 2017).
Discretionary execution may be stayed upon Judgments that may be altered or modified
approval by the proper court of a sufficient after becoming final and executory:
supersedeas bond filed by the party against
whom it is directed, conditioned upon the
performance of the judgment or order allowed to
be executed in case it shall finally be sustained in i. (a) Facts and circumstances transpire which
whole or in part(Rule 39, Sec. 3). render its execution impossible or unjust;
ii. (b) Support;
Note: Supersede as Bond is a bond filed by a iii. (c) Interlocutory judgment.
petitioner which guarantees satisfaction of the
judgment in case it is affirmed on appeal. It must 3.S.3a. Execution by Motion or by
be approved by the court before the judgment Independent Action
becomes final and executory.
M Within 5 No revival Executed by
Judgments not stayed by appeal (Rule 39, O years from of judgment motion.
Sec. 4) T date of needed.
I entry of
General Rule: Judgment is stayed by appeal O judgment
N
Exception: Judgment in the following actions After 5 Revival of Once revived,
years but judgment execution
are immediately executory:(IRAS2)
before 10 by means of may be by
A
years from independent motion since
a) Injunction. C
the date of action / the revival is
b) Receivership. T
entry of petition. in nature of a
c) Accounting. I
judgment. new
O
d) Support The right to judgment
N
e) Such other judgments declared to be execution is separate and
immediately executory reduced to a distinct from
right of the original
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action judgment original judgment. It is not a continuation of
which may (See First the original judgment. The action to revive
be Row). judgment is a new action and results in a
proceeded new judgment constituting a new cause of
in a
action with a new period of limitations.
separate
action. Hence, the 10-year period to revive the
revived judgment shall commence to run
from the date of the finality of the revived
Revival of Judgment judgment and not from the date of finality of
the old, original judgment (PNB vs. Bondoc,
An action for revival of judgment is no more than G.R. no. L-20236. July 30, 1965).
a procedural means of securing the execution of
a previous judgment which has become dormant 3.S.3b. Issuance And Contents Of A Writ Of
after the passage of five years without it being Execution
executed upon motion of the prevailing party.
Writ of Execution
It is a new and independent action, different and It is the judicial writ issued to an officer
distinct from either the recovery of property case authorizing him to execute the judgment of the
or the reconstitution case, wherein the cause of court.
action is the decision itself and not the mertis of
the action upon which the judgment sought to be
enforced is rendered.
This is availed of when the winning party seeks a Writ of Possession may be issued under the
judgment against one or more of several following instances: (LJEE)
defendants. The court may grant execution with
respect to said defendant or defendants. 1. In Land registration proceedings;
2. In a Judicial foreclosure, provided the debtor
Execution of Separate or Partial Judgments is in possession of the mortgaged realty and
no third person, not a party to the
This may be sought in court at any stage of an foreclosure suit, had intervened;
action to dispose of a particular claim, while the 3. In an Extrajudicial foreclosure of a real estate
action is being heard of with regard to the other mortgage; and
claims that have not been settled yet or are still 4. In Execution sales (Sps. Reyes vs. Sps. Chung,
awaiting resolution. G.R. No. 228112, September 13, 2017).
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Levy is the act by which an officer sets apart or working days from service of notice on said
appropriates a part of the whole of the property garnishee;
of the judgment debtor for purposes of the 3. The lawful fees shall be directly paid to the
execution sale(Riano, Civil Procedure Volume I, 2016, court; and
pg. no. 641). 4. If the amount is insufficient, the report shall
state how much funds or credits the
Q. When can the sheriff resort to levy? garnishee holds for the judgment
obligor(Viscal Development Corporation vs. Dela
A. The levy upon the properties of the Ciujz-Buendia, A.M. no. P-12-3097. November 26,
judgment obligor may be had by the 2012).
executing sheriff only if the judgment obligor
cannot pay all or part of the full amount
stated in the writ of execution. If the Garnishment vs. Attachment
judgment obligor cannot pay all or part of the
obligation in cash, certified bank check, or ATTACHMENT GARNISHMENT
other mode acceptable to the judgment Rrefers to corporeal Rrefers to money,
obligee, the judgment obligor is given the property in the stocks, credits and
option to immediately choose which of his possession of the other incorporeal
judgment debtor property which are not
property or part thereof, not otherwise
in possession of the
exempt from execution, may be levied upon judgment debtor(Caja
sufficient to satisfy the judgment. If the vs. Nanquil, A.M. no. P-
judgment obligor does not exercise the 04-1885. September 13,
option immediately, or when he is absent or 2004).
cannot be located, he waives such right, and
the sheriff can now first levy his personal
properties, if any, and then the real
properties if the personal properties are 3.S.3d. Execution of judgment for Specific
insufficient to answer for the Acts (Rule 39, Sec. 10)
judgment(Leachon vs. Pascua, A.M. No. P-11-
2972, September 28, 2011).
Specific Acts (CSR-DD)
Garnishment
a) Conveyance, delivery of deeds, or other
Garnishment is the act of appropriation by the specific acts vesting title.
court when the property of the debtor is in the b) Sale of real or personal property.
hands of third persons(Riano, Civil Procedure c) Delivery or restitution of Real property.
Volume I, 2016, pg. no. 632). d) Removal of improvements on property
subject of execution; and
Procedure of Garnishment e) Delivery of Personal property.
Q. What remedy is available to a judgment A case may be filed against the surety provided
creditor when the persons indebted to the the principal is informed about it.
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3.S.7. Examination of judgment obligor as it may deem proper(Rule 39, Sec. 37).
when judgment is unsatisfied
3.S.9. Effect of Judgments or Final Orders
When the return of a writ of execution issued
against property of a judgment obligor, or any 1. In case of a judgment or final order against a
one of several obligors in the same judgment, specific thing, the same is conclusive upon
shows that the judgment remains unsatisfied, in the title to the thing;
whole or in part, the judgment obligee, at any 2. In case of a judgment or final order in
time after such return is made, shall be entitled respect to the probate of a will, or the
to an order from the court which rendered the administration of the estate of a deceased
said judgment. person, the same is conclusive upon them,
however, the probate of a will or granting of
Such order shall require the judgment obligor to letters of administration shall only be prima
appear and be examined concerning his property facie evidence of the death of the testator or
and income before such court or before a intestate;
commissioner appointed by it, at a specified time 3. In case of a judgment or final order in
and place; and, proceedings may thereupon be respect to the personal, political, or legal
had for the application of the property and condition or status of a particular person or
income of the judgment obligor towards the his relationship to another, the same is
satisfaction of the judgment(Rule 39, Sec. 36). conclusive upon the condition, status or
relationship of the person;
Note: No judgment obligor shall be so required 4. In other cases,the judgment or final order
to appear before a court or commissioner outside with respect to the matter directly adjudged
the province or city in which such obligor resides or as to any other matter that could have
or is found(Riano, Civil Procedure Vol. I, 2016 Ed., p. been missed in relation thereto is conclusive
644). between the parties and their successors in
interest, by title subsequent to the
3.S.8. Examination of obligor of judgment commencement of the action or special
obligor proceeding, litigating for the same thing and
under the same title and in the same
When the return of a writ of execution against capacity; and
the property of a judgment obligor shows that 5. In any other litigation between the same
the judgment remains unsatisfied, in whole or in parties or their successors in interest, that
part, and upon proof to the satisfaction of the only is deemed to have been adjudged in a
court which issued the writ, that person, former judgment or final order which appears
corporation, or other juridical entity has property upon its face to have been so adjudged, or
of such judgment obligor or is indebted to him, which was actually and necessarily included
the court may, by an order, require such person, therein or necessary thereto(Rule 39, Sec. 47).
corporation, or other juridical entity, or any
officer or member thereof, to appear before the Rule on Res Judicata in Judgment in
court or a commissioner appointed by it, at a rem(Rule 39,Sec. 47[a])
time and place within the province or city where
such debtor resides or is found, and be examined In res judicata, the parties and the causes of
concerning the same. action in both suits are identical or substantially
the same. The judgment in the first action is
The service of the order shall bind all credits due conclusive as to every matter offered and
the judgment obligor and all money and property received therein and as to any other matter
of the judgment obligor in the possession or in admissible therein and which might have been
control of such person, corporation, or juridical offered for that purpose. Hence, it is an absolute
entity from the time of service; and the court bar to subsequent action for the same cause.
may also require notice of such proceedings to be
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Rule on Res Judicata in Judgments in case can always be renewed by the mere
personam(Rule 39,Sec. 47 [b]) expedience of joining new parties in the new
suit.
Requisites of Res Judicata: (FMJI)
Q. What is the ultimate test to ascertain the
1. The former judgment or order must be Final. identity of causes of action?
2. It must be a judgment or order on the
Merits, that is, it was rendered after a A. The ultimate test to ascertain identity of
consideration of evidence or stipulations causes of action is whether or not the same
submitted by the parties at the trial of the evidence fully supports and establishes both
case. the first and second cases. The application of
3. It must have been rendered by a court the doctrine of res judicata cannot be
having Jurisdiction over the subject matter excused by merely varying the form of the
and the parties; and, action or engaging a different method of
4. There must be between the first and second presenting the issue.
actions, Identity of parties, of subject matter
and of cause of action. This requisite is Rule of Auter Action Pendent (Rule 39,Sec.
satisfied if two actions are substantially 47[c])
between the same parties (Perez vs. CA, G.R.
No. 157616. July 22, 2005). Also known as Conclusiveness of Judgment, it
has the effect of preclusion only as to issues.
Note:A judgment or order is on the merits of the
case when it determines the rights and liabilities Q. What is Conclusiveness of Judgment?
of the parties based on the ultimate facts as
disclosed by the pleadings or issues presented for A.The concept of conclusiveness of judgment
trial. It is not necessary that a trial, actual under the principle of res judicata means that
hearing or argument on the facts of the case where between the first case where in
ensued. For as long as the parties had the full judgment is involved, there is identity of
legal opportunity to be heard on their respective parties, but there is no identity of cause of
claims and contentions, the judgment or order is action, the judgment is conclusive in the
on the merits. An order of the trial court on the second case, only as to those matters merely
ground that the complaint does not state a cause involved therein (DOLE Philippines, Inc. vs.
of action is a determination of the case on its Esteva, et.al., G.R. 161115, November 30, 2006).
merits. Such order whether right or wrong bars
another action based upon the same cause of Collateral Estoppel or Estoppel by Verdict
action. The operation of the order as res judicata
is not affected by a mere right of appeal where It applies where, between the first case wherein
the appeal has not been taken or by an appeal judgment is rendered and the second case
which never has been perfected. (Perez vs. CA, wherein such judgment is involved, there is no
G.R. No. 157616. July 22, 2005) identity of causes of action. It has been held
that in order that a judgment in one action can
Q. Is absolute identity of parties required for be conclusive as to a particular matter in another
Res Judicata to apply? action between the same parties or their privies,
it is essential that the issues be identical. If a
A.Absolute identity of parties is not a particular point or question is in issue in the
condition sine qua non for the application of second action, and the judgment will depend on
res judicata. It is sufficient that there is a the determination of that particular point or
shared identity of interest. Even if new question, a former judgment between the same
parties are found in the second action, res parties will be final and conclusive in the second
judicata still applies if the party against if that same point or question was in issue and
whom the judgment is offered in evidence adjudicated in the first suit; but the adjudication
was a party in the first action; otherwise, a of an issue in the first case is not conclusive of an
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entirely different and distinct issue arising in the b) Want of Notice to the party
second. In order that this rule may be applied, it c) Collusion;
must clearly and positively appear, either from d) Fraud; or
the record itself or by the aid of competent e) Clear mistake of law or fact (Rule 39, Sec.
extrinsic evidence that the precise point or 47).
question in issue in the second suit was involved
and decided in the first. And in determining
whether a given question was an issue in the Note: A foreign judgment on the mere strength
prior action, it is proper to look behind the of its promulgation is not yet conclusive, as it can
judgment to ascertain whether the evidence be annulled on the grounds of want of
necessary to sustain a judgment in the second jurisdiction, want of notice to the party, collusion,
action would have authorized a judgment for the fraud, or clear mistake of law or fact. It is
same party in the first action (Perez vs. CA, G.R. no. likewise recognized in Philippine jurisprudence
157616. July 22, 2005). and international law that a foreign judgment
may be barred from recognition if it runs counter
Note: Void judgment cannot be invoked as res to public policy (Republic vs. Gingoyon, GR 166429,
judicata but avoidable one can. June 27, 2006).
***The above enumeration does not represent 4.C. PRELIMINARY ATTACHMENT (Rule 57)
an exclusive list of provisional remedies (Riano,
Civil Procedure, Vol. II, 2016 Ed.,p.8). Nature of Preliminary Attachment
Q.When can the court allow a provisional
Preliminary attachment is purely a statutory
remedy of deposit in the exercise of its equity
remedy. Its legal basis for application are the
jurisdiction?
Rules of Court and the Civil Code.
A. In a situation where there is
Attachment is in the nature of a proceeding quasi
“silence,obscurityor insufficiency of the laws”
in rem although sometimes referred to as an
calls for the application of equity jurisdiction,
action in rem (Valdevieso vs. Damalerio, G.R. no.
which “fills the open spaces in the law”. So
133303, February 17, 2005).
that while conceding that deposit is not
among the provisional remedies in the Rules The grant of preliminary attachment is
of Courtif not granted would result in unjust discretionary upon the court.
enrichment. The purpose of the exercise of
equity jurisdiction in this case is to prevent Q.What is a preliminary attachment?
unjust enrichment and to ensure restitution.
Equity jurisdiction aims to do complete justice
in cases where a court of law is unable to A. Attachment is a provisional remedy by
adapt its judgments to the special which the property of an adverse party is
circumstances of a case because of taken into legal custody, either at the
inflexibility of iots statutory or legal commencement of an action or at any time
jurisdiction(Reyes vs. Lim, G.R. No. 134241, thereafter, as a security for the satisfaction of
August 11, 2003).
any judgment that may be recovered by the
plaintiff or any proper party (Northern Islands
Provisional Remedies in Criminal Cases Company vs. Spouses Garcia, G.R. no. 203240,
March 18, 2015).As to its nature, attachment is
Provisional Remedies may also be availed of in a proceeding quasi in rem although
criminal actions pursuant to Rule 127 of the Rules sometimes it is referred to as an action in
of Court because of the civil liability which, as a rem. The grant of preliminary attachment is
Kinds of Attachments
Here, the application is made even before There are certain types of attachments:
summons is issued by the court or before
summons is served on the defendant. 1. Preliminary Attachment – one issued at
the commencement of the action or at
The application may be incorporated in a anytime before the entry of the judgment as
verified complaint alleging all the grounds security for the satisfaction of any judgment
relied upon and complying with all the that may be recovered.
requisites for the grant of application.
2. Garnishment – the attaching party seeks to
If granted, it will result in an ex parte issuance subject to his claim either the property of the
of the writ of preliminary attachment (Riano, adverse party, in the hands of a third person
Civil Procedure, Vol. II, 2016 Ed., pg.15) called the garnishee, or the money which said
third person owes the adverse party.
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3. Levy
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upon execution – the process unknown (Sec. 14, Rule 14)and the defendant
employed after the judgment has become temporarily out of the Philippines (Sec. 16, Rule
executory by which the property of the 14)[Rule 57, Sec. 1 (f)](Riguera, Primer-Reviewer
judgment obligor is set aside and taken into on Remedial Law, Civil Procedure, Vol. I, 2015 Ed).
the costudy of the court before the sale of the
property on execution for the satisfaction of a Note: The grounds for attachment is exclusive
final judgment (Riano, Civil Procedure, Vol. II, (Chamorro vs. Ready-Mix Co., G.R. no.. L-6572, May
2016 Ed., p. 16-18). 14, 1954).
Note:in order to acquire jurisdiction in actions 1. May be issued either ex parte or upon
in personam where defendant resides out of motion with notice and hearing;
and is not found in the Philippines, it becomes 2. By the court in which the action is pending,
a matter of course for the court to convert the or by the Court of Appeals or the Supreme
action into a proceeding in rem or quasi in Court.
rem by attaching the defendant’s
property(PCIB vs. Alejandro, G.R. No. 175587 Several writs may be issued at the same time to
September 21, 2007). the sheriffs of the courts of different judicial
regions(Rule 57, Sec. 2).
6. Depart- In an action for sum of money or
damages (other than moral or exemplary)
against a party who is about to depart from Note: No hearing is required on an application
the Philippines with intent to defraud for preliminary attachment, with notice to the
creditors.(Note: If already departed from the defendant, for the reason that this "would defeat
Philippines, then a non-resident, as in NO. 5) the objective of the remedy . . . (since the) time
[Rule 57, Sec. 1 (a)]. which such a hearing would take, could be
7. Summons by Publication- In an action against enough to enable the defendant to abscond or
a party on whom summons may be served by dispose of his property before a writ of
publication (Sec. 1, Rule 57).These are the attachment issues."(Davao Light & Power, Co., Inc.
defendant whose identity or whereabouts vs. CA, G.R. No. 93262 December 29, 1991).
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Q. May a writ of preliminary attachment be
issued when there is failure to allege the
Contents of an Order of Attachment prescribed requisites?
The Order must require the sheriff of the court A. No.Failure to allege the requisites
to attach so much of the property in the prescribed for the issuance of a writ of
Philippines of the party against whom it is preliminary attachment renders the writ
issued, not exempt from execution, as may be fatally defective, and the judge issuing it is
sufficient to satisfy the applicant's demand, deemed to have acted in excess of his
unless such party makes deposit or gives a jurisdiction (K.O. Glass Construction Co., Inc. vs.
bond as hereinafter provided in the amount Valenzuela, G.R. no. L-48756, September 11,
equal to that fixed in the order, which may be 1982).
the amount sufficient to satisfy the applicant's
demand or the value of the property to be Condition of Applicant's Bond
attached as stated by the applicant, exclusive of
costs (Rule 57, Sec. 2). The bond executed in favor of the adverse party
is conditioned upon:
Note: An order of attachment shall be granted
only upon the filing of an affidavit and a a) the payment, by the party applying for an
bond(Rule 57, Sec. 2). order of attachment, of all costs which the
adverse party may be adjudged as entitled
Contents of the Affidavit (CONA) to; and,
b) all damages which the adverse party may
1. That a sufficient Cause of action exists; sustain by reason of the attachment, if it
2. That the case is One of those mentioned in shall be finally adjudged that the party
Section 1, Rule 57; applying for the attachment was not entitled
3. That there is No sufficient security for the thereto (Rule 57, Sec. 4).
claim sought to be enforced by the action;
and Q. When can a defendant claim from the
4. That the Amount due to the applicant, or the attachment bond?
value of the property the possession of
which he is entitled to recover, is as much as A. The defendant can only claim from the
the sum for which the order is granted bond for all the damages which he may
above all legal counterclaims (Rule 57, Sec. sustain by reason of the attachment and not
3). because of the sale of the attached
properties prior to final judgment (CBC vs.
Note: the affidavit must be executed by the Asian Construction and Development Corporation,
applicant or by some other person who G.R. No. 158271, April 8, 2008).
personally knows the facts (Ibid).
Q. May an order of preliminary attachment Stages in the Grant of a Writ of Preliminary
be issued if there exist a real estate Attachment
mortgage?
1. The court issues the order granting the
A.No.The order of preliminary attachment will application;
not be issued if a real estate mortgage exists 2. The writ of attachment issues pursuant to the
to secure the obligation, even if an action for order granting the writ; and,
a sum of money was filed instead of an action 3. The writ is implemented(Riano, Civil Procedure,
for foreclosure (Salgado vs. CA, G.R. no. L-55381, Vol II, 2016 Ed, p.33).
March 26, 1984).
Q. When is jurisdiction over the person of
the defendant necessary?
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A.
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Jurisdiction over the person of the summons by publication may be justified (Riano,
defendant is only required in the third stage Civil Procedure, Vol. II, 2016 ed., pg. 34-35).
(i.e. once the implementation of the writ
commences). Without such jurisdiction, the
court has no power and authority to act in No Retroactivity of Belated Service of
any manner against the property of the Summons
defendant (Mangila vs. CA, G.R. no. 125027,
August 12, 2002). Q. What is the effect of subsequent service
of summons when an attachment is issued
before the court has acquired jurisdiction
4.C.4. Rule on Prior or Contemporaneous over the person of the defendant?
Service of Summons
A. Belated service of summons cannot be
General Rule: The sheriff is NOT allowed to deemed to have cured the fatal defect in the
make a levy on attachment if such levy is not enforcement of the writ. The subsequent
preceded or contemporaneously accompanied by service of summons does not confer a
the service on the defendant within the retroactive acquisition of jurisdiction over her
Philippines of the following: person because the law does not allow for
retroactivity of a belated service (Torres v.
1) Summons; SatsatinG.R.no. 166759, November 25, 2009).
2) Copy of the complaint;
3) Application for attachment; 4.C.5. Manner of Attaching Real and
4) Applicant's affidavit and bond; and, Personal Property; When Property Attached
5) Order and writ of attachment (Rule 57, Sec. is Claimed by Third Person
5).
Manner of Attachment of Real and Personal
Note: The service mentioned above is necessary Property under Rule 57
to acquire jurisdiction over the person of the
defendant. PROPERTY MANNER OF ATTACHMENT
Real property, or a) By filing with the Registry of
Exceptions: Prior or Contemporaneous Service growing crops Deeds the following:
thereon, or any
shall NOT apply when:(PeSTa-NR)
interest therein 1. copy of the order of
(Sec. 7, par. a) attachment;
1) summons could not be served Personally 2. description of the property
despite diligent efforts; attached; and,
2) Summons could not be served by 3. notice that the property
substituted service despite diligent efforts; subject of the writ is
3) defendant is a resident of the Philippines attached.
Temporarily absent therefrom;
4) defendant is a Non-resident of the b) Then, by leaving a copy of
such order, description, and
Philippines; or,
notice with the occupant of
5) action is one in Rem or quasi in rem (Rule the property, if any, or with
57, Sec. 5). such other person or his
agent if found within the
Reason for the Exceptions: Without these province.
exceptions, the party against whom the writ is
directed would be able to frustrate the ends of Where the property has been
justice by the simple expedient of disappearing brought under the operation of
and intentionally putting himself beyond the either the Land Registration Act
or the Property Registration
reach of court processes. Note that most of these
Decree, the notice shall contain a
exceptions are instances where service of
reference to the:
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(Rule 57, Sec. 9).
3) Not to attach any property exempt from
Property in By filing a copy of the writ of execution (Rule 57, Sec. 5);
custodia legis attachment with the proper court
(Sec. 7, last or quasi-judicial agency, and 4) To make a return, without delay, to the
paragraph) serving a notice of the
court which issued the writ;
attachment upon the custodian of
said property.
5) After enforcing the writ, to make a return
Priority in liens: The first thereon, without delay, to the court which
attachment will have priority over issued the writ, with a full statement of his
subsequent attachments. proceedings under the writ and a complete
inventory of the property attached, together
The attachment of property with any counter-bond given by the party
already in custodia legis merely against whom attachment is issued, and
operates as a lien and does not
serve copies thereof on the applicant (Rule
mean that the attaching court will
57, Sec. 6).
wrest custody of the property
from another court. (Riano, Civil
Procedure, Vol. II, pp. 38-39, Sale of Attached Property AFTER Levy on
2016 ed.) Attachment and BEFORE Entry of Judgment
Q. Can one enforce a maritime lien through a.) When the property attached is perishable; or,
a writ of preliminary attachment?
b.)
A. NO. A maritime lien exists in accordance When the interests of all the parties to the action
with the provision of the Ship Mortgage will be subserved by the sale thereof (Rule
Decree. When a maritime lien exists, this 57, Sec. 11).
means that the party in whose favor the lien
was established may ask the court to When Property Attached is Claimed by
enforce it by ordering the sale of the Third Person
subject property and using the proceeds to
settle the obligation. On the other hand, a Note: The third person here is NOT a party to
writ of preliminary attachment is issued the action.
precisely to create a lien.When a lien
already exists, this is already equivalent to 1. File a terceria stating the grounds of such
an attachment(TSUNEISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES right or title. The affidavit must be served
(CEBU), INC.,vs. MIS MARITIME CORPORATION, upon the sheriff while he has possession of
G.R. No. 193572, April 04, 2018). the attached property, and the attaching
party(Rule 57, Sec. 14).
Duties of the Sheriff
Terceriais an affidavit of one’s title to or right
1) To proceed with the attachment without to the possession of the property attached.
delay and with all reasonable diligence
UNLESS the party against whom the writ is General Rule: Upon service of the affidavit
directed upon the sheriff, he (sheriff) shall not be
bound to keep the property under
a) makes a deposit; or, attachment(Id).
b) gives a counter-bond (Rule 57, Sec. 5)
Exception: The attaching party files an
2) To attach only so much of the property in INDEMNITY BOND approved by the court.
the Philippines against whom the writ is
issuedto await the judgment in the case and
its execution.
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The sheriff shall not be liable for damages for Note: the above remedies are cumulative
the taking or keeping of the property, if such and any one of them may be resorted to
bond shall be filed(Rule 57, Sec. 14). without availing the other remedies(Ching vs.
CA, G.R. no. 124642, February 23, 2004).
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property to
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be attached, exclusive of costs (Rule
57, Sec. 5). Q.When should a hearing be held for the
recovery of damages under Sec. 20? Is this
Grounds for Motion to Discharge: (JI2E2) the same for the recovery of damages under
Sec. 17?
a) That the order of attachment was Improperly
or irregularly issued or enforced (Rule 57, Sec. A.Under Sec. 20, a hearing should be held
13) before finality of judgment. This is not the
b) That the bond furnished by the applicant is case for the recovery of damages under Sec.
Insufficient (Rule 57, Sec. 3) 17, which may be held even after finality of
c) The attachment is Excessive. (The discharge judgment.
shall be limited to the excess.)
d) The property attached is Exempt from The difference lies with the kind of damages
execution, hence, exempt from preliminary being recovered. Under Sec. 20 in relation to
attachment (Rule 57, Sec. 2 and 5); Sec. 4 of the same rule, the surety bond shall
e) TheJudgment is rendered against the answer for all the costs which may be
attaching creditor (Rule 57, Sec. 19). adjudged to the adverse party and all
damages which he may sustain by reason of
Note: The motion may be filed before levy, after the attachment. In other words, the damages
levy, or even after the release of the attached sought to be enforced against the surety
property. After due notice and hearing, the court bond are unliquidated. On the other hand,
shall order the setting aside or the corresponding Sec. 17 in relation to Sec. 12, the cash
discharge of the attachment (Rule 57, Sec. 13). deposit or the counter-bond shall secure the
payment of any judgment that the attaching
Effect of Discharge party may recover in the action. Stated
differently, the damages sought to be
The property attached or the proceeds of any charged against the surety bond are
sale thereof, shall be delivered to the party liquidated(Excellent Quality Apparel, Inc. vs.
making the deposit or giving the counterbond, or Visayan Surety & Insurance Corporation, G.R. No.
to the person appearing on his behalf. The 212025, July 01, 2015).
deposit or counterbond shall stand in the place of
the property attached(Rule 57, Sec. 12). Should the bond or deposit be insufficient to fully
satisfy the award of damages, the party against
Damages for a Wrongful Attachment (Rule whom the attachment was issued may recover
57, Sec. 20) from any property of the attaching party not
exempt from execution (Rule 57, Sec. 19).
Merit award of actual damages when the
attachment defendantproves the fact of loss or The judgment for damages shall be included in
injury. He may recover actual damages even the judgment on the main case. Damages may
without proof that the attachment plaintiff acted be recovered from the attaching party or his
in bad faith in obtaining the attachment. surety or sureties(Rule 57, Sec. 20).
a) By paying the judgment creditor the After satisfying the judgment, the balance shall
proceeds of all sales of perishable or other be rendered to the depositor or his assignee. If
property sold in pursuance of the order of the the judgment is in favor of the party against
court, or so much as shall be necessary to whom attachment was issued, the whole sum
satisfy the judgment. deposited must be refunded to him or his
b) If any balance remains due, by selling so assignee (Rule 57, Sec. 18).
much of the property, real or personal, as
may be necessary to satisfy the balance, if Rule if Judgment is Rendered Against the
enough for that purpose remain in the Attaching Party
sheriff’s hands, or in those of the clerk of
court. 1. The following shall be delivered to the party
c) By collecting from all persons having in their against whom attachment was issued:
possession, credits belonging to the
judgment debtor or owing debts to the latter a) all the proceeds of sales and money
at the time of the attachment of such credit collected or received by the sheriff, under
and debts as determined by the court in the the order of attachment; and,
action, and stated in the judgment, and b) all property attached remaining in any such
paying the proceeds of such collection over officer's hands
to the judgment creditor.
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2. The order of attachment shall be discharged II, 2016 ed.,
(Rule 57, Sec. 19) pp.16-17).
The court takes It does not Property of the
4.C.8. Compared with Garnishment and custody of the involve actual judgment
property of the seizure of the obligor is set
Levy on Execution
party against property which aside and
whom the remains in the taken into
Garnishment attachment is hands of custody of the
directed (Riano, garnishee court before
The attaching party seeks to subject to his claim Civil Procedure (Riano, Civil the sale of the
either the property of the adverse party, in the Vol. II, 2016 Procedure Vol. property on
hands of a 3rd person (garnishee), or the money ed., pp.16-17). II, 2016 ed., execution
which said 3rd person owes the adverse party. p.17). (Riano, Civil
Procedure Vol.
II, 2016 ed.,
Salaries can be attached only at the end of the
p.18).
month or on the pay day provided by contract or
law. This is so because prior thereto, the same
do not constitute money “due” to the debtor from
his employer.
a. the custody of the proper court and It is an equitable remedy. By issuing a writ of
b. properly legally attached is property in preliminary injunction, the court can thereby
custodia legis(BSP vs. Lanzanas, A.M. No. prevent a threatened or continued irreparable
RTJ-06-1999, December 8, 2010). injury to the plaintiff before a judgment can be
rendered on the claim (Riano, Civil Procedure, Vol.
II, 2016 Ed., pp.50-51).
Preliminary Levy on
Garnishment
Attachment Execution Notice and Hearing
Issued at the It is a manner Process
commencement of attaching employed
of the action or property AFTER the
A writ of preliminary injunction cannot be issued
at any time pursuant to a judgment has without a prior notice and hearing (Rule 58, Sec.
before entry of writ of become 5).
judgment as execution executory for
security for the (Rule 39, Sec. the satisfaction Purpose of Preliminary Injunction
satisfaction of 9c) or a writ of of final
any judgment attachment judgment. It is issued by the court to prevent threatened or
that may be (Rule 57, continuous irreparable injury to parties before
recovered Sec.5)
their claims can be thoroughly studied and
(Riano, Civil
Procedure Vol. adjudicated and during pendency of an action.
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Hence, in order to protect the rights of the PRELIMINARY TEMPORARY
parties before the main action is resolved, there INJUNCTION RESTRAINING ORDER
is a need to preserve status quo (Riano, Civil injunction shall be parte(Rule 58, Sec. 5).
Procedure, Vol. II, 2016 ed., p. 51). granted without
hearing and prior notice
to the party or person
Status Quo is defined as the last actual, sought to be enjoined
peaceful, and uncontested status that precedes (Rule 58, Sec. 5).
the actual controversy, that which is existing at A writ of preliminary A TRO has a lifetime of
the time of the filing of the case (Cortez-Estrada vs. injunction remains until only 72 hours, 20 days or
Heirs of Domingo/Antonia Samut, GR No. 154407, it is dissolved. 60 days depending on
February 14, 2005). the issuing Court (Rule
3. It is merely 58, Sec. 5).
temporary, subject
Note: A grant of preliminary injunction is not a to the final
judgment on the merits. disposition of the
principal action
(Dungog vs. CA,
G.R. no. 139767,
August 5, 2003).
4.
PRELIMINARY TEMPORARY
INJUNCTION RESTRAINING ORDER
A preliminary injunction A TEMPORARY
4.D.1. Definitions and Differences:
is an order granted at RESTRAINING ORDER
Preliminary Injunction, Temporary any stage of an action (TRO) is issued if it shall
Restraining Order, and Status Quo Ante or proceeding prior to appear from the facts
Order the judgment or final shown by affidavits or by
order, requiring a party the verified application
Define and Differ Preliminary Injunction or a court, agency or a that great or irreparable
person to refrain from a injury would result to the
and Temporary Restraining Order
particular act or acts. applicant application for
preliminary injunction can
PRELIMINARY TEMPORARY It may also require the be heard on notice (Rule
INJUNCTION RESTRAINING ORDER performance of a 58, Sec. 5).
A preliminary A TEMPORARY particular act or acts, in
injunction is an order RESTRAINING ORDER which case it shall be
granted at any stage of (TRO) is issued if it shall known as a preliminary
an action or proceeding appear from the facts mandatory injunction
prior to the judgment shown by affidavits or by (Rule 58, Sec. 1).
or final order, requiring the verified application No preliminary May be issued ex parte
a party or a court, that great or irreparable injunction shall be (Rule 58, Sec. 5).
agency or a person to injury would result to the granted without
refrain from a particular applicant application for hearing and prior notice
act or acts. preliminary injunction can to the party or person
be heard on notice (Rule sought to be enjoined
It may also require the 58, Sec. 5). (Rule 58, Sec. 5).
performance of a A writ of preliminary A TRO has a lifetime of
particular act or acts, in injunction remains until only 72 hours, 20 days or
which case it shall be it is dissolved. 60 days depending on
known as a the issuing Court (Rule
preliminary 5. It is merely 58, Sec. 5).
mandatory temporary, subject
injunction(Rule 58, to the final
Sec. 1). disposition of the
principal action
No preliminary May be issued ex (Dungog vs. CA,
Bar Operations
Commissions 219219
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
PRELIMINARY TEMPORARY action (Bacolod Water application for a writ of
INJUNCTION RESTRAINING ORDER District vs. Labayen, preliminary injunction,
G.R. no. 139767, G.R. no. 157494, (Riano, Civil Procedure,
August 5, 2003). December 10, 2004). Vol. II, 2016 Ed., p.56).
It is not a cause of
action in itself but
merely an adjunct to a
main suit (Mabayo
Farms, Inc. vs. CA,G.R.
no. 140058,August 01,
2002)
It does not seek a It seeks a judgment
permanent embodying a final
Status Quo Ante Order injunction(Riano, Civil injunction(Riano, Civil
Procedure, Vol. II, 2016 Procedure, Vol. II, 2016
Q. When is a status quo ante issued? Ed., p.56). Ed., p.56).
Granted after the trial of
A. There have been instances when the Granted at any stage of the action if it appears
an action or proceeding that the applicant is
Supreme Court has issued a status quo order
prior to the judgment entitled to have the act
which, as the very term connotes, is merely or final order (Rule 58, or acts complained of
intended to maintain the last, actual, Sec. 1). permanently enjoined
peaceable and uncontested state of things (Rule 58, Sec. 9).
which preceded the controversy. This was Its hearing is separate --
resorted to when the projected proceedings and distinct from the
in the case made the conservation of trial on the merits of
the status quo desirable or essential, but the the main case for
affected party neither sought such relief or injunction (Juana
Complex I Homeowners
the allegations in his pleading did not
Association, Inc. vs. Fil-
sufficiently make out a case for a temporary Estate Land, Inc., G.R.
restraining order. The status quo order was no. 152272, March 5,
thus issued motu proprio on equitable 2012).
considerations. Also, unlike a temporary The right and the act
Generally, based solely
restraining order or a preliminary injunction, violative thereof must be
on initial and
a status quo order is more in the nature of a incomplete evidence
established with absolute
cease and desist order, since it neither certainty to be a basis for
(Zuneca Pharmaceutical
directs the doing or undoing of acts as in the a final and permanent
v. Natrapharm, inc.,
injunction (Republic vs.
case of prohibitory or mandatory injunctive G.R. no. 197802,
Cortez, G.R. no. 197472,
relief. The further distinction is provided by November 11, 2015).
September 7, 2015).
the present amendment in the sense that, Grant is not a final Judgment should be
unlike the amended rule on restraining resolution or decision assailed by a timely
orders, a status quo order does not require disposing the case appeal (Casilan vs.
the posting of a bond (Megaworld vs. Majestic, (Recto vs. Escaler, G.R. Ibanez, G.R. nos. L-
G.R. no. 169694, December 09, 2015 citing no. 173179, October 19968-69, October 31,
Regalado). 20, 2010). Hence, the 1962).
order may be
Preliminary Injunction vs. Main Action for challenged by a petition
for certiorari under Rule
Injunction
65 (Sec. 1[b], Rule 41).
PRELIMINARY MAIN ACTION FOR
PRELIMINARY MAIN ACTION FOR INJUNCTION INJUNCTION
INJUNCTION INJUNCTION Not a principal action & A principal action and a
Not a principal action & A principal action and a can only exist as an cause of action in itself.
can only exist as an cause of action in itself. incident to a principal It can be coupled with an
incident to a principal It can be coupled with an action (Bacolod Water application for a writ of
Center for Legal Education and
220 220 Research
Purple Notes
Criminal
District vs. Labayen, G.R.
Remedial
preliminary injunction,
no. 157494, December 10, (Riano, Civil Procedure,
2004). Vol. II, 2016 Ed., p.56).
It is not a cause of
action in itself but
merely an adjunct to a
main suit (Mabayo Preliminary Prohibitory Injunction vs.
Farms, Inc. vs. CA,G.R. Petition for Prohibition
no. 140058,August 01,
2002)
It does not seek a It seeks a judgment PRELIMINARY
PETITION FOR
permanent embodying a final PROHIBITORY
PROHIBITION
injunction(Riano, Civil injunction(Riano, Civil INJUNCTION
Procedure, Vol. II, 2016 Procedure, Vol. II, 2016 Not an independent An independent action.
Ed., p.56). Ed., p.56). action.
Granted at any stage of Granted after the trial of Generally directed Not directed against a
an action or proceeding the action if it appears against a party-litigant, party-litigant but against
prior to the judgment that the applicant is although under the a tribunal, corporation,
or final order (Rule 58, entitled to have the act Rules, it may be board, officer or person
Sec. 1). or acts complained of directed against a exercising judicial, quasi-
permanently enjoined court, an agency or judicial or ministerial
(Rule 58, Sec. 9). person (Rule 58, Sec. 1). functions (Rule 65, Sec. 2).
Its hearing is separate -- It applies even if there It applies when the acts
and distinct from the is no issue of or proceedings of any
trial on the merits of jurisdiction, grave tribunal, corporation,
the main case for abuse of discretion, or board, officer or person
injunction (Juana other similar acts which are without or in excess
Complex I Homeowners amount to lack of of its or his jurisdiction,
Association, Inc. vs. Fil- jurisdiction. or with grave abuse of
Estate Land, Inc., G.R. no. discretion amouting to
152272, March 5, 2012).
lack of jurisdiction.
Generally, based solely The right and the act
Hence, the basis of
on initial and violative thereof must be
prohibition is a
incomplete evidence established with absolute
jurisdictional issue (Rule
(Zuneca Pharmaceutical v. certainty to be a basis for 65, Sec. 2).
Natrapharm, inc., G.R. no. a final and permanent
197802, November 11, injunction (Republic vs.
2015). Cortez, G.R. no. 197472, Preliminary Mandatory Injunction vs.
September 7, 2015). Petition for Mandamus
Grant is not a final Judgment should be
resolution or decision assailed by a timely PRELIMINARY
disposing the case appeal (Casilan vs. Ibanez, PETITION FOR
MANDATORY
(Recto vs. Escaler, G.R. G.R. nos. L-19968-69, MANDAMUS
no. 173179, October 20, October 31, 1962).
INJUNCTION
2010). Hence, the order A provisional remedy, A special civil action and a
may be challenged by a not a main or main action.
petition for certiorari independent action.
under Rule 65 (Sec. Generally directed Directed against a
1[b], Rule 41). against a party-litigant, tribunal, corporation,
although under the board, officer or person
Rules, it may be (Rule 65, Sec. 3).
Notes:
directed against a
Examples of acts subject to the main action court, an agency or
person (Rule 58, Sec. 1)
for injunction are those mentioned in Art. 26
Issued to require a Seeks a judgment
of the Civil Code.
party to perform an act commanding tribunal,
A judgment in an action for injunction is (Rule 58, Sec. 1) in order corporation, board, officer
to restore the last or person to perform a
immediately executory.
peaceable and duty which the law
Bar Operations
Commissions 221221
Purple Notes
Criminal
uncontested
Remedial
status specifically enjoins as a 2) This right is directly Threatened by an act
preceding the duty either because there sought to be enjoined;
controversy. was an unlawful neglect 3) The invasion of this right is Material and
of such duty or a person substantial; and,
was unlawfully excluded
4) There is an Urgent and paramount necessity
from the use and
enjoyment of an office to for the writ to prevent serious irreparable
which such person is damage(Spouses Dulnuan vs. MBTC, GR 196864,
entitled (Rule 65, Sec. 3). July 8, 2015).
May be directed Directed against
against any act. ministerial acts. Q. What is a clear and unmistakeable right?
Who May Grant Preliminary Injunction a) Executed in favor of the party enjoined;
b) In the amount fixed by the court; and,
Court where the action or proceeding is c) To the effect that the applicant shall pay to
pending(Rule 58, Sec. 2). the party enjoined all damages which he may
sustain by reason of the preliminary injunction
4.D.2. Requisites or the restraining order if the court should
finally decide that the applicant was not
Essential Requisites: (TRUM) entitled to the writ or order.
1) There exists a clear and unmistakable Right The applicant may, however, be exempted by the
to be protected;The right must not be court from posting a bond (Sec. 4[b], Rule 58).
doubtful or disputed.
Center for Legal Education and
222 222 Research
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
Service of Copies of Bonds PROHIBITORY MANDATORY
Requires one to Requires the
The party filing a bond in accordance with the REFRAINfrom the PERFORMANCE of a
provisions of this Rule shall forthwith serve a performance of a particular act or acts.
particular act or acts.
copy of such bond on the other party who may
The act has not yet The act has already been
except to the sufficiency of the bond, or of the
been performed performed and this act
surety or sureties thereon (Rule 58, Sec. 7). because it is restrained has violated the rights of
or prevented by another.
When Injunction Shall be Dissolved injunction.
Its purpose is to Its purpose is to
a) If the applicant’s bond is found to be PREVENT a future or RESTORE the status quo
insufficient in amount; or, threatened injury. and then PRESERVE the
b) if the surety or sureties thereon fail to justify; Hence, status quo is said status quo which has
and, preserved. been restored.
c) a bond sufficient in amount with sufficient
sureties approved after justification is NOT Kinds of Temporary Restraining Order
filed forthwith (Rule 58, Sec. 7). (TRO) (Rule 58, Sec. 5)
b. Local taxes, as the prohibition on the 1. The application for injunction or restraining
issuance of a writ of injunction to enjoin order may be denied upon ahsowing of its
the collection of taxes applies only to insufficiency;
national internal revenue taxes, and not to
local taxes (Angeles City vs. Angeles City When insufficient:
Electric Corporation, G.R. No. 166134, June 29,
2010). a) It if is not verified and supported by any
of the grounds for its issuance;
3. A restraining order or a preliminary injunction b) It does not show factsentitling applicant
may not be issued by any court against the to the relief; or
Presidential Agrarian Reform Council (PARC) c) Not supported by required bond.
or any of its duly authorized agencies in any
case connected with its application, 2. On other grounds by affidavits of the party or
implementation or enforcement of the CARP parties enjoined (Rule 58, Sec. 6);
(Sec. 55, R.A. 6657, Comprehensive Agrarian
Reform Law; Riano, Civpro Vol. II, 2016, p.75). 3. If it appears after hearing that applicant
entitled but the issuance or continuance would
4. A court may not interfere by injunction with cause irreparable damage to the party oe
the orders of another court of co-equal rank person enjoined while the applicant can be
or decrees of a court with concurrent or fully compensated for such damages as he
coordinate jurisdiction (Riano, Civpro Vol. II, may suffer(Rule 58, Sec. 6).
2016, p.75).
Note: The mere filing of a counterbond does
not necessarily warrant the dissolution of the
writ of preliminary injunction. Under Sec. 6,
4.D.5 Grounds for the Issuance Rule 58, the court is called upon to exercise
ofPreliminary Injunction (EnCoD) its discretion in determining or weighing the
relative damages that may be suffered by the
a. The applicant is Entitled to the relief parties. If the damages that may be suffered
demanded, and the whole or part of such by the defendant by the continuance of the
relief consists in restraining the commission or injunction outweigh the damages that may be
continuance of the act or acts complained of, suffered by the plaintiff by the dissolution of
or in requiring the performance of an act or the injunction, then the injunction should be
acts either for a limited period or perpetually; dissolved(Director of Bureau of
Telecommunications vs. Aligaen, G.R. No. L-31135,
b. The Commission, continuance or non- May 29, 1970).
performance of the act or acts complained of
during the litigation would probably work 4.D.7. Duration of temporary restraining
injustice to the applicant; or orders
c. A party, court, agency or a person is Doing, 1. The court to which the application for
threatening, or is attempting to do, or is preliminary injunction was made, may issue
procuring or suffering to be done some act or ex parte a TRO to be effective only for a
acts probably in violation of the rights of the
Bar Operations
Commissions 225225
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
period of 20 daysfrom service on the party or a) summons could not be served personally
person sought to be enjoined. despite diligent efforts; or,
b) summons could not be served by substituted
2. The executive judge of a multiple-sala court or service despite diligent efforts; or,
the presiding judge of a single-sala court may c) adverse party is a:
issue ex parte a TRO effective for only 72 i) Resident of the Philippines temporarily
hoursfrom issuance. absent therefrom; or,
ii) Non-resident (Sec. 4[c], Rule 58)
Within the aforesaid period, the judge before
whom the case is pending shall conduct a 4.E. RECEIVERSHIP (Rule 59)
summary hearing to determine if such TRO
should be extended. In case of extension, it Nature of a Receivership
shall not exceed 20 days which include the
original 72 hours of the previous issuance. It is a provisional or ancillary remedy wherein the
court appoints a receiver to receive and preserve
The 20-day period shall not apply to the the property or fund in litigation pendente lite,
following: when it does not seem reasonable to the court
that either party should hold it (Riguera, Primer-
a. Court of Appeals – the TRO shall be Reviewer on Remedial Law, Civil Procedure, Vol. I,
effective for 60 days from service on the 2015 Ed).
party or person sought to be enjoined.
Q. What is the purpose of receivership?
b. Supreme Court – it shall be effective until
further orders. A. It is aimed at the preservation of, and at
making more secure, existing rights. It
cannot be used as an instrument for the
4.D.8. Rule on prior or contemporaneous destruction of those rights (Arranza v. B.F.
service of summons in relation to Homes, Inc., G.R. no. 131683, June 19, 2000).
attachment
Q. May the court deny the appointment of a
When an application for a writ of preliminary receiver?
injunction or a temporary restraining order (TRO)
is included in a complaint or any initiatory A.Yes.The appointment is NOT a matter of
pleading, the case, if filed in a multiple-sala absolute right. It depends upon the sound
court, shall be raffled only after notice to and in discretion of the court and is based on facts
the presence of the adverse party or the person and circumstances of each particular case
(Commodities Storage & Ice Plant Corp. vs. CA,
to be enjoined.
G.R. no. 125008, June 19, 1997).
In any event, such notice upon the adverse party
Which court has jurisdiction to appoint a
in the Philippines shall be preceded, or
receiver?
contemporaneously accompanied, by:
a) The court where the action is pending
b) The Court of Appeals or a member thereof
a. service of summons;
c) The Supreme Court or any member thereof
b. copy of the complaint or initiatory pleading; (Riano, Civil Procedure, Vol II, 2016 Ed., p.88)
and,
c. applicant’s affidavit and bond Who May be Appointed as Receiver?
When Prior or Contemporary Service of 1) Any person indifferent to the parties who is
Summons NOT Required impartial and disinterested.
4.E.2. Requisites
Q. Is a receiver a representative of either
party?
1. A verified application filed by the party
applying for the appointment of a receiver.
A. No.A receiver is not an agent or
(Sec. 1(a), Rule 59);
representative of any party in action. He is an
2. The applicant to file a bond executed to
officer of court exercising his functions not
the party against whom the application is
for the interest of either plaintiff or
presented, in an amount to fixed by the court
defendant, but for the COMMON BENEFIT of (Sec. 2, Rule 59).
ALL parties in interest. He is “subject to the
control of the Court”(Pacific Merchandising Conditions of the Bond
Corp. vs Cosolacion Insurance & Surety Co., G.R.
nos. L-30204, October 29, 1976; Riano, Civil
Procedure, Vol. II, , 2016 ed., pg. 88). a) executed to the party against whom the
application is presented;
b) in an amount to be fixed by the court;
4.E.1 Cases When Receiver May Be c) to the effect that the applicant will pay such
Appointed (Rule 59, Sec. 1)(IFAC) party all damages he may sustain by reason
of the appointment of such receiver in case
a) When a party applying for a receiver has an the applicant shall have procured such
Interest in the property or fund under appointment without sufficient cause
litigation, and the same is in danger of being
lost, removed or materially injured unless a The court may, in its discretion, at any time after
receiver be appointed to administer and the appointment, require an additional bond as
preserve it (Making Enterprise, Inc. vs. Marfori, further security for such damages (Rule 59, Sec.
G.R. nno. 152239, August 17, 2011); 2).
b)
c) In an action for the Foreclosure of a
mortgage, when the mortgaged property is
in danger of being wasted or dissipated or
materially injured, and that its value is
insufficient to discharge the mortgage debt, 4.E.3. Requirements before issuance of an
or if parties so stipulated in the contract of order
mortgage (Commodities Storage and Ice Plant
Corporation vs Court of Appeals, G.R. no. 1. A verified application filed by the party
125008, June 19, 1997); applying for the appointment of a receiver.
d) (Sec. 1(a), Rule 59);
Bar Operations
Commissions 227227
Purple Notes
Criminal
2.
Remedial
Interest of the applicant in the property or 2. 2) No action may be filed by or against the
funds subject of the action (Sec. 1(a), Rule receiver without leave of court which
59); appointed him (Rule 59, Sec. 6).
3. The application must be with notice and set 3. 3)A receiver cannot enter into a conract
for hearing; without the approval of the court (Pacific
4. Before issuing the appointment of a receiver, Merchandising Corp. vs. Consolacion
the applicant is required to post a bond; and, Insurance & Surety Company, GR No. L-
5. The receiver must be sworn to perform his 30204, Pctober 29, 1976).
duties faithfully and shall file a bond (Sec. 4,
Rule 59). Instances When Receivership May Be
Denied or Lifted (Rule 59, Sec. 3)
4.E.4. General Powers of a Receiver
(BTRC2MPD2I) a) Filing of a counterbond; or
b) No sufficient cause for appointing a receiver.
1. 1.Bring and defend action in his own name
in his capacity as receiver; Liability for Refusal or Neglect to Deliver
2. Property to Receiver
3. 2.Take and keep possession of the property
in controversy; A person who refuses or neglects, upon
4. reasonable demand, to deliver to the receiver all
5. 3.Receive rents; the property, money, books, deeds, notes, bills,
6. documents and papers within his power or
7. 4.Collect debts due to himself as receiver or control, subject of or involved in the action or
to fund, property, estate or corporation of proceeding, or in case of disagreement, as
which he is the receiver; determined and ordered by the court, may be:
8.
9. 5. Compound for and compromise the same. 1. punished for contempt;
10. 2. shall be liable to the receiver for the money
11. 6. Make transfers; or the value of the property and other things
12. so refused or neglected to be surrendered;
13. 7. Pay outstanding debts; 3. shall be liable for all damages that may have
14. been sustained by the party or parties
15. 8. Divide the money and other property that entitled thereto as a consequence of such
shall remain among the persons legally refusal or neglect (Rule 59, Sec. 7).
entitled to receive them;
16. 4.E.5. Two (2) Kinds of Bonds
17. 9. Generally to Do such acts respecting the
property as the court may authorize; and 1. Applicant’s Bond (for appointment of
18. receiver) – To pay the damages the adverse
19. 10.Invest funds in his hands, only by the party may sustain by reason of appointment
order of the court upon the written consent of receiver (Rule 59, Sec. 2).
of all the parties to the action.(Rule 59, Sec. 2.
6) 3. Receiver’s Bond (of the appointed
receiver, aside from oath) – To answer for
Acts of Receiver that need court approval receiver’s faithful discharge of his duties
(Rule 59, Sec. 4).
1. 1)Funds in the hands of the receiver may be
invested only by order of the court upon the 4.E.6. Termination of Receivership
written consent of all the parties to the
action (Rule 59, Sec. 6). The receivership shall be terminated if upon
motion of either party or motu proprio by the
Q. State the requirement of the rules on the No claim for damages for the taking or
redelivery bond of the property to the keeping of the property may be enforced
defendant. against the bond UNLESS the action
therefore is filed within 120 days from the
A. It is required that the redelivery bond be date of the filing of the bond.
filed within the period of 5 days after the Filing of a bond is NOT required when the
taking of the property. The rule is mandatory writ of replevin is issued in favor of the
(Yang vs. Valdez, G.R. No. 73317, August 31, Republic of the Philippines, or any officer duly
1989).
representing it.
Sheriff is not liable for damages against the
Effect of the Dismissal of the Complaint for third-party claimant if bond is filed(Rule 60,
Replevin for Failure of Plaintiff to Prosecute Sec. 7).
Application and Grant of Order to Inspect Seizure and Sequestration of Accounts and
and Examine Assets
A written order shall only be granted: The deposits and their outstanding balances,
placements, trust accounts, assets, and records
1. 1. Upon an ex parte application to that effect in any bank or financial institution, moneys,
of a police or of a law enforcement official businesses, transportation and communication
who has been duly authorized in writing to file equipment, supplies and other implements, and
such ex parte application by the Anti- property of whatever kind and nature belonging:
Terrorism Council; (1) to any person suspected of or charged before
a competent Regional Trial Court for the crime of
2. 2. Upon examination under oath or affirmation terrorism or the crime of conspiracy to commit
of the applicant and, the witnesses he may terrorism; (2) to a judicially declared and
produce to establish the facts that will justify outlawed organization, association, or group of
the need and urgency of examining and persons; or (3) to a member of such
freezing the bank deposits, placements, trust organization, association, or group of persons
accounts, assets, and records. (RA 9372 shall be seized, sequestered, and frozen in order
Human Security Act, Sec. 28) and to prevent their use, transfer, or conveyance for
purposes that are inimical to the safety and
3. 3. Determination of the probable cause in a security of the people or injurious to the interest
hearing called for that purpose by the Justices of the State.
of the Court of Appeals designated as a
special court to handle anti-terrorism cases. The accused or a person suspected of may
(RA 9372 Human Security Act, Sec. 27) withdraw such sums as may be reasonably
needed by the monthly needs of his family
Effectivity (RA 9372 Human Security Act, Sec. 30) including the services of his or her counsel and
his or her family's medical needs upon approval
The authorization to examine or cause the of the court. He or she may also use any of his
examination of and to freeze bank deposits, property that is under seizure or sequestration or
placements, trust accounts, assets, and records, frozen because of his/her indictment as a
or to gather information about the same, shall be terrorist upon permission of the court for any
effective for the length of time specified in the legitimate reason. (RA 9372 Human Security Act,
written order of the authorizing division of the Sec. 39)
Court of Appeals, which shall not exceed a period
of thirty (30) days from the date of receipt of the
written order by the applicant. Nature of the Seized and Sequestered
Accounts and Assets
Bar Operations
Commissions 233233
Purple Notes
Criminal
It shall be
Remedial
deemed as property held in trust by be enforced by law enforcement agencies. The
the bank or financial institution for such person protection orders that may be issued under this
and the government during the pendency of the Act are the barangay protection order (BPO),
investigation of the person suspected of or during temporary protection order (TPO) and permanent
the pendency of the trial of the person charged protection order (PPO) (RA 9262 Anti-VAWC Act,
with any of the said crimes, as the case may be Sec.8)
and their use or disposition while the case is
pending shall be subject to the approval of the Barangay protection order (BPO) - Barangay
court before which the case or cases are Protection Orders (BPOs) refer to the
pending. (RA 9372 Human Security Act, Sec. 40) protection order issued by the Punong
Barangay ordering the perpetrator to desist
from committing acts under Section 5 (a) and
(b) of this Act (RA 9262 Anti-VAWC Act, Sec.14);
Disposition of the Seized and Sequestered Temporary Protection Order (TPO) - refers to
Accounts and Assets the protection order issued by the court on
the date of filing of the application after ex
1. If accused is found, after his investigation, to parte determination that such order should be
be innocent by the investigating body, or is issued. (RA 9262 Anti-VAWC Act, Sec.15)
acquitted, after his arraignment or his case is Permanent Protection Order (PPO)refers to
dismissed before his arraignment by a protection order issued by the court after
competent court, the accounts and assets notice and hearing (RA 9262 Anti-VAWC Act,
Sec.16)
hall be deemed released from such seizure,
sequestration and freezing, and shall be
BPO TPO PPO
restored to him without any delay by the
(RA 9262 (RA 9262 Anti- (RA 9262 Anti-
bank or financial institution concerned Anti-VAWC VAWC Act, VAWC Act,
without any further action on his part. The Act, Sec.14) Sec.15) Sec.16)
filing of any appeal on motion for Issued by Issued by the Issued by the
reconsideration shall not state the release of the Punong court on the filing court after
said funds from seizure, sequestration and Barangay, or of the application notice and
freezing. in his and after ex parte hearing.
absence the determination of
2. If found guilty, forfeited in favor of the Barangay its need. It may
Kagawad, also be issued in
government. (RA 9372 Human Security Act,
ordering the the course of a
Sec. 41)
perpetrator hearing, motu
to desist proprio or upon
4.G.3. Anti-Violence against Women and from motion.
Children Act committing
acts of
Protection Orders available violence
against the
A protection order is an order issued under this family or
household
act for the purpose of preventing further acts of
members
violence against a woman or her child specified in
particularly
Section 5 of this Act and granting other women and
necessary relief. The relief granted under a their
protection order serve the purpose of children.
safeguarding the victim from further harm,
minimizing any disruption in the victim's daily life, Effective for Effective for 30 Effective until
and facilitating the opportunity and ability of the 15 days. But days may be revoked by a
victim to independently regain control over her will not bar renewed by the court upon
life. The provisions of the protection order shall the grant of Court until PPO is application of
Center for Legal Education and
234 234 Research
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
TPO and issued. the person in a) Family Court of the place where the offended
PPO. whose favor party resides.
the order was b) If there is no existing Family Court, it may be
issued filed with the regional trial court,
metropolitan trial court, municipal trial court
in cities, municipal trial court or municipal
Temporary Protection Order under Rule on circuit trial court with territorial jurisdiction
VAWC (A.M. No. 04-10-11-SC, October 19, 2004) over the place of residence of the offended
party(Sec. 9).
Form of Petition
Ex Parte Issuance of TPO
A petition for protection order shall be in writing,
signed and verified by the petitioner. It shall be a) If the court is satisfied from the verified
accompanied by a certificate of non-forum allegations of the petition that there is
shopping which the petitioner must sign reasonable ground to believe that an
personally (Sec. 7). imminent danger of violence against women
and their children exists or is about to recur,
Who may file the court may issue ex parte a temporary
protection order which shall be effective for
a) The offended party; thirty days from service on the party or
b) Parents or guardians of the offended party; person sought to be enjoined.
c) Ascendants, descendants or collateral b) The temporary protection order shall include
relatives of the offended party within the notice of the date of the preliminary
fourth civil degree of consanguinity or conference and hearing on the merits with a
affinity; with the printed statement provided for by
d) Officers or social workers of the Department law.
of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) c) The court shall likewise order the immediate
or social workers of local government units issuance of a notice requiring the respondent
(LGUs); to file an opposition within five days from
e) Police officers, preferably those in charge of service. It shall further order service of (1)
women and children's desks; the notices to file opposition and of dates of
f) Punong Barangay or Barangay Kagawad; the preliminary conference and hearing, (2)
g) Lawyer, counselor, therapist or healthcare the protection order, and (3) copy of the
provider of the petitioner; or petition, upon the respondent by the court
h) At least two concerned, responsible citizens sheriff, or any person authorized by the
of the place where the violence against court, who may obtain the assistance of law
women and their children occurred and who enforcement officers.(Sec. 15)
have personal knowledge of the offense
committed.(Sec. 8) Notice where no TPO is issued ex parte
A person whose account has been frozen may file Stay or Suspension Order shall refer to an order
a motion to lift the freeze order and the court issued in conjunction with the commencement
must resolve this motion before the expiration of order that shall:
the twenty (20)-day original freeze order.
1. 1. suspend all actions or proceedings, in court
TRO or INJUNCTION may not be issued or otherwise, for the enforcement of claims
against the debtor;
No court shall issue a temporary restraining order 2. 2. suspend all actions to enforce any
or a writ of injunction against any freeze order, judgment, attachment or other provisional
except the Supreme Court. remedies against the debtor;
3. 3. prohibit the debtor from selling,
Authority to Inquire Deposit or Investment encumbering, transferring or disposing in any
(RA 10167, Sec. 2) manner any of its properties except in the
ordinary course of business; and
The AMLC may inquire into or examine any 4. 4. prohibit the debtor from making any
particular deposit or investment, including related payment of its liabilities outstanding as of the
accounts, with any banking institution or non- commencement date except as may be
bank financial institution upon order of any provided herein. (RA 10142, Sec. 16 (q))
competent court based on an ex parte application
in cases of violations of this Act, when it has The issuance of a stay order does not affect the
been established that there is probable cause right to commence actions or proceedings in
that the deposits or investments, including order to preserve ad cautelam a claim against the
related accounts involved, are related to an debtor and to toll the running of the prescriptive
unlawful activity. period to file the claim. For this purpose, the
plaintiff may file the appropriate court action or
The Court of Appeals shall act on the application proceeding by paying the amount of One
to inquire into or examine any deposit or Hundred Thousand Pesos (P100,000.00) or one-
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tenth (1/10) of the prescribed filing fee, clearing agency or similar entities duly
whichever is lower. The payment of the balance authorized, registered and/or recognized by
of the filing fee shall be a jurisdictional the appropriate regulatory agency like the
requirement for the reinstatement or revival of BangkoSentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) and the
the case. (A.M. No. 12-12-11-SC, Rule 2, Sec. 8) SEC as well as any form of actions of such
agencies or entities to reimburse themselves
Exceptions to the Stay or Suspension Order for any transactions settled for the debtor;
and
The Stay or Suspension Order shall not apply: g) any criminal action against individual debtor
or owner, partner, director or officer of a
a) to cases already pending appeal in the debtor shall not be affected by any
Supreme Court as of commencement date proceeding commend under this Act(RA
Provided, That any final and executory 10142, Sec. 18).
judgment arising from such appeal shall be
referred to the court for appropriate action;
b) subject to the discretion of the court, to
cases pending or filed at a specialized court
or quasi-judicial agency which, upon Rehabilitation Receiver
determination by the court is capable of
resolving the claim more quickly, fairly and It is the person or persons, natural or juridical,
efficiently than the court: Provided, That any appointed as such by the court pursuant to the
final and executory judgment of such court Act and which shall be entrusted with such
or agency shall be referred to the court and powers, duties, and responsibilities as set forth
shall be treated as a non-disputed claim; herein. Where the rehabilitation receiver is a
c) to the enforcement of claims against sureties juridical entity, the term includes the juridical
and other persons solidarily liable with the entity's designated representative (A.M. No. 12-12-
debtor, and third party or accommodation 11-SC, Rule 1, Sec. 5(p)).
mortgagors as well as issuers of letters of
credit, unless the property subject of the Appointment of Rehabilitation Receiver
third party or accommodation mortgage is
necessary for the rehabilitation of the debtor The Rehabilitation Receiver is initially appointed
as determined by the court upon by the court in the Commencement Order(RA
recommendation by the rehabilitation 10142, Sec. 16 (h)).
receiver;
d) to any form of action of customers or clients The Court may retain or appoint another after
of a securities market participant to recover the initial hearing (RA 10142, Sec. 30).
or otherwise claim moneys and securities
entrusted to the latter in the ordinary course Qualifications of a Rehabilitation Receiver
of the latter's business as well as any action (A.M. No. 12-12-11-SC, Rule 2, Sec. 21)
of such securities market participant or the
appropriate regulatory agency or self-
regulatory organization to pay or settle such A. The rehabilitation receiver who is a natural
claims or liabilities; person must comply with the following
e) to the actions of a licensed broker or dealer minimum qualifications and requirements:
to sell pledged securities of a debtor
pursuant to a securities pledge or margin 1. He is a citizen of the Philippines or a
agreement for the settlement of securities resident of the Philippines for at least six
transactions in accordance with the (6) months immediately preceding his
provisions of the Securities Regulation Code nomination;
and its implementing rules and regulations; 2. He is of good moral character and with
f) the clearing and settlement of financial acknowledged integrity, impartiality and
transactions through the facilities of a independence;
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3. As
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far as practicable, he has expertise 7. It is willing and able to file a bond in such
and acumen to manage and operate a amount as may be determined by the
business similar in size and complexity to court;
that of the debtor; 8. It is not disqualified to discharge the
4. He has an operating knowledge in duties of a rehabilitation receiver under
management, finance and rehabilitation the Constitution and other relevant laws;
of distressed companies;
5. He has a general familiarity with the C. In addition, the designated representative of
rights of creditors subject to suspension the juridical person must comply with the
of payments or rehabilitation and a following requirements:
general understanding of the duties and
obligations of a rehabilitation receiver; 1. The representative must be duly
6. He has not been earlier dismissed as a designated and authorized to act for and
rehabilitation receiver pursuant to Section on behalf of the juridical entity;
27 of this Rule; 2. The designated representative must be a
7. He has no conflict of interest as defined director, officer, stockholder or partner of
in this Rule; and the juridical entity; and
8. He is willing and able to file a bond in 3. The designated representative must
such amount as may be determined by submit a sworn undertaking that he shall
the court. be solidarily liable with his firm for all the
obligations and responsibilities of a
B. The rehabilitation receiver, which is a rehabilitation receiver.
juridical person, must comply with the
following qualifications and requirements: Conflict of Interest Rule
It an order in writing issued by a court 2. There is a high probability that the respondent
commanding the Bureau of Immigration to will depart from the Philippines to evade
prevent any attempt by a person suspected of a arrest and prosecution of crime against him or
crime to depart from the Philippines, which shall her (Sec. 4).
be issued ex-parte in cases involving crimes
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3.
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1. Determination by the judge that probable concerns to special matters. It holds special
cause exists; and features which are absent in ordinary civil
2. There is a high probability that the respondent actions. Special civil actions are governed by the
will depart from the Philippines to evade arrest rules on ordinary civil actions subject to specific
and prosecution of crime against him or her (Sec. rules prescribed for a special civil action (Section
4). 3, Rule 1).
Venue
5.D.3. Dismissal
Exception: Action for Quieting Title, a real
action whose jurisdiction depends on the
A petition for interpleader may be dismissed on
assessed value of property.
the basis of the grounds provided for in Rule 16
and on the ground of impropriety of the
Q. Should all cases filed under Rule 63,
interpleader action (Rule 62, Section 4).
Section 1 be filed before the RTC?
The filing of a motion to dismiss shall toll the
A.The first paragraph refers to an action for
period to file answer within the remaining period,
declaratory relief, which may be brought
but shall not be less than 5 days in any event,
before the RTC. The second paragraph,
reckoned from the notice of denial (Rule 62,
however, refers to a different set of
Section 4).
remedies, which includes an action to quiet
title to real property. The second paragraph
must be read in relation to R.A. No. 7691,
which vests the MTC with jurisdiction over
5.E. DECLARATORY RELIEF AND
real actions, where the assessed value of the
SIMILAR REMEDIES (Rule 63)
real property involved does not exceed
P50,000.00 in Metro Manila and P20,000.00
Remedies Contemplated:
in all other places (Malana v. Tappa, G.R. No.
181303, September 17, 2009).
Declaratory Relief; and
Similar Remedies: (ROQ) Purpose of Declaratory Relief: To determine
1. Action for the Reformation of an any question of construction or validity arising
instrument from subject action issue, and to seek for a
2. Action to Quiet title; declaration of petitioner’s right thereunder
3. Action to consolidate Ownership under remedy (Sec.1, Rule 63; Riano, Vol. II, p. 142)
Article 1607 of the Civil Code(Rule 62,
Section 1). Q. Must an action for declaratory relief be
filed before a breach of the instrument
Note: There is yet no cause of action in a strict involved?
sense under declaratory relief (Lectures in Remedial
Law, Bengzon, p. 242, 1959 Edition) A. Yes. An action for declaratory relief
presupposes that there has been no actual
Q. May an action for declaratory relief be breach of the instruments involved or of
sought to determine or try issues? rights arising thereunder. Since the purpose
of an action for declaratory relief is to secure
A. No. Where a declaratory judgment as to an authoritative statement of the rights and
disputed fact would be determinative of obligations of the parties under a statute,
issues rather than a construction of definite deed, or contract for their guidance in the
stated rights, status, and other relations, enforcement thereof, or compliance
commonly expressed in written instruments, therewith, and not to settle issues arising
the case is not one for declaratory from an alleged breach thereof, it may be
relief(Kawasaki Port Service v.Amores, G.R. No. L- entertained only before the breach or
58340, July 16, 1991). violation of the statute, deed, or contract to
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which it refers. Where the law or contract a) Deed;
has already been contravened prior to the b) Will;
filing of an action for declaratory relief, the c) Contract or other written instrument;
courts can no longer assume jurisdiction over d) Statute;
the action. In other words, a court has no e) Executive order or regulation;
more jurisdiction over an action for f) Ordinance; or
declaratory relief if its subject has already g) Any Other governmental regulation (Rule 63,
been infringed or transgressed before the Sec. 1)
institution of the action (Malana v. Tappa, G.R.
No. 181303, 17 September 2009). Q. Is the enumeration of subject matter
exclusive?
5.E.1 Who may File Action
A. Yes.The enumeration of the subject matter
1. Any person interested under a deed, will, is exclusive. Any other matter not mentioned
contract or other written instrument; or therein is deemed excluded. This is under the
2. If it be a statute, executive order, regulation principle of expressiouniusestexclussioalterius
or ordinance, the petitioner is one whose (Reyes v. Ortiz, G.R. No. 137794, August 11,
rights are affected by the same (Rule 63, Sec 2010).
1).
3. All persons who have or claim any interest
which would be affected by the declaration
(Rule 63, Sec. 2).
Note: The rights of persons not made parties to 5.E.3 When Court May Refuse to Make
the action do not stand to be prejudiced by the Judicial Declaration
declaration (Rule 63, Sec. 2).
a) The decision will not terminate the
5.E.2 Requisites of an Action forDeclaratory controversy or uncertainty giving rise to the
Relief (SANDRA) action; or,
b) The declaration is not necessary and proper
1. Subject matter is a deed, will, contract or under the circumstances (Rule 63, Sec. 5).
other written instrument, statute, executive
order or regulation, or ordinance; Note: In declaratory relief, the court is given the
2. There must be an Actual justiciable discretion to act or not on the petition. On the
controversy or the “ripening seeds” of one other hand, the court does not have the
between persons whose interests are adverse; discretion to refuse to act with respect to actions
3. There must have been No breach of the described as similar remedies. Thus, in an action
documents in question; for reformation of an instrument, to quiet title or
4. Terms of and validity of the said documents to consolidate ownership, the court cannot refuse
are Doubtful and require judicial construction; to render a judgment (Rule 63, Sec.5).
5. The issue must be Ripe for judicial
determination; and Declaratory Relief is not available in:
6. Adequate relief is not available through other
means or other forms of action or Declaration of Citizenship and Registration
proceeding(Almeda vs. Bathala Marketing Certificate – unilateral in nature and without
Industries, Inc. G.R. No. 150806, January 28, conflicting adverse interest.
2008).
Court Decisions – There are other existing
remedies in connection therewith, such as an
The subject matter in a petition for appeal or motion for clarificatory judgment.
declaratory relief is any of the following: Where a law or contract has already been
(DeW-CoS-EO2) contravened prior to the filing of an action for
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declaratory relief, the court can no longer ORDINARY ACTION DECLARATORY
assume jurisdiction over the action RELIEF
(Tambunting Jr. vs. Sumabat, G.R. No. 144101, Writ of execution is No writ of
September 16, 2005). available(Riano, Civil execution(Riano, Civil
Procedure Vol. II, Procedure Vol. II,
5.E.4 Conversion into Ordinary Action 2016, P..158). 2016, P. 158).
There is breach or No breach or violation
violation of right(Riano, of right(Riano, Civil
If before the final termination of the case, a
Civil Procedure Vol. II, Procedure Vol. II,
breach or violation of the documents would take
2016, P..160). 2016, P..160).
place, the action for declaratory relief may Additional ground for
thereupon be converted into an ordinary civil dismissal:
action, and the parties shall be allowed to file Rule 63, Sec. 5 - By
such pleadings as maybe necessary or proper motion or motu
(Rule 63, Sec. 6). proprio, court may
refuse to declare rights
Ordinary Action vs. Declaratory Relief Grounds and manner and construe
of dismissal are instruments if the
governed by Rules 16 decision would not
ORDINARY ACTION DECLARATORY
and 17. terminate the
RELIEF
uncertainty or
Writ of execution is No writ of
controversy which gave
available(Riano, Civil execution(Riano, Civil
rise to the action; or if
Procedure Vol. II, Procedure Vol. II,
it is not necessary and
2016, P..158). 2016, P. 158).
proper under the
There is breach or No breach or violation
circumstances.
violation of right(Riano, of right(Riano, Civil
DECLARATORY
Civil Procedure Vol. II, Procedure Vol. II, ORDINARY ACTION
RELIEF
2016, P..160). 2016, P..160).
and 17. motion or motu
Additional ground for
proprio, court may
dismissal:
refuse to declare rights
Rule 63, Sec. 5 - By
and construe
motion or motu
instruments if the
proprio, court may
decision would not
refuse to declare rights
terminate the
Grounds and manner and construe
uncertainty or
of dismissal are instruments if the
controversy which gave
governed by Rules 16 decision would not
rise to the action; or if
and 17. terminate the
it is not necessary and
uncertainty or
proper under the
controversy which gave
circumstances.
rise to the action; or if
it is not necessary and
proper under the The concept of a cause of action as “an act or
circumstances. omission by which a person violates the rights of
DECLARATORY another” under ordinary civil action does not
ORDINARY ACTION
RELIEF apply in declaratory relief; there must be no
Writ of execution is No writ of breach or violation of the instrument or statute
available(Riano, Civil execution(Riano, Civil involved.
Procedure Vol. II, Procedure Vol. II,
2016, P..158). 2016, P. 158).
A third-party complaint is improper when the
There is breach or No breach or violation
main case is a special civil action for declaratory
violation of right(Riano, of right(Riano, Civil
Civil Procedure Vol. II, Procedure Vol. II, relief (Commissioner of Customs v. Cloribel, G.R. No.
2016, P..160). 2016, P..160). L-21036 June 30, 1977).
Grounds and manner Additional ground for
of dismissal are dismissal: There is nothing in the nature of a special civil
governed by Rules 16 Rule 63, Sec. 5 - By action for declaratory relief that proscribes the
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filing of a counterclaim based on the same Requisites for Reformation of an
transaction, deed or contract subject of the Instrument (MT-mafi)
complaint (PDIC v. CA, G.R. No. 126911 April
30, 2003). 1. there must have been a Meeting of the minds
of the parties to the contract;
5.E.5. Proceedings Considered as Similar 2. the instrument does not express the True
Remedies intention of the parties; and,
3. the failure of the instrument to express the
a. Action for Reformation of an instrument true intention of the parties is due to Mistake,
recognized under Articles 1359 to 1369 of the Fraud,Inequitable conduct or Accident (Emilio
Civil Code; vs. Rapal, G.R. No. 181855, March 30, 2010).
b. Action to Quiet title governed by Art. 476 to
481 of the Civil Code; and Reformation of the instrument is NOT
c. Action to consolidate Ownership under Article proper in any of the following:
1607 of the Civil Code[Rule 62, Section 1(par
2)]. a. Simple donation inter vivos wherein no
condition is imposed;
5.E.5a. Reformation of an Instrument b. Wills;
c. When the real agreement is void (Art. 1366,
When there having meeting of the mind of the Civil Code);
parties to a contract,their true intention is not d. Party asking for reformation has brought an action
expressed in the instrument purporting to to enforce the instrument (Art. 1367, Civil Code).
embody the agreement, by reason of mistake,
fraud, inequitable conduct or accident one of the If anAction for Reformation of Instrument
parties may ask for the reformation of the pertains to issue other than recovery of money, it
instrument to the end that such true intention is incapable of pecuniary estimation (Riano, Vol. II,
may be expressed (Art. 1359, Civil Code). p. 152).
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2.
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Conventional redemption (Pacto de 5.E.5c. Quieting of Title to Real Property
retro)- one that is not mandated by the
statute but which takes place because of the It is an action brought to remove a cloud on title
stipulation of the parties to the sale (Riano, to real property or any interest therein. It is
Civpro Vol. II, 2016 ed., p. 169). characterized as a proceeding quasi in rem and
judgment on such proceedings is conclusive only
Period of redemption between the parties (Riano, Vol.II, p. 173).
a. May be fixed by the parties in which case the The action contemplates a situation where an
period cannot exceed ten (10) years from the instrument or a record is apparently valid or
date of the contract. effective but is in truth and in fact invalid,
b. In the absence of any agreement, the ineffective, voidable or unenforceable, and may
redemption period shall be four (4) years from be prejudicial to said title to real property. This
the date of the contract (Art. 1606, Civil Code). action is then brought to remove a cloud on title
to real property or any interest therein. It may
also be brought as a preventive remedy to
prevent a cloud from being cast upon title to real
Redemption not made within agreed period property or any interest therein (Art. 476, Civil
and where subject matter is a real property Code).
Art. 1607 of the Civil Code provides that the The plaintiff need not be in possession of the real
consolidation of ownership in the vendee shall property before he may bring the action as long
not be recorded in the Registry of Property as he can show that he has a legal or an
without a judicial order, after the vendor has equitable title to the property which is the subject
been duly heard. matter of the action (Art. 477, Civil Code).
Petitions for certiorari, prohibition and mandamus Prohibition is a legal remedy, provided by
are not available under the Rules on Summary common law, available only when the usual and
Procedure (Sec. 19, Rule on Summary Procedure), in ordinary proceedings at law or in equity are
a petition for Writ of Amparo (Sec. 11, Rule on the inadequate to afford redress, prerogative in
Writ of Amparo) and in a petition for a writ of character to the extent that it is not always
habeas data (Sec. 13, Rule on the Writ of Habeas demandable as a right, to prevent courts or other
Data). tribunals, officers or persons, from usurping or
exercising a jurisdiction with which they have not
been vested by law.
5.G.1. Definitions and Distinctions
It is an original and independentt action and not
Certiorari merely continuation or part of trial resulting in
redition of judgment or order complained therof.
Q: What is Certiorari? Since it is an original action, decisions rendered
therefor are appealable (Riano, Vol. II, p. 242)
A: Certiorari is a writ issued by a superior
court to an inferior court, board, or tribunal Prohibition may issue enjoining the judge of court
or office exercising judicial or quasijudicial of improper venue from taking cognizance of the
functions whereby the record of a particular case (Noche, Civil Procedure Annotated, Volume 2, p.
case is ordered to be elevated for review 482, 2001 ed.)
and correction in matters of law. (Meralco
Securities Ind. Corp. v. Central Board of Purpose of Prohibition: To command the
Assessment Appeals, L-46245, May 31, 1982; San respondent to desist from further proceeding
Miguel Bukid Homeowners Assns., Inc. v. The (Rule 65, Sec. 2)
City of Mandaluyong, et al., G.R. No. 153653,
October 2, 2009). Mandamus
A: To compel the performance, when refused, 1. There must be a clear legal Right to the act
of a ministerial duty. It does not require demanded;
anyone to fulfill a contractual obligation or to 2. It must be the duty of the defendant to
compel a course of conduct, nor to control or perform the act because it is Mandated by
review the exercise of discretion (Manalo v. law;
PAIC Savings Bank, G.R. No. 146531. March 18, 3. The defendant must be exercising a
2005). MINISTERIAL DUTY – a duty which is
absolute and imperative and involves merely
Instances where there is no appeal its execution;
4. The defendant unlawfully Neglects the
1) Law does not provide for an appeal: performance of the duty enjoined by law; and,
5. No Appeal or other plain, speedy and
a) Not appealable adequate remedy in the ordinary course of
b) No provision for an appeal (e.g., Labor law (Rule 65, Sec.3).
Code)
c) Interlocutory order 5.G.3. When petition for Certiorari,
Prohibition and Mandamus Proper
2) The right to appeal having been lost with or
without the appellant’s negligence(Riano, Civil Certiorari is applicable only when what is
Procedure Vol. II, 2016, P. 190).
sought to be resolved is an error of jurisdiction
and not an error of judgment.
5.G.2. Requisites; (Rule 65)
Q: May certiotari lie against errors of
Requisites for CERTIORARI (JAJ)
procedure or mistake in findings or
1. Directed against any tribunal, board or officer conclusions of the court?
exercising Judicial or quasi-judicial functions;
2. Respondents acted without or in excess of its A: The special civil action for certiorari lies
Jurisdiction or acted with grave abuse of only to correct acts rendered without
discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction, in excess of jurisdiction, or with
jurisdiction; and grave abuse of discretion. Certiorari will issue
3. There must be no Appeal or other plain, only to correct errors of jurisdiction, not
speedy and adequate remedy(Rule 65, Sec.1). errors of procedure or mistakes in the
findings or conclusions of the lower court.
Requisites for PROHIBITION (JMAJ) (Reyes vs. Sandiganbayan, G.R. nos. 203707-98,
June 27, 2018)
1. The petition is directed against a tribunal,
corporation, board or person exercising Q: May a writ of certiorari lie against an
Judicial, quasi-judicial, or Ministerial order granting an execution pending appeal?
functions;
2. The tribunal, corporation, board or person A: Yes. Certiorari may lies against an order
must have acted without or in excess of granting execution pending appeal when the
Jurisdiction or with grave abuse of discretion same is founded. The fact that the losing
amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction; party had also appealed from the judgment
and does not bar the certiorari proceedings, as
the appeal could not be an adequate remedy
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from
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such premature condition (Manocop, et al., supra.; Ongsuco v. Hon. Malones, G.R. No.
al. vs. Equitable PCIB, et al., G.R. No. 162814-17, 182065, October 27, 2009).
August 25, 2005).
Q: Are contractual obligations compellable by
Q: May a petition for certiorari be filed mandamus?
against an error of judgment?
A: No.Mandamus is not intended to aid a
A: No. Where the error is not one of plaintiff in the performance of a mere
jurisdiction, but of law or fact which is a contract right, or to take place of other
mistake of judgment, the proper remedy remedies provided by law for the adjudication
should be appeal. Hence, if there was no of disputed claims (Manalo vs. PAIC Savings
question of jurisdiction involved in the Bank, G.R. No. 146531, March 18, 2005; Riano,
Vol. II, page 253).
decision and what was being questioned was
merely the findings in the decision of
whether or not the practice of the other party Q: Is it necessary that the petitioner hold a
constitutes a violation of the agreement, the legal right to the thing demanded?
matter is a proper subject of appeal and not
certiorari (Centro Escolar University Faculty and A: Yes.ES.Petitioners should have a clear
Allied Workers Union vs. CA, G.R. No. 165486, legal right to the thing demanded, and there
May 31, 2006). should be an imperative duty on the part of
respondents to perform the act sought to be
Prohibition is proper when the petitioner seeks mandated(Cudia vs. Superintendent of PMA, G.R.
to command a tribunal, corporation, board or no. 211362, February 24, 2015)
person, whether exercising judicial, quasi-judicial
or ministerial functions to desist from further
proceedings, when said proceedings are without
or in excess of its jurisdiction or with grave abuse
of discretion, there being no appeal or any other
plain, speedy and adequate remedy in the General Rule: Mandamus will not be issued
ordinary course of law.(Sec.2, Rule 65) when administrative remedies are available.
General Rule: A Motion for Reconsideration is Q: Are the remedies of appeal and certiorari
an essential precondition for the filing of a mutually exclusive?
petition for certiorari, prohibition and mandamus
before invoking the jurisdiction of higher courts. A: Yes, the remedies of appeal and certiorari
are mutually exclusive and not alternative
5.G.8. Exceptions to filing of motion for or successive. The antithetic character of
reconsideration before filing of petition: appeal and certiorari has been generally
recognized and observed save only on those
Motion for Reconsideration is not required before rare instances when appeal is satisfactorily
filing a petition: shown to be an inadequate remedy. Thus, a
petitioner must show valid reasons why the
Where the order is a patent nullity, as where issues raised in his petition for certiorari could
the court a quo has no jurisdiction; not have been raised on appeal (Banco Filipino
When the questions raised in the certiorari Savings and Mortgage Bank vs. CA, G.R. No.
proceeding, have been duly raised and passed 132703, June 23, 2000).
by the lower court, or are the same as those
raised and passed upon in the lower court; Material Date Rule
Where there is an urgent necessity for the
resolution of the question and any further Dates that must be contained in the
delay would prejudice the interests of the petition:
government or of the petitioner;
Where the subject matter of the action is Date of receipt of the copy of the assailed
perishable; decision, order or resolution;
Where under the circumstances, a motion for Date when Motion for Reconsideration or
reconsideration would be useless; Motion for New Trial was filed; and,
Where petitioner was deprived of due process Date of receipt of the denial of said
and there is extreme urgency for relief; Motion(Sec. 3, Rule 46).
Where in a criminal case, relief from order of
arrest is urgent and the granting of such relief “Adequate Remedy” – a remedy which is
by the trial court is improbable; equally beneficial, speedy and sufficient, not
Where the proceedings in the lower court are merely a remedy which at some time in the
a nullity for lack of due process; future will bring about a revival of judgment of
Where the proceedings was ex parte or in the lower court complained of in the Certiorari
which the petitioner had no opportunity to proceeding, but a remedy which will promptly
object; and relieve the petitioner from the injurious effects of
Where the issue raised is one purely of law or that judgment and the acts of the inferior court
where public interest is involved(Riano, Civil or tribunal (Pioneer Insurance Surety Corp. vs.
Procedure Vol. II, 2016 ed., pPp. 212-213). Hontanosas, G.R. No. L-35951, August 31, 1977).
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Criminal
The
Remedial
primary relief will be annulment or Subject of Petition Court
modification of the judgment, order or resolution Acts or omissions of Court of Appeals,
or proceeding subject of the petition. It may also MTC, corporation, whether or not the
include such other incidental reliefs as law and board, officer or person same is in aid of its
appellate jurisdiction;
justice may require (Rule 65, Sec. 1). The court, in
Sandiganbayan,
its judgment, may also award damages and the whether or not in aid
execution of the award for damages or costs shall of its appellate
follow the procedure in Sec. 1, Rule 39 (Rule 65, jurisdiction;
Sec. 9). RTC
Acts or omissions of Gen. Rule: CA
5.G.10. Acts or omissions of quasi-judicial agency
first-level/Regional Trial Courts in Election EXN: Unless otherwise
Cases provided by law or the
rules
The petition shall be filed with the Commission Election case involving Exclusively COMELEC, in
on Elections, in aid of its appellate jurisdiction. an act or omission of aid of its appellate
(Sec 4, Rule 65 of A.M. no 07-7-12-SC) MTC/RTC jurisdiction (A.M. No.
07-7-12-SC, December
12, 2007)
5.G.11. Where to file petition Subject of Petition Court
Election case involving Exclusively COMELEC, in
Subject of Petition Court an act or omission of aid of its appellate
Acts or omissions of Court of Appeals, MTC/RTC jurisdiction (A.M. No.
MTC, corporation, whether or not the 07-7-12-SC, December
board, officer or person same is in aid of its 12, 2007)
appellate jurisdiction;
Sandiganbayan,
5.G.12. Effects of filing of unmeritorious
whether or not in aid
of its appellate petition
jurisdiction;
RTC The Court may impose motu propio, based on res
Acts or omissions of Gen. Rule: CA ipsa loquitur, other disciplinary sanctions or
quasi-judicial agency measures on erring lawyers for patently dilatory
EXN: Unless otherwise and unmeritorious petition for certiorari (A.M. No.
provided by law or the 07-7-12-SC, December 12, 2007).
rules
Election case involving Exclusively COMELEC, in The court may dismiss the petition if it finds the
an act or omission of aid of its appellate same patently without merit or
MTC/RTC jurisdiction (A.M. No.
prosecutedmanifestly for delay, or if the
07-7-12-SC, December
questions raised therein are too unsubstantial to
12, 2007)
Subject of Petition Court require consideration (Rule 65, Sec. 8).
Acts or omissions of Court of Appeals,
MTC, corporation, whether or not the In such event, the court may award in favor of
board, officer or person same is in aid of its the respondent treble costs solidarily against the
appellate jurisdiction; petitioner and counsel, in addition to subjecting
Sandiganbayan, counsel to administrative sanctions under Rules
whether or not in aid 139 and 139-B.
of its appellate
jurisdiction;
RTC
Acts or omissions of Gen. Rule: CA
5.H. QUO WARRANTO (Rule 66)
quasi-judicial agency
EXN: Unless otherwise
provided by law or the Quo Warranto literally means “by what
rules authority”
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proclamation of the actually holding office
Q: What is a Quo Warranto? candidate (Omnibus and action must be
Election Code, Sec. 253). commenced within one
A: It is a proceeding or writ issued by the year from cause of
ouster or right of
court to determine the right to use an office,
petitioner to hold office
position or franchise and to oust the person arose(Rule 66, Sec.
holding or exercising such office, position, or 11).
franchise if his right is unfounded or if a May be filed by any The petitioner must be
person performed acts considered as grounds registered voter for the the government or the
for forfeiture of said exercise of position, same office and who, person entitled to the
office or franchise (Tecson vs. COMELEC, G.R. even if the petition office and who would
No. 161434, March 03, 2004). prospers, would not be assume the same if his
entitled to that office. action succeeds (Rule
Note:Quo Warranto is an action for the (Omnibus Election Code, 66, Sec. 1&5).
Sec. 253)
usurpation of a public (a) office, (b) position, or
Actual or compensatory Person adjudged
(c) franchise (Sec.1, Rule 66; Riano, Vol. II, p. 269). damages are recoverable entitled to the office
in quo warranto under may also bring an
the Omnibus Election action (separate)
Code.(Omnibus Election against the respondent
Code, Sec. 259) to recover damages.
(Rule 66, Sec. 10).
Petition is brought in the Petition is brought in
COMELEC, RTC or MTC, the SC, CA or RTC
as the case may be (Rule 66, Sec. 7).
(Omnibus Election Code,
Sec. 253)
5.H.1. Distinguish: Quo Warranto under the
If the person elected is The court determines
Rules of Court and Quo Warranto under the ineligible, the court who is legally
Omnibus Election Code cannot declare the appointed, and can
candidate occupying the and ought to declare
Quo Warranto in Quo Warranto second place as elected. the person entitled to
Electoral Proceedings (Rule 66) occupy the office(Rule
To contest the right of Prerogative writ which 66, Sec. 9).
an elected public officer can be brought by the Subject of the Petition: Subject of the Petition:
to hold public office. Solicitor General or any An Elective Office An Appointive Office
person who claims Petitioner may be any Petitioner may be the
It is an electoral better title to the voter even if he is not person entitled to the
proceeding under the position, public office entitled to the office office (Rule 66, Sec. 5)
Omnibus Elections Code or franchise being (Omnibus Election Code,
for the exclusive purpose usurped, intruded into Sec. 253)
of impugning the election or unlawfully held. When the tribunal The court has to
of a public officer. declares the candidate- declare who the
Issue is the legality of elect as ineligible, he will person entitled to the
the occupancy of the be unseated but the office is if he is the
office by virtue of a person occupying the petitioner.
legal appointment. second place will not be (Rule 66, Sec. 9).
Grounds: Grounds: declared as the one duly
a. ineligibility or a. Usurpation; elected because the law
disqualification to b. Forfeiture; and, shall consider only the
hold the office; c. Illegal association person who, having duly
b. disloyalty to Republic (Rule 66, Sec.1) filed his certificate of
(Omnibus Election Code, candidacy, received a
Sec. 253) plurality of votes.
Petition must be filed Presupposes that the Quo Warranto in Quo Warranto
within 10 days after the respondent is already Electoral Proceedings (Rule 66)
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To contest
Remedial
the right of Prerogative writ which second place as elected. the person entitled to
an elected public officer can be brought by the occupy the office(Rule
to hold public office. Solicitor General or any 66, Sec. 9).
person who claims Subject of the Petition: Subject of the Petition:
It is an electoral better title to the An Elective Office An Appointive Office
proceeding under the position, public office Petitioner may be any Petitioner may be the
Omnibus Elections Code or franchise being voter even if he is not person entitled to the
for the exclusive purpose usurped, intruded into entitled to the office office (Rule 66, Sec. 5)
of impugning the election or unlawfully held. (Omnibus Election Code,
of a public officer. Sec. 253)
Issue is the legality of When the tribunal The court has to
the occupancy of the declares the candidate- declare who the
office by virtue of a elect as ineligible, he will person entitled to the
legal appointment. be unseated but the office is if he is the
Grounds: Grounds: person occupying the petitioner.
c. ineligibility or d. Usurpation; second place will not be (Rule 66, Sec. 9).
disqualification to e. Forfeiture; and, declared as the one duly
hold the office; f. Illegal association elected because the law
d. disloyalty to (Rule 66, Sec.1) shall consider only the
Republic person who, having duly
(Omnibus Election filed his certificate of
Code, Sec. 253) candidacy, received a
Petition must be filed Presupposes that the plurality of votes.
within 10 days after the respondent is already
proclamation of the actually holding office
candidate(Omnibus and action must be 5.H.2. When government commences an
Election Code, Sec. 253). commenced within one action against individuals or associations
year from cause of
ouster or right of
Who May Commence Action for Quo
petitioner to hold office
arose(Rule 66, Sec. Warranto:
11).
a. Solicitor Generalor
May be filed by any The petitioner must be b. Public prosecutor;(Rule 66, Sec. 2&3).
registered voter for the the government or the
same office and who, person entitled to the How is Action Commenced
even if the petition office and who would
prospers, would not be assume the same if his By filing a verified petitionin the name of the
entitled to that office. action succeeds (Rule
Republic of the Philippines(Rule 66, Sec. 1)
(Omnibus Election Code, 66, Sec. 1&5).
Sec. 253)
Against Whom May be Filed(Rule 66, Sec. 1)
Actual or compensatory Person adjudged
damages are recoverable entitled to the office
in quo warranto under may also bring an
An action for the usurpation of a public office,
the Omnibus Election action (separate) position or franchise may be commenced by a
Code.(Omnibus Election against the respondent verified petition brought in the name of the
Code, Sec. 259) to recover damages. Republic of the Philippines against:
(Rule 66, Sec. 10).
Petition is brought in the Petition is brought in a. A person who usurps, intrudes into, or
COMELEC, RTC or MTC, the SC, CA or RTC unlawfully holds or exercises a public office,
as the case may be (Rule 66, Sec. 7). position or franchise;
(Omnibus Election Code, b. A public officer who does or suffers an act
Sec. 253)
which, by the provision of law, constitutes a
If the person elected is The court determines
ineligible, the court who is legally ground for forfeiture of his office; and,
cannot declare the appointed, and can c. An association which acts as a corporation
candidate occupying the and ought to declare within the Philippines without being legally
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Purple Notes
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Remedial
incorporated or without lawful authority so to office allegedly being held by another (Cuevas
act. vs. Bacal, G.R. No. 139382, December 06, 2000).
It is not enough that he merely asserts the
Classification of quo warranto proceeding: right to be appointed to the office.
Relator – a person at whose request and upon 5.H.4 Judgment in Quo Warranto Action
whose relation the Solicitor General or public
prosecutor brings an action for quo warranto with When the respondent is found guilty of usurping,
the permission of the court under Sections 3 and intruding into, or unlawfully holding or exercising
4 of Rule 66. a public office, position or franchise, judgment
shall be rendered that such respondent be ousted
5.H.3 When Individual may commence an and altogether excluded therefrom, and that the
action petitioner or relator recover his costs. Such
further judgment may be rendered determining
The petition may be commenced by a private the respective rights in and to the public office,
person in his own name where he claims to be position or franchise of all the parties to the
entitled to the public office or position alleged to action as justice requires(Rule 66, Sec. 9).
have been usurped or unlawfully held or
exercised by another (Rule 66, Sec. 5). 5.H.5 Rights of a Person Adjudged Entitled
to Public Office
Q: May a private person commence an action
without the intervention of a Solicitor If judgment is rendered in favor of the person
General? How? averred in the complaint to be entitled to the
public office, he may, after taking the oath of
A(1):Accordingly, the private person may office and executing any official bond required by
maintain the action without the intervention law:(BED)
of the Solicitor General and without need for
any leave of court (Navarro vs. Gimenez, G.R. 1. Take upon himself the Execution of the office;
no. No. 45T6, February 27, 1908; Cui vs. Cui, G.R. 2. Immediately thereafter demand of the
No. 39773, April 09, 1934). respondent all the Books and papers in the
respondent's custody or control appertaining
(2).In bringing a petition for quo warranto, to the office to which the judgment relates;
he must show that he has a clear right to the
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Purple Notes
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NOTE:
Remedial
If Respondent refuses or neglects to
deliver any book or paper pursuant to such Expropriation is the special civil action by which
demand, he may be punished for contempt as the state or the sovereign exercises its right of
having disobeyed a lawful order of the court. eminent domain.
3. Bring action against the respondent to recover In other words, eminent domain is the right while
the Damages sustained by reason of the expropriation is the judicial proceeding for
usurpation (Rule 66, Sec. 10). enforcing said right (Primer-Reviewer on
Remedial Law, Vol. I Civil Procedure, Riguera
Quo Warranto Against Corporations 2015 Ed., p. 666).
The judgment entered in expropriation The court shall immediately issue to the
proceedings shall state definitely, by an adequate implementing agency a Writ of Possession upon:
description:
1. presentation to the court of a certificate of
1. the particular property or interest therein availability of funds from the proper official
expropriated; and, concerned; and
2. the nature of the public use or purpose for 2.
which it is expropriated. 3. compliance with the following guidelines:
5.I.10. Effect of Recording of Judgment a) Upon the filing of the complaint, and after
due notice to the defendant, the
Effect of Judgment When Real Estate is implementing agency shall immediately
Expropriated (Rule 67, Sec. 13) pay the owner of the property the amount
equivalent to the sum of:
A certified copy of the judgment shall be
recorded in the Registry of Deeds of the place in
which the property is situated. one hundred percent (100%) of the
value of the property based on the
Such recording vests in the plaintiff the title to current relevant zonal valuation of the
the real estate so described for such public use or Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR); and,
purpose. the value of the improvements and/or
structures using the replacement cost
Effect of Appeal (Rule 67, Sec. 13) method
An appeal from the judgment shall not delay the
b) In provinces, cities, municipalities and
right of the plaintiff to enter upon the property
other areas where there is no zonal
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Remedial
valuation, the BIR is mandated within the General Rule: Default occurs when
period of sixty (60) days from the date of payment is not made after a valid demand.
the expropriation case, to come up with a
zonal valuation for said area; and, Exception: When stipulated that demand is
c) not necessary for default to arise (Riano,
d) In case the completion of a government Vol.II, p. 309)
infrastructure project is of utmost urgency
and importance, and there is no existing 5.J.1. Kinds of Foreclosure
valuation of the area concerned, the
implementing agency shall immediately a. Judicial foreclosure is done pursuant to
pay the owner of the property its proffered Rule 68 of the Rules of Court; and
value. b. Extra-judicial foreclosure is effected
pursuant to Act No. 3135, as amended
Court Shall Determine Just Compensation by Act No. 4118
When Proferred Value is Contested
5.J.1.a. JUDICIAL FORECLOSURE (Rule 68)
In the event that the owner of the property
contests the proffered value, the court shall Judicial foreclosure of real estate mortgage is
determine the just compensation to be paid the governed by the provisions of Rule 68 of the
owner within sixty (60) days from the date of Rules of Court. Like any ordinary civil action filed
filing of the expropriation case. in court it shall be proven by preponderance of
evidence.
When the decision of the court becomes 5.J.1.b. EXTRAJUDICIAL FORECLOSURE (Act
final and executory, the implementing No. 3135, as amended)
agency shall pay the owner the difference
between the amount already paid and the Extra-judicial foreclosure is the mode to be
just compensation as determined by the used if there is a special power inserted in
court. or attached to the real estate mortgage
contract allowing an extra-judicial
foreclosure sale (Sec. 1, Act No. 3135, as
5.J. FORECLOSURE OF REAL ESTATE amended).
MORTGAGE
Act no. 3135, as amended prescribes a
Foreclosure of mortgage is the process by which procedure which effectively safeguards the
a property covered may be subjected to sale to rights of both debtor and creditor. Thus, its
pay demand for which mortgages stand as construction (or interpretation) must be
security (Pacific Commercial Co. v. Alvarez, 38 OG equally and mutually beneficial to both
758). parties. (Phil. National Bank vs. Cabatingan,
G.R. No. 167058, July 09, 2008)
Foreclosure is the necessary consequence of non-
Where there is no such special power, the
payment of mortgage indebtedness. The
foreclosure shall be done judicially
mortgage can be foreclosed only when the debt
following the procedure set under Rule 68.
remains unpaid at the time it is due (Producers
Bank v. CA, GR No. 111584, 17 Sept. 2001) or in case
of default in the payment of obligation (PNB v. CA,
Judicial Foreclosure vs. Extrajudicial
GR No. 126908, January 16, 2003; Chinabank v. CA,
G.R. No. 121158, December 05, 1996) Foreclosure
All persons having claims or claiming an interest Period given for the payment of the sum due
subordinate to the holder of the mortgage, e.g. is not merely provisional but a SUBSTANTIVE
second mortgagee, subsequent attaching RIGHT granted to mortgage debtor as last
creditor, and purchaser of the mortgaged opportunity for him to pay his debt and save
property(Rule 68, Sec. 1). his mortgaged property from final disposition
at a foreclosure sale (Riano, Vol.II, p. 315).
Contents of Complaint (Rule 68, Sec. 1) Effect if the Junior Encumbrancer is Not
(DANDOAN) Impleaded
a. Date and due execution of the mortgage; His equity or right of redemption is NOT
b. Its Assignments, if any; affected or barred by the judgment of the
c. Names and residences of the mortgagor and court because he is a mere necessary party,
mortgagee; not an indispensable party (Sunlife Insurance
d. Description of mortgaged property; vs. Diez, G.R. No. 29027, October 25, 1928).
e. Statement of the date of the note or other
documentary evidence of the Obligation The remedy of the senior encumbrancer is to file
secured by the mortgage; an INDEPENDENT proceeding to foreclose the
f. Amount claimed to be unpaid thereon; and, right to redeem by requiring the junior
g. Names and residences of all persons having encumbrancer to pay the amount stated in the
or claiming an interest in the property order of execution or to redeem the property in a
subordinate in right to that of the holder of specified time.
the mortgage, all of whom shall be made
defendants in the action. Effect of failure by the defendant to pay the
amount of judgment(Rule 68, Sec. 3)
5.J.4.b. Where to sell?
The court shall order the property to be sold
The property shall be sold at a public auction to pursuant to the provisions of Rule 39 and other
satisfy the judgment in the event that the relevant regulations.
defendant failed to pay theamount due to the
plaintiff upon the mortgage debt or obligation, 5.J.4.c. Posting requirements
including interest and other charges as approved
by the court, and costs(Rule 68, sec. 2). Before the sale of the real proerty/ies, notice
must be given:
Judgment on the Foreclosure for Payment
By posting for 20-days in three (3) public
or Sale (Rule 68, Sec. 2)
places. If the assessed value is more than
If upon trial, the court shall find the facts set P50,000.00 (Sec. 15c, Rule 39).
forth in the complant to be true, it shall: Written notice to the judgment obligor at least
three (3) days before the sale (Sec. 15d, Rule
39).
1. Ascertain the amount due to the plaintiff upon
the mortgage debt or obligation, including
interest and other charges as approved by the The rule is that statutory provisions governing
court and the costs; and, public notice of foreclosure sales must be strictly
complied with, and even slight deviations
2. Render judgment for the sum so found due therefrom will invalidate the sale or render it at
and order that the same be paid to the court least voidable(Tambunting vs. Court of Appeals, G.R.
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Remedial
No. No. L-48278 , November 08, 1988; Roxas vs. Court third persons. As such, it is imbued with
of Appeals, G.R. No. 100480, May 11, 1993). public policy considerations and any waiver
thereof would be inconsistent with the intent
5.J.4.d. Publication requirement and letter of Act No. 3135 (PNB vs.
Nepomuceno Productions, Inc., et al., G.R. No.
Before the sale of the real proerty/ies a copy of 139479, Dec. 27, 2002Metropolitan Bank vs.
the notice must be published once a week for Nikkon Sources International Corp., G.R. No.
two (2) consecutive weeks in one newspaper 178479, October 23, 2009).
selected by raffle whether in English, Filipino, or
any major regional language published, edited 5.J.4.d.iii. Personal notice to the mortgagor
and circulated or, in the absence thereof, having when and when not needed
general circulation in the province or city (Sec.
15c, Rule 39). Settled is the rule that personal notice to the
mortgagor in extra-judicial foreclosure
5.J.d.i. Sufficiency of newspaper proceedings is not necessary.
publication
Section 3 of Republic Act 3135 governing extra-
Republic Act 3135 as amended by RA 4118 judicial foreclosure of real-estate mortgages, as
provides that, : amended, requires only the posting of the notice
of sale in three public places and the publication
“Sec. 3. nNotice shall be given by posting notices of that notice in a newspaper of general
of the sale for not less than twenty days in at circulation. It is pristine clear from the above
least three public places of the municipality or provision that the lack of personal notice to the
city where the property is situated, and if such mortgagor, herein petitioner, is not a ground to
property is worth more than four hundred pesos, set aside the foreclosure sale.” (Fortune Motors
such notice shall also be published once a week (Phils.) Inc. vs. Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company,
for at least three consecutive weeks in a G.R. No. 115068, November 28, 1996)
newspaper of general circulation in the
municipality or city(Sec. 3)..” On the other hand, if the parties to the real-
estate mortgage agreed that in case of extra-
5.J.4.d.ii. Need for republication in case of judicial foreclosure sale, the mortgagor shall be
postponement informed of the same by the mortgagee, this
must be faithfully complied with, otherwise the
Republication in the manner prescribed by sale shall be null and void.This was enunciated by
the Supreme Court in the case of Global Holiday
Act No. 3135 is necessary for the validity of
Ownership Corporation vs. Metropolitan Bank & Trust
a postponed extrajudicial foreclosure sale. Company (Global Holiday Ownership Corporation vs.
Another publication is required in case the Metropolitan Bank & Trust Company,G.R. No. 184081,
auction sale is rescheduled, and the absence June 19, 2009).
of such republication invalidates the
foreclosure sale(DBP vs. CA, G.R. No. 125838 5.J.5. Possession by purchaser of
June 10, 2003). foreclosed property
Q: Can the posting and publication If the purchaser wants possession during the
requirement be waived? redemption period, he may execute a bond in the
amount equivalent to the use of the property for
A: NO. Waiver of posting and publication 12 months, to indemnify the debtor in case it be
requirements of Act No. 3135is void for shown that the sale was made without violating
Notices are given to secure bidders and the mortgage or without complying with the
prevent a sacrifice of the property. Clearly, requirements of the Act. Upon approval, a writ
the statutory requirements of posting and of possession will be issued in his favor.
publication are mandated, not for the
mortgagor's benefit, but for the public or
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In case the winning bidder is able to secure
possession, the mortgagor may petition that the Note: Mortgagee should file a Motion For
sale is set aside and the writ of possession be Confirmation of Sale after foreclosure sale has
cancelled on the ground that he wasn't in been effected. Such motion requires notice and
default or that the sale wasn't made in hearing.
accordance with Act 3135. This must be
filed within 30 days from issuance of the writ of
possession. Q: What is the effect of confirmation of
sale?
Until the foreclosure sale of the property in
question is annulled by a court of competent A.The title vests upon the purchaser in the
jurisdiction, the issuance of the writ of possession foreclosure sale, and the confirmation
remains a ministerial duty of the trial court. retroacts to the date of the sale (Villar vs.
Hence, the trial court would, in denying the Paderanga, G.R. No. L-7687, September 28,
petition for issuance of writ of possession on the 1955.).
grounds that the loan has not been proven; or
that execution of the mortgage and default have
not been proven, be committing grave abuse of Order of Confirmation Appealable
discretion(Chilease Finance Corp. v. Sps. Ma, G.R. No.
151941, August 15, 2003). The order of confirmation is appealable. If not
appealed within the period for appeal, it becomes
5.J.6. Remedy of debtor if foreclosure is not final(Riano, Civil Procedure Vol. II, 2016 Ed., p P.319).
proper
Q: Is the mortgagor entitled to notice of
The debtor may file a case to annul the mortgage hearing of the confirmation of sale?
and/or the extrajudicial foreclosure sale.
A:The mortgagor is entitled to a notice of
Effect of Sale of Mortgaged Property (Rule 68, hearing of the confirmation of the sale.
Sec. 3) Otherwise, the order is void. Due process
requires that said notice be given so that the
1. Sale shall not affect the rights of persons mortgagor can resist the motion and be
holding prior encumbrances upon the informed that his right to redeem is cut off
property or a part thereof; (Tiglao vs. Botones, G.R. No. L-3619, October 29,
1951).
2. When confirmed by an order of the court
and upon motion, the sale shall operate to: Effect of Finality of Order of Confirmation
Divest the rights in the property of all General Rule: The purchaser at the auction sale
parties to the action; and, or last redemptioner shall be entitled to the
Vest their rights in the purchaser, subject possession of property:
to such right of redemption.
1) upon finality of the order of confirmation; or,
The import of Sec. 3 includes one vital effect: the 2) upon the expiration of the period of
equity of redemption of the mortgagor or redemption, when allowed by law (Rule 68,
redemptioner is cut-off and there will be no Sec. 3).
further redemption, unless allowed by law (as in
the case of banks as mortgagees). The equity of Exception: When a third party is actually
redemption starts from the ninety-day (90-day) holding the same adversely to the judgment
period set in the judgment of the court up to the obligor(Rule 68, Sec. 3).
time before the sale is confirmed by an order of
the court. Once confirmed, no equity of Remedy: Purchaser or last redemptioner may
redemption may further be exercised. secure a writ of possession, upon motion (ex-
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parte), from
Remedial
the court which ordered the
foreclosure(Rule 68, Sec. 3). Exception: Mortgagee is a financial institution
(Government Insurance System vs. The CFI of Iloilo,
Motion for issuance of writ of possession is G.R. No. 45322, July 5, 1989).
an exception to the 3-day notice rule for
motions. Equity of Redemption
A third party may redeem the mortgaged Note: Provided by Act No. 3135, as amended,
property when there is a sale of such by the the mortgagor may redeem the foreclosed
mortgagor to a third party during the period for property within one (1) year from the date of the
redemption. Said sale transfers only the right to sale.
redeem the property. (Dizon vs. Gaborro, G.R. No.
L-36821 , June 22, 1978) 5.J.7.d. Effect of Pendency of Action For
Annulment of Sale
If the lien is prior to the judgment, a person is
not considered a redemptioner because the The periods for redemption are not extendible or
latter’s interests in his lien are fully protected (see interreputed. However, the parties may agree on
Rule 39, sec. 12) a longer period, but it would be a conventional
redemption. (Lazo v. Republic Surety and Insurance,
5.J.7.b. Amount of Redemption Price Co., Inc., G.R. no. L-27365, January 30, 1970)
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Commissions 281281
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who assert
Remedial
a right adverse to the judgment An action for partition is once an action for
debtors/mortgagors(id.). declaration of co-ownership and for segregation
and conveyance of a determinate portion of the
properties involved. If the defendant asserts
5.J.8.c. Pendency of Action for Annulment exclusive title over the property, the action for
of Sale partition should not be dismissed. But, the court
should resolve the case and if the plaintiff is
The pendency of that action does not and cannot unable to sustain his claimed status as a co-
bar the issuance of a writ of possession to the owner, the court should dismiss the action, not
mortgagee who has, in the meantime, because the wrong remedy was availed of, but
extrajudicially foreclosed the mortgaged property because no basis exists for requiring the
and acquired it as highest bidder in the defendant to submit to partition. If, on the other
subsequent public auction sale. The law is quite hand, the court after trial should find the
explicit on this point, and the right of the existence ofco-ownership among the parties, the
mortgagee thereunder unquestionable. And court may and should order the partition of the
decisions abound applying the law and declaring properties in the same action (Vda. De Daffon v.
it to be the court's ministerial duty to uphold the CA, et al., G.R. No. 129017, August 20, 2002).
mortgagee's right to possession even during the
redemption period(Sps. Ong v. CA, G.R. No. 121494, Two modes of Partition:
June 8, 2000).
1. Judicial Partition under Rule 69 - when
Note: As a rule, any question regarding the parties cannot reach an agreement; or,
validity of the mortgage or its foreclosure cannot 2. Extrajudicial partition - by agreement of
be a legal ground for refusing the issuance of a the parties.
writ of possession. Regardless of whether or not
there is a pending suit for annulment of the
mortgage or the foreclosure itself, the purchaser K.1. Who may file complaint; who should
is entitled to a writ of possession, without be made defendants
prejudice of course to the eventual outcome of
said case. Hence, an injunction to prohibit the Person who has a right to compel the partition of
issuance of writ of possession is entirely out of estate; All co-owners must be joined. An action
place(Sps. Ong v. CA, G.R. No. 121494, June 8, will not lie without the joinder of all co-ownerrs
2000). and other persons having interest in the property
(Riano, Vol. II, p. 329)
5.J.9. Annulment of Sale
Note: As explained the plaintiff is a person who
The act of non compliance of procedures is supposed to be a co-owner of the property or
provided under the Rules of Court and RA 3135, estate sought to be partitioned.
as amended for the foreclosure of the real estate
mortgage is a ground for the annulment of sale. Who should be made defendants?
5.K. PARTITION The defendants are all the co-owners who are
indispensable parties (Sepuveda v. Pelaez, G.R. No.
It is the process whereby the co-ownership over 152195, January 31, 2005).
real-property is terminated by vesting in each of
the co-owners a specific property or allotment of Effect of Non-inclusion of a co-owner
the proceeds or value of the property. (Riguera,
Primer-Reviewer on Remedial Law, Vol. I Civil Before Judgment – not a ground for motion
Procedure, 2015 Ed., p. 692) to dismiss; remedy is to file a motion to
include the party(Divinagracia vs. Parilla, G.R. No.
Nature of an action for Partition
196750, March 11, 2015).
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After Judgment – judgment is void because court after the parties have been accorded
co-owners are indispensable parties(Quilatan opportunity to be heard thereon, and an
vs. Heirs of Quilatan, G.R. no. 183059, August 28, award for the recovery by the party or
2009). parties thereto entitled of their just share in
the rents and profits of the real estate in
question. (Municipality of Binan vs. Garcia, G.R.
5.K.2. Matters to Alleged in the Complaint No. 69260, December 22, 1989)
for Partition
5.K.4. Order of partition and partition by
1. Nature and extent of the plaintiff’s title agreement
2. Adequate description of real estate of which
partition is demanded Issued after the court shall determine:
3. Join as defendants all other persons
interested in the property (Secs. 1 and 3, Rule 1. 1. Whether or not the plaintiff is truly a
69) co-owner of the property;
2.
Note: He must also include a demand for the 3. 2. That there is indeed a co-ownership among
accounting of the rents, profits and other income the parties;
from the property which he may be entitled to
4.
(Rule 69, Sec. 8).These cannot be demanded in
5. That a partition is not legally proscribed, thus
another action because they are parts of the
may be allowed.
cause of action for partition. They will be barred
3. That a partition is not legally proscribed, thus
if not set up in the same action pursuant to the
may be allowed.
rule against splitting a single cause of action.
5.K.3. Two Stages in Every Action of A final order decreeing partition in accounting
Partition may be appealed by any party aggrieved thereby
(Riano, Vol II, p. 330).
First.Determination of whether or not a co-
Partition by Agreement
ownership in fact exists, and a partition is
proper (i.e., not otherwise legally proscribed)
After issuance of Order of Partition and the
and may be made by voluntary agreement of
parties are able to agree, they may make the
all the parties interested in the property. This
partition among themselves by proper
phase may end with a declaration that
instruments of conveyance: (1)confirmed by the
plaintiff is not entitled to have a partition
court; and, (2) recorded in the registry of deeds
either because the co-ownership does not
of the place in which the property is situated
exist, or partition is legally prohibited. It may
(Rule 69, Sec. 2).
end, on the other hand, with an adjudgment
that a co-ownership does in truth exist,
5.K.5. Partition by commissioners;
partition is proper in the premises and an
appointment of commissioners,
accounting of rents and profits received by
commissioner's report; court action upon
the defendant from the real estate in
commissioner's report
question is in order xxx.
Appointment of Commissioners
Second. Commences when it appears that
"the parties are unable to agree upon the
When parties cannot reach an agreement of
partition" directed by the court. In that
partition:
event, partition shall be done for the parties
by the court with the assistance of not more
The court shall appoint not more than 3
than three (3) commissioners. This second
commissioners of competent and disinterested
stage may well also deal with the rendition of
persons to make or effect the partition. They
the accounting itself and its approval by the
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shall make full and accurate report to the court of 1) Accept the report and render judgment in
all their proceedings as to the partition for the accordance therewith; or,
parties (Sec. 3, Rule 69). 2) Recommit the same to the commissioners
for further report of facts; or
Duties of the commissioners in action for 3) Set aside the report and appoint new
partition commissioners; or
4) Accept the report in Part and reject it in
a. a. Make a full and accurate report to the court part; or
of all their proceedings as to the partition; 5) Make such order and render such judgment
b. b. The assignment of real estate to one of the
parties; or 5.K.6. Judgment and Its Effects
c. c. Thesale of the same(Rule 69, Sec. 6).
d. The judgment shall have the effect of vesting in
each party to the portion of real estate assigned
Proceedings before commissioner; no ti him (Rule 69, Sec. 11).
binding effect
If the whole property is assigned to one of the
No proceeding had before or conducted by the parties upon his paying to the others the sum/s
commissioners shall pass the title to the property ordered by the court, the effect of the judgment
or bind the parties until the court shall have shall be yo vest the whole real estate free from
accepted the report of the commissioners and any interest on the part of the other party to the
rendered judgment thereon(Rule 69, Sec. 6). action.
There is a stipulation dispensing with a A. Defendant filed an Answer (Sec. 8, Rule 70)
demand (Art. 1169, Civil Code); or,
When the ground for the suit is based on the 1. Preliminary Conference
expiration of the lease.
Not later than 30 days from the last answer is
Ratio: When the lease expires, the cause of filed, a preliminary conference shall be held.
action for unlawful detainer immediately arises.
The lessor can now file an action for ejectment. Effect of Failure of the plaintiff to appear
As a rule, demand is required only when the on the preliminary conference
ground for ejectment is failure to pay rent or to
comply with the condition of the lease. This is a cause for the dismissal of the case. The
defendant who appeared in the absence of the
Q: Is demand to vacate required in case of a plaintiff shall be entitled to judgment on his
lease on a month-to-month basis? counterclaim. All cross-claims shall be dismissed
(Rule 70, Sec. 8).
A: YES. Demand to vacate isrequired when
the lease is on a month-to-month basis to 2. Issuance of Pre-trial Order
terminate the lease upon the expiration of
the month in order to prevent the application Within five (5) days after the preliminary
of the rule of tacita reconduction or implied conference has been terminated, the court shall
new lease.The acceptance of rentals in issue a pre-trial order (Rule 70, Sec. 9)
arrears does not constitute WAIVER of
default in payment of rentals (Clutario vs. CA, 3. Submission of Affidavits
G.R. No. 70481, December 11, 1992).
Within ten (10) days from receipt of the order,
Note:The term VACATE need not be stated if parties shall submit affidavits of their witnesses
there are other terms definitively implying that and their respective position papers (Rule 70, Sec.
the tenant should vacate (Golden Gate Realty Corp. 10)
vs. CA, G.R. No. 74289, July 31, 1987) .However, this
will not apply incase the term of the demand is 4. Rendition of JudgementJudgment
ambiguous (La Campana vs. CA, GR No. L-88246,
une 4, 1993). Within thirty (30) days from receipt of the
affidavits and position papers, or the expiration of
the period for filing the same, the court shall
Demand, How Made render judgment.
1. Upon the lessee, by demanding him to pay During said period, there may be a clarificatory
or comply with the conditions of the lease hearing as the court deems necessary. It may
and to vacate; also require the parties to submit affidavits or
2. By serving written notice of such demand other evidence on the matters to be clarified
upon the person found on the premises; within ten (10) days from receipt of an order for
3. By posting such notice on the premises if no such purpose. In this case, judgment shall be
person be found thereon (Viray vs. CA, G.R. rendered within fifteen (15) days after the receipt
No. 12076, February 24, 1998); or, of the last affidavit or the expiration of the period
4. By registered mail (Co Keng Kian vs. CA, G.R. for filing the same (Rule 70, Sec. 11)
No. 75676, August 29, 1990).
Defendant failed to file an Answer
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If the defendant fails to file an answer after the General Rule: Only issues regarding possession
lapse of ten (10) days, the court, motu propio or should be resolved in an ejectment case.
on motion of the plaintiff, shall render judgment
based on the complaint filed and limited to what Exception: Question of ownership is necessary
is prayed for therein (Rule 70, Sec. 7). for a proper and complete adjudication of the
issue of possession (Refugia vs. CA, G.R. No.
Judgment 118284, July 5, 1996)(Sec. 3, R.A. No. 7691).
The judgment rendered shall be conclusive only Binding Effect of Judgment in an Ejectment
with rescpect to possession and shalle not bind Case
the title or affect ownership of the land or
building.(Sec. 18, Rule 70) General Rule: Third persons are bound by a
5.L.8. Preliminary Injunction and judgment in an ejectment case, provided his
Preliminary Mandatory Injunction possession can be traced from the title of the
defendant, e.g. sublessee.
Preliminary Injunction to prevent further
acts of disposition Exceptions:
The court may grant preliminary injunction in The property was acquired before the action;
accordance with Rule 58 of the Rules of Court, to or,
prevent the defendant from committing further The property is covered by a Torrens Title and
acts of dispossession against the plaintiff (Rule 70, the certificate does not state that the property
Sec. 15). is subject to a pending action and he bought
the same in good faith.
Preliminary Mandatory Injunction when
case is pending in the MTC
Q: Does the assertion of ownership of
A possessor deprived of his possession through disputed property divest the inferior court of
forcible entry or unlawful detainer may, within its jurisdiction?
five (5) days from the filing of the complaint,
present a motion for the issuance of a writ of A: NO. The assertion by the defendant of
preliminary mandatory injunction to restore him ownership over the disputed property does
in his possession (Rule 70, Sec. 15). not serve to divest the inferior court of its
jurisdiction. The defendant cannot deprive
Preliminary Mandatory Injunction when the court of jurisdiction by merely claiming
case is on appeal to the RTC ownership of the property involved (Rural
Bank of Sta. Ignacia vs. Dimatulac, , G.R. No.
Upon motion of the plaintiff, within ten (10) days 142015, April 29, 2003; Perez vs. Cruz,G.R. No.
from the perfection of appeal to the RTC, the 142503, June 20, 2003).
latter may issue a writ of preliminary mandatory
injunction to restore the plaintiff in possession. 5.L.10. How to stay the immediate
execution of judgment
Grant of writ of preliminary mandatory injuction
is predicated on court’s finding that: Immediate Execution of Judgment (MTC)
1) the defendant’s appeal is frivolous or dilatory; General Rule: A judgment rendered by MTC
or, against the defendant is immediately
2) the appeal of plaintiff is meritorious ( Rule 70, executory(Rule 70, Section 21).
Sec. 20)
Exceptions:
5.L.9. Resolving Defense of Ownership
a) Where delay in the deposit is due to fraud,
accident, mistake, or excusable negligence;
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b) Where supervening events occur subsequent
to the judgment bringing about a material
change in the situation of the parties which When to appeal
makes execution inequitable; and,
c) Where there is no compelling urgency for the The mode of appeal is the same as in ordinary
execution because it is not justified by the civil action under Rule 40 of the Rules of Court
circumstances(Puncia vs. Gerona, G.R. No. where a notice of appeal is filed with and docket
107640, January 29, 1996). fee paid in court of origin, MTC (Riano, Vol. II, p.
364).
The defendant must take the following
steps to stay the execution: 5.L.11. Prohibited pleadings and motion
under Rule 70(DBN-REM-PD2IRT)
1. Perfect an appeal;
2. File a supersedeas bond to pay for the rents, 1. Motion to Dismiss the complaint except on
damages and costs accruing down to the the ground of lack of jurlsdiction over the
time of the judgment appealed from; and, subject matter, or failure to comply with a
3. Deposit periodically with the RTC, during the referral to the LuponTagapamayapa in cases
pendency of the appeal, the adjudged covered by the LGC;
amount of rent due under the contract or if 2. Motion for a Bill of particulars;
there be no contract, the reasonable value of 3. Motion for New trial, or for reconsideration of
the use and occupation of the premises (Rule a judgment, or foli reopening of trial;
70, Sec. 19). 4. Petition for Relief from judgment;
5. Motion for Extension of time to file
Note: All the above items must concur. pleadings, affidavits or any other paper;
6. Memoranda;
Immediate execution of Judgment (RTC) 7. Petition for. certiorari, mandamus, or
prohibition against any interlocutory order
The judgment rendered by RTC on appeal, issued by the court;
against the defendant, is immediately executory, 8. Motion to declare the defendant in Default;
without prejudice to a further appeal that may be 9. Dilatory motions for postponement;
taken therefrom (Rule 70, Sec. 2). 10. Reply;
11. Third-party complaints; and
Q. Is the stay of execution under Rule 70, 12. Interventions
Sec. 19 applicable to judgment rendered by
MTC? By RTC? 5.M. CONTEMPT
A.From the foregoing, it is clear that it is only Contemptis the disobedience to the court by
execution of the Metropolitan or Municipal acting in opposition to its authority, justice, and
Trial Courts’ judgment pending appeal with dignity (Regalado vs. Go, GR No. 167988, February 6,
the Regional Trial Court which may be stayed 2007).
by a compliance with the requisites provided
in Rule 70, Section 19 of the 1997 Rules on Purpose and nature of power
Civil Procedure. On the other hand, once the
Regional Trial Court has rendered a decision Q. What is the purpose and nature of
in its appellate jurisdiction, such decision Contempt?
shall, under Rule 70, Section 21 of the 1997
Rules on Civil Procedure, be immediately A.The power to punish for contempt is
executory, without prejudice to an inherent in all courts; its existence is
appeal, via a Petition for Review, before the essential to the preservation of order in
Court of Appeals and/or Supreme Court (Uy judicial proceedings and to the enforcement
et al., vs. Santiago et.al., G.R. No. 131237, July of judgments, orders, and mandates of the
31, 2000).
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Criminal
courts,
Remedial
and consequently, to the due unlawfully assailing or discrediting the
administration of justice. authority and dignity of the court or judge, or
in doing a duly forbidden act(Burgos vs.
The exercise of the power to punish for Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 183711, July 5,
contempt has dual aspect, primarily, the 2011).
proper punishment of guilty party for his
disrespect to the courts; and secondarily, his 5.M.2. Purpose and Nature of Each
compulsory performance of some act or duty
required of him by the court and which he According to Nature (Riano, Civil Procedure Vol.
refuses to perform. II, 2016 ed., P.383)
General Rule: The petition for contempt shall It is only the judge who orders the confinement
allege such fact but the petition shall be of a person for contempt of court who could
docketed, heard and decided separately from the issue the Oder of Release (Inoturan vs. Limsiaco Jr.,
principal action. A.M. No. MTJ-01-1362, May 06, 2005).
Exception: The court, however, in the exercise 5.M.8. Contempt Against Quasi Judicial
of its discretion, may order the consolidation of Entities
the contempt charge and the principal action for
joint hearing and decision (Rule 71, Sec. 4). The rules on contempt under Rule 71 apply to
contempt committed against persons, entities,
bodies or agencies exercising quasi judicial
functions. In case there are rules for contempt
5.M.6. Acts Deemed Punishable as Indirect adopted by such bodies or entities pursuant to
Contempt law, Rule 71 shall also apply suppletorily (Rule 71,
Sec. 12)
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Purple Notes
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Remedial Quasi judicial bodies that have the power to cite
Jurisdiction and Venue For Indirect the persons for indirect contempt pursuant to
Contempt against Quasi Judicial Bodies Rule 71 of the Rules of Court can only do so by
initiating them in the proper Regional Trial Court.
The Regional Trial Court of the place wherein the It is not within their jurisdiction and competence
contempt has been committed shall have to decide the indirect contempt cases. These
jurisdiction over the charges for indirect matters are still within the province of Regional
contempt that may be filed (Rule 71, Sec. 12). Trial Courts.
SPECIAL CIVIL
JURISDICTION VENUE
ACTION
MTC – where the value of the claim or Where the plaintiff or any of the
the personal property does not exceed principal plaintiff resides or where the
P200,000 or P400,000 in Metro Manila defendant or any of the principal
or where the value of the real property defendants resides at the option of the
does not exceed P20,000 or P50,000 in plaintiff
Metro Manila.
Interpleader
Note: The venue of special civil actions
RTC – if the value exceeds the above is governed by the general rules on
amounts or if the subject matter is venue, except as otherwise indicated
exclusively within the jurisdiction of the in the particular rule for said special
RTC (e.g. specific performance, recovery civil action.
of title)
General Rule: Where the petitioner or the respondent
RTC (Declaratory Relief, Reformation of resides
instrument and Consolidation of
Ownership)
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6. SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS a. If only one heir: Affidavit of Self-
adjudication
DEFINITION [Rule 1, Sec. 3(c)] b. If two or more heirs: Deed of
Extrajudicial Settlement or Partition (Rule
A special proceeding is a remedy by which 1, Sec.1)
a party seeks to establish a status, a right,
or a particular fact.
Judicial
SUBJECT MATTER (Rule 72, Sec. 1)
a. Partition (Rule 69)
1. Settlement of estate of deceased persons; b. Summary Settlement of Estate of Small
2. Escheat; Value (Rule 74, Sec. 2)
3. Guardianship and custody of children; c. Petition for Letters of Administration
4. Trustees; (Rule 79)
5. Adoption; d. Probate of a Will (Rules 75-79)
6. Rescission and revocation of adoption; (i) Petition for Letters Testamentary; or
7. Hospitalization of insane persons; (ii) (ii) Petition for Letters of
8. Habeas corpus; Administration with the will annexed
9. Change of name; (if no executor named in the will)
10. Voluntary dissolution of corporation
11. Judicial approval of voluntary recognition 6.A.1. Which court has jurisdiction(B.P. Blg.
of minor natural children; 129, as amended by Sec. 3, R.A. No. 7691)
12. Constitution of family home; VENUE AND PROCESS
13. Declaration of absence and death; and,
14. Cancellation or correction of entries in the Which court has jurisdiction (B.P. Blg. 129, as
amended by Sec. 3, R.A. No. 7691)
civil registry.
15. The Court which has jurisdiction may either
be the Municipal Trial Court or the Regional
Trial Court (Effective April 15, 2004 by virtue of Sec.
5, R.A. 7691):
MTC RTC
Note: The list is not exclusive. As long as Value of the personal Gross value of the
the remedy seeks the establishment of a property, estate, or estate
amount of the
right, status, or a particular fact, then such
demand
may be called a special proceeding,
irrespective of whether it is included in the does NOT exceed
foregoing enumeration. Php. 300,000.00 exceeds
outside Metro Php. 300,000.00
Applicability of rules of civil actions. Manila; or, outside Metro Manila;
or,
- In the absence of special provisions, the does NOT exceed
rules provided for in ordinary actions shall Php. 400,000.00 exceeds
within Metro Manila Php. 400,000.00
be, as far as practicable, applicable in
within Metro Manila
special proceedings(Sec. 2, Rule 72).
The values indicated in MTC’s jurisdiction are
6.A. SETTLEMENT OF ESTATE OF DECEASED
exclusive of:
PERSONS
a) interest
Extrajudicial
b) damages of whatever kind
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c) attorney's fees therein with continuity and consistency (Garcia-
d) litigation expenses Quiazon vs. Belen, G.R. No. 189121, July 31, 2013).
e) costs
The term residence should be viewed in its
Note: The amount of the above items must be popular sense. In this popular sense, the term
specifically alleged. They shall also be included in means merely residence, that is, personal
the determination of the filing fees(Sec. 33(1), residence, not legal residence or domicile.
B.P. Blg. 129, as amended by Sec. 3, R.A. No. 7691). Residence simply requires bodily presence as an
inhabitant in a given place, while domicile
Where there are several claims or causes of requires bodily presence in that place and also an
actions between the same or different parties, intention to make it one’s domicile. No particular
embodied in the same complaint, the amount of length of time of residence is required though.
the demand shall be the totality of the claims in However, the residence must be more than
all the causes of action, irrespective of whether temporary (San Luis vs. San Luis, G.R. No. 133743,
the causes of action arose out of the same or February 6, 2007).
different transactions (Sec. 33(1), B.P. Blg. 129, as
amended by Sec. 3, R.A. No. 7691). The question of residence is determinative only
of the venue and does not affect the jurisdiction
The determination of which court exercises of the court. Hence, the institution of the
jurisdiction over matters of probate depends proceeding in the province wherein the decedent
upon the GROSS VALUE of the estate of the neither had residence nor estate does not vitiate
decedent. Rule 73, Section 1 is deemed amended the action of the probate court(Cuenco vs. CA, G.R.
by BP 129, as amended by R.A. 7691 (Lim vs. CA, No. L-24742, October 26, 1979).
G.R. No. 124715, January 24, 2000).
6.A.3. Extent of jurisdiction of probate
Exclusionary Rule/Principle of Preferential court
Jurisdiction (Rule 73, Sec. 1)
The main function of a probate court is to settle
The court first taking cognizance of the and liquidate the estates of deceased persons
settlement of estate of a decedent shall exercise either summarily or through the process of
jurisdiction to the exclusion of all other courts. administration (Uy vs. CA, G.R. No. 167979, March
Preference, however, is given in favor of the 15, 2006).
court where the estate proceedings, as compared
to intestate proceedings, are held. Limited and Special Jurisdiction
6.A.2. Venue in Judicial Settlement of The Court, in citing the case of Coca vs.
Estate(Rule 73, Sec. 1) Borromeo held that the question of whether a
particular matter should be resolved by the CFI in
Decedent is a In the proper Court in the exercise of its general jurisdiction or of its
resident of PH at the the province in which limited probate jurisdiction is in reality not a
time of his death he resides at the time jurisdictional question. In essence, it is a
of his death. procedural question involving a mode of practice
Decedent is a non- In the proper Court of "which may be waived." (Romero vs. CA, G.R. No.
resident of PH at the any province in which 188921, April 18, 2012).
time of his death he had estate.
General Rule: Questions of title may be passed
Citizenship of the decedent is immaterial in on provisionally, but the final determination of
determining the venue where the estate of the ownership of the property must be threshed
decedent is settled. out in a separate civil action and not in the
probate court (Aranas vs. Mercado, G.R. No. 156407,
"Residence" in the context of venue provisions, January 12, 2014).
means nothing more than a person’s actual
residence or place of abode, provided he resides
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The general rule is that the jurisdiction of the trial 3. Distribute estate;
court, either as a probate or an intestate court, 4. Grant letters of administration of the party
relates only to matters having to do with the best entitled thereto to any qualified
probate of the will and/or settlement of the applicant (Rule 79, Sec. 5);
estate of deceased persons, but does not extend 5. Supervise and controls all acts of
to the determination of questions of ownership administration;
that arise during the proceedings. The patent 6. Hear and approve claims against the estate
rationale for this rule is that such court merely of the deceased (Rule 86, Sec. 11);
exercises special and limited jurisdiction (Agtarap 7. Order payment of lawful debts (Rule 77, Sec.
vs. Agtarap, G.R. No. 177099, June 8, 2011). 3);
8. Authorize sale, mortgage or any
Exceptions: encumbrance of real estate (Rule 89, Sec. 2);
9. Directs the delivery of the estate to those
1. In an intestate or a testate proceeding, the entitled thereto (Rule 90, Sec. 1);
probate court may provisionally pass upon 10. Issue warrants and processes necessary to
the question of inclusion in, or exclusion compel the attendance of witnesses or to
from, the inventory of a piece of property carry into effect their orders and judgments,
without prejudice to the final determination and other powers granted them by law (Rule
of ownership in a separate action (Agtarap vs. 73, Sec. 3);
Agtarap, G.R. No. 177099, June 8, 2011). 11. Issue a warrant for the apprehension and
imprisonment of a person who defies a
2. If the interested parties are all heirs to the probate order, until he performs such order
estate, or the question is one of collation or or judgment, or is released (Rule 73, Sec. 3);
advancement, or the parties consent to the 12. Act as a trustee and guard the estate, and
assumption of jurisdiction by the probate see to it that it is wisely and economically
court and the rights of third parties are not administered, not dissipated (Timbol vs.
impaired, then the probate court is Cano,G.R. No. L-15445, April 29, 1961)
competent to resolve issues on ownership.
Verily, its jurisdiction extends to matters 6.B. .2. SUMMARY SETTLEMENT OF
incidental or collateral to the settlement and ESTATES
distribution of the estate, such as the
determination of the status of each heir and Kinds of Summary Settlement of Estates
whether the property in the inventory is
conjugal or exclusive property of the a) Extrajudicial Settlement - Parties may,
deceased spouse (Agtarap vs. Agtarap, G.R. No. without securing letters of administration
177099, June 8, 2011). from the court, divide the estate among
themselves as they see fit(Rule 74, Sec. 1).
Exclusive b) Judicial Settlement
Once a special proceeding for the settlement of 6.B.1a) 6.B.2a. Extrajudicial Settlement
the estate of a decedent is filed in one of such (ES)
courts, that court has exclusive jurisdiction over
said estate and no other special proceedings Modes:
involving the same subject matter may be filed (Rule 74, Sec. 1)
before any other court (Romero vs. CA, G.R. No.
188921, April 18, 2012). a) a)If sole heir: Affidavit of Self-adjudication
(of the whole estate)
6.A.4. Powers and Duties of Probate Court: b) b) If more than one heir: Deed of
Extrajudicial Settlement or Partition
1. Order the probate of the will of the decedent
(Rule 77, Sec. 3);
How executed:
2. Determine heirs (Solivio vs. CA,G.R. No. 83484,
February 12, 1990);
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a) By means of a public instrument – If there may be extrajudicially settled, since intestacy
are two or more heirs. may arise even if there is a will.
b) By means of an affidavit – If there is only
one heir 6.B.2 Two-year prescriptive period
c) By a stipulation in an ordinary action for
partition – If there are disagreements Heirs or persons deprived of lawful participation
between heirs. in the estate may compel settlement of estate
within 2 years from settlement and distribution.
The form of the extrajudicial settlement depends
on the number of heirs (Vda. de Dela Rosa vs. Heirs A lien shall be constituted on the real property of
of Vda. de Damian, G.R. No. 155733, January 27, the estate and together with the bond, it shall be
2006). liable to creditors, heirs or other persons for a full
period of 2 years after such distribution. Such lien
Requisites (Rule 74, Sec. 1) will not be cancelled before the lapse of two
years even if a distributee offers to post bond to
1. Decedent left no will; answer for contingent claims (Rebong v. Ibanez,
2. Left no outstanding debts at the time of the G.R. No. L-1578, September 30, 1947).
settlement;
3. Heirs are all of legal age or the minors are Effect of lack of registration when there are
represented by their judicial guardians or no creditors
legal representatives duly authorized for the
purpose; Lack of registration of extrajudicial settlement
4. The settlement, whether by public does not affect its validity when there are no
instrument, or by stipulation in a pending creditors or when the rights of creditors are not
action for partition or affidavit, is duly filed involved (Vda. De Reyes vs. CA, G.R. 92436, July 26,
with the Register of Deeds; 1991).
5. Publication in newspaper of general
circulation in the province once a week for Rationale: The object of registration is to serve
three (3) consecutive weeks; as constructive notice, and this means notice to
6. Filing of bond equivalent to value of personal others. It must follow that the instrinsic validity of
property posted with the Register of Deeds. partition not executed with the prescribed
formalities does not come into play when there
Note: A bond is required only when personal are no creditors or the rights of creditors are not
property is involved (Rule 74, Sec. 3). Real estate affected (Hernandez vs. Andal, G.R. No. L-273, March
is subject to lien in favor of creditors, heirs or 29, 1947).
other persons for two (2) years from distribution
of estate, notwithstanding any transfer of real Oral partition allowed
estate that may have been made (Rule 74, Sec. 4).
There is nothing in Section 1, Rule 74 from which
Rule 74, Section 1 is an exception to the general it can be inferred that a written instrument or
rule that when a person dies leaving a property, other formality is an essential requisite to the
it should be judicially administered and the validity of the partition. Accordingly, on oral
competent court should appoint a qualified partition is valid (De Leon and Wilwayco, Special
administrator, in the order established in Sec. 6, Proceedings Essentials for Bench and Bar, p.33, 2015
Rule 78 in case the deceased left no will, or in ed.).
case he did, if he failed to name an executor
therein (Portugal vs. Portugal-Beltran, G.R. No. Decedent left no debts, when presumed
155555, Aug. 16, 2005).
It is presumed that the decedent left no debts if
The Rules provide that only in cases where the no creditor filed a petition for letters of
decedent left no will that his estate may be administration within two (2) years after the
extrajudicially settled. Thus, it is incorrect to say death of the decedent (Rule 74, Sec.1).
that the estate of a decedent who died intestate
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6.B.3 Affidavit of Self-adjudication by Sole 2. Notice which shall be published once a week
Heir for three (3) consecutive weeks in a
(Rule 74, Sec.1) newspaper of general circulation in the
The provision is clear that an affidavit of self- province and such other notice to interested
adjudication is allowed only where the decedent persons as the court may direct;
left a sole heir (Vda. de Dela Rosa vs. Heirs of Vda. 3. Hearing which shall be held not less than one
de Damian, G.R. No. 155733, Jan. 27, 2006). (1) month nor more than three (3) months
from the date of the last publication of the
6.B.2b. Judicial Settlement notice;
4. The complaint must allege that the gross
Types of Judicial Settlement value of the estate of the deceased does not
exceed Php. 10,000.00; and,
1. Summary settlement of estates of small value 5. A bond duly filed in an amount fixed by the
2. By petition court.(De Leon and Wilwayco, Special
Proceedings Essentials for Bench and Bar, p.35-
Summary settlement of estates of small 36, 2015 ed.).
value is a judicial proceeding wherein, without
the appointment of executor or administrator,
and without delay, the competent court
summarily proceeds to value the estate of the Distinction between extrajudicial
decedent; ascertain his debts and order payment settlement (ES) and summary settlement of
thereof; allow his will if any; declare his heirs, estates of small value (SS):
devisee and legatees; and distribute his net
estate among his known heirs, devisees, and Extrajudicial Summary Settlement
legatees, who shall thereupon be entitled to Settlement
receive and enter into the possession of the parts No court Judicial adjudication
of the estate so awarded by them respectively intervention is necessary although
(Rule 74, Sec. 2). the nature of the
proceeding is
summary
Value of estate Gross value of the
6.B.4 Summary settlement of estate of immaterial estate must not
small value, when allowed exceed
Php.10,000.00
Allowed whenever the gross value of the estate Allowed only when Allowed in both
of a deceased person, whether he died testate or there is no will testate and intestate
intestate, does not exceed ten thousand succession
There must be no Available even if
pesos(Rule 74, Sec. 2).
outstanding debts at there are debts
the time of the
Unlike extrajudicial settlement, summary settlement of the
settlement of estate may be chosen by the heirs estate
whether the decedent died testate or intestate Resorted to at the May be instituted by
(De Leon and Wilwayco, Special Proceedings Essentials instance of and by any interested party,
for Bench and Bar, p.35, 2015 ed.). agreement of all even a creditor of the
heirs estate without the
Summary settlement is allowed even if there are consent of all the
debts. This is jurisdictional (Del Rosario vs. heirs
Conanan, L-37903, March 30, 1977). Amount of bond is Amount of bond is to
equivalent to the be determined by the
value of the personal court
Requisites: property
(De Leon and Wilwayco, Special Proceedings Essentials
1. Petition filed by an interested person; for Bench and Bar, p.37, 2015 ed.)
1. Compel settlement of the claim and execute Exception: Action for reconveyance is
against the bond or real estate - If it shall imprescriptible if plaintiff is in possession of the
appear at any time within 2 years after the property. When the party seeking reconveyance
settlement and distribution that an heir or based on implied or constructive trust is in actual,
other person has been unduly deprived of his continuous and peaceful possession of the
lawful participation in the estate, he may property involved, prescription does not
compel the settlement of the estate in the commence to run against him because the action
court having jurisdiction of the estate. Such would be in the nature of a suit for quieting of
court may issue an order to settle the title, an action that is imprescriptible (Uy vs. Court
amount of such debts or lawful participation of Appeals, 173186, September 16, 2015).
and order how much and in what manner
each distributee shall contribute in the When plaintiff (legal owner) is in possession of
payment thereof, and may issue execution, if the land to be reconveyed and not the defendant
circumstances require, against the bond registered owner, the action based on fraud is
provided in the preceding section or against imprescriptible as long as the land has not passed
the real estate belonging to the deceased, or to an innocent purchaser for value (Heirs of
both (Rule 74, Sec. 4). Saludares vs. CA, G.R. No. 128254, January 16, 2004).
2. Action for Rescission - A partition may be
rescinded or annulled for the same causes as 7. Petition for Relief (Rule 38)
contracts (Art. 1097, NCC). A partition, judicial
or extra-judicial, may also be rescinded on
account of lesion, when any one of the co-
heirs received things whose value is less, by 6.C.3. PRODUCTION AND PROBATE OF
at least one-fourth, than the share to which WILLS
he is entitled, considering the value of the
things at the time they were adjudicated (Art. Before any will can have force or validity, it
1098, NCC). must be probated. Until admitted to
3. The creditor may ask for administration of probate, a will has no effect whatsoever
enough property of the estate sufficient to and no right can be claimed
pay the debt, but the heirs cannot prevent thereunder(SpsPascual vs. CA, G.R. No. 115925,
such administration by paying the obligation August 15, 2003).
(McMicking vs. SyConbieng, G.R. No. L-6871,
January 15, 1912). 6.C.1. Nature of probate proceeding
4. After the lapse of the two–year period, an
ordinary action may be instituted against the 1. It is a proceeding in rem. It cannot be
distributees within the statute of limitations, dispensed with and substituted by another
but not against the bond. proceeding, judicial or extrajudicial, without
5. The action to annul a deed of extrajudicial offending public policy.
settlement on the ground of fraud should be 2. It is mandatory.No will shall pass either real or
filed within four years from the discovery of personal property unless proved and allowed
the fraud (Gerona vs. De Guzman, L-19060, May in accordance with the Rules(Guevara vs.
29, 1964). Guevara,G.R. No. 48840, December 29, 1943).
6. Action for reconveyance 3. It is imprescriptible, because it is required by
public policy.
General Rule: The prescriptive period for non- 4. Doctrine of Estoppel does not apply. The State
participants is 10 years from the date of could not have intended to defeat the same
registration or from date of actual discovery if by applying thereto the statute of limitation of
registration was made in bad faith, because it is
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actions(Fernandez v. Dimagiba, G.R. No. L23638, a. Person named as executor (if he is not
1967). petitioner)
b. Person named as co-executor not
petitioning
6.C.2. Who may petition for probate;
persons entitled to notice Notice to designated heirs, legatees and devisees
is jurisdictional when they are known AND their
The following are the persons who may petition place of residence are known (De Arranz vs. Galing,
for probate under Sec. 1, Rule 76 (DELTA) G.R. No. 77047, May 28, 1988).
Notice is required to be personally given to
a) Devisee – need not be a relative of the known heirs, legatees, and devisees of the
decedent testator (Rule 76, Sec. 4). A perusal of the will
b) Executor shows that respondent was instituted as the sole
c) Legatee – need not be a relative of the heir of the decedent. Petitioners, as nephews and
decedent nieces of the decedent, are neither compulsory
d) Any other interested person – heir; creditor nor testate heirs who are entitled to be notified
of the probate proceedings under the Rules.
An "interested person" has been defined as Respondent had no legal obligation to mention
one who would be benefited by the estate, petitioners in the petition for probate, or to
such as an heir, or one who has a claim personally notify them of the same (Alaban vs. CA,
against the estate, such as a creditor. The G.R. No. 156021, September 23, 2005).
interest must be material and direct, and not
merely indirect or contingent (San Luis vs. San
Luis, G.R. No. 133743, February 6, 2007).
Reprobate / Re-authentication
One who would be benefited by the estate, such Simultaneous Filing of Petition for
as an heir, or one who has a claim against the Administration
estate, such as a creditor, and whose interest is
material and direct, not merely incidental or The person opposing to petition for
contingent (Maloles vs. Phillips, G.R. Nos. 129505 & administration may pray that the letters issue to
133359, January 31, 2000). himself, or to any competent person or persons
named in the opposition (Rule 39, Sec. 4).
Grounds
Hearing and order for letters to issue
a.) a) Incompetency of the person/s for whom
letters are prayed, or It must be first shown that notice has been given
b.) b) Contestant’s own right to the to interested persons, and thereafter the court
administration(Sec. 4, Rule 79) shall hear the proofs of the parties in support of
(ex. preferential right under Rule 78, Sec 6) their respective allegations, and if satisfied that
the decedent left no will, or that there is no
competent and willing executor, it shall order the
Contents of Petition for Letters of issuance of letters of administration to the party
Administration best entitled thereto (Rule 79, Sec. 5).
3. Pay and discharge all debts, legacies, and General Powers and Duties of Executors
charges on the same, or such dividends and Administrators (Rule 84)
thereon as shall be decreed by the court;
Powers and Duties of Executor and
4. To render a true and just account of his Administrator
administration to the court within one (1)
year, and at any time required by the court; 1. Administration
and 2. Liquidation
3. Distribution (Albano, Remedial Law, p. 850, 2010
5. To perform all orders of the court by him to ed.)
be performed. (Rule 81, Sec. 1).
Power to have access to partnership books
Circumstances where the executor or and property:
administrator may enter upon his trust
without a bond or be required to post The executor or administratior of the estate of a
additional bond deceased partner shall at all times:
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a) Have access to, and may examine and take 2. He shall not profit by the increase or lose by
copes of, books and papers relating to the the decrease in value, without his fault, of any
partnership business; and part of the estate (Rule 85, Sec. 2);
b) May Examine and make invoices of the 3. He must account for the excess when he sells
property belonging to such partnership; and any part of the estate for more than its
c) On request, the surviving partner or partners appraisement, he is not responsible for the
shall exhibit to him all such books, papers, loss if the sale has been justly made (Ibid.);
and property in their hands or control (Rule 4. If he settles any claim against the estate for
84,Sec. 1). less than its nominal value, he is entitled to
charge in his account only the amount he
Note: On the written application of executor or actually paid on the settlement (Ibid.);
administrator, the court may order any such 5. He shall not be accountable for debts due the
surviving partner or partners to freely permit the deceased which remain uncollected without
exercise of these rights, and to exhibit the books, his fault (Rule 85, Sec. 3);
papers, and property, and may punish any 6. He shall account for the income from the
partner failing to do so for contempt (Rule 84, Sec. realty used by him (Rule 85, Sec. 4);
1). 7. He shall be accountable for waste. This means
that if the value of the estate decreases, or
Duty to keep buildings in repair unnecessary costs and expenses accrue, or
the person interested in the estate suffer loss
An executor or administrator shall: as a result of his neglect or unreasonable
delay to raise money, by collecting the debts
1. Maintain in tenantable repair the houses and or selling the real or personal estate, or of his
other structures and fences belonging to the neglect to pay over the money in his hands,
estate, and he shall be answerable for the same(Rule 85,
2. Deliver the same in such repair to the heirs or Sec. 5).
devisees when directed so to do by the court 8.
(Rule 84, Sec.2).
Executor or administrator chargeable with
Right to possession and management of all estate and income
the real and personal estate Every executor or administrator is chargeable in
his account with the whole of the estate of the
An executor or administrator shall have the right deceased which has come into his possession, at
to possession and management of the real and the value of the appraisement contained in the
personal property of the deceased so long as it is inventory; with all the interest, profit, and income
necessary for the payment of the debts and the of such estate; and with the proceeds of so much
expenses of administration (Rule 84, Sec. 3). of the estate as is sold by him, at the price at
which it was sold (Rule 85, Sec. 1).
Restriction on the powers of executors and
administrators Not to profit by increase or lose by
decrease in value
Accountabilities of an executor or No executor or administrator shall profit by the
administrator increase or suffer loss by the decrease or
destruction, without his fault, or any part of the
1. The executor or administrator shall be estate.
accountable for the whole of the estate of the
deceased which has come into his possession, 1. He must account for the excess when he
at the value of the appraisement contained in sells any part of the estate for more than
the inventory; with all the interest, profit, and the appraisement;
income of such estate; and with the proceeds 2. If sold for less, he is not responsible for the
of so much of the estate as is sold by him, at loss – if the sale has been justly made;
the price at which it was sold (Rule 85, Sec. 1);
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3. If he settles any claim against the estate was prosecuted or resisted without just cause,
for less than its nominal value – he is and not in good faith(Rule 85, Sec. 6).
entitled to charge in his account only the
amount actually paid on the settlement Expenses and fees allowed the executor or
(Rule 85, Sec. 2). administrator
Amount paid by executor/administrator for costs Note: When the executor is an attorney, he shall
awarded against him shall be allowed in his not charge against estate any professional fees
administration account, unless it appears that the for legal services rendered(Rule 85, Sec. 7).
action or proceeding in which the costs are taxed
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The Administration bond should not be 2. b. He shall render such further
considered as part of the necessary expenses accounting as the court may require
chargeable against the estate, not being included until the estate is wholly settled. (Rule
among the acts constituting the care, 85, Sec. 8).
management, and settlement of the 3. 2. The court may examine him upon oath with
estate(Ocampo v. Ocampo, G.R. No. 187879, July 5, respect to every matter relating to any
2010). account rendered by him and shall so examine
him as to the correctness of his account
Nature of Attorney’s Fees before the same is allowed(Rule 85, Sec. 9,).
The probate court may appoint or remove special Order of sale of personalty, when proper
administrators based on grounds other than
those enumerated in the Rules at its discretion, The court may order the whole or part of the
such that the need to first pass upon and resolve personal estate to be sold if it appears necessary
the issues of fitness or unfitnessand the for:
application of the order of preference under a) paying debts, expenses of administration or
Section 6 of Rule 78, as would be proper in the legacies; or,
b) preservation of the property(Rule 89, Sec. 1)
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Sale, mortgage, or other encumbrance General Rule: Purpose of the sale of estate
(SME) of realty through personalty NOT under Rule 89 must be for the payment of debts,
exhausted (Rule 89, Sec. 2) expenses of administration or legacies, or for
preservation of property.
When may be authorized by the court
Exception: Sale of estate may be authorized by
a. When personal property is not sufficient to the court even if not necessary for the
cover the debts, expenses of administration abovementioned purposes, provided such sale is
and legacies; OR beneficial to interested persons.
b. When sale of personal estate may injure the Any proceeds derived from the sale shall be
business interests of those interested in the assigned to the persons entitled to the estate in
estate; AND the proper proportions.
c. Testator has not made sufficient provision
for the payment of debts, expenses, and Exception to the Exception: Authority to sell
legacies estate as beneficial to interested persons shall
NOT be granted if inconsistent with the
Requisites provisions of a will.
Debts due from the deceased In case of sale at auction, the mode of giving
Expense of Administration notice of the time and place of the sale shall be
Legacies governed by the provisions on notice of execution
Value of the personal estate sale [Rule 89, Sec. 7(e)].
Situation of the estate to be sold,
mortgaged or encumbered Record in the Registry of Deeds
Other facts showing that the SME is
necessary or beneficial [Rule 89, Sec. A certified true copy of the order of the court,
7(a)]. together with the deed of the executor or
administrator for such real estate, shall be
b. The court shall fix the time and recorded in the registry of deeds of the
place for hearing the petition, with notice province where the real estate is situated. The
to the persons interested. deed shall be as valid as if it had been executed
by the deceased in his lifetime [Rule 89, Sec.
The notice shall state the following: 7(f)].
The court may order the execution of such trust, The purpose of presentation of claims against
whether created by deed or by law. decedents of the estate in the probate court is to
protect the estate of deceased persons. That
Note: The fact that creditors would be affected way, the executor or administrator will be able to
would not prevent the conveyance since the examine each claim and determine whether it is a
property does not form part of the estate.(MBTC proper one which should be allowed. Further, the
vs. S.F. Naguiat Enterprises, G.R. No. 178407, March primary object of the provisions requiring
18, 2015), presentation is to apprise the administrator and
the probate court of the existence of the claim so
that a proper and timely arrangement may be
6.F. CLAIMS AGAINST THE ESTATE made for its payment in full or by pro-rata
portion in the due course of the administration
Claim - any debt or pecuniary demand against (Estate of Olave vs. Reyes, G.R. No. L-29407, July 29,
1983).
the decedent’s estate.
6.F.1 Time within which claims shall be
Absolute claim - one which, if contested
filed; Exceptions
between living persons, would be the proper
subject of immediate legal action and would
General Rule: The court shall state in the notice
supply a basis of judgment for a sum certain.
the time for the filing of claims against the
estate, which shall not be more than twelve (12)
Contingent claim - conditional claim which is
nor less than six (6) months after the date of the
subject to the happening of a future, uncertain
first publication of the notice.
event.
Exceptions: Belated Claims
Money claims – expenses contracted prior to
the death of the decedent.
1. At any time before order of distribution is
entered, a creditor who failed to file his claim
Expenses of administration – claims incurred
within the time set may move to be allowed to
after the decedent’s death EXCEPT claims for
file such claim. The court may, for good cause
funeral expenses.(Gabin vs. Melliza, G.R. No.L-1849,
shown and on such terms as are just, allow
October 25, 1949).
such claim to be filed within a period not
exceeding one (1) month (Rule 86, Sec. 2).
Note: Expenses of administration may be
collected from the administrator or executor
The one-month extension does not commence
personally or by motion in the testate or intestate
from expiration of the original period for filing
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claims. It begins from the date of the order of On the issue of prescription, the Court agrees
the court allowing said filing (Barredo vs. CA, with petitioners that the present action has not
(Barredo vs. CA, G.R. No. No. 17863, November prescribed in so far as it seeks to annul the
28, 1962). extrajudicial settlement of the estate. Contrary to
the ruling of the CA, the prescriptive period of 2
Rule 86, Section 2 does not state what cause years provided in Section 1, Rule 74 of the Rules
shall be considered sufficient for the purpose. of Court reckoned from the execution of the
It is left to the discretion of the court to extrajudicial settlement finds no application to
determine the sufficiency thereof and the petitioners Eutropia, Victoria and Douglas, who
appellate court cannot reverse or set aside the were deprived of their lawful participation in the
action of the lower court UNLESS the latter subject estate. Besides, an "action or defense for
has abused its discretion (Quisumbing vs. the declaration of the inexistence of a contract
Guison, G.R. No. 49022, May 31, 1946). does not prescribe" in accordance with Article
1410 of the Civil Code (Neri vs. Heirs of YusopUy
2. Claims which may be set up as counterclaims and Uy, G.R. No. 194366, October 10, 2012).
by the creditor in any action that the executor
or administrator may bring against said The filing of a money claim against the
creditor (Rule 86, Sec. 5). decedent’s estate in the probate court is
mandatory. The law strictly requires the prompt
presentation and disposition of the claims against
Claims which must be filed under the notice the decedent's estate in order to settle the affairs
of the estate as soon as possible, pay off its
1. All claims for money against the decedent, debts and distribute the residue (Union Bank of the
arising from contract, express or implied, Philippines vs. Santibañez, G.R. No. 149926, February
whether the same be due, not due, or 23, 2005).
contingent;
2. All claims for funeral expenses; 6.F.2 Statute of Non-claims
3. Expenses for the last sickness of the
decedent; and, It is the period fixed for the filing of claims
4. Judgment for money against the against the estate, such that claims not filed
decedent(Rule 86, Sec. 5). within the said period are barred forever.(Rule 86,
Secs. 2 and 5).
Note: The judgment referred to above must be
presented as a claim against the estate where Guidelines:
the judgment debtor dies before levy on
execution of his properties (Evangelista vs. La 1. The period fixed by the probate court must
Proveedora, .(Evangelista vs. La Proveedora, G.R. not be less than six (6) months nor more than
No.No. L-32824, March 31, 1971). 12 months from the date of first publication of
the notice.
It is clear that Section 1 of Rule 74 does not 2. Such period once fixed by the court is
apply to the partition in question which was null mandatory and it cannot be shortened.
and void as far as the plaintiffs were concerned. 3. The statute of non-claims supersedes the
Under the Rules, "no extrajudicial settlement statute of limitations.(Sikat vs. Villanueva, G.R.
shall be binding upon any person who has not No. L-35925, November 10, 1932).
participated therein or had no notice thereof." As
the partition was a total nullity and did not affect Statute of Non-claims supersedes Statute
the excluded heirs, it was not correct for the trial of Limitations
court to hold that their right to challenge the
partition had prescribed after two years from its Even if a claim has not yet prescribed under the
execution (Neri vs. Heirs of YusopUy and Uy, G.R. No. statute of limitations, if such claim is not made
194366, October 10, 2012). with the probate court within the time set forth in
the notice, the creditor may no longer collect
because of the statute of non-claims. In other
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words, the statute of non-claims effectively 2. 2. The court shall appoint a special administra
shortens the statute of limitations as regards the 3. istrator who shall have the same powers and
right of action to pursue the debtor is concerned. liabilities as the general
The statute of limitations and non-claims must executor/administrator in the adjustment of
both concur before a creditor may collect against such claim.
the estate (De Leon and Wilwayco, Special 4. 3.The court may order the executor or
Proceedings Essentials for Bench and Bar, 2015, administrator to pay to the special
p.131)., 2015 ed.). administrator necessary funds to defend such
claim .(Rule 86, Sec. 8, Rule 86).
The rule requires certain creditors of a deceased
person to present their claims for examination Claims which survive death
and allowance within a specified period, the
purpose thereof being to settle the estate with Claims for civil liability survive notwithstanding
dispatch, so that the residue may be delivered to the death of the accused if the same may also be
the persons entitled thereto without their being based on a source of obligation other than delict,
afterwards called upon to respond in actions for such as contract, law, quasi-contract and quasi-
claims, which, under the ordinary statute of delict.
limitations, have not yet prescribed (Santos vs.
Manarang, G.R. No. L-8235, March 19, 1914). A separate civil action may be enforced either
against:
A claim filed two days after the period fixed by
the order of the probate court could still prosper. 1. The estate of the accused - in case of a
In deciding in favor of the creditor, the Court contract; or,
declared that the administratrix was estopped 2. The executor or administrator - in case of law,
and that laches had already set in considering quasi-contract and quasi-delict(Ruiz vs. CA,
that the issue of the timeliness of the claim was G.R. No. 116909, February 25, 1999).
made after seven (7) years (Danan vs. Buencamino,
G.R. No. L-57205, December 14, 1981).
6.F.4 PAYMENT OF DEBTS OF THE ESTATE
Waiver of Statute of Non-claims
Requisites before a claim against the estate
Though presentment of probate claims is may be paid
imperative, it is generally understood that it may
be waived by the estate’s representative. Such 1. Hearing is conducted;
waiver is to be determined from the 2. Amounts of claims are ascertained; and,
administrator’s “acts and conduct”. Certainly, the 3. There are sufficient assets to pay the claims
administrator’s failure to plead the statute of non-
claims, his active participation and resistance to The provision in a will for the payment of a
plaintiff’s claim in the civil suit amount to such specific debt does not dispense with the
waiver (Ignacio vs. Pampanga Bus Company, Inc., requirement that a claim should be filed against
G.R. No. L-18936, May 23, 1967).
the estate (De Leon and Wilwayco, Special
Proceedings Essentials for Bench and Bar, 2015,
p.163)., 2015 ed.).
1. When the personal property is not sufficient Time for Paying Debts(Rule 88, Sec. 15 and 16)
(Rule 88, Sec. 3);
2. When the sale of personal property would be 1. Initial period. The executor or
detrimental to the participants of the estate administrator has one (1) year from the
(Rule 88, Sec. 3); issuance of letters testamentary or
3. When sale of personal property may injure administration to dispose of the estate; and,
the business or interests of those interested to pay the debts and legacies of the
in the estate (Rule 88, Sec. 2); deceased.
2. Extension. After hearing and notice to all
persons interested, the executor or
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1962); Sec. 1, Rule 87)]
administrator may apply for an extension not
exceeding six (6) months for a single
extension. Executor or Administrator May Bring or
3. Whole period allowed to original Defend Actions Which Survive Death
executor/administrator shall not exceed
two (2) years. For the recovery or protection of the property or
4. Extension by Successor. The successor of rights of the deceased (Sec. 2, Rule 87).
an executor/administrator who dies may have
the time extended on notice, not exceeding Covers injury to property i.e. n o t only limited to
six (6) months at a time and not exceeding injuries to specific property, but extends to other
six (6) months beyond the time allowed to wrongs by which personal estate is injured or
original executor/administrator. diminished. (Aguas v. Llenos, G.R. No.L-18107,
5. The total allowable period if the 1962).
executor/administrator dies is two and a half
years (2.5 years). A mortgage belonging to the estate may be
foreclosed by the executor or administrator. (Sec.
Sale of property levied for satisfaction of 5, Rule 87)
decedent’s debts
General Rule: Heirs may not sue for the recovery
If judgment debtor dies after such levy, property of property of the estate against the executor or
may be sold. If judgment debtor dies before levy, administrator during the pendency of the
the property may not be sold but must be administration proceedings. (Sec. 3, Rule 87)
presented as money claim against the estate of
deceased judgment debtor. Exceptions:
The aforementioned instances are deemed 1. There is a deficiency of assets in the hands of
actions that survive the death of the an executor or administrator for the payment
decedent(Aguas v. Llenos, G.R. No. L-18107,1962 ). of debts and expenses of administration (Rule
87 Sec. 9);
2.
Actions which may NOT be brought against
3. The deceased in his lifetime had made or
Administrators
attempted to make a fraudulent conveyance
of his real or personal property, or a right or
Claim for the recovery of money or debt or
interest therein, or a debt or credit, with
interest cannot be brought against executors or
intent to defraud his creditors or to avoid any
administrators. [(Aguas v. Llenos, G.R. No. L-18107,
right, debt or duty; or had so conveyed such
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property, right, debt, or credit that by law the
conveyance would be void as against his
creditors (Rule 87, Sec. 9);
4.
5. The subject of the attempted conveyance
would be liable to attachment by any of them
in his lifetime (Rule 87, Sec. 9);
6.
7. The executor or administrator has shown to
have no desire to file the action or failed to
institute the same within a reasonable time;
8.
9. Leave is granted by the court to the creditor
to file the action;
10.
11. A bond is filed by the creditor as prescribed
in the Rules; and
12.
13. The action by the creditor is in the name of
the executor or administrator (Rule 87, Sec.
10).
NoteOTE:
Form of Claim
Claim founded on a
bond, bill, note or any
other instrument.
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How to File a Claim
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Note: When the affidavit is made by a person d. When personal property is not sufficient to
other than the claimant, he must state the reason cover the debts, expenses of administration
why it is not made by the claimant. and legacies; OR
e. When sale of personal estate may injure the
business interests of those interested in the
SALES, MORTGAGES AND OTHER estate; AND
ENCUMBRANCES OF PROPERTY OF f. Testator has not made sufficient provision for
DECEDENT the payment of debts, expenses, and legacies
Court cannot motuproprio order the sale of 3. If the SME of a part will injure those
personal property interested in the remainder; and
4. If it is necessary under the circumstances
It is essential that the executor or administrator
applies for such sale with the court and gives Any person interested in the estate may prevent
written notice to the heirs and other persons the sale, mortgage or encumbrance of real or
interested. It must also be shown that the sale is personal property part of the estate by giving a
necessary for the payment of the debts, bond in an amount fixed by the court,
expensesof administration or legacies, or the conditioned on the payment of debts, expenses
preservation of the property (De Leon and of administration and legacies, as well as security
Wilwayco, Special Proceedings Essentials for Bench of the creditors, executor or administrator (Rule
and Bar, p.171, 2015 ed.) 89, Sec. 3)
When may be authorized by the court Exception: Sale of estate may be authorized by
the court even if not necessary for the
The court in the Philippines may authorize the nature of the petition
executor or administrator to sell the personal reasons for the petition
estate or to sell, mortgage or encumber the real time and place of the hearing
estate for the payment of debts or legacies in
another country if it appears from the records Note: The notice must be given
and proceedings of a probate court in another personally or by mail to the persons
country that the estate of the deceased in such interested. The court may also cause
other country is insufficient to pay the debts, such further notice to be given by
expenses of administration, and legacies there publication or otherwise as it shall deem
(Rule 89, Sec. 5). proper [Rule 89, Sec. 7(b)].
The proper Court of Instance may remove a The powers of a trustee appointed by a Philippine
Trustee: court cannot extend beyond the confines of the
territory of the Republic of the Philippines.
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In the execution of trusts, the trustee is bound to
comply with the directions contained in the trust
instrument defining the extent and limits of his
authority, and the nature of his power and duties
(De Leon and Wilwayco, Special Proceedings Essentials 6.J.1 When to file
for Bench and Bar, pp.254-261, 2015).
When a person dies intestate, seized of real or
6.JC. ESCHEAT personal property in the Philippines, leaving no
heir or person by law entitled to the same, the
Escheat is a proceeding whereby the real and Solicitor General or his representative in behalf of
personal property of a deceased person in the the Republic of the Philippines, may file a petition
Philippines become the property of the state in the Court of First Instance of the province
upon his death, without leaving any will or legal where the deceased last resided or in which he
heirs (21 CJS, Sec. 1, p. 848). had estate, if he resided out of the Philippines,
setting forth the facts, and praying that the
Escheat is an incident or attribute of sovereignty, estate of the deceased be declared
and rests on the principle of the ultimate escheated (Rule 91, Sec. 1).
ownership by the state of all property within its
jurisdiction (30 C.J.S., 1164.). 6.J.2 Requisites for filing of petition
2. Guardian ad litem - a competent person Note: In the City of Manila, the proceedings shall
appointed by the court for purposes of a be instituted in the Juvenile and Domestic
particular action or proceeding involving a Relations Court (Rule 92, Sec. 1).
minor.
Transfer of Venue
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The court taking cognizance of a guardianship
proceeding may transfer the same to the court of 1. Any relative; 1. Any relative; 1. Any relative;
another province or municipality wherein the
ward has acquired real property, if he has 2. Friend; 2. Other person 2. Friend; or
transferred thereto his bona fide residence. The on behalf of
3. Other person the minor; 3. Interested
latter court shall have full jurisdiction to continue
on behalf of person in the
the proceedings without requiring payment of the resident 3. The minor estate.
additional court fees (Rule 92, Sec. 3). incompetent himself, if 14
who has no years of age Note: Notice
6.KD.2. APPOINTMENT OF GUARDIANS
parents or or over; shall be given
lawful through
A creditor and mortgagee of the estate of a
guardian; 4. Secretary of publication.
minor cannot be appointed as guardian of the
DSWD and
person as well as the property of the latter. No 4. Director of Secretary of
man can serve two masters (Garchitorena vs. Health in DOH in case
Sotelo G.R. No. L-47867, November 13, 1942). favor of of an insane
insane minor who
Factors in selecting guardian person who should be
should be hospitalized or
1. Financial situation; hospitalized in favor of
2. Physical condition; or in favor of isolated leper;
3. Sound judgment, prudence and isolated or,
trustworthiness; leper; or,
4. Moral character and conduct; 5. Any one
5. Present and past history of a prospective 5. Any one interested in
appointee; and interested in the estate of a
6. Probability of his being able to exercise the estate non-resident
minor
the powers and duties of guardian for the
full period during which guardianship will
be necessary (Francisco vs. CA, G.R. No. L- Guardianship Guardianship Over a non-
57438, January 31, 1984) over an over a Minor resident
Incompetent incompetent
Who may file (Rule 93, Sec. 1) or minor (Rule
93 Sec. 6)
Guardianship Guardianship Over a non-
over an over a Minor resident
Incompetent incompetent or
minor (Rule 93
Sec. 6)
Note: Jurisdictional Facts that must be alleged: Rationale: Presence of creditors is not essential
to the proceedings for appointment of a guardian
Incompetency or minority of person for because they will only insist that the supposed
whom for whom minor or incompetent is actually capacitated to
guardianship is sought; and enter into contracts, so as to preserve the validity
Fact of residence of ward where the court has of said contracts and keep the supposed minor or
jurisdiction. incompetent obligated to comply therewith
has (Alamayri vs. Pabale, G.R. No. 151243, April 30, 2008).
jurisdiction
Opposition to petition (Rule 93, Sec. 4)
The petition shall be verified but no defect in the
petition or verification shall render void the Note: The written opposition need not be
issuance of letters of guardianship (Rule 93, Sec. verified.
2).
Grounds
Procedure after the filing of the petition
1. Competency of alleged incompetent or
1. The court shall fix a time and place for majority of the alleged minor; or
hearing the petition (Rule 93, Sec. 3) 2. Incompetency of person for whom letters are
2. The court shall cause reasonable notice to be prayed.
given and may direct other general or special
notice thereof (Rule 93, Sec. 3) In addition, oppositor may likewise pray for
3. Any opposing party may file a written the dismissal of the petition; or that letters of
opposition (Rule 93, Sec. 4) guardianship be issued in his favor or any
4. The court shall hear the evidence of the person suitable named in the opposition.
parties in support of their respective
allegations (Rule 93, Sec. 5) The ground of majority of the alleged minor
5. Final orders or judgment shall be served (Rule can only be raised before the Family Court
93, Sec. 8) which has exclusive jurisdiction over
guardianship of minors (Rule on Guardianship of
Court to set the petition for hearing notice Minors, Sec. 10).
(Rule 93, Sec. 3)
Hearing and order for issuance of letters of
General Rule: Publication is not required, only guardianship (Rule 93 Sec. 5)
notice.
During the hearing:
Exception: In case of non-resident incompetent.
1. Alleged incompetent must be present, if able
To whom notice served to attend;
2. Required notice must be shown to have been
1. Persons residing in the Philippines mentioned given; and
in the petition; and 3. Court shall receive evidence.
2. Incompetent or minor if 14 years of age or
over. If person is indeed incompetent, the court shall
appoint a suitable guardian and issue letters of
Creditors need not be identified and guardianship.
notified
Parents as guardians (Rule 93, Sec. 7)
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Proceedings for the Determination of 2. Resignation of guardian
Present Competency of the Ward
A guardian may resign when it appears proper
1. Filing by the ward, his guardian, relative or to allow the same (Rule 97, Sec. 2).
friend of a petition that competency of the
ward be judicially determined. Upon the guardian’s resignation or removal, the
court may appoint another in his place (Rule 97,
The petition shall be verified by oath and shall Sec. 2).
state that such person is then competent.
instrumentality which
has custody over the
child;
3. Legitimate and
DSWD,
Inter-
Adoption
if
adoptive relationship
is formed between the
applicant and
child.(Sec. 48, IRR of
Inter-Counrty
Adoption Act)
a
pre-
the
Procedure
(Atty. Elmer Rabuya, Civil Law Reviewer Vol. 1, p.242-
245, 2017 ed.)
350
350
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1. Administrative Proceedings
2. Judicial Proceedings
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2. Legitimacy
After filing
The adoptee shall be considered the legitimate
The petition shall not be set for hearing without a son/daughter of the adopter(s) for all intents and
case study report by a licensed social worker. purposes and as such is entitled to all the rights
(Sec. 11, R.A. 8552) and obligations provided by law to legitimate
children born to them without discrimination.
(Bartolome vs. SSS, 740 SCRA 78, 2014)
Supervised Trial Custody
All legal ties between the biological parent(s) and The adopted child has the right to use the
the adoptees shall be severed and the same shall surname of the adopter(s). But such surname
be vested to the adopters, except when the refers to the adopter’s own surnmane and not to
biological parent is the spouse of the adopter (Sec. her surname acquired by virtue of marriage
16, R.A. 8552). because adoption created a personal relationship
only between the adopter and the adopted. [Art.
However, when the adopter dies during the time 189(1), Family Code]
the adopted is still a minor or incapacitated; the
parental authority of the biological parent is 5. Issuance of new certificate and First
deemed to have been restored (Bartolome vs. SSS, Name and Surname of the Adoptee (Sec. 14,
740 SCRA 78, 2014). R.A. 8552)
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The adoption decree shall state the name by Who may file?
which the child is to be known. An amended
a) Adoptee who is over 18 years of age;
certificate of birth shall be issued by the Civil
b) If the adoptee is a minor, with the assistance
Registry attesting to the fact that the adoptee is
of the DSWD;
the child of the adopter(s) by being registered
c) If the adoptee is over 18 years of age but
with his/her surname(Sec. 13, R.A. 8552).
incapacitated, by his guardian or counsel.
(Sec. 19, RA 8552)
The original certificate of birth shall be stamped d)
“cancelled” with the annotation of the issuance of
an amended birth certificate in its place and shall The remedy of annulment of judgment could be
be sealed in the civil registry records. The new resorted to if the adoption was found to have
birth certificate to be issued to the adoptee shall been obtained fraudulently, which action must be
not bear any annotation that it is an amended brought within four (4) years from discovery of
issue(Sec. 14, R.A. 8552). the fraud(Castro vs. Gregorio, 738 SCRA 415, 2014).
Bar Operations
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d. If he has had the party in his custody or
power, or under restraint, and has transferred In addition, the discharge of the writ of habeas
such custody or restraint to another — to corpus shall NOT be authorized upon showing
whom, at what time, for what cause, and by that a person is:
what authority such transfer was made (Rule
102, Sec. 10). a) charged with an offense;
b) convicted of an offense; or
6.M.3 Peremptory Writ and Preliminary
c) suffering imprisonment under lawful judgment
Citation
The writ of habeas corpus may be classified 6.M.4 Instances Wwhen the writ of habeas
as: corpus is not NOT proper or available:
� The writ of habeas corpus applies to all cases In custody cases involving minors, the writ of
of illegal confinement or detention in which habeas corpus is prosecuted for the purpose of
individuals are deprived of liberty. The writ determining the right of custody over a child.
may not be availed of when the person in
custody is under judicial process or by virtue The grant of the writ depends on the
of a valid judgment. concurrence of the following requisites:
However, as a post-conviction remedy, it may 1. that the petitioner has the right of custody
be allowed when, as a consequence of a over the minor;
judicial proceeding, any of the following 2. that the rightful custody of the minor is being
exceptional circumstances is attendant: (1) withheld from the petitioner by the
there has been a deprivation of a respondents; and
constitutional right resulting in the restraint 3. that it is to the best interest of the minor
of a person; (2) the court had no jurisdiction concerned to be in the custody of petitioner
to impose the sentence; or (3) the imposed and not that of the respondents (Masbate vs.
penalty has been excessive, thus voiding the Relucio, G.R. No. 253498, July 30, 2018).
sentence as to such excess. (Go vs.
Dimagiba, G.R. No. 151876, June 21, 2005; General Rule: After trial, the court shall render
Andal vs. People,G.R. Nos. 138268-69. May 26, judgment awarding custody of the minor to the
1999) proper party considering the best interests of the
minor.
� In Evangelista vs. Sistoza (G.R. No. 143881,
August 9, 2001), the accused filed a petition Under present rules, A.M. No. 03-04-04-SC
for habeas corpus to secure his release from explicitly states that "in awarding custody, the
prison, due to the amendment of PD 1866 by court shall consider the best interests of the
RA 8249, reducing the penalty for illegal minor and shall give paramount consideration to
possession of low powered firearms -- from the minor’s material and moral welfare.
reclusion temporal in its maximum period to
reclusion perpetua, to prisioncorrecccional in The best interests of the minor refer to the
its maximum period.The court granted the totality of the circumstances and conditions as
petition, as he has already served 9 years in are most congenial to the survival, protection,
prison, more than the maximum term of his and feelings of security of the minor encouraging
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to her physical, psychological and emotional It is only after trial, when the court renders its
development. It also means the least detrimental judgment in awarding the custody of the minor to
available alternative for safeguarding the growth the proper party considering the best interests of
and development of the minor." (Masbate vs. the minor, that the court may likewise issue "any
Relucio, G.R. No. 253498, July 30, 2018). order that is just and reasonable permitting the
parent who is deprived of the care and custody of
Exception: If it appears that both parties are the minor to visit or have temporary custody"
unfit to have the care and custody of the minor, (A.M. No. 03-04-04-SC, Sec. 18)
the court may designate any of the following to
take charge of such minor, or commit him to any In its judgment, the court may order either or
suitable home for children: both parents to give an amount necessary for the
support, maintenance and education of the
a) the paternal or maternal grandparent of the minor, irrespective of who may be its custodian.
minor;
b) his oldest brother or sister; or,
c) any reputable person Factors to consider in determining the
amount of support:
Order of Preference (A.M. No. 03-04-04-SC, Sec. 1. financial resources of the custodial and non-
13) custodial parent and those of the minor;
As far as practicable, the following order of 2. physical and emotional health, special needs,
preference shall be observed in the award of and aptitude of the minor;
custody: 3. standard of living the minor has been
accustomed to; and,
1. Both parents jointly; 4. the non-monetary contributions that the
2. Either parent, taking into account all relevant parents would make toward the care and well-
considerations, especially the choice of the being of the minor (A.M. No. 03-04-04-SC, Sec.
minor over seven years of age and of 18)
sufficient discernment, unless the parent
chosen is unfit; Note: Section 15 of A.M. No. 03-04-04-SC
3. The grandparent, or if there are several provides for temporary visitation rights, not
grandparents, the grandparent chosen by the temporary custody.
minor over seven years of age and of
sufficient discernment, unless the grandparent The court shall provide in its order awarding
chosen is unfit or disqualified; provisional custody appropriate visitation rights to
4. The eldest brother or sister over twenty-one the non-custodial parent or parents, unless the
years of age, unless he or she is unfit or court finds said parent or parents unfit or
disqualified; disqualified.
5. The actual custodian of the minor over
twenty-one years of age, unless the former is The temporary custodian shall give the court and
unfit or disqualified; or non-custodial parent or parents at least five (5)
6. Any other person or institution the court may days' notice of any plan to change the residence
deem suitable to provide proper care and of the minor or take him out of his residence for
guidance for the minor more than three (3) days provided it does not
prejudice the visitation rights of the non-custodial
The court may issue any order that is just and parent or parents(A.M. No. 03-04-04-SC, Sec. 15)
reasonable permitting the parent who is deprived
of the care and custody of the minor to visit or Note: JudgementJudgment on the issue of
have temporary custody (De Leon and Wilwayco, custody in the nullity of marriage, regardless of
Special Proceedings Essentials for Bench and Bar, which party would prevail, would constitute res
p.419, 2015 ed.). judicata on the subsequent petition for habeas
corpus of minors since the former has jurisdiction
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over the parties and the subject matter (Yu vs. Yu, c.
G.R. No. 164915, March 10, 2006).
Note: In our jurisdiction, the contextual genesis,
Jurisdiction of the Court of Appeals at least, for the present Amparo Rule has limited
the remedy as a response to extrajudicial killings
� There is nothing in R.A. 8369 which revoked and enforced disappearances, or threats thereof.
the Court of Appeals’ jurisdiction to issue While the foregoing rule, as per Section 1 of A.M.
writs of habeas corpus involving the custody No. 07-9-12-SC's first paragraph, does state that
of minors (In the Matter of Application for the the writ is a remedy to protect the right to life,
Issuance of a Writ of Habeas Corpus: Thornton vs.
liberty, and security of the person desiring to
Thornton, G.R. No. 154598, August 16, 2004) . In
avail of it, the same section's second paragraph
fact, the Court of Appeals and Supreme Court qualifies that the protection of such rights
have concurrent jurisdiction with family specifically pertain to extralegal killings and
courts in habeas corpus cases where the enforced disappearances or threats thereof,
custody of minors is involved (Madriñan vs. which are more concrete cases that involve
Madriñan, G.R. No. 159374, July 12, 2007).
protection to the rights to life, liberty and security
(Santiago vs. Tulfo, G.R. No. 205039, October 21,
2015)
6.N NWRIT OF AMPARO
6.N.7 Procedure for hearing The procedure under this Rule shall govern the
disposition of the reliefs available under the writ
The hearing on the petition shall be summary. of amparo(Section 22, A.M. No. 07-9-12-SC).
The court, justice or judge may call for a
preliminary conference to simplify issues and 6.N.10 Consolidation
determine possibility of obtaining stipulations and
admissions. When a criminal action is filled subsequently to
the filing of a petition for the writ, the petition for
Hearing will be day to day until completed, and the writ shall be consolidated with the criminal
has the same priority as habeas corpus petitions. action.
(Section 13, A.M. No. 07-9-12-SC).
When a criminal action and a separate civil action
Judgment are filed subsequent to a petition for the writ of
Amparo, the petition for the writ shall be
The court shall render the judgment within ten consolidated with the criminal action.
(10) days from the time the pretition is submitted After consolidation, the procedure under this Rule
for decision. shall continue to apply to the disposition of the
reliefs in the petition(Section 23, A.M. No. 07-9-12-
Archiving and Revival of Cases SC).
If the case cannot proceed for valid cause, the 6.N.11 Interim reliefs available to
court shall not dismiss the petition but shall petitioner and respondent
archive it. If after the lapse of two (2) years from
the notice of archiving, the petition shall be Petitioner Respondent
dismissed for failure to prosecute. (Section 13, (Section 14, A.M. No. (Section 15, A.M. No. 07-
A.M. No. 07-9-12-SC). 07-9-12-SC) 9-12-SC)
a. Temporary a. Inspection Order
6.N.8 Institution of Separate Action Restraining
Order. The court, justice or
judge, upon verified
This Rule shall not preclude the institution of
The court, justice or motion and after due
separate criminal, civil or administrative actions. judge, upon motion hearing, may order
(Section 21, A.M. No. 07-9-12-SC). or motuproprio, may any person in
order that the possession or control
Consolidation petitioner or of a designated land
aggrieved and any or other propter, to
member of the permit entry for the
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immediate family be purpose of inspection, return, to
Remedial
produce
protected in a measuring, surveying, and permit their
government agency or photographing the inspection, copying
or by any accredited property or any or photographing by
person or private relevant object or or on behalf of the
institution capable of operation thereon. movant.
keeping and
securing their safety. NOTE: A motion for d. Witness
If the petitioner is an inspection order shall Protection Order.
organization, be supported by
affidavits or The court, justice or
association, or
testimonies of judge, upon motion
institution referred
witnesses having or motuproprio, may
to in Section 3 ©of
personal knowledge refer the witnesses
this Rule, the
of the defenses of the to the Department of
protection may be
respondent. Justice for admission
extended to the
to the Witness
officers involved.
b. Production Order. Protection, Security
b. Inspection Order. and Benefit Program,
The court, justice or pursuant to Republic
The court, justice or judge, upon verified Act No. 6981.
judge, upon verified motion and after due
motion and after due hearing, may order
hearing, may order any person in
any person in possession, custody,
possession or control or control of any
of a designated land designated
or other propter, to documents, papers,
6.N.12 Quantum of proof in application for
permit entry for the books, accounts,
purpose of letters, photographs,
issuance of writ of Amparo
inspection, objects or tangible
measuring, things, or objects in The parties shall establish their claims by
surveying, or digitized or electronic substantial evidence(Section 17, A.M. No. 07-9-12-
photographing the form, which SC).
property or any constitute or contain
relevant object or evidence relevant to If the respondent is a public official or
operation thereon. the petition or the employee:
return, to produce
c. Production Order. and permit their
1. Must prove that extraordinary diligence as
inspection, copying or
The court, justice or required as required by the applicable laws,
photographing by or
judge, upon verified rules and regulations was observed in the
on behalf of the
motion and after due performance of duty.
movant.
hearing, may order
2. Cannot invoke the presumption that official
any person in
possession, custody, duty has been regularly performed to evade
or control of any responsibility or liability.
designated
documents, papers, If respondent is a private individual or
books, accounts, entity:
letters, photographs,
objects or tangible 1. 1. Must prove that ordinary diligence as
things, or objects in required by applicable laws, rules and
digitized or
regulations was observed in the performance
electronic form,
which constitute or of duty. (Section 17, A.M. No. 07-9-12-SC).
contain evidence
relevant to the 6.O WRIT OF HABEAS DATA
petition or the (A.M. No. 08-1-16- SC)
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363
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Remedial 1. Any member of the immediate family:
6.O.1 Scope of Writ spouse, children and parents of the
aggrieved party;
A remedy available to any person whose 2.
right to privacy in life, liberty or security is 3. Any ascendant, descendant or collateral
violated or threatened by an unlawful act relative of aggrieved party within the
or omission of a public official or employee, 4th civil degree of consanguinity or affinity,
or of a private individual or entity engaged in default of those mentioned in the
in the gathering, collecting or storing of preceding paragraph.
data or information regarding the person, (Sec. 2, A.M. No. 08-1-16-SC).
family, home and correspondence of the
aggrieved party.(Sec. 1, A.M. No. 08-1-16-SC). Where to file the petition
It is an independent and summary remedy
a.) a) RTC, at the option of the petitioner
designed to protect the image, privacy, honor,
information, and freedom of information of an (a) Where petitioner resides;or
individual, and to provide a forum to enforce (b) Where respondent resides;or
one’s right to the truth and to informational (c)Which has jurisdiction over the place where
privacy. It seeks to protect a person’s right to the data or information is gathered,
control information regarding oneself, particularly collected or stored.
in instances in which such information is being
collected through unlawful means in order to b.) b) SC, CA, SB (when action concerns public
achieve unlawful ends. There must be a nexus data files of government offices). (Sec. 3, A.M.
between the right to privacy, as well as the No. 08-1-16-SC).
violation or threatened violation of the rights to
life, liberty, and security, for the writ to issue. Writ is enforceable anywhere in the Philippines.
(Gamboa v. Chan, G.R. No. 193636, July 4, 2012). (Sec. 4, A.M. No. 08-1-16-SC).
The writ of habeas data can be availed of A verified written petition for a writ of habeas
as an independent remedy to enforce one‘s data should contain:
right to privacy, more specifically the right
to informational privacy. The court still a. Personal circumstances of petitioner and
found that the remedy is wrong in this respondent;
case. The Supreme Court found that there b. The manner the right to privacy is violated or
was no reasonable expectation of privacy threatened and how it affects the right to life,
in cases of Facebook photos being posted liberty or security of aggrieved party;
specially if there is no evidence to prove that c. Actions and recourses taken by petitioner to
there are only a handful of people who may view secure the data or information;
the same. Since there is no informational privacy d. Location of files, registers or databases,
that may be expected on social media, the Court government office, and the person in charge,
found the petition to be without merit (Vivares v. in possession or in control of the data or
St. Theresa‘s College, GR No. 202666, September information, if known;
29,2014).
e. Reliefs prayed for, which may include the
updating, rectification, suppression or
6.O.3. Who may file destruction of the database or information or
files kept by respondent;
a) By any aggrieved party; or f. In case of threats, relief may include a prayer
b) for an order enjoining the act complained of;
c) by the following, in cases of extralegal killings and
and enforced disappearances:
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g. Such other reliefs as are just and equitable. 1. When respondent invokes the defense that
(Sec. 6, A.M. No. 08-1-16-SC). the release of the data or information in
question shall compromise national security or
Note: A Habeas Data Petition is dismissible if it state secrets,;
fails to adequately show that there exists a nexus 2. or when the data or information cannot be
between the right to privacy on the one hand, divulged to the public due to its nature or
and the right to life, liberty or security on the privileged character. (Sec. 12, A.M. No. 08-1-16-
other. Moreover, it is equally dismissible if it is SC).
not supported by substantial evidence showing
an actual or threatened violation of the right to
privacy in life, liberty or security of the victim.
(Margate Lee v. Ilagan, GR No. 203254, October 8, 6.O.7 Consolidation
2014).
a) Separation of spouses;
b) No proof of prejudice by use of official
name(Republic vs. Hernandez, G.R. No. 117209,
February 9, 1996);
6.P. CHANGE OF NAME
(Rule 103)
c) Mere use and known by different name
(Republic vs. Gallo,G.R. No. 207074, January
6.P.1 Differences under
6.P.1 Rule 103, R.A.
Differences 9048
under and103, R.A.17,
Rule
2018);
9048 and Rule 108
Rule 108 d) No proof that the true name evokes derisive
laughter.(Giao vs. Republic, G.R. No. L-18669.
November 29, 1965)
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(b) The cause for which the Petition shall be supported by the
change of petitioner's following documents:
name is sought; a.) A certified true machine
copy of the certificate or of
(c) The name asked for.
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(Section 2)
Remedial
the page of the registry book
containing the entry or
entries sought to be
corrected or changed;
b.)
c.) At least two (2) public or
private documents showing
the correct entry or entries
upon which the correction or
change shall be based; and
d.)
e.) Other documents which
petitioner or the city or
municipal civil registrar or
the consul general may
consider relevant and
necessary for the approval of
petition. (Section 5)
f.) For petitions for correction of
date of birth: it shall be
accompanied by earliest
school record or earliest
school documents such as,
but not limited to, medical
records, baptismal certificate
and other documents issued
by religious authorities;
g.) For petitions for correction of
entries involving change of
gender: it shall accompanied
by a certification issued by
an accredited government
physician attesting to the
fact that the petitioner has
not undergone sex change
or sex transplant (Sec. 5, as
amended).
h.)
i.)
Grounds 1. Name is ridiculous, Upon good and valid 1. Petitioner finds the first name
tainted with dishonor grounds. or nickname to be ridiculous,
and extremely difficult tainted with dishonor or
to write or pronounce; extremely difficult to write or
2. pronounce;
3. Consequence of change 2.
of status; 3. The new first name or
4. nickname has been habitually
5. Necessity to avoid and continuously used by
confusion; petitioner and he has been
6. publicly known by that first
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369
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7. Having continuously name or nickname in the
used and been known community; or
since childhood by a 4.
Filipino name, unaware 5. The change will avoid
of her alien parentage; confusion. (Section 4)
8.
9. A sincere desire to
adopt a Filipino name to
erase signs of former
alienage all in good faith
and without prejudicing
anybody.
10.
Kind of Judicial Proceeding Judicial Proceeding Administrative Proceeding
Proceedin
g Adversarial in nature
because it involves
substantial changes and
affects the status of an
individual.
What to File a signed and verified File a verified petition for File an affidavit.
File petition. the cancellation or
correction of any entry.
Notice At least once a week for At least once a week for At least once a week for two
and three consecutive weeks in three consecutive weeks consecutive weeks (publish the
Publicatio a newspaper of general in a newspaper of general whole affidavit) – in change of
n circulation (notice of circulation (notice of first name or nickname
hearing) hearing)
The petition for change of first
name or nickname, or for
correction of erroneous entry
concerning the day and month in
the date of birth or the sex of a
person, as the case may be, shall
be published at least once a week
for two (2) consecutive weeks in
a newspaper of general
circulation (R.A. No. 9048, as
amended by R.A. No. 10172, Sec. 5).
Posting No posting No posting Duty of the civil registrar or
Consul to post petition in a
conspicuous place for 10
consecutive days.
Who The Solicitor General or the The Civil Registrar. The Civil Registrar or Consul.
Participate proper provincial or city
s on the fiscal shall appear on behalf
part of the
of the Government of the
Governme
nt
Republic.
Where to Appeal decision to the Court Appeal decision to the Appeal decision to the Civil
Center for Legal Education and
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370 Research
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Appeal of Appeals. Court of Appeals. Registrar General (Head of
Philippine Statistics Authority).
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371
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Justifiable Causes for Change of
Name:6.P.2 Grounds for change of name
e) Separation of spouses;
f) No proof of prejudice by use of official
name(Republic vs. Hernandez, G.R. No. 117209,
February 9, 1996);
g) Mere use and known by different name
(Republic vs. Gallo,G.R. No. 207074, January
17, 2018);
h) No proof that the true name evokes derisive
laughter.(Giao vs. Republic, G.R. No. L-18669.
November 29, 1965)
6.O.2 2. Who may file; When to file If the absentee appears, or without appearing his
existence is proved, he shall recover his property
Who may file a petition for the in the condition in which it may be found, and
appointment of an absentee’s the price of any property that may have been
representative? alienated or the property acquired therewith; but
he cannot claim either fruits or rents. (Art. 392,
1. Any interested party; New Civil Code).
2. Absentee’s relative; or
3. Absentee’s friend(Sec. 1, Rule 107). The subsequent marriage referred to in the
preceding Article shall be automatically
terminated by the recording of the affidavit of
Who may file a petition for declaration of
reappearance of the absent spouse, unless there
absence?
is a judgment annulling the previous marriage or
1. Spouse present; declaring it void ab initio. (Art. 42, Family Code).
2. Heirs instituted in a will, who may
present an authentic copy of the same;
3. Relative who would succeed by the law
of intestacy; and 6.R. CANCELLATION OR CORRECTION OF
4. Those who have over the property of the ENTRIES IN THE CIVIL REGISTRY (Rule 108)
absentee some right subordinated to the
condition of his death.(Sec.2, Rule 107). Proceedings for cancellation or correction of
entries in the Civil Registry may be:
When to file the petition?
a) Summary – when the correction sought to
1. After the lapse of two years from: be made is a mere clerical error (now
governed by RA 9048)
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b) Adversarial – where the rectification affects Harmless and innocuous (inoffensive), such as
civil status, citizenship or nationality of a the following: misspelled name, misspelled
party or any other substantial change. place of birth or the like, mistake in the entry
of day and month in the date of birth, sex of
Note: This Rule is modified accordingly by R.A. the person or the like where it is patently clear
No. 9048 (Clerical Error Law) and its that there was a clerical or typographical error
Implementing Rules, allowing corrections in the or mistake in the entry
civil register without the need of judicial order.
Note: In case of year, judicial order is
R.A. No. 9048 removed from the ambit of Rule necessary.
108 the correction of clerical or typographical
errors. However, R.A. No. 9048 applies only to Visible to the eyes or obvious to the
substantial changes and corrections of entries in understanding.
the civil register. Thus, it is opined that it is more
precise to say that Rule 108 is still available for Can be corrected or changed only by
correction of clerical or typographical errors, reference to other existing record or records.
albeit as secondary recourse (Republic vs.
Cagandahan, G.R. No 166676, September 12, 2008). Change of First Name or Nickname
6.R.1 Entries Subject to Correction and First name - a name or nickname given to a
Cancellation (Substantial changes in the person which may consist of one or more names
Civil Registry) in addition to the middle and last names
a) Births
b) Marriages Grounds for Change
c) Deaths
d) Legal separations a) The petitioner finds the first name or
e) Judgments of annulments of marriage nickname to be ridiculous, tainted with
f) Judgments declaring marriages void from dishonor or extremely difficult to write or
the beginning. pronounce;
g) Legitimations b) The new first name or nickname has been
h) Adoptions habitually and continuously used by the
i) Acknowledgments of natural children petitioner and he has been publicly known by
j) Naturalization that by that first name or nickname in the
k) Election, loss or recovery of citizenship community; or,
l) Civil interdiction c) The change will avoid confusion.
m) Judicial determination of filiation
n) Voluntary emancipation of minor; and Parties to be impleaded
o) Change of name.
1. The Civil Registrar concerned; and,
General rule: No entry in a civil register shall be 2. All persons who have or claim any interest
changed or corrected without a judicial order. which would be affected thereby.
Exception: Judicial order is not necessary for Note: Failure to implead the civil registrar and
clerical or typographical errors or mistakes the parties who would naturally and legally be
committed in the performance of clerical work in affected by that grant of the petition would
writing, copying, transcribing or typing an entry render the proceedings and the judgment void.
in the civil register. Non-impleading, however, as a respondent of
one who is inadvertently left out or is not
established to be known by the petitioner to be
The errors must be: affected by the grant of the petition would not
nullify the proceedings and judgment as they are
deemed notified through publication (Republic vs.
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Coseteng-Magpayo, G.R. No. 189476, February 2, vs. CA,
Remedial
G.R. No. 120587, January 20, 2004,420
2011). SCRA 162).
Notice of the time and place for the hearing shall If the correction sought to be made in the civil
be given to all persons named in the petition. register is clerical, then the procedure to be
adopted is summary. If the rectification affects
Publication is for three (3) consecutive weeks in a the civil status, citizenship or nationality of a
newspaper of general circulation. party, it is deemed substantial, and the
procedure to be adopted is adversary (Republic vs.
A reading of Sections 3 and 4 of Rule 108 readily Valencia, G.R. No.L-32181 March 5, 1986).
shows that the rule mandates two sets of notices
to different potential oppositors. The first notice An appropriate adversary suit or proceeding is
is that given to the persons “named in the one where the trial court has conducted
petition” made by impleading them and giving proceedings where all relevant facts have been
them personal notice. The second (which is fully and properly developed, where opposing
through publication) is that given to the other counsel have been given opportunity to demolish
persons not named in the petition but the opposite party’s case, and where the
nonetheless may be considered interested or evidence has been thoroughly weighed and
affected parties, such as creditors (Republic vs. considered (Eleosida vs. Local Civil Registrar of
Coseteng-Magpayo, G.R. No. 189476, February 2, Quezon City, G.R. No. 130277, May 9, 2002).
2011).
R.A. No. 9048 does not sanction a change of first
When opposition to the petition is filed: name on the ground of sex reassignment. Rather
than avoiding confusion, changing petitioner’s
15 days counted from the notice of the first name for his declared purpose may only
petition; or, create grave complications in the civil registry
15 days counted from the last publication of and the public interest (Silverio vs. Republic, G.R.
the notice. No. 174689, October 22, 2007).
Petition for change of name and petition for CLERICAL ERROR LAW (R.A. No. 9048)
cancellation or correction of entries are distinct
proceedings. Hence, a party cannot change name A surname cannot be the subject of a petition for
and correct an entry in a single petition without change of name under this procedure.
satisfying the jurisdictional requirement.
Correction of clerical or typographical error shall
A petition for correction is an action in rem. It is be availed only once with respect to particular
the publication of such notice that brings in the entry or entries in the same civil registry of
whole world as party in the case and vests the record.
court with jurisdiction to hear and decide (Barco
This procedure is summary and administrative.
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1. SETTLEMENT OF ESTATE
Source: De Leon and Wilwayco, Special Proceedings Essentials for Bench and Bar, p.191, 2015 ed.
Bar Operations
Commissions 379
379
Purple
Notes
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Remedial
2. EXTRAJUDICIAL SETTLEMENT OF ESTATE
Source: De Leon and Wilwayco, Special Proceedings Essentials for Bench and Bar, p.194, 2015 ed.
Source: De Leon and Wilwayco, Special Proceedings Essentials for Bench and Bar, p.196, 2015 ed.
Bar Operations
Commissions 383
383
Purple
Notes
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Remedial
Bar Operations
Commissions 385
385
Purple
Notes
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ANNEX B – SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS, COMPARATIVE TABLES
Who may file By the party for whose By the aggrieved party or By any aggrieved party
relief it is intended, or by any qualified person or or by the following, in
some person on his behalf. entity in the following cases of extralegal
order: killings and enforced
disappearances:
1. Any member of the
immediate family: 1. Any member of the
spouse, children and immediate family:
parents of the spouse, children
aggrieved party; and parents of the
2. aggrieved party;
3. Any ascendant, 2.
descendant or 3. Any ascendant,
collateral relative of descendant or
aggrieved party within collateral relative of
the 4th civil degree of aggrieved party
consanguinity or within the 4th civil
affinity; degree of
4. consanguinity or
5. Any concerned citizen, affinity.
orgnization,
association or
institution, if no known
member of immediate
family.
Where to file RTC, enforceable within its RTC, Sandiganbayan, CA, RTC, SC, CA,
area of jurisdiction. SC; Sandiganbayan;
When issued When a petition therefor is Immediately if on its face it Immediately if on its
presented and it appears ought to be issued; face it ought to be
that the writ ought to issued;
issue. Served immediately.
Served within 3 days
Summary hearing set not from issuance;
later than seven (7) days
from date of issuance. Summary hearing set
not later than ten (10)
working days from date
of issuance.
Procedure for -- The hearing on the petition The hearing on the
hearing shall be summary. However petition shall be
the court, justice or judge summary. However the
may call for a preliminary court, justice or judge
conference to simplify the may call for a
issues and determine the preliminary conference
possibility of obtaining to simplify the issues
stipulations and admissions and determine the
from the parties. possibility of obtaining
stipulations and
The hearing shall be from admissions from the
day to day until completed parties.
and given the same priority
as petitions for habeas
corpus.
Production Order – to
require respondents to
produce and permit
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Commissions 389
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Notes
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Remedial inspection, copying or
photographing of
documents, papers, books,
accounts, letters,
photographs, objects or
tangible things that contain
evidence.
Effect of filing -- A criminal action first filed A criminal action first
criminal excludes the filing of the filed excludes the filing
action writ; relief shall be by of the writ; relief shall
motion in the criminal case. be by motion in the
A criminal case filed criminal case; A
subsequently shall be criminal case filed
consolidated with the subsequently shall be
petition for the writ consolidated with the
of amparo. petition for the writ of
habeas data.
Appeal � To the SC under Rule To the SC under Rule 45, To the SC under Rule
45, within 48 hours within5 days from notice of 45, within 5 days from
from notice of adverse judgment, to be notice of judgment or
judgment (Tan Chin Hui given the same priority as final order, to be given
vs. Rodriguez, G.R. No. habeas corpus cases. the same priority
137571, Sept. 21, 2000). as habeas corpus
and amparo cases.
� A writ of habeas corpus
does not lie where
petitioner has the
remedy of appeal
or certiorari because it
will not be permitted to
perform the functions
of a writ of error or
appeal for the purpose
of reviewing mere
errors or irregularities
in the proceedings of a
court having
jurisdiction over the
person and the subject
matter (Galvez vs. CA,
G.R. No. 114046, Oct. 24,
1994).
Public official/employee
respondent to prove
extraordinary diligence was
observed, and cannot invoke
the presumption that official
duty has been regularly
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performed to
Remedial
evade
responsibility or liability.
2. DIFFERENCES UNDER RULE 103 AND RULE 108 IN RELATION TO R.A. NO. 9048:
Who may File A person desiring to change Any person interested in Any person having
his name. (Section 1) any act, event, order or direct and personal
decree concerning the interest in the
civil status of persons correction of a
which has been recorded clerical or
in the civil register. typographical error
(Section 1) in an entry and/or
change of first
name or nickname.
(Section 3)
5. Philippine
Consulate
Petition shall be
supported by the
following
documents:
l.) Other
documents
which
petitioner or
the city or
municipal civil
registrar or the
consul general
may consider
relevant and
necessary for
the approval of
petition.
(Section 5)
Grounds 11. Name is ridiculous, Upon good and valid 6. Petitioner finds
tainted with dishonor grounds. the first name
and extremely difficult or nickname to
to write or pronounce; be ridiculous,
tainted with
12. Consequence of change dishonor or
of status; extremely
difficult to write
13. Necessity to avoid or pronounce;
confusion;
7. The new first
14. Having continuously name or
used and been known nickname has
since childhood by a been habitually
Filipino name, unaware and
of her alien parentage; continuously
used by
15. A sincere desire to petitioner and
adopt a Filipino name to he has been
erase signs of former publicly known
alienage all in good faith by that first
and without prejudicing name or
anybody. nickname in the
community; or
What to File File a signed and verified File a verified petition for File an affidavit.
petition. the cancellation or
correction of any entry.
Notice and At least once a week for At least once a week for At least once a
Publication three consecutive weeks in three consecutive weeks week for two
a newspaper of general in a newspaper of general consecutive weeks
circulation (notice of circulation (notice of (publish the whole
hearing) hearing) affidavit) – in
change of first
name or nickname
Who Participates The Solicitor General or the The Civil Registrar. The Civil Registrar
on the part of proper provincial or city or Consul.
the Government fiscal shall appear on behalf
of the Government of the
Republic.
Where to Appeal decision to the Court Appeal decision to the Appeal decision to
Appeal of Appeals. Court of Appeals. the Civil Registrar
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General (Head of
Philippine Statistics
Authority).
CANCELLATION OR CORRECTION OF
CHANGE OF NAME
ENTRIES
Involves substantial changes. Involves clerical or typographical errors such as
those which are visible to eye or obvious to the
understanding and involves a harmless or
innocuous change.
34. PETITION FOR CHANGE OF NAME VS. PETITION FOR THE CORRECTION OR CANCELLATION
OF ENTRIES
Petition is filed by the person desiring to change his Filed by any person interested in any ACT,
name. EVENT, ORDER or DECREE.
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Commissions 395
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Change of name only. All cancellation or correction of entries.
Entry is correct but petitioner desires to change the All cancellation or correction of entries.
entry.
(c) Continuing mandamus is a writ issued by Any real party in interest, including the
a court in an environmental case directing government and juridical entities authorized by
any agency or instrumentality of the law, may file a civil action involving the
government or officer thereof to perform an enforcement or violation of any environmental
act or series of acts decreed by final law.
judgment which shall remain effective until
judgment is fully satisfied. Citizen suit (Sec. 5, Rule 2, Part 2)
Any Filipino citizen in representation of others,
(d) Environmental protection order (EPO) including minors or generations yet unborn, may
refers to an order issued by the court file an action to enforce rights or obligations
directing or enjoining any person or under environmental laws.
government agency to perform or desist Upon the filing of a citizen suit, the court shall
from performing an act in order to protect, issue an order which shall contain a brief
preserve or rehabilitate the environment. description of the cause of action and the reliefs
prayed for, requiring all interested parties to
(e) Mineral refers to all naturally occurring manifest their interest to intervene in the case
inorganic substance in solid, gas, liquid, or within fifteen (15) days from notice thereof.
any intermediate state excluding energy The plaintiff may publish the order once in a
materials such as coal, petroleum, natural newspaper of a general circulation in the
gas, radioactive materials and geothermal Philippines or furnish all affected barangays
energy. copies of said order.
Contents of the Verified Complaint (Sec. 3,
(f) Precautionary principle states that when Rule 2, Part 2)
human activities may lead to threats of
serious and irreversible damage to the
a) names and addresses of the parties;
environment that is scientifically plausible but
b) the cause of action;
uncertain, actions shall be taken to avoid or
c) the reliefs prayed for;
diminish that threat.
d) a statement that it is an environmental case;
e) the law involved; and,
(g) Strategic lawsuit against public
f) the complaint shall include a certification
participation (SLAPP) refers to an action
against forum shopping.
whether civil, criminal or administrative,
brought against any person, institution or
The plaintiff shall attach to the verified
any government agency or local government
complaint all evidence proving or supporting the
unit or its officials and employees, with the
398
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cause of action consisting of the affidavits of prosecution of environmental cases, which are
witnesses, documentary evidence and if imbued with public interest. Petitions for
possible, object evidence. certiorari are likewise permitted since these
raise fundamentally questions of jurisdiction.
The affidavits shall be in question and answer Under the Constitution, the SC may not be
form and shall comply with the rules of deprived of its certiorari jurisdiction (Annotation
admissibility of evidence. to the Rules of Procedure for Environmental Cases,
pp. 108)
Service of the complaint upon the
If the complaint is not an environmental
government or its agencies (Sec. 6, Rule 2,
complaint, the presiding judge shall refer it to Part 2)
the executive judge for re-raffle. Upon the filing of the complaint, the plaintiff is
required to furnish the government or the
Prohibited Pleadings and Motions appropriate agency, although not a party, a
copy of the complaint. Proof of service upon
The following pleadings or motions shall not be the government or the appropriate agency shall
allowed: be attached to the complaint.
Assignment by Raffle (Sec. 7, Rule 2, Part 2)
1) Motion for a bill of particulars; If there is only one (1) designated branch in
2) Motion for extension of time to file pleadings, a multiple-sala court, the executive judge
except to file answer, the extension not to shall immediately refer the case to said
exceed fifteen (15) days; branch.
3) Motion to dismiss the complaint; If there are two (2) or more designated
4) Motion to declare the defendant in default; branches, the executive judge shall conduct
5) Reply and rejoinder; and a special raffle on the day the complaint is
6) 3rd party complaint. filed.
The summons shall be served on the The court shall schedule the pre-trial and set as
defendant, together with a copy of an order many pre-trial conferences as may be necessary
informing all parties that they have fifteen within a period of two (2) months counted from
(15) days from the filing of an answer, within the date of the first pre-trial conference.
which to avail of the modes of discovery.
Should personal and substituted service fail, The judge shall put the parties and their
summons by publication shall be allowed. counsels under oath, and they shall remain
In the case of juridical entities, summons by under oath in all pre-trial conferences.
publication shall be done by indicating the
names of the officers or their duly authorized The judge shall exert best efforts to persuade
representatives. the parties to arrive at a settlement of the
dispute. The judge may issue a consent decree
Verified Answer; Cross-claims and approving the agreement between the parties in
Counterclaims (Rule 2, Part 2,Sec. 14) accordance with law, morals, public order and
public policy to protect the right of the people to
Within fifteen (15) days from receipt of a balanced and healthful ecology.
summons, the defendant shall file a verified
answer to the complaint and serve a copy General Rule: Evidence not presented during
thereof on the plaintiff. the pre-trial shall be deemed waived.
The defendant shall attach affidavits of
witnesses, reports, studies of experts and all Exception: Newly-discovered evidence
evidence in support of the defense.
Sec. 5, Rule 3 encourages parties to reach an
General Rule: Affirmative and special defenses agreement regarding settlement through a
not pleaded shall be deemed waived. consent decree, which gives emphasis to the
public interest aspect in the assertion of the
right to a balances and healthful ecology.
Exception: Lack of jurisdiction.
Contents of the Pre-Trial Brief
Cross-claims and compulsory counterclaims not
asserted shall be considered barred. The answer
1. A statement of their willingness to enter into
to counterclaims or cross-claims shall be filed
an amicable settlement indicating the
and served within ten (10) days from service of
desired terms thereof or to submit the case
the answer in which they are pleaded.
to any of the alternative modes of dispute
resolution;
Effect of Failure to Answer (Rule 2, Part 2,Sec. 2. A summary of admitted facts and proposed
15,)
stipulation of facts;
3. The legal and factual issues to be tried or
The court shall declare defendant in default and resolved. For each factual issue, the parties
upon motion of the plaintiff, shall receive shall state all evidence to support their
evidence ex parte and render judgment based positions thereon. For each legal issue,
thereon and the reliefs prayed for. parties shall state the applicable law and
jurisprudence supporting their respective
Pre-Trial (Rule 3, Part 2) positions thereon;
4. The documents or exhibits to be presented,
Within two (2) days from the filing of the including depositions, answers to
answer to the counterclaim or cross-claim, if interrogatories and answers to written
any, the branch clerk of court shall issue a request for admission by adverse party,
notice of the pre-trial. stating the purpose thereof;
400
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Criminal
Remedial
5. A manifestation of their having availed of b) To mark the documents or exhibits to be
discovery procedures or their intention to presented by the parties and copies thereof
avail themselves of referral to a to be attached to the records after
commissioner or panel of experts; comparison with the originals;
6. The number and names of the witnesses c) To ascertain from the parties the undisputed
and the substance of their affidavits; facts and admissions on the genuineness and
7. Clarificatory questions from the parties; and, due execution of the documents marked as
8. List of cases arising out of the same facts exhibits;
pending before other courts or d) To require the parties to submit the
administrative agencies. Failure to comply depositions taken under Rule 23 of the Rules
with the required contents of a pre-trial of Court, the answers to written
brief may be a ground for contempt. interrogatories under Rule 25, and the
answers to request for admissions by the
Note: Failure to file the pre-trial brief shall have adverse party under Rule 26;
the same effect as failure to appear at the pre- e) To require the production of documents or
trial. things requested by a party under Rule 27
and the results of the physical and mental
Referral to Mediation (Rule 3, Part 2,Sec. 3) examination of persons under Rule 28;
f) To consider such other matters as may aid in
its prompt disposition;
At the start of the pre-trial conference, the court
g) To record the proceedings in the "Minutes of
shall inquire from the parties if they have settled
Preliminary Conference" to be signed by both
the dispute; otherwise, the court shall
parties or their counsels;
immediately refer the parties or their counsel, if
authorized by their clients, to the Philippine
h) To mark the affidavits of witnesses which
Mediation Center (PMC) unit for purposes of
shall be in question and answer form and
mediation.
shall constitute the direct examination of the
witnesses; and,
If not available, the court shall refer the case to i) To attach the minutes together with the
the clerk of court or legal researcher for marked exhibits before the pre-trial proper.
mediation.
When there is NO full settlement (Rule 3,
Mediation must be conducted within a non- Part 2,Sec. 6)
extendible period of thirty (30) days from
receipt of notice of referral to mediation.
The judge shall:
The mediation report must be submitted within (a) Adopt the minutes of the preliminary
ten (10) days from the expiration of the 30-day conference as part of the pre-trial
period. proceedings and confirm the markings of
exhibits or substituted photocopies and
If mediation fails, the court will schedule the admissions on the genuineness and due
continuance of the pre-trial. execution of documents;
(b) Determine if there are cases arising out of
Before the scheduled date of continuance, the the same facts pending before other courts
court may refer the case to the branch clerk of and order its consolidation if warranted;
court for a preliminary conference. (c) Determine if the pleadings are in order and if
not, order the amendments if necessary;
Purposes of Preliminary Conference (d) Determine if interlocutory issues are involved
and resolve the same;
a) To assist the parties in reaching a (e) Consider the adding or dropping of parties;
settlement; (f) Scrutinize every single allegation of the
Bar
complaint, Operations
answer and other
Commissions 401
401
pleadings and attachments thereto, and the After the presentation of the last witness,
contents of documents and all other only oral offer of evidence shall be allowed,
evidence identified and pre-marked during and the opposing party shall immediately
pre-trial in determining further admissions; interpose his objections. The judge shall
(g) Obtain admissions based on the affidavits of forthwith rule on the offer of evidence in
witnesses and evidence attached to the open court.
pleadings or submitted during pre-trial;
(h)Define and simplify the factual and legal After the last party has rested its case, the
issues arising from the pleadings and court shall issue an order submitting the case
evidence. Uncontroverted issues and for decision. The court may require the
frivolous claims or defenses should be parties to submit their respective
eliminated; memoranda, if possible in electronic form,
(i) Discuss the propriety of rendering a within a non-extendible period of thirty (30)
summary judgment or a judgment based on days from the date the case is submitted for
the pleadings, evidence and admissions decision.
made during pre-trial; The court shall have a period of sixty (60)
(j) Observe the Most Important Witness Rule in days to decide the case from the date the
limiting the number of witnesses, case is submitted for decision.
determining the facts to be proved by each
witness and fixing the approximate number The court shall have a period of one (1) year
of hours per witness; from the filing of the complaint to try and
(k) Encourage referral of the case to a trial by decide the case. Before the expiration of the
commissioner under Rule 32 of the Rules of one-year period, the court may petition the
Court or to a mediator or arbitrator under Supreme Court for the extension of the
any of the alternative modes of dispute period for justifiable cause.
resolution governed by the Special Rules of
Court on Alternative Dispute Resolution; The court shall prioritize the adjudication of
(l) Determine the necessity of engaging the environmental cases.
services of a qualified expert as a friend of One-day Examination of Witness Rule (,
the court (amicus curiae); and Rule 4, Part 2,Sec. 3)
(m) Ask parties to agree on the specific trial
dates for continuous trial, comply with the A witness has to be fully examined in one (1)
one-day examination of witness rule, adhere day, subject to the court’s discretion of
to the case flow chart determined by the extending the examination for justifiable reason.
court which shall contain the different stages The court shall strictly adhere to this rule.
of the proceedings up to the promulgation of
the decision and use the time frame for each TEMPORARY ENVIRONMENTAL
stage in setting the trial dates. PROTECTION ORDER (TEPO) (Rule 2, Sec. 8)
The Rules provide that an applicant who files for The process of execution shall terminate
the issuance of a TEPO is exempt from the upon a sufficient showing that the decision
posting of a bond, but the Rules also provide for or order has been implemented to the
safeguards for the possible pernicious effects satisfaction of the court in accordance with
upon the party or person sought to be enjoined Section 14, Rule 39 of the Rules of Court.
by the TEPO:
Reliefs in a Citizen’s Suit (Rule 5,Sec. 1)
1) A TEPO may only be issued in matters of
extreme urgency and the applicant will suffer If warranted, the court may grant to the plaintiff
grave injustice and irreparable injury, proper reliefs which shall include the protection,
2) the TEPO is effective for only 72 hours; and preservation or rehabilitation of the environment
3) The court should periodically monitor the and the payment of attorney’s fees, costs of suit
existence of acts which are the subject and other litigation expenses.
matter of the TEPO. The TEPO can also be
lifted anytime as the circumstances may It may also require the violator to submit a
warrant. program of rehabilitation or restoration of the
environment, the costs of which shall be borne
Note: While the TEPO may be issued ex parte, by the violator, or to contribute to a special trust
this is more of the exception. The general rule fund for that purpose subject to the control of
on the conduct of a hearing pursuant to due the court.
process remains.
Permanent Environmental Protection
Judgment and Execution (Rule 5, Part 2) Order; Writ of Continuing Mandamus (, Rule
5, Part 2,Sec. 3)
Any judgment directing the performance of
acts for the protection, preservation or 1) In the judgment, the court may convert the
rehabilitation of the environment shall be TEPO to a permanent EPO or issue a writ of
executory pending appeal unless restrained continuing mandamus directing the
by the appellate court. performance of acts which shall be effective
until the judgment is fully satisfied.
A judgment rendered pursuant to these 2) The court may, by itself or through the
Rules is immediately executory. It may not appropriate government agency, monitor the
be stayed by the posting of a bond under execution of the judgment and require the
Rule 39 of the Rules of Court and the sole party concerned to submit written reports on
remedy lies with the appellate court. The a quarterly basis or sooner as may be
appellate court can issue a TRO to restrain Bar Operations
necessary, detailing the progress of
Commissions 403
403
the execution and satisfaction of the
judgment. The other party may, at its option, Contents and Form of Verified Petition
submit its comments or observations on the
execution of the judgment. The petition must:
3) In this provision, continuing mandamus is
made available as a final relief. As a remedy, Allege the facts with certainty;
continuing mandamus is decidedly an Be supported by evidence attached thereto;
attractive relief. Nevertheless, the monitoring Specify that the petition concerns an
function attached to the writ is decidedly environmental law, rule or regulation;
taxing upon the court. Thus, it is meant to Contain a prayer that judgment be rendered
be an exceptional remedy. commanding the respondent to do an act or
series of acts until the judgment is fully
WRIT OF CONTINUING MANDAMUS satisfied and to pay damages sustained by
the petitioner by reason of the malicious
Continuing mandamus is a writ issued by a neglect to perform the duties of the
court in an environmental case directing any respondent, under the law, rules or
agency or instrumentality of the government or regulations; and,
officer thereof to perform an act or series of Contain a sworn certification of non-forum
acts decreed by final judgment which shall shopping.
remain effective until judgment is fully satisfied
(Sec. 4[c], Rule 1, Part 1). Where to File the Petition
The concept of continuing mandamus was
originally enunciated in the case of Concerned The petition shall be filed with the Regional Trial
Residents of Manila Bay vs. MMDA (G.R. No. Court exercising jurisdiction over the territory
171947-98, December 18, 2008). where the actionable neglect or omission
occurred or with the Court of Appeals or the
The Rules now codify the Writ of Continuing Supreme Court.
Mandamus as one of the principal remedies
which may be availed of in environmental cases. The petitioner shall be exempt from the
payment of docket fees.
Availability
Order to Comment
1. When any agency or instrumentality of the
government or officer thereof: If the petition is sufficient in form and
substance, the court shall issue the writ and
a) unlawfully neglects the performance of an require the respondent to comment on the
act which the law specifically enjoins as a petition within ten (10) days from receipt of a
duty resulting from an office, trust or copy thereof.
station in connection with the
enforcement or violation of an Such order shall be served on the respondents
environmental law rule or regulation or a in such manner as the court may direct,
right therein; or, together with a copy of the petition and any
b) unlawfully excludes another from the use annexes thereto.
or enjoyment of such right; and
Expediting Proceedings
2. There is no other plain, speedy and adequate
remedy in the ordinary course of law. The court in which the petition is filed may issue
such orders to expedite the proceedings, and it
How to Avail may also grant a TEPO for the preservation of
the rights of the parties pending such
The person aggrieved may file a verified petition proceedings.
in the proper court.
404
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
Proceedings after the comment is filed an auxiliary remedy prior to the issuance of
the writ itself.
After the comment is filed or the time for the As a special civil action, the Writ of
filing thereof has expired, the court may hear Continuing Mandamus may be availed of to
the case which shall be summary in nature or compel the performance of an act specifically
require the parties to submit memoranda. enjoined by law. It permits the court to
retain jurisdiction after judgment, in order to
The petition shall be resolved without delay ensure the successful implementation of the
within sixty (60) days from the date of the reliefs mandated under the court’s decision.
submission of the petition for resolution. For this purpose, the court may compel the
submission of compliance reports from the
Judgment respondent government agencies as well as
avail of other means to monitor compliance
If warranted, the court shall grant the privilege with its decision. Its availability as a special
of the writ of continuing mandamus requiring civil action likewise complements its role as a
respondent to perform an act or series of acts final relief in environmental civil cases and in
until the judgment is fully satisfied and to grant the Writ of Kalikasan, where continuing
such other reliefs as may be warranted mandamus may likewise be issued should
resulting from the wrongful or illegal acts of the the facts merit such relief.
respondent.
Strategic Lawsuit Against Public
The court shall require the respondent to Participation or SLAPP (Rule 6, Part 2)
submit periodic reports detailing the progress
and execution of the judgment, and may, by Definition
itself or through a commissioner or the
appropriate government agency, evaluate and SLAPP refers to an action, whether civil, criminal
monitor compliance. or administrative, brought against any person,
institution or any government agency or local
The petitioner may submit its comments or government unit or its officials and employees,
observations on the execution of the judgment. with the intent to harass, vex, exert undue
pressure or stifle any legal recourse that such
person, institution or government agency has
Return of the Writ taken or may take in the enforcement of
environmental laws, protection of the
Partial returns. The periodic reports environment or assertion of environmental
submitted by the respondent detailing rights (Sec. 4[g], Rule 1).
compliance with the judgment shall be
contained in partial returns of the writ. How alleged as a defense. In a SLAPP
Final return. Upon full satisfaction of the filed against a person involved in the
judgment, a final return of the writ shall be enforcement of environmental laws,
made to the court by the respondent. If the protection of the environment, or assertion
court finds that the judgment has been fully of environmental rights, the defendant may
implemented, the satisfaction of judgment file an answer interposing as a defense that
shall be entered in the court docket. the case is a SLAPP and shall be supported
by documents, affidavits, papers and other
Notes: evidence; and, by way of counterclaim, pray
for damages, attorney‘s fees and costs of
Procedurally, the filing before the courts of a suit.
petition for the issuance of a writ of
continuing madamus is similar to the filing When alleged. Since a motion to dismiss is
of an ordinary writ of mandamus. However, a prohibited pleading, SLAPP as an
the issuance of a TEPO is made available as Bar Operations
affirmative defense should be
Commissions 405
405
raised in an answer along with other a) natural or juridical person;
defenses that may be raised in the case b) entity authorized by law;
alleged to be a SLAPP. c) people’s organization;
d) non-governmental organization; or,
Opposition. The court shall direct the e) any public interest group accredited by or
plaintiff or adverse party to file an registered with any government agency
opposition showing the suit is not a SLAPP,
attaching evidence in support thereof, For whose behalf: on behalf of persons whose
within a non-extendible period of five (5) constitutional right to a balanced and healthful
days from receipt of notice that an answer ecology is violated, or threatened with violation.
has been filed.
Threat or violation, how committed: by an
Hearing; summary in nature. The unlawful act or omission involving environmental
defense of a SLAPP shall be set for hearing damage of such magnitude as to prejudice the
by the court after issuance of the order to life, health or property of inhabitants in two or
file an opposition within fifteen (15) days more cities or provinces.
from filing of the comment or the lapse of
the period. Where to file: To the SC or any stations of the
CA. (Sec. 3, Rule 7)
Evidence. The parties must submit all
available evidence in support of their Writ of Kalikasan, an extraordinary
respective positions. The party seeking the remedy
dismissal of the case must prove by
substantial evidence that his acts for the The underlying emphasis in the Writ of
enforcement of environmental law is a Kalikasan is magnitude as it deals with damage
legitimate action for the protection, that transcends political and territorial
preservation and rehabilitation of the boundaries.
environment. The party filing the action
assailed as a SLAPP shall prove by Magnitude is thus measured according to the
preponderance of evidence that the action is qualification set forth in this Rule—when there is
not a SLAPP and is a valid claim. environmental damage that prejudices the life,
health or property of inhabitants in two or more
Court action. The defense of a SLAPP shall cities or provinces.
be resolved within thirty (30) days after the
summary hearing. If the court dismisses the Those who may file for this remedy must
action, the court may award damages, represent the inhabitants prejudiced by the
attorney‘s fees and costs of suit under a environmental damage subject of the writ. The
counterclaim if such has been filed. The requirement of accreditation of a group or
dismissal shall be with prejudice. If the organization is for the purpose of verifying its
court rejects the defense of a SLAPP, the existence. The accreditation is a mechanism to
evidence adduced during the summary prevent fly by night groups from abusing the
hearing shall be treated as evidence of the writ.
parties on the merits of the case. The action
shall proceed in accordance with the Rules Exemption from Payment of Docket Fees
of Court. (Rule 7,Sec. 4,)
WRIT OF KALIKASAN (Rule 7, Part 3) The exemption from payment of docket fees is
consistent with the character of the reliefs
The Writ of Kalikasan is a remedy. available under the writ, which excludes
damages for personal injuries. This exemption
Who may avail of the writ also encourages public participation in availing
of the remedy.
406
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Criminal
Remedial
or other expert studies, and if possible,
Issuance of the Writ (Rule 7, Sec. 5 object evidence, in support of the defense of
the respondent.
Within three (3) days from the date of filing of
the petition, if the petition is sufficient in form Note: A general denial of allegations in the
and substance, the court shall give an order: petition shall be considered as an admission
thereof.
a) issuing the writ; and,
b) requiring the respondent to file a verified Effect of Failure to File Return (Rule 7, Sec.
10)
return as provided in Section 8 of this Rule.
The clerk of court shall forthwith issue the writ
The court shall proceed to hear the petition ex
under the seal of the court including the
parte.
issuance of a cease and desist order and other
temporary reliefs effective until further order.
Hearing (Rule 7, Sec. 11)
The writ shall be served upon the respondent by
Upon receipt of the return of the respondent,
a court officer or any person deputized by the
the court may call a preliminary conference to
court, who shall retain a copy on which to make
simplify the issues, determine the possibility of
a return of service. In case the writ cannot be
obtaining stipulations or admissions from the
served personally, the rule on substituted
parties, and set the petition for hearing.
service shall apply (Rule 7, Sec. 6).
After hearing, the court may punish the
respondent who refuses or unduly delays the
A clerk of court who unduly delays or refuses to
filing of a return, or who makes a false return,
issue the writ after its allowance, or a court
or any person who disobeys or resists a lawful
officer or deputized person who unduly delays
process or order of the court for indirect
or refuses to serve the same shall be punished
contempt under Rule 71 of the Rules of Court
by the court for contempt without prejudice to
(Rule 7, Sec. 13).
other civil, criminal or administrative actions
(Rule 7, Sec. 7).
Prohibited Pleadings and Motions (Rule 7,
Sec. 9)
Return of the Respondent (Rule 7, Sec. 8)
1) Motion to dismiss
Within a non-extendible period of ten (10)
2) Motion for extension of time to file return
days after service of the writ, the respondent
3) Motion for postponement
shall file a verified return.
4) Motion for a bill of particulars
The return shall contain all defenses to show 5) Counterclaim or cross-claim
that respondent did NOT: 6) Third-party complaint
7) Reply; and
a) violate or threaten to violate, or allow the 8) Motion to declare respondent in default.
violation of any environmental law, rule or
regulation; or, Discovery Measures (Rule 7, Sec. 12,)
b) commit any act resulting to environmental
1. Ocular Inspection
damage of such magnitude as to
prejudice the life, health or property of
A party may file a verified motion that
inhabitants in two or more cities or
must show that an ocular inspection order
provinces.
is necessary to establish the magnitude of
All defenses not raised in the return shall be the violation or the threat as to prejudice
deemed waived. the life, health or property of inhabitants
in two or more cities or provinces.
The return shall include affidavits of
witnesses, documentary evidence, scientific Bar Operations
Commissions 407
407
It shall state in detail the place or places
to be inspected and shall be supported by It is claimed that the Environmental
affidavits of witnesses having personal Compliance Certificate (ECC) was issued in
knowledge of the violation or threatened violation of rules. The Court ruled that the
violation of environmental law. allegation cannot come within the coverage
of the writ of kalikasan because no causal
Order for Ocular Inspection link or reasonable connection was shown
between the defects in the issuances of ECC
After hearing, the court may order any person in and the actual violation of constitutional
possession or control of a designated land or right to balanced and healthful ecology (Paje
other property to permit entry for the purpose vs. Casiño, G.R. No. 207257, February 3, 2015).
of inspecting or photographing the property or
any relevant object or operation thereon. Petitioners sought directive from Court in
The order shall: connection with the grounding of the USS
Guardian on Tubbataha Reefs. The Court
a) specify the person or persons authorized ruled that since the US were sued in their
to make the inspection; official capacity, the principle of state
b) specify the date, time, place and manner immunity bars the exercise of jurisdiction by
of making the inspection; Court. For recovery of damages, it should
c) it may prescribe other conditions to not be raised in a writ of kalikasan petition
protect the constitutional rights of all but through a separate civil suit (Arigo vs.
parties. Swift, G.R. No. 206510, September 16, 2014).
408
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
(c) Directing the respondent public official, Who Aggrieved party Broad range
government agency, private person or entity may file
to monitor strict compliance with the decision Respond Government and Even private
and orders of the court; ent its officers individual may
be made
respondent
(d) Directing the respondent public official, Venue RTC/CA/SC SC/CA
government agency, or private person or Discover No provision With specific
entity to make periodic reports on the y provision
execution of the final judgment; and, measure
s
(e) Such other reliefs which relate to the right of Payment Allowed Not allowed
of
the people to a balanced and healthful
damages
ecology or to the protection, preservation,
rehabilitation or restoration of the
environment, EXCEPT the award of damages
to individual petitioners.
Writ of
Writ of
Continuing
Kalikasan
Mandamus
Subject Unlawful neglect Unlawful act
Matter in performance of or omission
ministerial act involving
environmental
damage of
such
magnitude as
to prejudice
the life, health
or property of
inhabitants in
two or more
cities or
provinces
Bar Operations
Commissions 409
409
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE (Part 4) Strategic Lawsuit Against Public
Participation (SLAPP)
Who may file (Rule 9,Sec. 1)
A motion to dismiss may be filed on the
Any offended party, peace officer or any ground that the criminal action is a SLAPP.
public officer charged with the enforcement There must be a Summary Hearing before
of an environmental law the resolution of the motion.
Institution of Criminal and Civil Action of the court upon the motion to
actions (Rule 10,Sec. 1) dismiss
When a criminal action is instituted, the civil a) Grant the motion if the accused
action for the recovery of civil liability establishes in the summary hearing that
arising from the offense charged, shall be the criminal case is a SLAPP.
deemed instituted with the criminal action b) If the court denies the motion, the court
unless the complainant waives the civil shall immediately proceed with the
action, reserves the right to institute it arraignment of the accused.
separately or institutes the civil action prior
to the criminal action. Procedure in Custody and Disposition
of Seized Items (Rule 12,Sec. 2)
Arrest Without Warrant; When Lawful
(Rule 11, Sec. 1) In the absence of applicable laws or rules
promulgated by the concerned government
A peace officer or an individual deputized agency, the following procedure shall be
by the proper government agency may, observed:
without a warrant, arrest a person:
1) The apprehending officer having initial
a) When, in his presence, the person to be custody and control of the seized items,
arrested has committed, is actually equipment, paraphernalia, conveyances
committing or is attempting to commit and instruments shall physically
an offense; or, inventory and whenever practicable,
b) When an offense has just been photograph the same in the presence of
committed, and he has probable cause the person from whom such items were
to believe based on personal knowledge seized.
of facts or circumstances that the person
to be arrested has committed it. 2) Thereafter, the apprehending officer
shall submit to the issuing court the
The CFI ordered the seizure of two return of the search warrant within five
vessels in connection with illegal fishing. (5) days from date of seizure or in case
The Court ruled that the seizure is valid of warrantless arrest, submit within five
because the vessel can be quickly (5) days from date of seizure, the
moved out of the locality or jurisdiction inventory report, compliance report,
in which the search warrant must be photographs, representative samples and
sought before such warrant could be other pertinent documents to the public
secured (Roldan, Jr. vs. Arca, G.R. No. prosecutor for appropriate action.
L-25434, July 25, 1975).
410
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
3) Upon motion by any interested party, the
court may direct the auction sale of 1. Judge must read the information in a
seized items, equipment, paraphernalia, language known to and understood by
tools or instruments of the crime. The the accused; and,
court shall, after hearing, fix the 2. Require the accused to sign a written
minimum bid price based on the undertaking, as follows:
recommendation of the concerned
government agency. The sheriff shall a) To appear before the court that
conduct the auction. issued the warrant of arrest for
arraignment purposes on the date
4) The auction sale shall be with notice to scheduled, and if the accused fails to
the accused, the person from whom the appear without justification on the
items were seized, or the owner thereof date of arraignment, accused waives
and the concerned government agency. the reading of the information and
authorizes the court to enter a plea of
5) The notice of auction shall be posted in not guilty on his behalf and to set the
three conspicuous places in the city or case for trial;
municipality where the items, b) To appear whenever required by the
equipment, paraphernalia, tools or court where the case is pending; and,
instruments of the crime were seized. c) To waive the right of the accused to
be present at the trial, and upon
6) The proceeds shall be held in trust and failure of the accused to appear
deposited with the government without justification and despite due
depository bank for disposition according notice, the trial may proceed in
to the judgment. absentia.
Where filed (Rule 14, Sec. 1) The court shall set the arraignment of the
accused within fifteen (15) days from the
a) court where the case is pending; or, time it acquires jurisdiction over the
b) in the absence or unavailability of the accused, with notice to the public
judge thereof, with any RTC judge, prosecutor and offended party or concerned
MeTC judge, MTC judge or MCTC judge government agency that it will entertain
in the province, city or municipality; or, plea-bargaining on the date of the
c) if the accused is arrested in a province, arraignment.
city or municipality other than where the
case is pending, with any RTC of said
place; or, Plea-bargaining (Sec. 2, Rule 15)
d) if no judge thereof is available, with any
MeTC, MTC or MCTC judge therein. Where the prosecution and offended party
or concerned government agency agree to
If the court grants bail, the court may issue the plea offered, court shall:
a hold-departure order in appropriate cases.
a) Issue an order which contains the plea-
Duties of the court before granting the bargaining arrived at;
application for bail (Rule 14, Sec. 2,) Bar Operations
Commissions 411
411
b) Proceed to receive evidence on the civil Pre-trial Duty of the Judge (Rule 16,
aspect of the case, if any; and Sec. 3)
c) Render and promulgate judgment of
conviction, including the civil liability for 1) Place the parties and their counsels
damages. under oath;
412
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
Precautionary Principle (Rule 20, Part 5)
Agreements or admissions. All
agreements or admissions made or Precautionary principle states that when
entered during the pre-trial conference human activities may lead to threats of
shall be reduced in writing and signed by serious and irreversible damage to the
the accused and counsel; otherwise, environment that is scientifically plausible
they cannot be used against the but uncertain, actions shall be taken to
accused. The agreements covering the avoid or diminish that threat.
matters referred to in Section 1, Rule
118 of the Rules of Court shall be Applicability (Rule 20, Sec. 1)
approved by the court (Rule 16, Sec. 5,).
When there is a lack of full scientific
Record of proceedings. All certainty in establishing a causal link
proceedings during the pre-trial shall be between human activity and environmental
recorded, the transcripts prepared and effect.
the minutes signed by the parties or
their counsels (Rule 16,Sec. 6,). Note: The constitutional right of the people
to a balanced and healthful ecology shall be
Pre-trial Order (Rule 16,Sec. 7,) given the benefit of the doubt.
The court shall issue a pre-trial order within Standards for Application (Rule 20, Sec.
ten (10) days after the termination of the 2)
pre-trial, setting forth:
a) Threats to human life or health;
a) the actions taken during the pre-trial b) Inequity to present or future
conference; generations; and,
b) the facts stipulated; c) Prejudice to the environment without
c) the admissions made; legal consideration of the environmental
d) the evidence marked; rights of those affected.
e) the number of witnesses to be
presented; and, the schedule of trial. Documentary Evidence (Rule 21, Part 5)
The order shall bind the parties and control
the course of action during the trial. 1. Photographic, video and similar
evidence - Admissible when
Subsidiary liability (Rule 18, Sec. ) authenticated by the person who took
the same, by some other person present
In case of conviction of the accused and when said evidence was taken, or by any
subsidiary liability is allowed by law, the other person competent to testify on the
court may, by motion of the person entitled accuracy thereof (Sec. 1, Rule 21).
to recover under judgment, enforce such 2. Entries in official records made in the
subsidiary liability against a person or performance of his duty by a public
corporation subsidiary liable under Article officer of the Philippines, or by a person
102 and Article 103 of the Revised Penal in performance of a duty specially
Code. enjoined by law, are prima facie
evidence of the facts therein stated (Sec.
EVIDENCE (Part 5) 2, Rule 21).
Bar Operations
Commissions 413
413
Illustrative Cases irreversible harm and possibility of
serious harm warrant the application of
An appeal against the granting of precautionary principle (Int’l Service for
license to take and kill endangered the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech
fauna from an area where a road was Applications, Inc. vs. Greenpeace
proposed to be constructed is involved. Southeast Asia (Phils.), G.R. No.
Under precautionary principle, 209271, July 26, 2016).
consideration of the state of knowledge
or uncertainty regarding a specie, the
potential for serious or irreversible harm 7. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
is clearly consistent with subject matter,
scope, and purpose. Precautionary It is the method fixed by law or the Rules
principle is most apt in a situation where of Court for the apprehension and
there is a scarcity of scientific prosecution of persons accused of any
criminal offense and for their punishment
knowledge of species population,
in case of conviction.
habitat and impact (Leatch vs. Director-
General of National Parks and Wildlife While criminal law declares what conduct
Service, NSWLEC 191, No. 10376 of is criminal, defines crimes and prescribes
1993, November 23, 1993). punishment for such crimes, criminal
procedure lays down the process by which
Greenpeace asserted that air emissions an offender is made to answer for crime
from the power station would he committed. (Riano, Criminal Procedure,
p.22, 2016 ed.)
exacerbate the greenhouse effect.
Applying the precautionary principle, The system of procedure in our jurisdiction is
Greenpeace argued that the court accusatorial or adversarial, NOT inquisitorial. It
should refuse development consent for contemplates two contending parties before the
the project. The Court held that court which hears them impartially and renders
although application of the judgment only after trial. (Riano, Criminal
precautionary principle dictates a Procedure, pp. 22-23, 2016 ed.)
cautious approach in determining
In our judicial set-up, a judge is not permitted
whether or not development consent to act as an inquisitor who pursues his own
should be granted, the principle does investigation and arrives at his own conclusion
not require that the greenhouse gas ex parte(Queto vs. Catolico, G.R. Nos. L-25204 & L-
issue outweigh all other issues 25219, January 23, 1970).
(Greeanpeace Australia, Ltd. vs.
Redbank Power Co., Land and Construction
Environment Court of New South Wales,
NSWLEC 178, ILDC 985, November 10, The rules on criminal procedure, being
parts of the Rules of Court, shall be
1994).
“liberally construed in order to promote
their objective of securing a just, speedy
The contrasting findings in hundreds of and inexpensive disposition of every
scientific studies, Court held that the action and proceeding.” (Riano, Criminal
current scientific research indicates that Procedure, p. 23, 2016 ed.)
the biotech industry has not sufficiently
addressed the uncertainties over the The Supreme Court, in granting the
petitioner’s prayer, held that since the
safety of genetically-modified foods and
appeal involved a criminal case and the
crops. The uncertainty, possibility of
possibility of a person being deprived of
414
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
People, G.R. No. L-20687, April 30,
liberty due to a procedural lapse is great,
a relaxation of the rule was warranted 1996)
(Cariaga vs. People, G.R. No. 180010, July 30, o Jurisdiction of the court is
2010). determined by the law
enforced at the time of the
commission of the offense.
� Regardless of its penalty, the jurisdiction 1. Violation of the Omnibus Election Code;
falls within the RTC (People vs. Morales, G.R. 2. Violation of the Intellectual Property Code;
No. 126621, Dec. 12, 1997) 3. Written Defamation;
4. Anti-money Laundering Law;
� 5. Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act 0f
2002; and,
� Violation of the Dangerous Drugs Act is
6. Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
exclusively within the jurisdiction of the
RTC irrespective of who committed the
7.A.3 JURISDICTION OF CRIMINAL
offense even if the one charged is a public
COURTS
officer. (De Lima vs. Guerrero, G.R. No.
229781, Oct. 10, 2017)
Metropolitan Trial Courts, Municipal Trial
Note: Where the offense is within its exclusive Courts, and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts
competence by reason of the penalty prescribed
therefore, an inferior court shall have Except in cases falling within the exclusive
jurisdiction to try and decide the case jurisdiction of the RTC and of the
irrespective of the kind and nature of the civil Sandiganbayan:
liability arising from the said offense. (Legados
vs. de Guzman, G.R. No. 35285, Feb. 20, 1989). Also, 1. Exclusive original jurisdiction over all
the additional penalty for habitual delinquency is violations of city or municipal ordinances
not considered in determining jurisdiction committed within their respective territorial
because such delinquency is not a crime. jurisdiction [Sec. 32(1), B.P.129 as amended
by R.A. 7691];
Jurisdiction is determined by the
2. Exclusive original jurisdiction over all
PRINCIPAL penalty, NOT by the civil
liability, additional penalty or the subsidiary offenses punishable with imprisonment not
penalty. exceeding 6 years irrespective of the
418
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
amount of fine, and regardless of other regions [Sec 21(1), B.P. 129, as amended by
imposable or accessory penalties. [Sec. R.A. 7691];
32(2), B.P. 129 as amended by R.A. 7691]; 3. Appellate jurisdiction over all cases decided
3. Exclusive original jurisdiction over offenses by the MTC within its territorial jurisdiction
involving damage to property through (Sec. 22, B.P. 129, as amended by R.A. 7691);
criminal negligence [Sec. 32(2), B.P. 129 as 4. Special jurisdiction of certain branches to
amended by R.A.7691]; handle exclusively criminal cases as may be
4. Summary procedure in certain cases; and determined by the Supreme Court (Sec. 23,
5. Special jurisdiction to decide on B.P. 129, as amended by R.A. 7691); and
applications for bail in the absence of all 5. Jurisdiction over criminal cases under
RTC judges in a province or city (Sec 35, specific laws such as
B.P. 129 as amended by R.A. 7691).
a. Criminal and civil aspects of written
The MTCs shall have jurisdiction over the defamation (Art. 360, RPC);
following cases falling within their b. Designated special courts over cases in
jurisdiction: violation of the Comprehensive
Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 (Sec 90,
a. a. Violations of traffic laws, rules and R.A. 9165);
regulations: c. Violation of intellectual property rights
b. b. Violations of the rental law;
(A.M. No. 03-03-03-SC); and
c. c. Violations of B.P. 22 (Anti-Bouncing
Check Law); d. All cases on money laundering (Sec. 5,
d. d. Violations of municipal and city R.A. 9160).
ordinances;
e. e. All other criminal cases where the Sandiganbayan (P.D. 1606, as amended by R.A.
penalty prescribed by law for the 7975 and R.A. 8249)
offense charged is imprisonment not
exceeding 6 months, or a fine not 1. Violations of R.A. 3019, R.A. 1379, and
exceeding P1, 000.00, or both; and Chapter II, Sec. 2, Title VII, Book II of the
f. f. Offenses involving damage to RPC, where one or more of the accused are
property through criminal negligence officials occupying the following positions in
where the imposable penalty does not the government at the time of the
exceed P10, 000.00 [Sec 1 (b),The 1991 commission of the offense:
Rules on Summary Procedure].
a. Officials of the executive branch
occupying the positions of regional
Regional Trial Court (RTC) director and higher, otherwise classified
as Grade “27” and higher of R.A. 6758;
1. Exclusive original jurisdiction in all criminal
cases not within the exclusive jurisdiction of i. Provincial governors, vice-
any court, tribunal or body, except those governors, members of the
sanggunianpanlalawigan and
now falling under the exclusive and
provincial treasurers, assessors,
concurrent jurisdiction of the engineers and other provincial
Sandiganbayan (Sec 20, B.P. 129, as amended departmental heads;
by R.A. 7691); ii. City mayors, vice-mayors, members
2. Original jurisdiction in the issuance of writs of the sangguniangpanlungsod, city
of certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo treasurer, assessors, engineers and
warranto, habeas corpus, and injunction, the city department heads;
enforceable in any part of their respective Bar Operations
Commissions 419
419
iii. Officials of the diplomatic service
occupying the position of consul Q: Hannah, a government scholar and a
and higher; member of student regent of UP, was
iv. Philippine army and air force charged for the crime of estafa and
colonels, naval captain, and all contends that Sandiganbayan has no
officers of higher rank; jurisdiction over the offense charged. Is
v. Officers of the Philippine National her contention valid?
Police while occupying the position
of provincial director and those A: The Court declared in no uncertain terms,
holding the rank of senior that the Sandiganbayan has jurisdiction over
superintendent or higher; felonies committed by public officials in relation
vi. City and provincial prosecutors and to their office. The court further held that
their assistants, and officials and estafais one of those felonies and the
prosecutors in the Office of the Sandiganbayanhas jurisdiction if (a) the offense
Ombudsman and special is committed by a public official or an employee
prosecutor; mentioned in Sec. 4, paragraph "a;" and (b) the
vii. Presidents, directors or trustees, or offense is committed in relation to his office.
managers of government-owned (Serana vs. Sandiganbayan, G.R. 162059, January 22,
orcontrolled corporations, state 2008)
universities or educational
institutions or foundations; 7.A.2 Requisites for a Valid Exercise of Criminal
Jurisdiction: (AW-Bro)
b. b. Members of Congress and officials
thereof classified as Grade “27” and up
under R.A. 6758:
; 7. The court acquires jurisdiction in a
i. Members of the judiciary without criminal case only when the
prejudice to the provisions of the following requisites concur: (a)
Constitution; offense is one which the court is, by
ii. Chairmen and members of law, authorized to take cognizance
Constitutional Commissions, of; (b) offense must have been
without prejudice to the provisions committed within its territorial
of the Constitution; and jurisdiction; and, (c) person
iii. All other national and local officials charged with the offense must have
classified as Grade “27” and higher been brought into its forum for trial
under R.A. 6758. forcibly by warrant of arrest or upon
his voluntary submission to the
2. Other offenses or felonies whether simple court. (Arula vs. Espino, G.R. No. L-
or complexed with other crimes committed 28949, June 23, 1969)
by the public officials and employees
abovementioned in relation to their office; Venue is Jurisdictional in Criminal cases
8. Venue is jurisdictional in criminal
3. Civil and criminal cases filed pursuant to cases. It determines not only the
and in connection with E.O. Nos. 1, 2, 14 place where the criminal action is to
and 14-A; and be instituted, but also the court
which has the jurisdiction to try and
4. Appellate jurisdiction over final judgments, hear the case. The reason for this
resolutions or orders of trial courts in cases rule is two-fold:
where none of the accused is occupying
position corresponding to salary grade “27” First, the jurisdiction of trial courts
or higher (Sec. 4, P.D. 1606 as amended and is limited to well-defined territories
as amended further by R.A. 8249). such that a trial court can only hear
420
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
and try cases involving crimes motor vehicle without the consent of the
committed within its territorial owner, or by means of violence against
jurisdiction. or intimidation of persons, or by using
force upon things. It is deemed complete
Second, laying the venue in the from the moment the offender gains
locus criminis is grounded on the possession of the thing, even if he has
necessity and justice of having an no opportunity to dispose of the same.
accused on trial in the municipality Dismissal of this case, however, shall not
of province where witnesses and preclude the re-filing of the same
other facilities for his defense are criminal case against Casanas before the
available. Unlike in civil cases, a proper tribunal which has territorial
finding of improper venue in jurisdiction over the same, i.e., the
criminal cases carries jurisdictional courts in Marilao, Bulacan (Casanas vs.
consequences. In determining the People, G.R. No. 223833, December 11,
venue where the criminal action is 2017).
to be instituted and the court Note: The question of jurisdiction may be
which has jurisdiction over it, raised at any stage of the proceedings.
Section 15(a), Rule 110 of the Hence, the question of jurisdiction may be
2000 Revised Rules of Criminal cognizable even if raised for the first time
Procedure provides that subject to on appeal (Atienza vs.People, G.R. No.
existing laws, the criminal action 188694, February 12, 2014).
shall be instituted and tried in the
Doctrine of Estoppel, exception to the rule
court of the municipality or
on Jurisdiction
territory where the offense was
committed or where any of its The exception to this rule is when a party is
essential ingredients occurred estopped from questioning the jurisdiction
(Union Bank vs. People, G.R. No.
of the court for reasons of public policy as
192565, February 28, 2012).
he initially invokes the jurisdiction of the
court and then later on repudiates that
9. It is evident that the crime of
same jurisdiction (Tijam vs. Sibonghanoy, G.R.
Carnapping, including all the elements
No. L-21450, April 15, 1968).
thereof - namely, that: (a) there is an
actual taking of the vehicle; (b) the 10. The Court emphasized that the doctrine
vehicle belongs to a person other than of estoppel laid down in Tijam is an
the offender himself; (c) the taking is EXCEPTION and not the general rule.
without the consent of the owner The rule still stands that jurisdiction is
thereof, or that the taking was vested by law and cannot be conferred
committed by means of violence against or waived by the parties (Pangilinan vs.
or intimidation of persons, or by using Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 117363, December
force upon things; and (d) the offender 17,1999).
intends to gain from the taking of the
vehicle - did not occur in Valenzuela City, 11. However, estoppel ought to be applied
but in Marilao, Bulacan. While the Court with caution. For estoppel to apply, the
notes that Casanas was indeed arrested action giving rise thereto must be
in Valenzuela City while in the possession unequivocal and intentional because, if
of the subject motorcycle, the same is of misapplied, estoppel may become a tool
no moment, not only because such is not of injustice (Duero vs. Court of Appeals,
an element of the crime, but more G.R. No. 131282, January 4, 2002).
importantly, at that point in time, the
crime had long been consummated. Case Estoppel, being in the nature of a
law provides that '"unlawful taking' forfeiture, is not favored by law. It is to
or apoderamiento is the taking of the Bar be appliedOperations
rarely—only from necessity,
and only in extraordinary
Commissions 421
421
circumstances. The doctrine must be � Although punishable by
applied with great care and the equity prisioncorreccional, the jurisdiction falls
must be strong in its favor. When within the RTC (People vs. MTC of Quezon
misapplied, the doctrine of estoppel City, G.R. No. 123263, Dec. 16, 1996).
may be the most effective weapon for
the accomplishment of injustice Jurisdiction over Violations of Dangerous Drugs
(Figueroa vs. People, G.R. No. 147406, July Act
14, 2008)
� Regardless of its penalty, the jurisdiction
Jurisdiction over Complex Crimes falls within the RTC (People vs. Morales,
12. Jurisdiction over the whole complex G.R. No. 126621, Dec. 12, 1997)
crime is lodged with the trial court
having jurisdiction to impose the � Violation of the Dangerous Drugs Act is
maximum and most serious penalty exclusively within the jurisdiction of the
imposable of an offense forming part of RTC irrespective of who committed the
the complex crime. It must be offense even if the one charged is a
prosecuted integrally and must not be public officer. (De Lima vs. Guerrero, G.R.
divided into component offenses which No. 229781, Oct. 10, 2017)
may be made subject of multiple
informations brought in different courts Note:Where the offense is within its exclusive
(Cuyos vs. Garcia G.R. No. L-46934, April 15, competence by reason of the penalty prescribed
1988). therefore, an inferior court shall have
Jurisdiction over Continuous Crimes jurisdiction to try and decide the case
irrespective of the kind and nature of the civil
d) A criminal action may be filed in liability arising from the said offense. (Legados
different venues under the rules for vs. de Guzman, G.R. No. 35285, Feb. 20, 1989). Also,
delitos continuados or in those the additional penalty for habitual delinquency is
instances where different trial courts not considered in determining jurisdiction
have concurrent original jurisdiction because such delinquency is not a crime.
over the same criminal offense Jurisdiction is determined by the PRINCIPAL
(Malaloan vs. CA, G.R. No. 104879, May 6, penalty, NOT by the civil liability, additional
1994). penalty or the subsidiary penalty.
Jurisdiction over Money Laundering
e) It is said that when several courts have
concurrent jurisdiction, the first court
� RTC has jurisdiction to try all cases on
which acquires jurisdiction retains it to
money laundering. However, those
the exclusion of the others (Nenaria vs.
committed by public officers and private
Hon. Veluz, G.R. No. L-4683, May 29, 1952).
persons, who are in conspiracy with such
Jurisdiction over Crimes Punishable by public officers, shall be under the
Destierro jurisdiction of Sandiganbayan.
� Where the imposable penalty is
Jurisdiction over Violations of R.A. No. 3019
destierro, the case falls within the
exclusive jurisdiction of the Municipal � Violations of R.A. No. 3019 committed by
Trial Court, considering that in the presidents, directors or trustees, or
hierarchy of penalties under Article 71 managers of government-owned or -
of the Revised Penal Code, destierro controlled corporations, and state
follows arresto mayor which involves universities shall be within the exclusive
imprisonment (People vs.Eduarte, G.R. No. original jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan.
88232 February 26, 1990). (Inocentes vs. People, G.R. Nos. 205963-64 July
7, 2016)
Jurisdiction over Libel Cases
422
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
Note: Regardless of the penalty imposed, the following cases falling
following cases are exclusively within the within their jurisdiction:
jurisdiction of the RTC:
a. Violations of traffic laws, rules and
1. Violation of the Omnibus Election Code; regulations:
2. Violation of the Intellectual Property Code; b. Violations of the rental law;
3. Written Defamation; c. Violations of B.P. 22 (Anti-Bouncing Check
4. Anti-money Laundering Law; Law);
5. Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act 0f d. Violations of municipal and city ordinances;
2002; and, e. All other criminal cases where the penalty
6. Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 prescribed by law for the offense charged is
imprisonment not exceeding 6 months, or a fine
7.A.3 JURISDICTION OF CRIMINAL not exceeding P1, 000.00, or both; and
COURTS f. Offenses involving damage to property
through criminal negligence where the
Metropolitan Trial Courts, Municipal Trial Courts, imposable penalty does not exceed P10, 000.00
and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts [Sec 1 (b),The 1991 Rules on Summary Procedure].
Except in cases falling within the exclusive Regional Trial Court (RTC)
jurisdiction of the RTC and of the
Sandiganbayan: Exclusive original
jurisdiction in all criminal
Exclusive original jurisdiction cases not within the
over all violations of city or exclusive jurisdiction of any
municipal ordinances committed court, tribunal or body,
within their respective territorial except those now falling
jurisdiction [Sec. 32(1), B.P.129 as under the exclusive and
amended by R.A. 7691]; concurrent jurisdiction of
Exclusive original jurisdiction the Sandiganbayan (Sec 20,
over all offenses punishable B.P. 129, as amended by R.A.
with imprisonment not 7691);
exceeding 6 years irrespective Original jurisdiction in the
of the amount of fine, and issuance of writs of
regardless of other imposable or certiorari, prohibition,
accessory penalties. [Sec. 32(2), mandamus, quo warranto,
B.P. 129 as amended by R.A. habeas corpus, and
7691]; injunction, enforceable in
Exclusive original jurisdiction any part of their respective
over offenses involving damage regions [Sec 21(1), B.P. 129,
to property through criminal as amended by R.A. 7691];
negligence [Sec. 32(2), B.P. 129 Appellate jurisdiction over
as amended by R.A.7691]; all cases decided by the
Summary procedure in certain MTC within its territorial
cases; and jurisdiction (Sec. 22, B.P. 129,
Special jurisdiction to decide on as amended by R.A. 7691);
applications for bail in the Special jurisdiction of
absence of all RTC judges in a certain branches to handle
province or city (Sec 35, B.P. 129 exclusively criminal cases as
as amended by R.A. 7691). may be determined by the
Supreme Court (Sec. 23, B.P.
The MTCs shall have 129, as amended by R.A.
jurisdiction over the 7691); and
Bar Operations
Commissions 423
423
Jurisdiction over criminal Officials of the diplomatic service
cases under specific laws occupying the position of consul
such as and higher;
Philippine army and air force
o Criminal and civil colonels, naval captain, and all
aspects of written officers of higher rank;
defamation (Art. Officers of the Philippine National
360, RPC); Police while occupying the
o Designated special position of provincial director and
courts over cases in those holding the rank of senior
violation of the superintendent or higher;
Comprehensive City and provincial prosecutors
Dangerous Drugs and their assistants, and officials
Act of 2002 (Sec 90, and prosecutors in the Office of
R.A. 9165); the Ombudsman and special
o Violation of prosecutor;
intellectual property Presidents, directors or trustees,
rights (A.M. No. 03- or managers of government-
03-03-SC); and owned orcontrolled corporations,
o All cases on money state universities or educational
laundering (Sec. 5, institutions or foundations;
R.A. 9160). b. Members of Congress and officials
thereof classified as Grade “27”
Sandiganbayan (P.D. 1606, as amended by R.A. and up under R.A. 6758;
7975 and R.A. 8249) Members of the judiciary
without prejudice to the
Violations of R.A. 3019, R.A. 1379, and provisions of the Constitution;
Chapter II, Sec. 2, Title VII, Book II of Chairmen and members of
the RPC, where one or more of the Constitutional Commissions,
accused are officials occupying the without prejudice to the
following positions in the government at provisions of the Constitution;
the time of the commission of the and
offense: All other national and local
officials classified as Grade “27”
o Officials of the executive branch and higher under R.A. 6758.
occupying the positions of regional
director and higher, otherwise Other offenses or felonies whether
classified as Grade “27” and higher simple or complexed with other crimes
of R.A. 6758; committed by the public officials and
Provincial governors, vice- employees abovementioned in relation
governors, members of the to their office;
sanggunian panlalawigan and
provincial treasurers, assessors, Civil and criminal cases filed pursuant to
engineers and other provincial and in connection with E.O. Nos. 1, 2,
departmental heads; 14 and 14-A; and
City mayors, vice-mayors,
members of the sangguniang Appellate jurisdiction over final
panlungsod, city treasurer, judgments, resolutions or orders of trial
assessors, engineers and the city courts in cases where none of the
department heads; accused is occupying position
corresponding to salary grade “27” or
424
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
higher (Sec. 4, P.D. 1606 as amended and ▪ When it is a case of persecution rather than
as amended further by R.A. 8249). prosecution;
▪ When the charges are manifestly false and
Q: Hannah, a government scholar and a motivated by lust for vengeance; and,
member of student regent of UP, was charged ▪ When there is clearly no prima facie case
for the crime of estafa and contends that against the accused and a motion to quash
Sandiganbayan has no jurisdiction over the on that ground has been denied (Brocka vs.
offense charged. Is her contention valid? Enrile, G.R. No. 69863-65, December 10, 1990).
426
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
General Rule: There is no direct filing of an 2. from Sandiganbayan to the SC, the
information or complaint with the Office of the Ombudsman, through
Regional Trial Court under Rule 110 its special prosecutor, shall
because its jurisdiction covers offenses represent the People of the
which require preliminary investigation. Philippines, except in cases filed
pursuant to EO Nos. 1, 2, 14 and
Exception: In the absence or unavailability 14-A, issued in 1986.”(People vs.
of an inquest prosecutor, complaint may Sandiganbayan (First and Third
be filed directly with the proper court on Divisions), G.R. No. 188165, G.R. No.
the basis of the affidavit of the offended 189063, December 11, 2013);
party or arresting officer or person.
When the State and the offended
Proper Officer(Rule 112, Sec. 2). party are deprived of due process
because the prosecution is remiss
Persons authorized to conduct the in its duty to protect the interest of
requisite preliminary investigation: the State and the offended party;
(ProNO-CoSpOmP) and,
p) Provincial or city prosecutors and their When the offended party questions
assistants the civil aspect of the decision of
q) National and regional state the lower court (Heirs of Federico
prosecutors Delgado vs. Gonzales, GR No. 184337,
r) Other officers as may be authorized by August 7, 2009)
law
s) Commissions on Elections through its The rule is settled that once a criminal
authorized legal officers for all election complaint or information is filed in court,
offenses punishable under the any disposition thereof, such as its
Omnibus Election Code. dismissal or the conviction or acquittal of
t) Lawyers appointed as special the accused, rests in the sound discretion
prosecutors (Sec.1686, RAC) of the court. While the prosecutor retains
u) Office of the Ombudsman; or the discretion and control of the
v) PCGG with the assistance of OSG and prosecution of the case, he cannot impose
other government agencies his opinion on the court. The court is the
best and sole judge on what to do with the
General Rule: Procedural law basically case. Accordingly, a motion to dismiss the
mandates that "all criminal actions case filed by the prosecutor before or after
commenced by complaint or by the arraignment, or after a
information shall be prosecuted under the reinvestigation, or upon instructions of the
direction and control of a public Secretary of Justice who reviewed the
prosecutor." In appeals of criminal cases records upon reinvestigation, should be
before the CA and before this Supreme addressed to the discretion of the court.
Court, the OSG is the appellate counsel of The action of the court must not, however,
the People, pursuant to Section 35(1), impair the substantial rights of the
Chapter 12, Title III, Book IV of the 1987 accused or the right of the People to due
Administrative Code(Jimenez vs. Hon. process of law (Hipos vs. Hon. Bay, G.R. Nos.
Sorongon, G.R. No. 178607, December 5, 174813-15, March 17, 2009 citing People vs.
2012). Montesa Jr., G.R. No. 114302, 29 September
1995).
Exceptions:
General Rule:
In all cases elevated:
1) The filing of criminal action interrupts
1. to the Sandiganbayan; and the running of the period of
Bar Operations
Commissions 427
427
prescription of the offense charged not attach where an accused pleads guilty to a
even if the court where the complaint defective indictment.
or information is filed cannot try the COMPLAINT INFORMATION
case on the merits(People vs. Olarte, Prepared, subscribed, Always signed and filed by
G.R. No. L-22465, February 28, 1967). and filed by the the prosecutor or
offended party, any authorized prosecuting
2) The filing of the first indictments peace officer or other officer, never the
suspended the running of the officer charged with complainant.
prescriptive period, and the the enforcement of
the law violated.
prosecutions under the informations
Needs to be under Need not be under oath.
to be filed should be regarded as mere oath by the person Reason: Prosecuting
continuations of the previous signing it. officer filing it is charged
proceedings (Arambulo vs. Laqui,G.R. No. with the special duty in
138596. October 12, 2000). regard thereto and is
acting under the special
Exception: If otherwise provided by responsibility of his oath of
special laws. office.
May be filed either Always filed with the
Complaint (Rule 110, Sec. 3) with the prosecutor’s court.
office or the court.
It is a sworn written statement charging a
person with an offense and subscribed by: The Complaint or Information shall be:
(OPO) (Rule 110, Sec. 2)
428
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
grossly deficient, the same may be 3. Violations of the Tariff and Customs
quashed for failure to conform to Code Prosecution of private crimes:
the prescribed form (Rule 117, Custom agents;
Section 3e. 4. Violations of Art. 360, RPC: Those
crimes which cannot be prosecuted de
5. Infirmity in the information such officio and requires that the criminal
as lack of authority of the officer action be brought at the instance of
signing it, cannot be cured by and upon complaint expressly filed by
silence, acquiescence, or even by the offended party. (Sec. 5, Rule 110)
express consent. (Cudia vs. Court of
Appeals, G.R. No. 110315 January 16, 1. Compliance with this is a jurisdictional
1998)Such lack of authority on the requirement and not merely a
part of the officer is a ground for formality. (People vs. Sunpongco, G.R. No.
the quashal of the information. L-42665 June 30, 1988).
(Sec. 3[d], Rule 117).
2. In complex crimes, where one of the
When a Sworn Written Complaint is component offenses is a private crime
Required (Hernandez vs. Albano, G.R. No. L-17081, and the other a public offense, the
May 31, 1961)
fiscal may initiate the proceedings de
officio. (People vs. Orcullo, 46 O.G., Supp.
a. If the offense is one which 11,238).
cannot be prosecuted de
officio:(CAASA) Requirements in Special Laws
The offended party must not have given 9.3. By the parents, grandparents or
his consent (whether expressed or legal/judicial guardians in that
implied) to the offense or pardoned the successive order, if the offended
offenders(Art. 344, Revised Penal Code). party is incompetent or incapable of
doing so;
e) Only the offended spouse, not
otherwise incapacitated, can validly 9.4. By the State pursuant to the
extend the pardon or consent Doctrine of Parens Patriae, when the
contemplated therein. He/she must offended party dies or becomes
pardon BOTH the erring spouse and incapacitated before she could file
mistress or concubine (People vs. the complaint and she has no known
Infante, G.R. No. L-36270, August 31, parents, grandparents or guardian.
1932).
2. Defamation imputing to a person
The acquittal or death of one of the any of the following crimes of
accused in the crime of adultery does not concubinage, adultery, seduction,
bar the prosecution of the other accused. abduction or acts of lasciviousness
can be prosecuted only by the
Death of the offended spouse BEFORE the party or parties defamed.
filing of the complaint for adultery bars
further prosecution; if the offended a. Except in cases that cannot be
spouse died AFTER the filing of the prosecuted de officio, the Information
complaint, his death will NOT prevent the filed by the prosecutor with the proper
proceeding from continuing to its ultimate court is sufficient (Francisco, Jr. vs.
conclusion. People, G.R. No. 177720, February 18,
2009).
Reason: His participation is essential for
the initiation of the action, not for the Prosecution of the Crimes of Adultery and
maintenance thereof (People vs. Diego, G.R. Concubinage (Sec. 5, Par. 2, Rule 110) (Com-
No. 1626, December 15, 1937). Par-Con)
430
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
a. Upon a complaint filed by the ● If the offended woman is of age
offended spouse; and not otherwise
b. The offended party must include, incapacitated, only she can
the guiltyparties, if both are alive; extend a valid pardon.
c. The offended party must not have
consented to the offense or a. The pardon refers to that made
pardoned the offenders. before filing of the criminal
complaint in court. Pardon made
Prosecution of the Crimes of Seduction, after filing does not prohibit
Abduction, and Acts of Lasciviousness (Sec. continuance of the prosecution of
5, Par. 3, Rule 110) the offense except in case of
Upon a complaint filed by the: marriage between the offender and
2. Offended Party, even if a minor, offended party(People vs. Infante, G.
unless she is incompetent or R. No. 36270, August 31, 1932).
incapable; 7.B. PROSECUTION OF OFFENSES(Rule 110)
3. Parents;
4. Grandparents; 7.B.1 Criminal Actions, How Instituted
5. Guardian; (Sec. 1, Rule 110)
6. State, if the offended party dies or
becomes incapacitated before she 1. By filing a complaint with the proper officer:
can file, the complaint, and she has
no known parents, grandparents or Where a Preliminary Investigation is
guardian. required pursuant to Sec. 1 of Rule 112
(Sec. 1[a], Rule 110)
b. The right to prosecute these crimes
shall be exclusive of all other persons a) Preliminary Investigation is required to
and shall be exercised successively in be conducted before the filing of a
the order provided. complaint or information for offenses
where the penalty prescribed by law is
c. These crimes cannot be prosecuted in at least 4 years, 2 months and 1 day
any case, if the offender has been without regard to fine. (Sec. 1, Rule 112)
expressly pardoned by any of them. b) In case of summary procedure, it is
discretionary upon the Prosecutor if he
Rules on pardon: wants to conduct a Preliminary
Investigation.
● The offended minor, if with c) In Metro Manila and other chartered
sufficient discretion, can validly cities outside Metro Manila, unless
pardon the accused by herself if otherwise provided in their charters.
she has no parents or where (Sec. 1[b], Rule 110)
the accused is her own father
and her mother is dead; 2. For all other offenses, directly with the
Municipal Trial Court and Municipal Circuit
● The parents, grandparents or Trial Courts or with the office of the
guardian of the offended minor, prosecutor.
in that order, cannot extend a
valid pardon in said crimes General Rule: There is no direct filing of an
without the conformity of the information or complaint with the Regional Trial
offended party, even if the Court under Rule 110 because its jurisdiction
latter is a minor(U.S. v. Luna, covers offenses which require preliminary
G.R. No. 892, September 11, 1902); investigation.
Bar Operations
Commissions 431
431
Exception: In the absence or unavailability of 2. When the State and the offended party are
an inquest prosecutor, complaint may be filed deprived of due process because the
directly with the proper court on the basis of the prosecution is remiss in its duty to protect
affidavit of the offended party or arresting the interest of the State and the offended
officer or person. party; and,
Proper Officer(Rule 112, Sec. 2). 3. When the offended party questions the civil
aspect of the decision of the lower court
Persons authorized to conduct the requisite (Heirs of Federico Delgado vs. Gonzales, GR No.
preliminary investigation: (ProNO-CoSpOmP) 184337, August 7, 2009)
1) Provincial or city prosecutors and their The rule is settled that once a criminal complaint
assistants or information is filed in court, any disposition
2) National and regional state prosecutors thereof, such as its dismissal or the conviction or
3) Other officers as may be authorized by law acquittal of the accused, rests in the sound
4) Commissions on Elections through its discretion of the court. While the prosecutor
authorized legal officers for all election retains the discretion and control of the
offenses punishable under the Omnibus prosecution of the case, he cannot impose his
Election Code. opinion on the court. The court is the best and
5) Lawyers appointed as special prosecutors sole judge on what to do with the case.
(Sec.1686, RAC) Accordingly, a motion to dismiss the case filed
6) Office of the Ombudsman; or by the prosecutor before or after the
7) PCGG with the assistance of OSG and other arraignment, or after a reinvestigation, or upon
government agencies instructions of the Secretary of Justice who
reviewed the records upon reinvestigation,
General Rule: Procedural law basically should be addressed to the discretion of the
mandates that "all criminal actions commenced court. The action of the court must not,
by complaint or by information shall be however, impair the substantial rights of the
prosecuted under the direction and control of a accused or the right of the People to due
public prosecutor." In appeals of criminal cases process of law (Hipos vs. Hon. Bay, G.R. Nos.
before the CA and before this Supreme Court, 174813-15, March 17, 2009 citing People vs. Montesa
the OSG is the appellate counsel of the People, Jr., G.R. No. 114302, 29 September 1995).
pursuant to Section 35(1), Chapter 12, Title III,
Book IV of the 1987 Administrative Code(Jimenez General Rule:
vs. Hon. Sorongon, G.R. No. 178607, December 5,
2012). The filing of criminal action interrupts the
running of the period of prescription of the
Exceptions: offense charged even if the court where the
complaint or information is filed cannot try
1. In all cases elevated: the case on the merits (People vs. Olarte,
G.R. No. L-22465, February 28, 1967).
(i) to the Sandiganbayan; and The filing of the first indictments suspended
(ii) from Sandiganbayan to the SC, the the running of the prescriptive period, and
Office of the Ombudsman, through its the prosecutions under the informations to
special prosecutor, shall represent the be filed should be regarded as mere
People of the Philippines, except in continuations of the previous proceedings
cases filed pursuant to EO Nos. 1, 2, 14 (Arambulo vs. Laqui,G.R. No. 138596. October
and 14-A, issued in 1986.”(People vs. 12, 2000).
Sandiganbayan (First and Third Divisions),
G.R. No. 188165, G.R. No. 189063, Exception: If otherwise provided by special
December 11, 2013); laws.
434
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
Death of the offended spouse BEFORE the filing sufficient (Francisco, Jr. vs. People, G.R. No.
of the complaint for adultery bars further 177720, February 18, 2009).
prosecution; if the offended spouse died AFTER
the filing of the complaint, his death will NOT Prosecution of the Crimes of Adultery and
prevent the proceeding from continuing to its Concubinage (Sec. 5, Par. 2, Rule 110) (Com-
ultimate conclusion. Par-Con)
3. Defamation imputing to a person any 1.) The offended minor, if with sufficient
of the following crimes of concubinage, discretion, can validly pardon the accused
adultery, seduction, abduction or acts of by herself if she has no parents or where
lasciviousness can be prosecuted only by the accused is her own father and her
the party or parties defamed. mother is dead;
2.)
Except in cases that cannot be 3.) The parents, grandparents or guardian of
prosecuted de officio, the Information filed the offended minor, in that order, cannot
by the prosecutor with the proper court is extend a valid pardon in said crimes
Bar
without the Operations
conformity of the
Commissions 435
435
offended party, even if the latter is a k) Preliminary injunction has been issued by
minor(U.S. v. Luna, G.R. No. 892, September the Supreme Court to prevent the
11, 1902); threatened unlawful arrest of petitioners
4.) 2. To afford adequate protection to the
5.) If the offended woman is of age and not constitutional rights of the
otherwise incapacitated, only she can accused(Santiago vs. Vasquez, G.R. No.
extend a valid pardon. 99289-90, January 13, 1992);
3. When necessary for the orderly
The pardon refers to that made before administration of justice or to avoid
filing of the criminal complaint in court. oppression or multiplicity of
Pardon made after filing does not prohibit actions(Hernandez vs. Albano, G.R. No.
continuance of the prosecution of the 19272, January 25, 1967);
offense except in case of marriage between 4. Where there is a prejudicial question
the offender and offended party (People vs. which is sub judice (before a court or
Infante, G. R. No. 36270, August 31, 1932). judge for consideration);
5. When the acts of officer are without or
in excess of authority(Planas vs. Gil, G.R.
No. L-46440, January 18,1939);
7.B.3 Criminal Action, When Enjoined 6. Where the prosecution is under an
invalid law, ordinance, or regulation;
General Rule: Criminal action cannot be 7. When double jeopardy is clearly
enjoined. apparent;
8. Where the court has no jurisdiction
Exceptions: over the offense(Lopez vs. City Judge,
G.R. No. L-25795, October 29, 1996);
9. Where it is a case of persecution rather
a) To afford adequate protection to the
than prosecution;
constitutional rights of the accused(Santiago
vs. Vasquez, G.R. No. 99289-90, January 13, 10. Where the charges are manifestly false
1992); and motivated by the lust for
b) When necessary for the orderly vengeance;
administration of justice or to avoid 11. When there is clearly no prima facie
oppression or multiplicity of case against the accused and a motion
actions(Hernandez vs. Albano, G.R. No. 19272, to quash on that ground has been
January 25, 1967); denied; or
c) Where there is a prejudicial question which 12. Preliminary injunction has been issued
is sub judice (before a court or judge for by the Supreme Court to prevent the
consideration); threatened unlawful arrest of
d) When the acts of officer are without or in petitioners
excess of authority(Planas vs. Gil, G.R. No. L-
46440, January 18,1939); 7.B.4 Control of Prosecution(Rule 110, Sec.
e) Where the prosecution is under an invalid 5)
law, ordinance, or regulation;
f) When double jeopardy is clearly apparent; All criminal actions commenced by a complaint
g) Where the court has no jurisdiction over the or information shall be prosecuted under the
offense(Lopez vs. City Judge, G.R. No. L-25795, direction and control of a public prosecutor.
October 29, 1996);
h) Where it is a case of persecution rather than The rationale for the Rule that all criminal
prosecution; actions shall be prosecuted under the
i) Where the charges are manifestly false and direction and control of a PUBLIC
motivated by the lust for vengeance; prosecutor is that since a criminal offense is
j) When there is clearly no prima facie case an outrage against the sovereignty of the
against the accused and a motion to quash State, it necessarily follows that a
on that ground has been denied; or representative of the State shall direct and
436
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
control the prosecution thereof (Chua vs. the State, it necessarily follows
Padillo, G.R. No. 163797, April 24, 2007). that a representative of the State
shall direct and control the
The right to prosecute vests the prosecutor prosecution thereof (Chua vs.
with a wide range of discretion whether Padillo, G.R. No. 163797, April 24,
what and whom to charge, the exercise of 2007).
which depends on factors which are best
appreciated by prosecutors (Gonzales vs. c. The right to prosecute vests the
HSBC, G.R. No. 164904, October 19, 2007). prosecutor with a wide range of
discretion whether what and whom
Not even the SC can order the prosecution to charge, the exercise of which
of a person against whom the prosecutor depends on factors which are best
does not find sufficient evidence to support appreciated by prosecutors
at least a prima facie case. The only (Gonzales vs. HSBC, G.R. No. 164904,
possible exception to the rule is where October 19, 2007).
there is an unmistakable showing of grave
abuse of discretion (Chua vs. Padillo, G.R. No. d. Not even the SC can order the
163797, April 24, 2007). prosecution of a person against
whom the prosecutor does not find
Once a complaint/information is filed in sufficient evidence to support at
court, any disposition of the case rests in least a prima facie case. The only
its sound discretion. Although the fiscal possible exception to the rule is
retains direction and control of the where there is an unmistakable
prosecution of the criminal case, where it is showing of grave abuse of
already in court, he cannot impose his discretion (Chua vs. Padillo, G.R. No.
opinion on the trial (Crespo vs. Mogul, G.R. 163797, April 24, 2007).
No. L-53373, June 30, 1987).
e. Once a complaint/information is
The right of the offended party to institute filed in court, any disposition of the
the criminal prosecution for the commission case rests in its sound discretion.
of a public offense ceases upon the filing of Although the fiscal retains
the complaint in court, the fiscal taking direction and control of the
charge of the prosecution of the suit in the prosecution of the criminal case,
name of the People until the termination where it is already in court, he
thereof (Salcedo vs. Liwag, No. L-21068, cannot impose his opinion on the
November 29, 1963). trial (Crespo vs. Mogul, G.R. No. L-
53373, June 30, 1987).
The determination of whether or not
information should be lodged with the court f. The right of the offended party to
lies within the exclusive realm of the institute the criminal prosecution
prosecutor (Ogburn vs. CA, G.R. No. 102795, for the commission of a public
August 10, 1992). offense ceases upon the filing of
All criminal actions commenced by a the complaint in court, the fiscal
complaint or information shall be taking charge of the prosecution of
prosecuted under the direction and control the suit in the name of the People
of a public prosecutor. until the termination thereof
(Salcedo vs. Liwag, No. L-21068,
b. The rationale for the Rule that all November 29, 1963).
criminal actions shall be
prosecuted under the direction and g. The determination of whether or
control of a PUBLIC prosecutor is not information should be lodged
that since a criminal offense is an with the court lies within the
outrage against the sovereignty of Bar exclusiveOperations
realm of the
Commissions 437
437
prosecutor. (Ogburn vs. CA, G.R. No. A, issued in 1986, involving the ill-gotten
102795, August 10, 1992). wealth of Pres. Marcos, his wife, close
relatives, etc. (R.A. No. 8249, An Act Defining
Conditions for a private prosecutor to the Jurisdiction of Sandiganbayan).
prosecute a criminal action:
Prosecution of criminal action in the
a) The public prosecutor has a heavy work Municipal Trial Court or in a Municipal
schedule, or there is no public prosecutor Circuit Trial Court shall also be under the
assigned in the province or city; direction and control of the prosecutor.
b) The private prosecutor is authorized in However, when the prosecutor assigned is
writing by the Regional State Prosecutor not available, the action may be
(RSP), Chief Prosecutor’s Office; prosecuted by:
c) The authority of the private prosecutor must
be approved by the court; and, 1. the offended party;
d) The private prosecutor shall continue to 2. any peace officer; or,
prosecute the case until the end of the trial 3. public officer charged with the
unless the authority is withdrawn or enforcement of the law violated (OCA
otherwise revoked. (A.M. No. 02-2-07-SC, 1 Circular No. 39-2002, August 21, 2002).
May 2002)
� The public prosecutor has a heavy 7.B.5 Sufficiency of Complaint or
work schedule, or there is no public Information: (Rule 110, Sec. 6)
prosecutor assigned in the province or
city; The test of the information’s sufficiency is
� The private prosecutor is authorized in whether the crime is described in intelligible
writing by the Regional State terms and with such particularity with
Prosecutor (RSP), Chief Prosecutor’s reasonable certainty so that the accused is
Office; duly informed of the offense charged. In
� The authority of the private prosecutor particular, whether an information validly
must be approved by the court; and, charges an offense depends on whether the
� The private prosecutor shall continue material facts alleged in the complaint or
to prosecute the case until the end of information shall establish the essential
the trial unless the authority is elements of the offense charged as defined
withdrawn or otherwise revoked. (A.M. in the law. The raison d’etre of the
No. 02-2-07-SC, 1 May 2002) requirement in the Rules is to enable the
accused to suitably prepare his defense
In case of the withdrawal or revocation of (Miguel vs. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 172035,
the authority of the private prosecutor, July 4, 2012).
the same must be approved by court a. The test of the information’s
(Memo Circ. No. 25, April 26, 2002, Regarding sufficiency is whether the crime is
Amendment to Sec. 5, Rule 110). described in intelligible terms and
with such particularity with
In appeals before the CA and the SC, only reasonable certainty so that the
the Solicitor General is authorized to bring accused is duly informed of the
and defend actions in behalf of the People offense charged. In particular,
of the Philippines.(Ong vs. Genio, G.R. No. whether an information validly
182336, December 23, 2009). charges an offense depends on
whether the material facts alleged
In all cases elevated to the Sandiganbayan in the complaint or information
and from the Sandiganbayan to the SC, shall establish the essential
the Office of the Ombudsman, through the elements of the offense charged as
Special Prosecutor shall represent the defined in the law. The raison
People of the Philippines, except in cases d’etre of the requirement in the
filed pursuant to E.O. Nos. 1, 2, 14 and 14- Rules is to enable the accused to
438
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
suitably prepare his defense (Miguel of the facts in the complaint or information
vs. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 172035, (People vs. Valdez, G.R. No. 175602, Jan 18,
July 4, 2012). 2012).
The allegation in the information of the
various ways of committing the offense
The complaint or information is sufficient should be regarded as a description of only
when the following are present: (NamDAc- one offense and the information is not
NaDaP) thereby rendered defective on the ground of
multifariousness(People vs. Soria, G.R. No.
1. 1. The name of the accused (Rule 110, 179031, November 14, 2002).
Sec. 7); b. The real nature of the criminal
2. charge is determined not from the
3. 2. The designation of the offense given by caption or preamble of the
information, or from the
the statute (Rule 110, Sec. 8);
specification of the provision of law
4. alleged to have been violated,
5. 3. The acts or omissions complained of which are mere conclusions of law,
constituting the offense (Rule 110, Sec. 8 but by the actual recital of the facts
and 9); in the complaint or information
6. 4. The name of the offended party (Rule (People vs. Valdez, G.R. No. 175602,
110, Sec. 12); Jan 18, 2012).
7. 5. The approximate date of the
commission of the offense (Rule 110, Sec. c. The allegation in the information of
11); and, the various ways of committing the
8. offense should be regarded as a
9. 6. The place where the offense was description of only one offense and
committed (Rule 110, Sec. 10). The name the information is not thereby
of the accused(Rule 110, Sec. 7; rendered defective on the ground
The designation of the offense given by the statute of multifariousness(People vs. Soria,
(Rule 110, Sec. 8); G.R. No. 179031, November 14, 2002).
The acts or omissions complained of constituting
the offense (Rule 110, Sec. 8 and 9); Name of the accused (Rule 110, Sec. 7)
The name of the offended party (Rule 110, Sec.
12); Complaint or Information must state:
The approximate date of the commission of the
offense (Rule 110, Sec. 11); and, 1. The name and surname of the
The place where the offense was committed (Rule accused; or;
110, Sec. 10). 2. Any appellation or nickname by which
he has been or is known.
10.
3. If his name cannot be ascertained, he
must be described under a fictitious
Note: When an offense is committed by
name with a statement that his true
more than one person, all of them shall be
name is unknown.
included in the complaint or information.
4. If the true name of the accused is
(Rule 110, Sec. 6)
thereafter disclosed by him or appears
The real nature of the criminal charge is in some other manner to the court,
determined not from the caption or such true name shall be inserted in
preamble of the information, or from the the complaint or information and
specification of the provision of law alleged record.
to have been violated, which are mere
If the accused believes that there is a
conclusions of law, but by the actual recital Bar Operations
mistake in his name as set
Commissions 439
439
forth in the complaint or information, vs. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 180122, March 13,
he should call the attention of the 2009).
court about it at the time of
arraignment. If he fails to do so he is Place of Commission of the Offense(Rule 110,
Sec. 10)
estopped from raising the same
question later on (People vs. Narvaez,
G.R. No. 39799, March 20, 1934). General Rule: The complaint or information is
sufficient if it can be understood from its
Proving the identity of the accused as the allegation that the offense was committed or
malefactor is the prosecution’s primary some of its essential ingredients occurred at
responsibility. Accordingly, the first duty of some place within the jurisdiction of the court.
the prosecution is not to prove the crime
but to prove the identity of the criminal, for Exception: When the particular place where it
even if the commission of the crime can be was committed constitutes an essential element
established, there can be no conviction of the offense charged or is necessary for its
without proof of identity of the criminal identification, e.g. Theft in National Library (Art.
beyond reasonable doubt (People vs. Espera, 311, RPC).
G.R. No. 202868, October 2, 2013).
Date of Commission of the Offense(Rule 110,
A mistake in the name of the accused is not Sec. 11)
equivalent, and does not necessarily
amount to a mistake in the identity of the General Rule: It is not necessary to state the
accused especially when sufficient evidence precise date of the commission of the offense.
is adduced to show that the accused is Exception: When it is a material ingredient of
pointed to as one of the perpetrators of the the offense, e.g. Interruption of Religious
crime.(People vs. Amodia, G.R. No. 173791, Worship (Art. 132, RPC).
April 7, 2009).
The remedy against an indictment that fails
Q: Is the phrase “conniving, confederating to allege the time of commission of the
and mutually helping with each other…” offense with sufficient definiteness is a
sufficient in alleging conspiracy in the motion for a bill of particulars (Rocaberte vs.
Information? People of the Philippines, G.R. No. 72994,
January 23, 1991).
A: When conspiracy is charged as a crime, Failure to specify the exact date/time when
the act of conspiring and all the elements the rape occurred odes not ipso facto make
of said crime must be set forth in the the Information defective on its face. The
complaint or information. But when date/time of the commission of rape is not
conspiracy is not charged as a crime in material ingredient of said crime because
itself but only as the mode of committing the gravamen of rape is carnal knowledge of
the crime as in the case at bar, there is a woman, through force and intimidation
less necessity of reciting its particularities (People vs. Magbanua, G.R. No. 128888,
in the Information because conspiracy is December 3, 1999).
not the gravamen of the offense charged. The remedy against an indictment that fails
The conspiracy is significant only because to allege the time of commission of the
it changes the criminal liability of all the offense with sufficient definiteness is a
accused in the conspiracy and makes them motion for a bill of particulars (Rocaberte vs.
People of the Philippines, G.R. No. 72994,
answerable as co-principals regardless of
January 23, 1991).
the degree of their participation in the
crime. The liability of the conspirators is
Failure to specify the exact date/time
collective and each participant will be when the rape occurred does not ipso
equally responsible for the acts of others, facto make the Information defective
for the act of one is the act of all (Lazarte on its face. The date/time of the
440
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
commission of rape is not material If the name of the offended party is
ingredient of said crime because the unknown, the property must be described
gravamen of rape is carnal with such particularity as to properly
identify the offense charged.(Rule 110, Sec.
knowledge of a woman, through 12a)
force and intimidation (People vs.
Magbanua, G.R. No. 128888, December 3,
1999).
2. True Name of the Offended Party
Disclosed.
Note: The date and time of the commission
If the true name of the person against
of the crime of rape becomes important only
whom or against whose property the
when it creates serious doubt as to the
offense was committed is thereafter
commission of the rape itself or the
disclosed or ascertained, the court must
sufficiency of the evidence for purposes of
cause such true name to be inserted in the
conviction. In other words, the "date of the
complaint or information and the record.
commission of the rape becomes relevant
(Rule 110, Sec. 12b)
only when the accuracy and truthfulness of h. Name of the Offended Party Unknown.
the complainant’s narration practically hinge If the name of the offended party is
on the date of the commission of the unknown, the property must be
crime,”(People vs. Pareja, G.R. No. 202122, described with such particularity as to
January 15, 2014)
properly identify the offense charged.
(Rule 110, Sec. 12a)
Name of the Offended Party (Rule 110, Sec.
12)
i. True Name of the Offended Party
Disclosed. If the true name of the
The complaint or information must state: person against whom or against whose
property the offense was committed is
1) The name and surname of the person thereafter disclosed or ascertained,
against whom or against whose property the court must cause such true name
the offense was committed; or to be inserted in the complaint or
2) Any appellation or nickname by which such information and the record. (Rule 110,
person has been or is known. Sec. 12b)
3) If there is no better way of identifying him,
he must be described under a fictitious
name. Note:
1. The name and surname of the 1. In offense against property, if the subject
person against whom or against matter of the offense is generic and not
whose property the offense was identifiable, such as money unlawfully taken,
committed; or an error in the designation of the offended
2. Any appellation or nickname by party is FATAL and would result in the
which such person has been or is acquittal of the accused.
known.
3. If there is no better way of 2. If the subject matter of the offense is
identifying him, he must be specific and identifiable, an error in the
described under a fictitious name. designation of the offended party is
IMMATERIAL.
In Offenses against Property:
If the Offended Party is a Juridical Person:
1. Name of the Offended Party Unknown.
A.Bar Operations
Commissions 441
441
7. State its name or any name or
designation by which it is known or by which it The designation of the offense given by
may be identified; and, the statute.
A.
b. 2. If there is no designation of the offense,
reference shall be made to the section or
There is no need to aver that it is a juridical subsection of the statute punishing it.
person or that it is organized in accordance
with law. The failure to make a designation of the
n. State its name or any name or offense must be regarded as constituting a
designation by which it is known or by mere defect in the form, not tending to
which it may be identified; and, prejudice any substantial right of the
defendant (U.S. vs. Li-Dao, G.R. No. 1316,
o. There is no need to aver that it is a August 29, 1903).
juridical person or that it is organized
in accordance with law. The nature and character of the crime
charged are determined not by the
7.B.6 Designation of the Offense (Rule 110, specification of the provision of the law
Sec. 8) alleged to have been violated but by the
facts stated in the indictment, that is, the
1. The designation of the offense given by the actual recital of the facts in the body of
statute. the information, and not the caption or
preamble of the information or complaint
If there is no designation of the offense, nor the specification of the provision of
reference shall be made to the section or law alleged to have been violated, they
subsection of the statute punishing it. being conclusions of law(People vs.
Dasmariñas, G.R. No. 203986, October 04,
The failure to make a designation of the offense 2017).
must be regarded as constituting a mere defect
in the form, not tending to prejudice any The acts or omissions constituting the
substantial right of the defendant (U.S. vs. Li-Dao, offense; and,
G.R. No. 1316, August 29, 1903).
Qualifying and aggravating circumstances.
The nature and character of the crime charged The qualifying and aggravating
are determined not by the specification of the circumstances cannot be appreciated even
provision of the law alleged to have been if proved unless alleged in the information
violated but by the facts stated in the
indictment, that is, the actual recital of the facts Note: Failure to allege aggravating and
in the body of the information, and not the qualifying circumstances cannot be cured
caption or preamble of the information or by an amendment of the information after
complaint nor the specification of the provision the accused entered his plea (People vs.
of law alleged to have been violated, they being Antonio, G.R. No. 144266, November 27,
conclusions of law(People vs. Dasmariñas, G.R. No. 2002).
203986, October 04, 2017).
However, even though aggravating
2. The acts or omissions constituting the circumstance cannot be considered to
offense; and, impose a graver penalty, it can still be a
basis for the awarding of exemplary
3. Qualifying and aggravating circumstances. damages(People vs. Evina, G.R. No. 124830-
The qualifying and aggravating 31, June 27, 2003).
circumstances cannot be appreciated even if
proved unless alleged in the information For example, it is not sufficient to merely
Complaint or Information shall state: state that the offense was committed with
442
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
treachery without alleging the facts that These must be stated in ordinary and concise
gave rise to treachery(Riano, Criminal language and not necessarily in the language
Procedure, p. 97, 2016 ed.). used in the statute but in terms sufficient:
The real nature of the criminal charge is 6. To enable a person of common
determined not from the caption or understanding to know what offense
preamble of the information, or from the is being charged as well as its
specification of the provision of law qualifying and aggravating
alleged to have been violated, which are circumstances; and,
mere conclusions of law, but by the actual
recital of facts in the complaint or 7. For the court to pronounce
information(Jimenez vs. Hon. Sorongon, G.R. judgment.
No. 178607, December 5, 2012). Defendant cannot be convicted of an
offense of which he has not been
7.B.7 Cause of the Accusation (Rule 110, informed or for a crime higher than
Sec. 9) that alleged in the information.
446
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
AMENDMENT SUBSTITUTION amended (Kummer vs. People, G.R. No. 174461,
September 11, 2013).
amendment
downgrades the Petitioner is charged as a principal in the
nature of the case for murder. The addition of the phrase
offense charged “conspiring, confederating and helping one
or it excludes
another” does not change the nature of
any accused
petitioner’s participation as principal in the
from the
complaint or killing; it is a mere formal amendment
information. (Buhat vs. CA, G.R. No. 119601,December 17,
1996).
AFTER the
plea – To amend the Information so as to change
Covers the charge from homicide to murder after
only the petitioner has pleaded not guilty to the
FORMAL former is proscribed by the 1st paragraph of
amendme Sec. 13 of Rule 110. For certainly, a charge
nt;
from homicide to murder is not a matter of
Leave of
court is
form; it is one of substance with very
obtained; serious consequences (Dionaldo vs.
and, Dacuycuy, G.R. No. L-55357, October 30, 1981).
Amendme
nt is NOT Petitioner in this case maintains that,
prejudicial having already pleaded "not guilty" to the
to the crime of homicide, the amendment of the
rights of crime charged in the information from
the homicide to murder is a substantial
accused. amendment prejudicial to his right to be
informed of the nature of the accusation
General Rule:
A substantial against him. He utterly fails to dispute,
amendment is however, that the original information did
proscribed after allege that petitioner stabbed his victim
arraignment. "using superior strength". And this
Exception: If particular allegation qualifies a killing to
the same is murder, regardless of how such a killing is
BENEFICIAL to technically designated in the information
the accused.
filed by the public prosecutor (Buhat vs. CA,
(Ricarze vs.
G.R. No. 119601,December 17, 1996).
Court of
a. Petitioner is charged as a principal in
Appeals, G.R.
No. 160451, the case for murder. The addition of the phrase
February 09, “conspiring, confederating and helping one
2007) another” does not change the nature of
petitioner’s participation as principal in the
killing; it is a mere formal amendment (Buhat vs.
Note: The test as to when the rights of an
CA, G.R. No. 119601, December 17, 1996).
accused are prejudiced by the amendment of a
complaint or information is: when a defense of
b. To amend the Information so as to
the accused, under the original complaint or
change the charge from homicide to murder
information would no longer be available after
after the petitioner has pleaded not guilty to the
the amendment is made, and when any
former is proscribed by the 1st paragraph of
evidence the accused might have would be
Sec. 13 of Rule 110. For certainly, a charge from
inapplicable to the complaint or information, as
homicide to murder is not a matter of form; it is
Barof substanceOperations
one with very serious
Commissions 447
447
consequences (Dionaldo vs. Dacuycuy, G.R. No. L- When the offense proved is more serious than
55357, October 30, 1981). and includes the offense charged, the defendant
shall be convicted only of the offense charged.
c. Petitioner in this case maintains that,
having already pleaded "not guilty" to the crime When the offense proved is neither included in,
of homicide, the amendment of the crime nor does it include, the offense charged and is
charged in the information from homicide to different therefrom, the court should dismiss the
murder is a substantial amendment prejudicial action and order the filing of new information
to his right to be informed of the nature of the charging the proper offense.
accusation against him. He utterly fails to
dispute, however, that the original information Note: The above rule is known as the Principle
did allege that petitioner stabbed his victim of Variance. To resolve the variance, decide in
"using superior strength". And this particular favor of the accused.
allegation qualifies a killing to murder,
regardless of how such a killing is technically 7.B.10 Venue of Criminal Actions (Rule 110,
designated in the information filed by the public Sec. 15)
prosecutor (Buhat vs. CA, G.R. No. 119601,
December 17, 1996). Venue in criminal cases is:
448
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
b. If one of the offended parties is a private testimony under oath in a proceeding
individual, where said private individual that is neither criminal nor civil, venue
actually resides at the time of the is at the place where the testimony
commission of the offense (Ibid); or, under oath is given. If in lieu of or as
c. If the offended party is a public official, supplement to the actual testimony
where the latter holds office at the time made in a proceeding that is neither
of the commission of the offense (Ibid); criminal nor civil, a written sworn
statement is submitted, venue may
4. 3. Continuing offenses; either be at the place where the sworn
5. statement is submitted or where the
6. 4. Kidnapping or illegal detention, oath was taken as the taking of the
whenever the deprivation of liberty was oath and the submission are both
carried out (People vs. Parulan, 88 Phil material ingredients of the crime
615). The same rule applies to committed. In all cases, the
abduction with rape (People vs. Gorospe, determination of venue shall be based
et al. G.R. No. 51513, May 15, 1984). on the acts alleged in the Information
7. to be constitutive of the crime (Union
8. 5. Piracy, which is triable anywhere Bank of the Philippines vs. People, G.R. No.
(Riano, Criminal procedure, 2011 edition, p. 192565, February 28, 2012).
7); 14.
9. 15.9. Where the Supreme Court,
10.6. Extraterritorial crimes pursuant to pursuant to its constitutional powers,
Art. 2 of the RPC – cognizable by the orders change of venue or place of trial
court where the criminal action is first to avoid miscarriage of justice (Sec. 5[4],
filed (Rule 110, Sec 15d); Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution of the
11. Philippines).Cases originally cognizable by the
12.7. Offenses committed in a train, aircraft Sandiganbayan, the jurisdiction of which
or other vehicle while in the course of the depends upon the nature of the offense and
trip; the position of the accused. (Subido vs.
Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 122641, January 20,
a. The criminal action shall be instituted and 1997). As its jurisdiction is national in scope,
tried in the court of any municipality or the case need not be tried in the place where
territory where such vehicle passed during the act was committed;
its trip, including the place of its
departure and arrival.
b. As regards offenses committed on board a f. Libel. The action may be instituted at the
vessel in the course of its voyage, the election of the offended or suing party in
criminal action shall be instituted and the province or city:
tried in the court of the first port of entry
or of any municipality or territory where a. Where the libelous article was
the vessel passed during such voyage, printed and first published(Agbayani
subject to the generally accepted vs. Sayo, G.R. No. L-47880, April 30,
principles of international law (Calme vs. 1979);
CA, G.R. No. 116688, August 30, 1996). b. If one of the offended parties is a
private individual, where said
13.8. The crime of perjury committed private individual actually resides
through the making of a false affidavit at the time of the commission of
under Art. 183 of the RPC is committed the offense(Ibid); or,
at the time the affiant subscribes and c. If the offended party is a public
swears to his or her affidavit since it is official, where the latter holds
at that time that all the elements of the office at the time of the
crime of perjury are executed. When commission of the offense (Ibid);
Bar Operations
the crime is committed through false
Commissions 449
449
a) Continuing offenses; lieu of or as supplement to the actual
testimony made in a proceeding that is
g. Kidnapping or illegal detention, neither criminal nor civil, a written
whenever the deprivation of liberty sworn statement is submitted, venue
was carried out (People vs. Parulan, 88 may either be at the place where the
Phil 615). The same rule applies to sworn statement is submitted or
abduction with rape (People vs. Gorospe, where the oath was taken as the
et al. G.R. No. 51513, May 15, 1984). taking of the oath and the submission
are both material ingredients of the
h. Piracy, which is triable crime committed. In all cases, the
anywhere(Riano, Criminal procedure, determination of venue shall be based
2011 edition, p. 7); on the acts alleged in the Information
to be constitutive of the crime (Union
i. Extraterritorial crimes pursuant to Art. Bank of the Philippines vs. People, G.R. No.
2 of the RPC – cognizable by the court 192565, February 28, 2012).
where the criminal action is first
filed(Rule 110, Sec 15d; l. Where the Supreme Court, pursuant to
its constitutional powers, orders
j. Offenses committed in a train, aircraft change of venue or place of trial to
or other vehicle while in the course of avoid miscarriage of justice. (Sec. 5[4],
the trip; Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution of the
Philippines)
1. The criminal action shall be
instituted and tried in the court of 7.B.11 Intervention of the Offended Party
any municipality or territory where in Criminal Action (Rule 110, Sec. 16)
such vehicle passed during its trip,
including the place of its departure General Rule: Offended party has the right to
and arrival. intervene by counsel in the prosecution of the
2. As regards offenses committed on criminal action where the civil action for
board a vessel in the course of its recovery of civil liability is instituted in criminal
voyage, the criminal action shall be action pursuant to Rule 111.
instituted and tried in the court of
the first port of entry or of any Exceptions:
municipality or territory where the
vessel passed during such voyage, 1. Where from the nature of the crime and the
subject to the generally accepted law defining and punishing it, no civil liability
principles of international law. arises in favor of the offended party; and,
(Calme vs. CA, G.R. No. 116688, August 2. Where the offended party has waived his
30, 1996) right to civil indemnity OR has expressly
reserved his right to institute a civil action
k. The crime of perjury committed OR has already instituted said action.
through the making of a false affidavit
under Art. 183 of the RPC is committed
at the time the affiant subscribes and General Rule: Offended party has the right to
swears to his or her affidavit since it is intervene by counsel in the prosecution of the
at that time that all the elements of criminal action where the civil action for
the crime of perjury are executed. recovery of civil liability is instituted in criminal
When the crime is committed through action pursuant to Rule 111.
false testimony under oath in a Exceptions:
proceeding that is neither criminal nor Where from the nature of the crime
civil, venue is at the place where the and the law defining and punishing
testimony under oath is given. If in
450
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
Second is an acquittal based on reasonable doubt on
it, no civil liability arises in favor of
the guilt of the accused. In this case, even if the guilt
the offended party; and,
of the accused has not been satisfactorily established,
Where the offended party has he is not exempt from civil liability which may be
waived his right to civil indemnity proved by preponderance of evidence only. This is the
OR has expressly reserved his right situation contemplated in Article 29 of the Civil Code,
where the civil action for damages is "for the same act
to institute a civil action OR has or omission." (Castillo vs. Salvador, G.R. No. 191240, July 30,
already instituted said action. 2014)
7.C. PROSECUTION OF CIVIL ACTION (Rule 7.C.1 Rule on Implied Institution of Civil
111) Action with Criminal Action(Rule 111, Sec. 1)
Our law recognizes two kinds of acquittal, General Rule: When a criminal action is
with different effects on the civil liability of instituted, the civil action for the recovery of civil
the accused. liability arising from the offense charged shall be
deemed instituted with the criminal action.
First is an acquittal on the ground that the
accused is not the author of the act or Exceptions: (WaRes-In)
omission complained of. This instance closes
the door to civil liability, for a person who 1. When the offended party waives the civil
has been found to be not the perpetrator of action;
any act or omission cannot and can never 2. When the offended party reserves his right
be held liable for such act or omission. to institute a separate civil action; or,
There being no delict, civil liability ex delicto 3. When offended party institutes a civil action
is out of the question, and the civil action, if prior to the criminal action.
any, which may be instituted must be based
on grounds other than the delict complained General Rule: When a criminal action is
of. This is the situation contemplated in Rule
instituted, the civil action for the recovery of
III of the Rules of Court.
civil liability arising from the offense
Second is an acquittal based on reasonable charged shall be deemed instituted with the
doubt on the guilt of the accused. In this criminal action.
case, even if the guilt of the accused has
not been satisfactorily established, he is not Exceptions: (WaRes-In)
exempt from civil liability which may be
proved by preponderance of evidence only. When the offended party waives the
This is the situation contemplated in Article
civil action;
29 of the Civil Code, where the civil action
for damages is "for the same act or
When the offended party reserves his
omission." (Castillo vs. Salvador, G.R. No. right to institute a separate civil action;
191240, July 30, 2014) or,
Our law recognizes two kinds of acquittal, with different When offended party institutes a civil
effects on the civil liability of the accused. action prior to the criminal action.
First is an acquittal on the ground that the accused is
not the author of the act or omission complained of. Because of the rule that the civil action is
This instance closes the door to civil liability, for a impliedly instituted with the criminal action,
person who has been found to be not the perpetrator
the trial court should, in case of conviction,
of any act or omission cannot and can never be held
liable for such act or omission. There being no delict, state the civil liability or damages caused by
civil liability ex delicto is out of the question, and the the wrongful act or omission to be
civil action, if any, which may be instituted must be recovered from the accused by the offended
based on grounds other than the delict complained of.
party, if there is any and if the filing of the
This is the situation contemplated in Rule III of the
Rules of Court. civil action has not been reserved,
Bar or waived. (Hun Hyung
Operations
previously instituted
Commissions 451
451
Park vs. Eun Wong Choi, G.R. No. 165496, Where there is waiver/reservation, the
February 12, 2007). private prosecutor disqualifies himself from
the criminal proceeding.
The civil liability may consist of restitution,
reparation of the damage caused or Instances when Party is NOT Authorized
indemnification of consequential damages (Art. to Make Reservation:
104, RPC).
1. B.P. 22 cases (Rule 110, Sec. 1, par. b)
Civil liability is not part of the penalty for the 2. Cases cognizable by Sandiganbayan (Sec. 4
crime committed (Ramos vs. Gonong, G.R. No. of PD 1606, Sandiganbayan Act, as amended by
L-42010, August 31, 1976). RA 8249)
1) Civil liability is not part of the penalty for 3. Tax cases (Sec. 7, Par. b, No. 1, RA 9282, An
the crime committed (Ramos vs. Gonong, Act Expanding the Jurisdiction of CTA)
G.R. No. L-42010, August 31, 1976). B.P. 22 cases (Rule 110, Sec. 1, par. b)
Cases cognizable by Sandiganbayan (Sec. 4
of PD 1606, Sandiganbayan Act, as amended by
Q: A physician-anesthesiologist has RA 8249)
been pronounced guilty of reckless Tax cases (Sec. 7, Par. b, No. 1, RA 9282, An
imprudence resulting in serious physical Act Expanding the Jurisdiction of CTA)
injuries by the RTC, expressly holding
Ospital ng Maynila civilly liable jointly and Doctrine of Primacy of Criminal Cases over
severally with the former. Was the decree Civil Actions
of RTC correct in holding Ospital ng
Maynila liable? Rules:
A: No, in criminal prosecutions, the civil action 3. After the criminal action has been
for the recovery of civil liability that is deemed commenced, the separate civil action arising
instituted with the criminal action refers only to therefrom cannot be instituted until final
that arising from the offense charged. The lower judgment in the criminal action.
court erred in adjudging that Ospital ng Maynila 4. If the criminal action is filed after the said
is solidarily liable with Dr. Solidium for the civil action has already been instituted, the
damages despite the obvious fact that Ospital latter shall be suspended in whatever
ng Maynila, being an artificial entity, had not stage it may be found before judgment on
been charged along with Dr. Solidium. Ospital the merits.
ng Maynila could be held civilly liable only when 5. Suspension shall last until final judgment is
subsidiary liability would be enforceable rendered in the criminal action.
pursuant to Articl 103 of the Revised Penal Code
(Solidum vs. People, G.R. No. 192123, March 10, After the criminal action has been
2014). commenced, the separate civil action arising
therefrom cannot be instituted until final
When Reservation shall be made judgment in the criminal action.
If the criminal action is filed after the said
a. Before the prosecution starts to present its civil action has already been instituted, the
evidence; and, latter shall be suspended in whatever
b. Under circumstances affording the offended stage it may be found before judgment on
party reasonable opportunity to make such the merits.
reservation. Suspension shall last until final judgment is
rendered in the criminal action.
Where the civil action is instituted
separately, the general rules of venue in Exceptions: (InPre-ConAr)
civil actions apply, EXCEPT in case of libel,
which has a special rule of venue. 3. Independent civil actions;
4. Prejudicial civil actions;
452
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
5. When the civil case is subsequently When Acquittal in a Civil Case does NOT
consolidated with the criminal action; Bar Criminal Action
6. Where the civil action does not arise from
the offense charged in the criminal case. 1. Where acquittal is based on reasonable
h) Independent civil actions; doubt;
i) Prejudicial civil actions; 2. Where the assessed liability is not criminal
j) When the civil case is subsequently but only civil in nature;
consolidated with the criminal action; 3. Where the civil liability does not arise from
k) Where the civil action does not arise from or is not based upon the criminal act of
the offense charged in the criminal case. which the accused was acquitted.
Even if the civil action is suspended, the The extinction of the penal action does not
court wherein it is pending can issue carry with it extinction of the civil action.
auxiliary writs therein, such as preliminary However, the civil action based on delict
injunction or attachment, appointment of shall be deemed extinguished if there is a
receivers and similar processes which do not finding in a final judgment in the criminal
necessarily go into the merits of the case action that the act or omission from which
(Babala vs. Abano, G.R. No. L–4600, February the civil liability may arise did not exist
28, 1952). (Sapiera vs. CA, G.R. No. 128927, September 14,
1999).
Rules on Consolidation of Criminal and
Civil Action Judgment in civil action not a bar to a
criminal action for the same act or
1. Done before judgment on the merits is omission.
rendered in the civil action, upon
motion of the offended party. A final judgment rendered in a civil action
absolving the defendant from civil liability is not
2. Not mandatory. a bar to a criminal action against the defendant
for the same act or omission subject of the civil
3. Evidence already adduced in the civil action action (Rule 111, Sec. 5).
deemed automatically reproduced in the
criminal action without prejudice to the right The extinction of civil liability refers
of the prosecution to cross-examine the exclusively to civil liability arising from
witnesses presented by the offended party in crime (delict); whereas the civil liability for
the criminal case, and of the parties to the same act arising from other sources of
present additional evidence (Rule 111, Sec.2, obligation (law, contract, quasi-contract,
par.2). quasi-delict) is not extinguished even by a
declaration in the criminal case that the
When Acquittal in a Criminal Action Bars criminal act charged has not happened or
the Civil Action Arising Therefrom has not been committed by the accused
(Tayag vs. Alcantara, G.R. No. L-50959, July 23
1. The judgment of acquittal holds that the 1980).
accused did not commit the acts imputed to e. The extinction of civil liability refers
him; exclusively to civil liability arising from
2. The accused was not guilty of criminal, or crime (delict); whereas the civil liability for
even civil negligence. the same act arising from other sources of
4.The judgment of acquittal holds that the obligation (law, contract, quasi-contract,
accused did not commit the acts quasi-delict) is not extinguished even by a
imputed to him; declaration in the criminal case that the
5.The accused was not guilty of criminal, criminal act charged has not happened or
or even civil negligence. has not been committed by the accused
Bar Operations
(Tayag vs. Alcantara, G.R. No. L-50959, July 23
1980).
Commissions 453
453
reservation in the criminal action. The failure to
7.C.2 When Civil Action May Proceed make a reservation in the criminal action is not a
Independently waiver of the right to file a separate and
independent civil action based on these articles
An independent civil action comprising of Article of the Civil Code. The prescriptive period on the
32, 33, 34 and 2176 of the New Civil Code , may civil actions based on these articles of the Civil
proceed independently of the criminal action Code continues to run even with the filing of the
and shall require only a preponderance of criminal action. Verily, the civil actions based on
evidence. In no case shall the offended party these articles of the Civil Code are separate,
recover damages twice for the same act or distinct and independent of the civil action
omission.(Rule 111, Sec. 3) "deemed instituted" in the criminal action
(Casupanan vs. Laroya, G.R. No. 145391, August 26,
Rules on Independent Civil Actions(Rule 2002).
111, Sec. 3)
Section 2, Rule 111 of the present Rules did not
1. Involve cases provided in Arts. 32, 33, 34 & change the rule that the separate civil action,
2176 of the New Civil Code. filed to recover damages ex-delicto, is
2. The civil liability under all the said articles suspended upon the filing of the criminal action.
arises from the same act or omission of the Section 2 of the present Rule 111 also prohibits
accused. the filing, after commencement of the criminal
3. Only preponderance of evidence is required. action, of a separate civil action to recover
4. The offended party may not recover damages ex-delicto (Casupanan.vs. Laroya, G.R.
damages twice for the same act or No. 145391, August 26, 2002)
omission.
5. May be brought by the offended party Rule where the Civil Action has been Filed
during the pendency of the criminal case. Separately and Trial thereof has not yet
Commenced
Note:There is no more need for a reservation
(Casupanan vs. Laroya, G.R. No. 145391, August 26, 1. It may be consolidated with the criminal
2002). action upon application with the court trying
the latter case.
General Rule: Independent civil action is 2. Should be done before judgment on the
deemed instituted with criminal action. merits in the civil action.
3. If the application is granted, the trial of both
Exception: When the civil action is filed prior to actions shall proceed in accordance with Sec.
criminal action. 2 of this Rule governing consolidation of the
civil and criminal actions.
Exception to the Exception: When the 4. An independent civil action cannot be
prosecution of independent civil action is parallel consolidated with a criminal action.
to the prosecution of criminal action, there is
neither suspension of independent civil action Note: No counterclaims, cross-claims or 3rd
nor consolidation thereof.(Casupanan vs. Laroya, party complaints are allowed in a criminal
G.R. No. 145391, August 26, 2002). proceeding. Any claim which would have been
the subject thereof may be litigated in a
Under Section 1 of the present Rule 111, what is separate civil action(Supreme Transportation vs.
"deemed instituted" with the criminal action is San Andres, G.R. No. 200444, August 15, 2018).
only the action to recover civil liability arising
from the crime or ex-delicto. All the other civil Rules on civil aspect involving violation of
actions under Articles 32, 33, 34 and 2176 of B.P. 22
the Civil Code are no longer "deemed
instituted," and may be filed separately and 1. 1. The corresponding civil action shall be
prosecuted independently even without any deemed instituted.
454
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
2. 2. No reservation to file such civil action
separately shall be allowed. During the pendency of criminal action, the
3. 3. The filing fees shall be paid in full based running of the prescriptive period of the
on the amount of the check involved, which civil action which cannot be instituted
shall be considered as the actual damages separately or whose proceeding has been
claimed. suspended shall be tolled (Rule 111, Sec. 2).
4. 4. Additional filing fees shall be paid if
other forms of damages are sought. If the 4. The bar on the institution or suspension of
amounts thereof are not alleged but any of the separate civil actions has the following
these damages are subsequently awarded, exceptions:
the filing fees based on the amount awarded
shall constitute a first lien on the judgment. 1.) In cases of independent civil actions
5. under Articles 32, 33, 34 and 2176 of
6. 5. Filing fee is due for each count (Chua vs. the Civil Code.
Executive Judge, G.R. No. 202920, 2.) When the civil action raises a
October 2, 2013).The corresponding civil prejudicial question,
action shall be deemed instituted. 3.) Where the civil action is consolidated
7. with the criminal action,
4. No reservation to file such civil action 4.) When the civil action is not one
separately shall be allowed. intended to enforce the civil liability
5. The filing fees shall be paid in full based on arising from the crime.
the amount of the check involved, which
shall be considered as the actual damages Q: Co was charged by Lim for the crime of
claimed. estafa, however the former was acquitted
6. Additional filing fees shall be paid if other as well as relieved of civil liability from
forms of damages are sought. If the such criminal case. Pending appeal for
amounts thereof are not alleged but any of civil liability of such criminal case, Lim
these damages are subsequently awarded, instituted a civil complaint for specific
the filing fees based on the amount performance and damages. Is such action
awarded shall constitute a first lien on the legally possible?
judgment.
7. Filing fee is due for each count(Chua vs. A: A single act or omission that causes damage
Executive Judge, G.R. No. 202920, to an offended party may give rise to two
October 2, 2013). separate civil liabilities on the part of the
offender. The civil liability arising from the
7.C.3 When Separate Civil Action is offense and the independent civil liabilities.
Suspended Because of the distinct and independent nature
of the two kinds of civil liabilities, jurisprudence
1. After the commencement of the criminal holds that the offended party may pursue the
action, a separate civil action which the two types of civil liabilities simultaneously or
offended party has reserved cannot be cumulatively, without offending the rules on
instituted until final judgment has been forum shopping. The latter case involves only
rendered in the criminal action. the obligations arising from contract and from
2. tort, whereas the appeal in the estafa case
3. If the civil action has already been involves only the civil obligations of Co arising
instituted before the criminal action, the from the offense charged. They present
civil action shall be suspended until final different causes of action, which under the law,
judgment in the criminal action is rendered. are considered "separate, distinct, and
In such case, the offended party has the independent" from each other. Both cases can
option of consolidating the civil action with proceed to their final adjudication, subject to the
the criminal proceeding. prohibition on double recovery under Article
Bar Operations
Commissions 455
455
2177 of the Civil Code(Lily Lim vs. Kou Co Ping, (People vs. Bayotas, G.R. No. 102007 September
G.R. No. 175256 August 23, 2012). 2, 1994).
7.C.4 Effect of Death on Civil Actions (Rule 7.C.5 Suspension by Reason of Prejudicial
111, Sec. 4) Question(Rule 111, Sec. 6)
456
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Criminal
Remedial
supposed authority is found to be defective, may proceed" in Art. 36 of the Civil Code
it is as if no demand was ever made, may, however, be interpreted to mean that
hence, the prosecution for estafa cannot the motion to suspend the criminal action
prosper (Riano, Criminal Procedure, 2016, pp. may be filed during the preliminary
168-169). investigation with the public prosecutor or
f. Jurisdiction to try said question must be court conducting the investigation, or
lodged in another tribunal (Magestrado vs. during the trial with the court hearing the
People, G.R. No. 148072, July 10, 2007) case (Dreamwork Construction, Inc. vs. Janiola,
G.R. No. 184861, June 30, 2009).
g. One of the elements of the crime of estafa
with abuse of confidence is a demand The rationale behind the principle of
made by the offended party to the suspending a criminal case in view of a
offender. Under the circumstances, since prejudicial question is to avoid two
the alleged offended party is the conflicting decisions (Magestrado vs. People,
corporation, the validity of the demand for G.R. No. 148072, July 10, 2007) .
the delivery of the subject vehicles rests
upon the authority of the person making During Preliminary Investigation – in
such a demand on the company’s behalf. If the office of the prosecutor or the court
supposed authority is found to be defective, conducting the preliminary investigation.
it is as if no demand was ever made, During Trial – in the same court trying
hence, the prosecution for estafa cannot the criminal action at any time before the
prosper. (Riano, Criminal Procedure, pp. 168- prosecution rests.
169, 2016 ed.)
1. The Doctrine of Prejudicial Question does NOT
Where to File Petition for Suspension by apply where no civil but only administrative case
Reason of Prejudicial Question (Rule 111, is involved. There is no prejudicial question
Sec. 6) where one case is administrative and the other
civil (Te vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 126746,
November 29, 2000).
a. During Preliminary Investigation – in the
office of the prosecutor or the court 2. In the instant case, Art. 36 of the Civil Code and
conducting the preliminary investigation. Sec. 7 of Rule 111 of the Rules of Court are
b. During Trial – in the same court trying the susceptible of an interpretation that would
criminal action at any time before the harmonize both provisions of law. The phrase
prosecution rests. "previously instituted civil action" in Sec. 7 of
Rule 111 is plainly worded and is not susceptible
The Doctrine of Prejudicial Question does of alternative interpretations. The clause "before
NOT apply where no civil but only any criminal prosecution may be instituted or
administrative case is involved. There is no may proceed" in Art. 36 of the Civil Code may,
prejudicial question where one case is however, be interpreted to mean that the
administrative and the other civil (Te vs. motion to suspend the criminal action may be
Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 126746, November filed during the preliminary investigation with
29, 2000). the public prosecutor or court conducting the
investigation, or during the trial with the court
In the instant case, Art. 36 of the Civil Code hearing the case (Dreamwork Construction, Inc. vs.
and Sec. 7 of Rule 111 of the Rules of Janiola, G.R. No. 184861, June 30, 2009).
Court are susceptible of an interpretation
that would harmonize both provisions of 3. The rationale behind the principle of suspending
law. The phrase "previously instituted civil a criminal case in view of a prejudicial question
action" in Sec. 7 of Rule 111 is plainly is to avoid two conflicting decisions (Magestrado
worded and is not susceptible of alternative vs. People, G.R. No. 148072, July 10, 2007) .
interpretations. The clause "before any Bar Operations
criminal prosecution may be instituted or
Commissions 457
457
Annulment / Nullity of Marriage NOT a marriage, in case the petition [in the civil
Prejudicial Question to Parricide, Bigamy case] is granted, will have no effect on the
and Concubinage alleged crime that was committed at the
time of the subsistence of the marriage. In
At the time of the commission of the short, even if the marriage between
alleged crime, petitioner and respondent petitioner and respondent is annulled,
were married. The subsequent dissolution petitioner could still be held criminally liable
of their marriage, in case the petition [in since at the time of the commission of the
the civil case] is granted, will have no effect alleged crime, he was still married to
on the alleged crime that was committed at respondent (Pimentel vs. Pimentel, G.R. No.
the time of the subsistence of the marriage. 172060, September 13, 2010).
In short, even if the marriage between
petitioner and respondent is annulled, Note: An independent civil action does not
petitioner could still be held criminally liable operate as a prejudicial question to a criminal
since at the time of the commission of the action.
alleged crime, he was still married to
respondent (Pimentel vs. Pimentel, G.R. No. c) An independent civil action proceeds
172060, September 13, 2010). independently of the criminal action (Rule
111, Sec. 3). Because of the [said] rule, “An
Note: An independent civil action does not independent civil action based on fraud,
operate as a prejudicial question to a criminal initiated by the defrauded party does not
action. raise a prejudicial question to stop the
proceedings in a pending criminal
An independent civil action proceeds prosecution of the defendant for estafa
independently of the criminal action (Rule through falsification. This is because the
111, Sec. 3). Because of the [said] rule, “An result of the independent civil action is
independent civil action based on fraud, irrelevant to the issue of guilt or innocence
initiated by the defrauded party does not of the accused.” (Consing, Jr. vs. People, G.R.
raise a prejudicial question to stop the No. 161075, July 15, 2013)
proceedings in a pending criminal
prosecution of the defendant for estafa 4. At any rate, there is NO prejudicial question
through falsification. This is because the if the civil and criminal action can,
result of the independent civil action is according to law, proceed independently of
irrelevant to the issue of guilt or innocence of each other. Under Rule 111, Section 3 of
the accused.” (Consing, Jr. vs. People, G.R. No. the Revised Rules on Criminal Procedure, in
161075, July 15, 2013) the cases provided in Articles 32, 33, 34
and 2176 of the Civil Code, the
At any rate, there is NO prejudicial question independent civil action may be brought by
if the civil and criminal action can, according the offended party. It shall proceed
to law, proceed independently of each other. independently of the criminal action and
Under Rule 111, Section 3 of the Revised shall require only a preponderance of
Rules on Criminal Procedure, in the cases evidence (Caterpillar, Inc. vs. Samson, G.R. No.
provided in Articles 32, 33, 34 and 2176 of 205972, November 9, 2016).
the Civil Code, the independent civil action
may be brought by the offended party. It No Prejudicial Question between an Action
shall proceed independently of the criminal for Cancellation of Trademark and Actions
action and shall require only a for Unfair Competition
preponderance of evidence (Caterpillar, Inc. vs.
Samson, G.R. No. 205972, November 9, 2016). An action for cancellation of trademark is a
3. At the time of the commission of the alleged remedy available to a person who believes
crime, petitioner and respondent were that he is or will be damaged by the
married. The subsequent dissolution of their registration of a mark. On the other hand,
458
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
the criminal actions for unfair competition not the criminal actions for unfair
involved the determination of whether or not competition shall proceed against Samson
Samson had given his goods the general (Caterpillar, Inc. vs. Samson, G.R. No. 205972,
appearance of the goods of Caterpillar, with November 9, 2016).
the intent to deceive the public or defraud
Caterpillar as his competitor. In the suit for 7.C.6 Rules on Filing Fees of Civil Actions
the cancellation of trademark, the issue of Deemed Instituted
lawful registration should necessarily be
determined, but registration was not a 1. No filing fees are required for actual
consideration necessary in unfair damages, UNLESS required by the Rules.
competition. Indeed, unfair competition is Example: B.P. 22 cases, where docket fees
committed if the effect of the act is “to pass are required.(Rule 111, Sec. 1)
of to the public the goods of one man as the 2.
goods of another”, it is independent of 3. When the civil liability is sought to be
registration. As fittingly put in R.F. & enforced by way of moral, nominal,
Alexander & Co. v. Ang, “one may be temperate, or exemplary damages without
declared unfair competitor even if his specifying the amount thereof in the
competing trade-mark is registered.” Clearly, complaint or information, the filing fees
the determination of the lawful ownership of thereat shall constitute a first lien on the
the trademark in the civil action was not judgment awarding such damages.
determinative of whether or not the criminal 4.
actions for unfair competition shall proceed 5. Where the amount of damages, other than
against Samson (Caterpillar, Inc. vs. Samson, actual, is specified, the corresponding filing
G.R. No. 205972, November 9, 2016). fees shall be paid by the offended party upon
the filing thereof in court.
460
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
Does not place the person against whom it reasonably charged with a crime.
is taken in jeopardy (Jamaca vs. People of the Prosecutors control and direct the
Philippines, G.R. No. 183681, July 27, 2015). prosecution of criminal offenses, including
the conduct of preliminary investigation,
Preliminary investigation is a function that subject to review by the Secretary of
belongs to the public prosecutor and Justice. The duty of the Court in appropriate
ultimately, with the Secretary of Justice cases is merely to determine whether the
(Uniliver Philippines, Inc. vs. Tan, G.R. No. executive determination was done without
179367, January 29, 2014).
or in excess of jurisdiction or with grave
abuse of discretion (Heirs of Tria vs. Atty.
Preliminary investigation is essentially an Obias, G.R. No. 175887, November 24, 2010).
inquisitorial proceeding, and often, the only
means of ascertaining who may be 7.D.2 Purposes of Preliminary
reasonably charged with a crime. Investigation:
Prosecutors control and direct the
prosecution of criminal offenses, including 1. To inquire concerning the commission of a
the conduct of preliminary investigation, crime and the connection of the accused
subject to review by the Secretary of with it, in order that he may be informed of
Justice. The duty of the Court in the nature and character of the crime
appropriate cases is merely to determine charged against him, and, if, there is
whether the executive determination was probable cause for believing him guilty, that
done without or in excess of jurisdiction or the State may take the necessary steps to
with grave abuse of discretion (Heirs of Tria bring him to trial;
vs. Atty. Obias, G.R. No. 175887, November 24,
2. To preserve the evidence and to keep the
2010).
witnesses within the State’s control;
3. To determine the amount of bail, if the
offense is bailable (Callo-Claridad vs. Esteban,
G.R. No. 191567, March 30, 2013).
� Merely inquisitorial; Not a trial of the case
on the merits.(De Lima vs. Reyes, G.R. No. This Court need not overemphasize that in a
209330, January 11, 2016).
preliminary investigation, the public prosecutor
� Merely determines the existence of probable
merely determines whether there is probable
cause and to file the information if he finds
cause or sufficient ground to engender a well-
it to be so. (Maza vs. Turla, G.R. No. 187094,
founded belief that a crime has been committed,
February 15, 2017).
and that the respondent is probably guilty
� Can be conducted ex parte if the respondent
thereof and should be held for trial. (Callo-Claridad
cannot be subpoenaed or does not appear
vs. Esteban, G.R. No. 191567, March 20, 2013).
after due notice. (Cf. Rodriguez vs.
Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. L-61355, February 18,
1983). It does not call for the application of rules and
� Does not place the person against whom it standards of proof that a judgment of conviction
is taken in jeopardy. (Jamaca vs. People of the requires after trial on the merits. The
Philippines, G.R. No. 183681, July 27, 2015). complainant need not present at this stage
proof beyond reasonable doubt. A preliminary
6. Preliminary investigation is a function that investigation does not require a full and
belongs to the public prosecutor and exhaustive presentation of the parties' evidence.
ultimately, with the Secretary of Justice Precisely, there is a trial to allow the reception
(Uniliver Philippines, Inc. vs. Tan, G.R. No. of evidence for both parties to substantiate their
179367, January 29, 2014). respective claims.(Estrada vs. Office of the
Ombudsman, G.R. No. 212140-41, January 21, 2015).
Preliminary investigation is essentially an
inquisitorial proceeding, and often, the only
means of ascertaining who may be Bar Operations
Commissions 461
461
The question to be answered in a Court Interference in the Conduct of
preliminary investigation is not: “Is the Preliminary Investigation
respondent guilty or is he innocent?” More
accurately, the question sought to be General Rule: The courts cannot interfere in
answered is: “Is the respondent guilty and the conduct of preliminary investigations,
therefore, should go to trial?” (Riano, leaving the investigatory officers sufficient
Criminal Procedure, 2011 Edition, p. 143) discretion to determine probable cause.
d) The question to be answered in a preliminary
investigation is not: “Is the respondent guilty Exception: When the acts of the officer are
or is he innocent?” More accurately, the without or in excess of authority resulting from
question sought to be answered is: “Is the a grave abuse of discretion (Sps. Balangauan vs.
respondent guilty and therefore, should go to CA, G.R. No. 174350, August 13, 2008).
trial?” (Riano, Criminal Procedure, 2011 Edition,
p. 143)
Instances When Probable Cause Needs to
be Determined; By Whom
462
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
� Secs. 1 and 3 of Rule 112: By the one made during preliminary investigation. It is
investigating officer, to determine whether a function that properly pertains to the public
there is sufficient ground to engender a well- prosecutor who is given a broad discretion to
founded belief that a crime has been determine whether probable cause exists and to
committed and the respondent is probably charge those whom he believes to have
guilty thereof and should be held for trial. A committed the crime as defined by law and,
preliminary investigation is required before thus, should be held for trial.
the filing of a complaint or information for an
offense where the penalty prescribed by law The judicial determination of probable cause, on
is at least 4 years, 2 months and 1 day the other hand, is one made by the judge to
without regard to the fine; ascertain whether a warrant of arrest should be
� Secs. 5 and 8 of Rule 112: By the judge, to issued against the accused. While it is within the
determine whether a warrant of arrest or a trial court’s discretion to make an independent
commitment order, if the accused has assessment of the evidence on hand, it is only
already been arrested, shall be issued and for the purpose of determining whether a
that there is a necessity of placing the warrant of arrest should be issued. The judge
respondent under immediate custody in does not act as an appellate court of the
order not to frustrate the ends of justice; prosecutor and has no capacity to review the
� Sec. 5(b) of Rule 113: By a peace officer or a prosecutor’s determination of probable cause;
private person making a warrantless arrest rather, the judge makes a determination of
when an offense has just been committed, probable cause independent of the prosecutor’s
and he has probable cause to believe based finding (Mendoza vs. People, G.R. No. 197293, 21
on personal knowledge of facts or April 2014, quoting People vs. Castillo, G.R. No.
circumstances that the person to be arrested 171188, June 19, 2009).
has committed it; and,
� Sec. 4 of Rule 126: By the judge, to DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRELIMINARY
determine whether a search warrant shall be INVESTIGATION AND PRELIMINARY
issued, and only upon probable cause in EXAMINATION
connection with one specific offense to be
determined personally by the judge after PRELIMINARY
INVESTIGATIO PRELIMINARY
examination under oath or affirmation of the
N EXAMINATION
complainant and the witnesses he may
Quantu Probable Cause Probable
produce, and particularly describing the place m of Cause
to be searched and the things to be seized Evidence
which may be anywhere in the Philippines. Nature Executive Judicial
Note: Probable cause can be established with function function
hearsay evidence, as long as there is substantial Purpose For the filing For the
basis for crediting the hearsay. Hearsay an information. issuance or
evidence is admissible in determining probable non-issuance
cause in a preliminary investigation because of the warrant
of arrest.
such investigation is merely preliminary, and
Definitio A process to A process to
does not finally adjudicate rights and obligations
n determine determine the
of parties (PCGG vs. Navarro-Gutierrez, G.R. No. whether a probability
194159, Oct. 21, 2015). crime is also of the
committed and accused
7.D.3a DISTINGUISH: EXECUTIVE the accused or having
VS.JUDICIAL DETERMINATION OF respondent is committed a
PROBABLE CAUSE probably guilty crime and
thereof. This is therefore a
There are two kinds of determination of conducted by warrant of
the prosecutor. arrest is
probable cause: executive and judicial. The
issued. This is
executive determination of probable cause is Bar Operations
Commissions 463
463
conducted by probable cause, it suffices that it is believed that
the judge. the act or omission complained of constitutes
(Riano, Criminal Procedure, 2011 Edition, p. 150) the very offense charged (Unilever Philippines Inc.
vs. Tan, G.R. No. 179367, January 29, 2014).
Probable Cause vs. Prima Facie Note: On cases governed by the Rules on
Summary Procedure, the prosecutor may not
Q: Agents of the NBI applied for the conduct preliminary investigation anymore.
issuance of search warrants for the search
of a warehouse and of an office, allegedly The Revised Rule on Summary Procedure
owned by Michael. The application alleged does not provide for a preliminary
that Michael had in his possession investigation prior to the filing of a criminal
counterfeit shampoo products which were case under said Rule. [A judge] cannot be
in violation of the Intellectual Property allowed to arbitrarily conduct proceedings
Code of the Philippines. beyond those specifically laid down by the
Revised Rule on Summary Procedure,
On the same date, Judge Antonio granted thereby lengthening or delaying the
the application and issued Search resolution of the case, and defeating the
Warrants. express purpose of said Rule. (Uy vs. Judge
Javellana, A.M. No. MTJ-07-1666, September 5,
However, in his counter-affidavit, Michael 2012)
alleged that there is no prima facie
evidence that he committed the offense If a person is arrested lawfully without a
charged. Is Michael correct? warrant involving an offense which requires
preliminary investigation, an information or
A: No. The determination of probable cause complaint may be filed against him without
needs only to rest on evidence showing that need for a preliminary investigation.
more likely than not, a crime has been Instead, the person arrested shall be
committed and there is enough reason to required to undergo an inquest. This
believe that it was committed by the accused. It proceeding is required before a complaint or
need not be based on clear and convincing information may be filed against the person
evidence of guilt, neither on evidence arrested. However, such person may ask for
establishing absolute certainty of guilt. What is a preliminary investigation but he must sign
merely required is "probability of guilt." Its a waiver of the provisions of Art. 125 of
determination, too, does not call for the Revised Penal Code(Riano, Criminal Procedure,
2016. pp. 197-198).
application of rules or standards of proof that a
a. The Revised Rule on Summary Procedure
judgment of conviction requires after trial on the
does not provide for a preliminary
merits. Thus, in concluding that there is
464
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Criminal
Remedial
investigation prior to the filing of a criminal Criminal Procedure, 2011 Edition, p. 177). A hearing
case under said Rule. [A judge] cannot be may be set only when there are facts and issues
allowed to arbitrarily conduct proceedings to be clarified from a party or a witness.
beyond those specifically laid down by the The parties can be present at the
Revised Rule on Summary Procedure, hearing BUT without the right to
thereby lengthening or delaying the examine or cross-examine.
resolution of the case, and defeating the
express purpose of said Rule. (Uy vs. Judge
The parties may submit to the
Javellana, A.M. No. MTJ-07-1666, September 5, investigating officer questions which
2012) may be asked to the party or witness
concerned.
If a person is arrested lawfully The hearing shall be held within 10
without a warrant involving an days from submission of the counter-
offense which requires preliminary affidavits and other documents, or
investigation, an information or from the expiration of the period for
complaint may be filed against him their submission.
without need for a preliminary The hearing shall be terminated
investigation. Instead, the person within 5 days.
arrested shall be required to undergo Resolution: within 10 days after
an inquest. This proceeding is investigation by investigating
required before a complaint or officer.(Riano, Criminal Procedure, 2011
information may be filed against the Edition, p. 177).
person arrested. However, such 8.
person may ask for a preliminary 9.
investigation but he must sign a
waiver of the provisions of Art. 125 A Preliminary Investigation is NOT a
of Revised Penal Code. (Riano, Criminal Quasi-Judicial Proceeding
Procedure, pp. 197-198, 2016 ed.)
The fact that the DOJ is the primary prosecution
arm of the Government does not make it a
Guidelines as to Clarificatory Hearing: quasi-judicial office or agency. Its preliminary
investigation of cases is not a quasi-judicial
1. 1. A hearing may be set only when there proceeding. Nor does the DOJ exercise a quasi-
are facts and issues to be clarified from a judicial function when it reviews the findings of
party or a witness. a public prosecutor on the finding of probable
2. 2. The parties can be present at the cause in any case. Indeed, in Bautista vs.
hearing BUT without the right to examine or Court of Appeals, the Supreme Court has
cross-examine. held that a preliminary investigation is not
3. 3. The parties may submit to the a quasi-judicial proceeding (De Lima vs.
Reyes, G.R. No. 209330, January 11, 2016).
investigating officer questions which may be
asked to the party or witness concerned.
4. 4. The hearing shall be held within 10 Duties of the Investigating Prosecutor
(Rule 112, Sec. 4)
days from submission of the counter-
affidavits and other documents, or from the
If the investigating prosecutor finds cause to
expiration of the period for their submission.
hold the respondent for trial, he shall:
5. 5. The hearing shall be terminated within
5 days.
1. Prepare the resolution and information;
6.
2. Certify under oath in the information that:
7. 6. Resolution: within 10 days after
investigation by investigating officer (Riano, Bar Operations
Commissions 465
465
a) He, or as shown by the record, an thereof and shall immediately inform the parties
authorized officer, has personally of such action.
examined the complainant and his
witnesses; If the Investigating Prosecutor Finds no
b) That there is reasonable ground to Cause to Hold Respondent for Trial
believe that a crime has been committed
and that the accused is probably guilty He shall recommend the dismissal of the
thereof; complaint.
c) That the accused was informed of the
complaint and of the evidence submitted A complaint or information may be dismissed by
against him; an investigating prosecutor only with the prior
d) That the accused was given an written authority or approval of the Provincial or
opportunity to submit controverting City Prosecutor; or Chief State Prosecutor; or
evidence; and, the Ombudsman or his deputy. (Riano, Criminal
e) Within 5 days from his resolution, Procedure, 2011 Edition, p. 179).
forward the record of the case to the:
I) Provincial or City Prosecutor; or When the Recommendation to Dismiss the
II) Chief state Prosecutor; or, Complaint is Disapproved
iii) Ombudsman or his deputy in cases of
offenses cognizable by the Where the investigating prosecutor recommends
Sandiganbayan in the exercise of the dismissal of the complaint but his
original jurisdiction. recommendation is disapproved by the
Prepare the resolution and information; provincial or city prosecutor or chief state
Certify under oath in the information that: prosecutor or the Ombudsman or his deputy on
the ground that a probable cause exists, the
1. He, or as shown by the record, an latter may:
authorized officer, has personally
examined the complainant and his 1. by himself, file the information against the
witnesses; respondent; or,
2. That there is reasonable ground to 2. direct another assistant prosecutor or state
believe that a crime has been committed prosecutor to do so without conducting
and that the accused is probably guilty another preliminary investigation. (Riano,
thereof; Criminal Procedure, 2011 Edition, pp. 177-180).
3. That the accused was informed of the
complaint and of the evidence submitted 7.D.4 Resolution of the Investigating
against him; Prosecutor
4. That the accused was given an
opportunity to submit controverting Initial steps in Preliminary Investigation
evidence; and,
5. Within 5 days from his resolution, It is the filing of the complaint with the
forward the record of the case to the: investigating prosecutor that starts the
preliminary investigation process (Riano, Criminal
4. Provincial or City Prosecutor; or Procedure, 2011 Edition, p. 174).
5. Chief state Prosecutor; or,
6. Ombudsman or his deputy in cases Documents Accompanying the Complaint
of offenses cognizable by the
Sandiganbayan in the exercise of 1) The affidavits of the complainant;
original jurisdiction. 2) The affidavits of his witnesses; and
3) Other supporting documents that would
Note: The above persons shall act on the establish probable cause (Rule 112, Sec. 3[a]).
resolution within 10 days from their receipt
466
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
The affidavits of the complainant shall be
subscribed and sworn to before: Within 5 days from the issuance of his
resolution, the investigating prosecutor shall
1. Any prosecutor; forward the record of the case to the provincial
2. Any government official authorized to or city prosecutor or chief state prosecutor, or to
administer oaths; or the Ombudsman or his deputy by the
Sandiganbayan in the exercise of its original
3. In the absence or unavailability of the above jurisdiction. They shall act on the resolution
mentioned, a notary public.Any prosecutor; within ten days from their receipt thereof and
shall immediately inform the parties of such
Any government official authorized action (Rule 112, Sec. 4).
to administer oaths; or
In the absence or unavailability of The resolution of the investigating prosecutor is
the above mentioned, a notary merely recommendatory. No complaint or
public. information may be filed or dismissed by an
investigating prosecutor without the prior
The officer or notary public before whome the written authority or approval of the provincial or
affidavits were subscribed and sworn to must city prosecutor or chief state prosecutor or the
certify that he personally examined the affiants Ombudsman or his deputy (Rule 112).
and that he is satisfied that they voluntarily
executed and understood their affidavits (Rule Q: The investigating prosecutor initially
112, Sec. 3[a]). recommended the dismissal of the case for
there was no probable cause, however the
Resolution of the Investigating Prosecutor City Prosecutor disapproved and filed an
information before the MTC thereby
Within 10 days from the termination of the overturning the former’s resolution. The
investigation, the investigating prosecutor shall MTC judge, in issuing warrant of arrest,
determine whether or not there is sufficient ordered that the initial resolution should
ground to hold the respondent for trial (Rule 112, form part of the record, however the City
Sec. 3[f]). Prosecutor stated that the same cannot be
released to the parties and/or their
Afterwards, if the investigating officer finds counsels, thus, only resolutions approved
cause to hold the respondent for trial, he shall by the Provincial/City Prosecutor for
prepare the resolution and information. promulgation and release to the parties
Otherwise, he shall recommend the dismissal of shall be made known to the parties and/or
the complaint (Rule 112, Sec. 4). their counsel. The trial court however
insisted. Is the trial court correct?
The information shall contain a certification by
the investigating officer under oath in which he A: No. The conduct of a preliminary
shall certify the following: investigation is primarily an executive
function. Thus, the courts must consider the
1) That he, or as shown by the record, an rules of procedure of the Department of Justice
authorized officer, has personally examined in conducting preliminary investigations
the complainant and his witnesses; whenever the actions of a public prosecutor is
2) That there is reasonable ground to believe put in question. In view of the foregoing, the
that a crime has been committed and that Court finds that respondent erred in insisting on
the accused is probably guilty thereof; the production of the Jarder Resolution when all
3) That the accused was informed of the other pertinent documents regarding the
complaint and of the evidence submitted preliminary investigation have been submitted to
against him; and his court, and in going so far as to motu proprio
4) That he was given an opportunity to submit initiating a proceeding for contempt against
controverting evidence (Rule 112, Sec. 4). Bar
complainant Operations
(City Prosecutor Armando P.
Commissions 467
467
Abanado vs. Judge Abraham A. Bayona, A.M. No. An aggrieved party may appeal by filing a
MTJ-12-1804, July 30, 2012). verified petition for review with the Secretary of
Justice, and by furnishing copies thereof to the
Remedy of the Aggrieved Party After the adverse party and the Prosecution Office issuing
Investigating Prosecutor Finds Cause to the appealed resolution.
Hold him for Trial The appeal shall be taken within 15 days from
receipt of the resolution, or of the denial of the
If the investigating prosecutor finds cause to motion for reconsideration/reinvestigation if one
hold the respondent for trial, he shall prepare has been filed within 15 days from receipt of the
the resolution and information where he shall assailed resolution. Only one motion for
certify under oath that: (ERIO) reconsideration shall be allowed.
Otherwise, the investigating prosecutor shall 7. The determination of probable cause is,
recommend the dismissal of the case. (Riano, under our criminal justice system, an
Criminal Procedure, 2011 Edition, pp. 178-179). executive function that the courts cannot
interfere with in the absence of grave
Note:No complaint or information may be filed abuse of discretion (Salapuddin vs. Court of
or dismissed by an investigating prosecutor Appeals, G.R. No. 184681, February 25, 2013).
without the prior written authority or approval of
the provincial or city prosecutor or the 8. Such function is lodged, at the first
Ombudsman or his deputy (Rules of Court, Rule instance, with the public prosecutor who
112, Sec. 4). conducted the preliminary investigation,
and ultimately, with the Secretary of Justice
7.D.5 Review of the Resolution (Unilever Philippines, Inc. vs. Tan, GR No.
179367, January 29, 2014).
Appeal to the Secretary of Justice
Review power of the Secretary of
Remedy of the Aggrieved Party After the Justice(DOJ Circular No. 70, July 3, 2000)
Investigating Prosecutor Finds Cause to
Hold him for Trial By implication, the rule authorized the parties
concerned to file a petition to the Secretary of
Justice for the review of the resolution (Public
468
Purple Notes
Criminal
Utilities Dept., Olongapo City vs. Guingona, Jr., G.R.
Remedial
records of the case in the RTC. The
No. 130399, September 20, 2001). dismissal of the case by the investigator will
not bar the filing of another complant for
Duties of the Secretary of Justice after the same offense, but if re-filed, the
the aggrieved party has filed an appeal accused is entitled to another preliminary
regarding the resolution of the investigation (US vs. Marfori, G.R. No. 10905,
investigating prosecutor: (ORA-FiD) December 9, 1916).
The following are the instances: (FilAr) The petition for Review under Rule 43
applied to all appeals to the CA from
1) If an information has been filed pursuant to quasi-judicial agencies or bodies,
the appealed resolution; and, particularly those listed in Section 1 of
2) The accused has already been arraigned. Rule 43. However, the Secretary of
General Rule: An appeal shall not bar the filing Justice, in the review of the findings of
of the corresponding information. probable cause by the investigating
public prosecutor, was NOT exercising a
Exception: When otherwise directed by the quasi-judicial function, but performing
Secretary of Justice. an executive function. Moreover, the
In case appeal to the Secretary of Justice courts could intervene in the
was denied and so with the motion for determination of probable cause only
reconsideration, a petition for certiorari with through the special civil action for
the Court of Appeals on the ground of grave certiorari under Rule 65 of the Rules of
abuse of discretion is the next remedy Court, NOT by appeal through the
(FilandamusPhrama, Inc. vs. CA, G.R. No. petition for review under Rule 43. Thus,
132422, March 30, 2004). the CA could not reverse or undo the
findings and conclusions on probable
It is not part of the trial of the criminal cause by the Secretary of Justice
action in court. Nor is its record part of the EXCEPT upon clear demonstration of
records of the case in the RTC. The grave abuse of discretion amounting to
dismissal of the case by the investigator will lack or excess of jurisdiction committed
not bar the filing of another complant for by the Secretary of Justice (Caterpillar,
the same offense, but if re-filed, the Inc. vs. Samson, G.R. No. 205972,
accused is entitled to another preliminary November 9, 2016).
investigation (US vs. Marfori, G.R. No. 10905,
December 9, 1916). 2. By filing an appeal before the Office of the
1) It is not part of the trial of the criminal President and the decision of the latter may
action in court. Nor is its record part of the
Bar Operations
Commissions 469
469
be appealed before the CA pursuant to Rule to dismiss or move for dismissal of the
43 of the Rules ofCourt. complaint or information with notice to the
17. By filing Petition for Certiorari under parties. (Sec. 4, Rule 112, Rules of Court)
Rule 65 of the ROC. The Court of Appeals is
clothed with the jurisdiction to review the Proper Remedy in Assailing the Resolution
resolution issued by the Secretary of Justice of the Secretary of Justice
through a petition for certiorari under Rule
65 of the Rules of Court, solely on the Petition for certiorari under Rule 65 is the proper
ground that the Secretary committed grave remedy. The rule is that the DOJ is not a quasi-
abuse of discretion amounting to lack of judicial agency exercising a quasi-judicial
jurisdiction (Argovan vs. San Miguel function when it reviews the findings of a public
Corporation, G.R. No. 188767, , July 24, 2013); prosecutor regarding the presence of probable
cause and that its findings are not reviewable by
a. The petition for Review under Rule 43 the Court of Appeals in a petition for review
applied to all appeals to the CA from under Rule 43 of the Rules of Court (Riano,
quasi-judicial agencies or bodies, Criminal Procedure, p. 184, 2011 Edition).
particularly those listed in Section 1 of
Rule 43. However, the Secretary of Appeal to the Office of the President
Justice, in the review of the findings of
probable cause by the investigating Q: May the resolution of the Secretary of
public prosecutor, was NOT exercising a Justice be appealed in the Office of the
quasi-judicial function, but performing President?
an executive function. Moreover, the
courts could intervene in the A: Yes. As long as the appeal clearly falls within
determination of probable cause only the jurisdiction of the Office of the President,
through the special civil action for otherwise the appeal shall be dismissed outright
certiorari under Rule 65 of the Rules of (Riano, Criminal Procedure, p. 188, 2011 Edition).
Court, NOT by appeal through the
petition for review under Rule 43. Thus, Note: Memorandum Circular No. 58(30 June
the CA could not reverse or undo the 1993) provides:
findings and conclusions on probable
cause by the Secretary of Justice No appeal from or petition for review of
EXCEPT upon clear demonstration of decisions/orders/resolutions of the Secretary of
grave abuse of discretion amounting to Justice on preliminary investigations of criminal
lack or excess of jurisdiction committed cases shall be entertained by the Office of the
by the Secretary of Justice (Caterpillar, President, EXCEPT those involving offenses
Inc. vs. Samson, G.R. No. 205972, punishable by reclusion perpetua to death
November 9, 2016). wherein new and material issues are raised
which were not previously presented before the
18. By filing an appeal before the Office of Department of Justice and were not ruled upon
the President and the decision of the latter in the subject decision/order/resolution, in which
may be appealed before the CA pursuant to case the President may order the Secretary of
Rule 43 of the Rules ofCourt. Justice to reopen/review the case, provided,
that, the prescription of the offense is not due
Given rule if the Secretary of Justice to lapse within six (6) months from notice of the
Reverses or Modifies the Resolution of the questioned resolution/order/decision, and
Prosecutor upon Filing of Petition by the provided further that, the appeal or petition for
Proper Party? review is filed within thirty (30) days from such
notice.
He shall direct the prosecutor concerned either
to file the corresponding information without Henceforth, if an appeal or petition for review
conducting another preliminary investigation, or does not clearly fall within the jurisdiction of the
470
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
Office of the President, as set forth in the from notice of the final order of the Office of
immediately preceding paragraph, it shall be the President and following the procedures set
dismissed outright and no order shall be issued forth under Rule 43 of the Rules of Court.
requiring the payment of the appeal fee, the
submission of appeal brief/memorandum or the Proper Remedy of the Aggrieved Party in
elevation of the records to the Office of the Order to Assail the Resolution of the Office
President from the Department of Justice. of the President
If it is not readily apparent from the appeal or The aggrieved party may file an appeal with the
petition for review that the case is within the Court of Appeals pursuant to Rule 43. Under
jurisdiction of the Office of the President, the Sec. 1 of Rule 43, the final orders or resolutions
appellant/petitioner shall be ordered to prove of the Office of the President is appealable to
the necessary jurisdictional facts, under penalty the Court of Appeals by filing a verified petition
of outright dismissal of the appeal or petition, for review following the procedure set by Secs.
and no order to pay the appeal fee or to submit 5 and 6 of Rule 43.(Rule 43,Sec. 1,)
appeal brief/memorandum or to elevate the
records of the case to the Office of the President Appeal from the Resolution of the
shall be issued unless and until the jurisdictional Ombudsman(Fabian vs. Desierto G.R. No. 129742,
requirements shall have been satisfactorily September 16, 1998)
established by the appellant/petitioner.
Involving:
As the word "may" in the second paragraph of
Memorandum Circular No. 58 signifies, it is not 1. Administrative and disciplinary cases – with
mandatory for the President to order the DOJ to the Court of Appeals through Petition for
reopen or review [the] case even if it raised Review under Rule 43 of Rules of Court.
"new and material issues" allegedly not yet 2. Criminal cases – with the Supreme Court
passed upon by the DOJ. Hence, the OP acted through extraordinary remedy of Certiorari
well within its authority in reexamining the under Rule 65 of Rules of Court.
merits of [the] appeal in resolving the motion Administrative and disciplinary cases
for reconsideration (Heirs of Tria vs. Obias, G.R. – with the Court of Appeals through
No. 175887, November 24, 2010). Petition for Review under Rule 43 of
Rules of Court.
In the event of an adverse decision against the
appellant, a verified petition for review may be Criminal cases – with the Supreme
taken to the Court of Appeals within 15 days Court through extraordinary remedy
from notice of the final order of the Office of the of Certiorari under Rule 65 of Rules
President and following the procedures set forth of Court.
under Rule 43 of the Rules of Court.
b. As the word "may" in the second paragraph of Extent of Authority of the Ombudsman in
Memorandum Circular No. 58 signifies, it is not the conduct of preliminary investigation
mandatory for the President to order the DOJ The Ombudsman has primary authority to
to reopen or review [the] case even if it raised investigate and exclusive authority to file and
"new and material issues" allegedly not yet prosecute Sandiganbayan cases (Ledesma vs. CA,
passed upon by the DOJ. Hence, the OP acted G.R. No. 161629, July 29, 2005).
well within its authority in reexamining the
merits of [the] appeal in resolving the motion The Ombudsman is authorized to take over at
for reconsideration (Heirs of Tria vs. Obias, G.R. any stage, from any investigatory agency of the
No. 175887, November 24, 2010). government, the investigation of such cases
(Sec. 15, RA 6770).
In the event of an adverse decision against the
appellant, a verified petition for review may be The power to investigate and to prosecute
taken to the Court of Appeals within 15 days Bar Operations
granted to the Ombudsman is
Commissions 471
471
plenary and unqualified. It pertains to any form of searching questions and answers,
act or omission of any public officer or that a probable cause exists and that there is
employee when such act or omission appears a necessity of placing the respondent under
to be illegal, unjust, improper or inefficient. immediate custody in order not to frustrate
The law does not make a distinction between the ends of justice.
cases cognizable by the Sandiganbayan and
those cognizable by the regular courts (Office It is enough that the judge personally
of the Ombudsman vs. Breva, G.R. No. 145938, evaluates the prosecutor’s report and
February 10, 2006). supporting documents showing the existence
2) The power to investigate and to of probable cause for the indictment and, on
prosecute granted to the the basis of his evaluation, he finds no
Ombudsman is plenary and probable cause to disregard the prosecutor’s
resolution and require the submission of
unqualified. It pertains to any act or additional affidavits of witnesses to aid him
omission of any public officer or in determining its existence (Ocampo vs. Hon.
employee when such act or Abando et al., G.R. No. 176830, February 11,
omission appears to be illegal, 2014).
c. It is enough that the judge personally
unjust, improper or inefficient. The evaluates the prosecutor’s report and
law does not make a distinction supporting documents showing the
between cases cognizable by the existence of probable cause for the
Sandiganbayan and those indictment and, on the basis of his
cognizable by the regular courts evaluation, he finds no probable cause
to disregard the prosecutor’s resolution
(Office of the Ombudsman vs. Breva,
and require the submission of additional
G.R. No. 145938, February 10, 2006). affidavits of witnesses to aid him in
determining its existence (Ocampo vs.
Q: Who Conducts Preliminary Hon. Abando et al., G.R. No. 176830,
Investigation in Election Cases? February 11, 2014).
A: The Commission on Elections is vested with “Searching questions and answers” means
the power to conduct preliminary taking into consideration the purpose of the
investigations; it may deputize other preliminary investigation which is whether there
prosecuting arms of the government to conduct is sufficient ground to engender a well-founded
preliminary investigation and prosecute belief that a crime has been committed and that
offenses (People vs. Basilla, G.R. No. 83938-40, the respondent is probably guilty thereof and
November 6, 1989).
should be held for trial; such questions as may
have the tendency to show the commission of
7.D.6 When Warrant of Arrest may be
the crime and the perpetrator thereof. (Rule 112,
Issued (Sec. 5, Rule 112, As Amended by A.M. No.
Sec. 8[b]).
05-8-26-SCc)
Probable cause
By the Regional Trial Court / By the
Municipal Trial Court
Probable cause, for the purpose of filing a
a. The procedure for the issuance of a warrant criminal information, has been defined as
of arrest by the judge shall be the same as such facts as are sufficient to engender a
that of the RTC. well-founded belief that a crime has been
b. However, without waiting for the conclusion committed and that respondent is probably
of the preliminary investigation, the judge guilty thereof. The term does not mean
may issue a warrant of arrest if he finds after "actual and positive cause" nor does it
an examination in writing and under oath of import absolute certainty. It is merely based
the complainant and his witnesses in the on opinion and reasonable belief. Probable
472
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
cause does not require an inquiry into e. If the complaint or information was filed
whether there is sufficient evidence to pursuant to a lawful warrantless arrest ( Rule
procure a conviction. It is enough that it is 112, Sec. 6, as amended by AM 05-8-26-SC); or
believed that the act or omission complained f. If the complaint or information was for an
of constitutes the offense charged (Fenequito offense punishable by fine only; or
vs. Vergara, G.R. No. 172829, July 18, 2012). g. When the case is subject to the Rules on
Summary Procedure, UNLESS he failed to
appear whenever required.
Probable cause, for the purpose of filing a
criminal information, has been defined as such Rules in Lawful Warrantless Arrests where
facts as are sufficient to engender a well- Crime Involved Requires Preliminary
founded belief that a crime has been committed Investigation(Sec. 6, Rule 112, as amended by
and that respondent is probably guilty thereof. A.M. No. 05-8-26-SC)
The term does not mean "actual and positive
cause" nor does it import absolute certainty. It 1. The complaint or information may be filed by
is merely based on opinion and reasonable a prosecutor without need of such
belief. Probable cause does not require an investigation provided an inquest has been
inquiry into whether there is sufficient evidence conducted in accordance with existing rules.
to procure a conviction. It is enough that it is 2. If there is no inquest prosecutor, the
believed that the act or omission complained of complaint may be filed by the offended party
constitutes the offense charged (Fenequito vs. or a peace officer directly with the proper
Vergara, G.R. No. 172829, July 18, 2012). court on the basis of the affidavit of the
offended party or arresting officer or person.
The following are the instances under the rules
Note: The evidence needed is not based on
where probable cause needs to be established:
clear and convincing evidence of guilt, neither
on evidence establishing guilt beyond
When issuing a warrant of
reasonable doubt, and definitely not on evidence
arrest or a commitment
estabilishing absolute certainty of guilt. It needs
order under Secs. 6 and 9,
only to rest on evidence showing that more
Rule 112;
likely than not a crime has been committed by
A peace officer or a private
the accused (Sps. Balangauan vs. CA, G.R. No.
person making a
174350, August 13, 2008).
warrantless arrest under
Instances when Probable Cause needs to Sec. 5(b), Rule 113; and
be established To determine whether a
search warrant shall be
1. When issuing a warrant of arrest or a issued under Sec. 4, Rule
commitment order under Secs. 6 and 9, Rule 126.
112;
2. A peace officer or a private person making a When Warrant of Arrest is NOT Necessary
warrantless arrest under Sec. 5(b), Rule 113;
and If the accused is already under detention
3. To determine whether a search warrant shall (Rule 112, Sec. 5[c], as amended by AM 05-8-
be issued under Sec. 4, Rule 126. 26-SC);or
If the complaint or information was filed
When Warrant of Arrest is NOT Necessary pursuant to a lawful warrantless arrest (Rule
112, Sec. 6, as amended by AM 05-8-26-SC); or
d. If the accused is already under detention If the complaint or information was for an
(Rule 112, Sec. 5[c], as amended by AM 05-8-26- offense punishable by fine only; or
SC);or When the case is subject to the Rules on
Summary Procedure, UNLESS he failed to
Bar
appear whenever Operations
required.
Commissions 473
473
the five-day period. This is in accord with
the intent of the Rules of Criminal Procedure
Rules in Lawful Warrantless to make preliminary investigation simple and
Arrests where Crime Involved speedy (People vs. Gadi, G.R. No. 116623,
Requires Preliminary March 23, 1995).
Q: If the Prosecutor Files a Motion to Note: Failure to invoke the right before entering
Withdraw the Information and the Trial a plea will amount to a waiver (Riano, Criminal
Court Denies the Same, Can One Still Procedure, p. 161, 2011 Edition).
Expect the Prosecutor to Effectively
Prosecute the Case? Q: Is a motion to quash the proper remedy
if there was no preliminary investigation?
A: Yes. The role of the fiscal or prosecutor
as we all know is to see that justice is A: No. The absence of a preliminary
done and not necessarily to secure the investigation is not a ground for a motion to
conviction of the person accused before quash. Such ground is not provided for in Sec. 3
the Courts. Thus, in spite of his opinion to of Rule 117, the provision which enumerates the
the contrary, it is the duty of the fiscal to grounds for a motion to quash a complaint or
proceed with the presentation of evidence information (Budiongan, Jr. vs. De la Cruz, Jr., G.R.
of the prosecution to the Court to enable No. 170288, September 22, 2006).
the Court to arrive at its own independent
7.D.9. Inquest
judgment as to whether the accused
should be convicted or acquitted. The
Inquest is the taking of a person into custoday
fiscal should not shirk from the
in order that he may be bound to answer for the
responsibility of appearing for the People
commission of an offense (Rule 113, Sec.1).
of the Philippines even under such
circumstances, much less should he
When is an Inquest Proceeding Conducted
abandon the prosecution of the case
leaving it to the hands of a private
An inquest proceeding is conducted when a
prosecutor for then the entire proceedings
person is lawfully arrested without a warrant
will be null and void. The least that the
involving even also an offense which requires a
fiscal should do is to continue to appear
preliminary investigation. (Rule 112, Sec. 6
for the prosecution although he may turn
over the presentation of the evidence to
Who Conducts an Inquest Proceeding
the private prosecutor, BUT still under his
direction and control. (Crespo vs. Mogul,
The inquest is conducted by a public prosecutor
G.R. No. L-53373, June 30, 1987).
who is assigned inquest duties as an Inquest
Officer and is to discharge his duties, unless
otherwise directed, only at the police
476
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
stations/headquarters of the PNP in order to country of their assignment and are,
expedite the facilitate the disposition of inquest therefore, immune from arrest (II Hyde,
cases (Sec. 2, Part II, Manual for Prosecutors). International Law); and,
7. R.A. No. 75 prohibits the arrest of duly
When is the inquest proceeding deemed to accredited ambassadors, public ministers of a
have commenced foreign country and their duly registered
domestics, subject to the principle of
The inquest proceedings shall be deemed reciprocity (Sec. 7, R.A. No. 75).
commenced from the time the Inquest officer 6) Members of Congress, in all offenses
receives the complaint and referral documents punishable by not more than 6 years
from the law enforcement authorities. These imprisonment, while Congress is in
documents include the following: session;
7) Sovereigns and other chiefs of state,
1. Affidavit of arrest; ambassadors, ministers plenipotentiary,
2. The investigation report; ministers resident, and charge d’affaires
3. The statements of the complainant and the are immune from criminal jurisdiction of
witnesses; and the country of their assignment and are,
4. Other supporting evidence gathered.Riano, therefore, immune from arrest (II Hyde,
Criminal Procedure, 2011 Edition, p. 163). International Law); and,
8) R.A. No. 75 prohibits the arrest of duly
o Affidavit of arrest; accredited ambassadors, public ministers of
o The investigation report; a foreign country and their duly registered
o The statements of the complainant and the domestics, subject to the principle of
witnesses; and reciprocity (Sec. 7, R.A. No. 75).
o Other supporting evidence gathered.Riano,
Criminal Procedure, 2011 Edition, p. 163). When a Person not Formally Arrested but
Merely “invited” for Questioning
Note: The affidavit of arrest and the statements
or affidavits of the complainant and the If after the officers have determined that a
witnesses shall be subscribed and sworn to crime has just been committed by the accused,
before the Inquest Officer by the affiants (Sec. 3, the use of the term, “invited” in the affidavit of
Part II, Manual for Prosecutors). arrest is to be construed as an authoritative
command by the officer for the accused to
submit to the custody of the officer. It is,
7.E. ARREST (Rule 113) therefore, an arrest (Pestillos vs. Generoso, G.R.
No. 182601, November 10, 2014).
It is the taking of a person into custody in order
that he may be bound to answer for the Q: Can the Court Issue a Warrant of Arrest
commission of an offense (Rule 113, Sec. 1). against a John Doe?
Persons Immune from Arrest A: No. Warrants of arrest issued to John Does
are in the nature of a generalwarrant, one of
The following persons are immune from arrest: a class of writs long proscribed as
(CoSC-APRed-75) unconstitutional and once anthematized as
totally subversive of the liberty to the subject.
Clearly violative of the constitutional injunction
5. Members of Congress, in all offenses that warrants of arrest should particularly
punishable by not more than 6 years describe the person or persons to be seized, the
imprisonment, while Congress is in session; warrant must, as regards its unidentified
6. Sovereigns and other chiefs of state, subjects, be voided (Pangandaman vs. Casar, G.R.
ambassadors, ministers plenipotentiary, No. L-71782, April 14, 1988).
ministers resident, and charge d’affaires are
Bar Operations
immune from criminal jurisdiction of the
Commissions 477
477
1. By an actual restraint of the person to be
7.E.1 Arrest; How Made(Rule 113, Sec. 2) arrested; or,
2. By his submission to the custody of the person
Modes of Effecting Arrest: making the arrest;
3.
a. By an actual restraint of the person to be 4. Violence or unnecessary force shall not be used.
arrested; or, 5.
b. By his submission to the custody of the 6. Restraint should not be greater than what is
person making the arrest; necessary for the accused’s detention.
7.
Violence or unnecessary force shall not be 8. Arrest is not necessary when the accused
used. voluntarily appears after a complaint in a
criminal action is filed against him and gives
Restraint should not be greater than what bond for his appearance at any time he may be
is necessary for the accused’s detention. called (People vs. Joson, G.R. No. 22366, October
07, 1924).
Arrest is not necessary when the accused 9.
voluntarily appears after a complaint in a 10. The person to be arrested need
criminal action is filed against him and gives NOT ACTUALLY be restrained as submission to
bond for his appearance at any time he may the custody of the person making the arrest
be called (People vs. Joson, G.R. No. 22366, already constitutes arrest. It is enough that
October 07, 1924). there be an intention on the part of the parties
to arrest the other, and the intent on the part of
The person to be arrested need NOT the other to submit. (Ong vs. People of the
ACTUALLY be restrained as submission to the Philippines, G.R. No. 197788, February 29, 2012).
custody of the person making the arrest 11.
already constitutes arrest. It is enough that 12. Remedy for improperly issued
there be an intention on the part of the warrants: Quashal of warrant or information
parties to arrest the other, and the intent on (Ilagan vs. Enrile, G.R. No. L-70748, October 21,
the part of the other to submit ( Ong vs. 1985). After implementation of warrant, remedy
People of the Philippines, G.R. No. 197788, is suppression of evidence.
February 29, 2012). 13.
14. Where the investigation comes from a powerful
Remedy for improperly issued warrants: group composed predominantly of ranking
Quashal of warrant or information (Ilagan vs. military officers and the designated interrogation
Enrile, G.R. No. L-70748, October 21, 1985) . site is a military camp, the same can be easily
After implementation of warrant, remedy is taken, not as strictly voluntary invitation which it
suppression of evidence. purports to be, but as an authoritative command
which one can only defy at his peril. The
Where the investigation comes from a requisites of custodial investigation are
powerful group composed predominantly of applicable even when a person who has been
ranking military officers and the designated lawfully arrested escapes or is rescued (Sanchez
interrogation site is a military camp, the vs. Demetriou, G.R. Nos. 111771-77, November 9,
same can be easily taken, not as strictly 1993).
voluntary invitation which it purports to be, 15.
but as an authoritative command which one Duty of Officer Executing the Warrant (Rule
can only defy at his peril. The requisites of 113, Sec. 3)
custodial investigation are applicable even
when a person who has been lawfully 1. Arrest the accused; and,
arrested escapes or is rescued (Sanchez vs. 2. Deliver him to the nearest police station or
Demetriou, G.R. Nos. 111771-77, November 9, jail without unnecessary delay.
1993).
478
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
Execution of Warrant (Rule 113, Sec. 4)
Additional Duties of Arresting Officer: (In-
Duty of Officer to Whom Warrant was Assigned for
War-Con)
Execution (ExeRep)
1. To inform person arrested of the reason for 3. Cause the execution within 10 days from receipt; and,
the arrest; 4. Within 10 days from the expiration of the period to
execute, to make a report to the judge who issued the
2. Show warrant of arrest, if any; warrant.
3. Inform the person of his constitutional
rightto remain silent and to counsel and that Note: In case of failure to execute, the officer shall state
any statement he might make could be used reasons.
against him.(People vs. Lacap, G.R. No. 78730, Unlike a search warrant, the 10-day period stated here is not
March 08, 1989) the lifetime or period of enforceability of the warrant of
arrest.
Execution of Warrant (Rule 113, Sec. 4)
The warrant of arrest does not become functus officio by the
mere lapse of said period and is enforceable indefinitely until
Duty of Officer to Whom Warrant was such time as the arrest of the person or persons named
Assigned for Execution (ExeRep) therein has not been effected.
d. Cause the execution within 10 days from 7.E.2 Arrest WITHOUT Warrant, when
receipt; and, Lawful
e. Within 10 days from the expiration of the
period to execute, to make a report to the General Rule: A warrant of arrest is necessary
judge who issued the warrant. before arrest is made.
Note: In case of failure to execute, the officer Note: The Constitutional prohibition against
shall state reasons. unreasonable arrests, searches and seizures
refers to those effected without warrant (Malacat
Unlike a search warrant, the 10-day period vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 123595, December 12,
stated here is not the lifetime or period of 1997).
enforceability of the warrant of arrest.
Exceptions: (In-Hot-E-Abs)
The warrant of arrest does not become functus
officio by the mere lapse of said period and is 1. In flagrante delicto Arrest
enforceable indefinitely until such time as the
arrest of the person or persons named therein a. When, in the peace officer or private
has not been effected. person’s presence, the person to be
16.Duty of Officer Executing the Warrant (Rule arrested has committed, is actually
113, Sec. 3) committing, or is attempting to commit
an offense (Rule 113, Sec. 5a)
6)Arrest the accused; and,
7)Deliver him to the nearest police station or jail Requisites: (OvPre)
without unnecessary delay.
An offense has just been committed. The Note: In the case of Pestiloscited above, the
rule obviously emphasizes the immediacy of facts and circumstances that the police
the arrest reckoned form the commission of officers gathered and which they have
the crime. personally observed less than one hour from
the time that they have arrived at the scene
The person making the arrest has personal of the crime until the time of the arrest of
knowledge of the facts indicating that the the petitioners were deemed reasonable to
person to be arrested committed it. conclude that the police officers had personal
knowledge of facts or circumstances
It must be emphasized that “personal justifying petitioners’ warrantless arrests.
knowledge” under hot pursuit does
not refer to actual knowledge of the crime
(as opposed to in flagrante delicto) because
the officer did not witness its commission.
The knowledge referred is knowledge that 3. “Escape” Rule
the crime is committed even if it was not
committed in his presence. a. When the person to be arrested is a
prisoner who has escaped from a penal
Personal knowledge of facts must be based establishment or place where he is
on probable cause, which means an actual serving final judgment or is temporarily
belief or reasonable grounds of suspicion. confined while his case is pending, or has
The grounds are reasonable when the escaped while being transferred from one
suspicion that the person to be arrested is confinement to another (Sec. 5 [c], Rule
113).
probably guilty of committing the offense is
based on actual facts.(Pestilos vs. Generoso,
G.R. No. 182601, November 10, 2014). 4. “Abscond” rule
Personal knowledge of the crime just a. An accused released on bail may be re-
committed does NOT require actual arrested without the necessity of a
presence at the scene while a crime was warrant if he attempts to depart from the
being committed; it is enough that evidence Philippines without permission of the
of the recent commission of the crime is court where the case is pending (Rule 114,
patent and the police officer has probable Sec. 23).“Escape” Rule
cause to believe based on personal
knowledge of facts or circumstances that
the person to be arrested has recently 2. When the person to be arrested is a
prisoner who has escaped from a penal
482
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
establishment or place where he is serving 7.E.3 Methods of Arrest
final judgment or is temporarily confined
while his case is pending, or has escaped 7.E.3a Arrest by an Officer by Virtue of a
while being transferred from one Warrant (Rule 113, Sec. 7)
confinement to another (Sec. 5 [c], Rule 113).
General Rule:
“Abscond” rule
The arresting officer shall inform the
An accused released on bail may be re- person to be arrested of: (Cau-F)
arrested without the necessity of a
warrant if he attempts to depart from 1. the cause of the arrest; and,
the Philippines without permission of the 2. the fact that a warrant has been issued
court where the case is pending (Rule for his arrest .
114, Sec. 23).
Notes: Exceptions:
Even if the warrantless arrest of an accused a. When the person to be arrested flees;
is later proven to be invalid, such fact is b. When the person to be arrested forcibly
NOT a sufficient cause to set aside a valid resists before the officer has
judgment rendered upon a sufficient opportunity to so inform him; or,
complaint after a trial free from error c. When the giving of such information
(People vs. Velasco, G.R. No. 190318, November will imperil the arrest.(Riano, Criminal
27, 2013). Procedure, 2011 Edition, pp. 209-210) .
Bar Operations
Commissions 483
483
Objects subject of the offense or used or The Court, however, cautions that the
intended to be used in the commission of ruling does not imply that there can be no
the crime; arrest for a traffic violation. When there is
Objects which are fruits of the crime; an intent on the part of the police officer to
Those which might be used by the arrested deprive the motorist of his liberty, or to
person to commit violence or to escape; take the latter into custody, the former may
and be deemed to have arrested the motorist
Dangerous weapons and those which may (Luz vs. People, G.R. No. 197788,February 29,
be used as evidence in the case. 2012).
7.E.3b Arrest by an Officer Without 5) Under R.A. No. 4136, or the Land
Warrant(Rule 113, Sec. 8) Transportation and Traffic Code, the general
procedure for dealing with a traffic violation is
General Rule: The officer shall inform the not the arrest of the offender, but the
person to be arrested of his authority and confiscation of the driver’s license of the latter.
the cause of the arrest. If it were true that [Luz] was already deemed
"arrested" when he was flagged down for a
Exceptions: (EnPuEI) traffic violation and while he is waiting for his
ticket, then there would have been no need for
1. The person arrested is engaged in the him to be arrested for a second time — after the
commission of an offense; police officers allegedly discovered the drugs —
2. He is pursued immediately after its as he was already in their custody.
commission;
3. He has escaped, flees, or forcibly resists The Court, however, cautions that the ruling
before the officer has opportunity to so does not imply that there can be no arrest for a
inform him; or, traffic violation. When there is an intent on the
4. When the giving of such information will part of the police officer to deprive the motorist
imperil the arrest. of his liberty, or to take the latter into custody,
1. The person arrested is engaged in the the former may be deemed to have arrested the
commission of an offense; motorist. (Luz vs. People, G.R. No. 197788,February
29, 2012)
2. He is pursued immediately after its
commission;
Additional Instances when an Officer may
3. He has escaped, flees, or forcibly resists
Arrest without a Warrant
before the officer has opportunity to so
inform him; or,
1. Evasion of service of sentence by prisoner -
4. When the giving of such information will
When the person to be arrested is a prisoner
imperil the arrest.
who has escaped from a penal establishment
or place where he is serving final judgment
Under R.A. No. 4136, or the Land
or temporarily confined while his case is
Transportation and Traffic Code, the
pending, or has escaped while being
general procedure for dealing with a traffic
transferred (Rule 113, Sec. 5[2]);
violation is not the arrest of the offender,
2. Where a person who has been lawfully
but the confiscation of the driver’s license
arrested escapes or is rescued (Rule 113, Sec.
of the latter. If it were true that [Luz] was 13);
already deemed "arrested" when he was 3. By the bondsman for the purpose of
flagged down for a traffic violation and surrendering the accused (Rule 114, Sec. 23);
while he is waiting for his ticket, then there 4. Where the accused out on bail attempts to
would have been no need for him to be leave the country without permission of the
arrested for a second time — after the court (Rule 114, Sec. 23); and
police officers allegedly discovered the 5. Buy-bust Operation - A buy-bust operation is
drugs — as he was already in their custody. a form of entrapment, in which the violator is
caught in flagrante delicto and the police
484
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
officers conducting the operation are not 36 hours - Afflictive or capital
only authorized, but dutybound, to penalties
apprehend the violator and to search him for
anything that may have been part of or used Note: The accused should be brought to the
in the commission of the crime. prosecutor for inquest proceedings wherein
Evasion of service of sentence existence of probable cause will be determined.
by prisoner - When the person Then the judge shall issue a commitment order
to be arrested is a prisoner who (order issued by the judge when the person
has escaped from a penal charged with a crime is already arrested or
establishment or place where he detained) and not a warrant.
is serving final judgment or
temporarily confined while his 7.E.3c Arrest by Private Person (Rule 113,
case is pending, or has escaped Sec. 9)
while being transferred (Rule Citizen’s arrest – arrest effected by a private
113, Sec. 5[2]);
person.
Where a person who has been
lawfully arrested escapes or is
General Rule:
rescued (Rule 113, Sec. 13);
By the bondsman for the
The private person shall inform the person to be
purpose of surrendering the
arrested of the: (InCau)
accused (Rule 114, Sec. 23);
Where the accused out on bail
1. intention to arrest him; and
attempts to leave the country
2. the cause of the arrest.
without permission of the court
1. intention to arrest him; and
(Rule 114, Sec. 23); and
2. the cause of the arrest.
Buy-bust Operation - A buy-
bust operation is a form of
Exceptions: (EnPuEI)
entrapment, in which the
violator is caught in flagrante
1. The person arrested is engaged in the
delicto and the police officers
commission of an offense;
conducting the operation are
2. He is pursued immediately after its
not only authorized, but
commission;
dutybound, to apprehend the
3. He has escaped, flees, or forcibly resists
violator and to search him for
before the officer has opportunity to so
anything that may have been
inform him; or,
part of or used in the
4. When the giving of such information will
commission of the crime.
imperil the arrest.(Rule 113, Sec. 5.)
The person arrested is engaged in the
Period for Officers to Deliver the Person
commission of an offense;
Detained under Art. 125 of the RPC
He is pursued immediately after its
commission;
The person must be delivered to the judicial
He has escaped, flees, or forcibly resists
authorities within the period specified in Art.
before the officer has opportunity to so
125 (Delay in the delivery of detained persons
inform him; or,
to the proper judicial authorities):
When the giving of such information will
imperil the arrest.(Rule 113, Sec. 5.)
1. 12 hours - Light penalties
2. 18 hours - Correctional penalties
3. 36 hours - Afflictive or capital penalties
7.E.4 Requisites of a Valid Warrant of
12 hours - Light penalties
Arrest (Pro-DExDe)
18 hours - Correctional
penalties Bar Operations
Commissions 485
485
1. it must be issued upon "probable cause";
2. probable cause must be determined a) The judge is not required to personally
personally by the judge; examine the complainant and his witnesses.
3. such judge must examine under oath or (People vs. Inting, G.R. No. 88919, July 25,
affirmation the complainant and the 1990; Ho vs. People G.R. No. 106632, October
witnesses he may produce; and, 9, 1997)
4. the warrant must particularly describe the
place to be searched and the persons or a. If the judge conducting the preliminary
things to be seized (People vs. Chua, G.R. No. investigation is satisfied after an
149878, July 1, 2003) examination in writing and under oath of
the complainant and his witnesses in the
Note:A warrant of arrest has no expiry date. It form of searching questions and answers,
remains valid until arrest is effected or warrant that a probable cause exists and that there
is lifted (Manangan vs. CFI, G.R. No. 82760, Aug. 30, is a necessity of placing the respondent
1990). under immediate custody in order not to
frustrate the ends of justice, he shall issue a
7.E.5 Determination of Probable Cause for warrant of arrest. (Section 6 (b), Rule 112)
Issuance of Warrant of Arrest
Here, the Judge conducting the preliminary
Upon filing of an information, the Regional Trial investigation should follow the above procedures
Court may issue a warrant for the arrest of the in order to be satisfied on the necessity in
accused after conducting the required issuing the warrant. (Lumbos vs. Judge Baliguat,
proceedings. (Section 6 (a), Rule 112). A.M. No. MTJ-06-1641, July 27, 2006).
The judge is not required to personally Time of Making Arrest (Rule 113, Sec. 6)
examine the complainant and his witnesses.
(People vs. Inting, G.R. No. 88919, July 25, An arrest may be made on any day and at any
1990; Ho vs. People G.R. No. 106632, October time of the day or night.
9, 1997)
Officer may Summon Assistance (Rule 113,
If the judge conducting the preliminary Sec. 10)
investigation is satisfied after an
examination in writing and under oath of Every person so summoned shall assist the
the complainant and his witnesses in the officer in effecting the arrest when he can
form of searching questions and answers, render assistance without detriment to himself.
that a probable cause exists and that there
is a necessity of placing the respondent Note: The duty of the person summoned does
under immediate custody in order not to not arise when rendering assistance would
frustrate the ends of justice, he shall issue a cause harm to himself.
warrant of arrest. (Section 6 (b), Rule 112)
Right of Officer to Break Into Building or
Here, the Judge conducting the preliminary Enclosure (Rule 113, Sec. 11)
investigation should follow the above
procedures in order to be satisfied on the Requisites: (BAu-Ref)
necessity in issuing the warrant. (Lumbos vs.
Judge Baliguat, A.M. No. MTJ-06-1641, July 27, 4. That the person to be arrested is or is
2006). reasonably believed to be inthe building or
enclosure;
Upon filing of an information, the Regional Trial 5. That the officer announced his authority and
Court may issue a warrant for the arrest of the purpose; AND,
accused after conducting the required 6. That the officer has been refused admittance
proceedings. (Section 6 (a), Rule 112). thereto.
486
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
Time of Making Arrest (Rule 113,
Sec. 6) The escapee must have been lawfully arrested.
An arrest may be made on any day and at any Right of Attorney or Relative to Visit
time of the day or night. Person Arrested (Rule 113, Sec. 14)
Officer may Summon Assistance (Rule 113, It must be made at the request of the person
Sec. 10) arrested or of another acting in his behalf.
a. An officer has entered the building or The judge’s determination of probable cause
enclosure in accordance with Sec. 11 of Rule is made to determine whether a search
113 above; and, warrant or warrant of arrest should be
b. Breaking out from the building or enclosure issued on the finding that a crime has been
is necessary to liberate himself. committed and that evidence corresponding
thereto is in the place to be searched or that
Note: The right to break into and out of a the accused should be put in custody for
building is NOT extended to a private person being the likely perpetrator of the crime.
even if his purpose is to make an arrest. (Riano, Criminal Procedure, 2011 Edition, pp.
202-208).
Arrest After Escape or Rescue (Rule 113, Sec.
13) Right to Break Out from Building or
Enclosure(Rule 113, Sec. 12)
Any person may immediately pursue or retake,
without a warrant at any time and in any place Requisites: (En-Lib)
within the Philippines, a person who escapes or
is rescued. Bar Operations
Commissions 487
487
4) An officer has entered the building or 5. The judge’s determination of probable cause is
enclosure in accordance with Sec. 11 of Rule made to determine whether a search warrant or
113 above; and, warrant of arrest should be issued on the finding
5) Breaking out from the building or enclosure that a crime has been committed and that
is necessary to liberate himself. evidence corresponding thereto is in the place to
be searched or that the accused should be put
Note: The right to break into and out of a in custody for being the likely perpetrator of the
building is NOT extended to a private person crime.(Riano, Criminal Procedure, 2011 Edition, pp.
even if his purpose is to make an arrest. 202-208).
488
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
inflicted incarceration at the outset, since
Q: What is meant by probable cause in after the trial, he would be entitled to
connection with the issuance of a warrant acquittal, unless guilt be established
of arrest? beyond reasonable doubt (Paderanga vs.
Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 115407, August 28,
A: Probable cause for the issuance of a warrant 1995).
of arrest is the existence of such facts and
circumstances that would lead a reasonably 10. This presumption of innocence is rooted
discreet and prudent person to believe that an in the guarantee of due process, and is
offense has been committed by the person safeguarded by the constitutional right to
sought to be arrested (Ho vs. People, G.R. No. be released on bail, and further binds the
106632, October 9, 1997). court to wait until after trial to impose
any punishment on the accused (Enrile vs.
Sandiganbayan [Third Division], G.R. No.
Q: May the accused file a motion for 213847, August 18, 2015).
judicial determination of probable cause?
Bail is not intended to cover the civil liability of
A: No. A motion for judicial determination of the accused in the same criminal case.
probable cause is a prohibited motion and shall However, it may be applied to the payment of
be denied outright before the scheduled fines and costs while the excess, if any, shall be
arraignment without need of comment and/or returned to the accused or to whoever made the
opposition (A.M. No. 15-06-10-SC, Subheading III, deposit (Rule 114, Sec. 14).
Item No. 2).
It is the security given for the release of a
person in custody of the law, furnished by him
7.F. BAIL (Rule 114) or a bondsman, to guarantee his appearance
before any court as required under the
7.F.1 Nature of Right to Bail conditions specified by the rule. (Rule 114, Sec.
1).
A court cannot entertain an accused’s Failure of the accused to appear at the trial
motion or petition for bail unless he is in the without justification despite due notice shall be
custody of law (Dinapol vs. Baldado, Adm. Mat. deemed a waiver of his right to be present and
No. RTJ-92-898, August 05, 1993). the trial may proceed in absentia.
Effectivity – Effective upon approval,
and shall remain in force at all stages of the Court cannot Require Arraignment before
case until promulgation of the judgment of the Grant of Bail
the Regional Trial Court, irrespective of
whether the case was originally filed in or The grant of bail should not be conditioned
appealed to it, UNLESS cancelled. upon the prior arraignment of the accused. In
cases where bail is authorized, bail should be
Appearance – The accused shall granted before arraignment; otherwise, the
appear before the proper court whenever accused will be precluded from filing a motion to
required by the court or these Rules. quash which is to be done before arraignment.
If the information is quashed and the case is
490
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
dismissed, there would be no need for the Regardless of the stage of the criminal
arraignment of the accused. prosecution, no bail shall be allowed if the
accused is charged with a capital offense or an
To condition the grant of bail on his offense punishable by reclusion perpetua and
arraignment would be to place him in a the evidence of guilt is strong.
position where he has to choose between
(1) filing a motion to quash and thus delay Whether bail is a matter of right or
his release until his motion can be resolved discretion, and even if no charge has yet
because prior to its resolution, he cannot be been filed in court against a respondent-
arraigned; and, (2) foregoing the filing of a suspect-detainee, reasonable notice of
motion to quash so that he can be arraigned hearing is required to be given to the
at once and thereafter be released on bail. prosecutor, or at least his recommendation
These scenarios undermine the accused’s must be sought (Prov. Prosecutor Floresca vs.
constitutional right not to be put on trial Judge Ubiadas, A.M. No. RTJ-03-1774, May 27,
except upon a valid complaint or information 2004).
sufficient to charge him with a crime and his (d) Whether bail is a matter of right or
right to bail (Lavides vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. discretion, and even if no charge has yet
No. 129670,February 01, 2000). been filed in court against a respondent-
b. To condition the grant of bail on his suspect-detainee, reasonable notice of
arraignment would be to place him in a hearing is required to be given to the
position where he has to choose between prosecutor, or at least his recommendation
(1) filing a motion to quash and thus delay must be sought (Prov. Prosecutor Floresca vs.
his release until his motion can be resolved Judge Ubiadas, A.M. No. RTJ-03-1774, May 27,
because prior to its resolution, he cannot 2004).
be arraigned; and, (2) foregoing the filing
of a motion to quash so that he can be 7.F.2 When Bail is a Matter of Right (Rule
114, Sec. 4)
arraigned at once and thereafter be
released on bail. These scenarios
1. Before or after conviction by the MeTC,
undermine the accused’s constitutional
MTC, MTC in Cities or Municipal Circuit Trial
right not to be put on trial except upon a
Court; and,
valid complaint or information sufficient to
2. Before conviction by the Regional Trial
charge him with a crime and his right to
Court.
bail (Lavides vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No.
129670,February 01, 2000). 3. Bail is a matter of right even prior to
conviction for an offense punishable by
No Release or Transfer except on Court death, reclusion perpetua , or life
Order (Rule 114, Sec. 3) imprisonment when evidence of guilt is not
strong(Enrile vs. Sandiganbayan,G.R. No.
213847, August 18, 2015).
General Rule: No person under detention by
legal process shall be released or transferred.
Exception: Where the offense is punishable by
death, reclusion perpetua or life imprisonment
Exceptions: (OrBa)
AND the evidence of guilt is strong(Rule 114, Sec.
7).
When ordered by the court; or
When he is admitted to bail.
Note: The right to bail shall NOT be impaired
even when the privilege of the writ of habeas
corpus is suspended (Sec. 13, Art. III,
Constitution).
Rules on Availability of Bail (Rule 114, Sec. 7) The right to bail, embodied in the
Constitution, is not available to military
Bar Operations
personnel or officer charged with a
Commissions 491
491
violation of the Articles of War (Aswat vs. regularly, legally and within the
Galido, G.R. No. 88381-82, November 21, confines of procedural due process,
1991). that is, after the evaluation of the
evidence submitted by the
Q: If the initial bail of the accused was prosecution. Any order issued in the
forfeited for his failure to appear during absence thereof is not a product of
trial, may the court reject his application sound judicial discretion but of whim
for new bail when bail is a matter of right? and caprice and outright arbitrariness
(Prov. Prosecutor Floresca vs. Judge
A: No. Bail before conviction is a constitutional Ubiadas, A.M. No. RTJ-03-1774, May 27,
right of an accused, except in prosecutions for 2004, citing A.M. No. RTJ-01-1633, June
capital offenses where the proof of guilt is 19, 2001).
strong. Other than this, the Constitution makes
no exceptions. The existence of high degree of General Rule: The application for bail may
probability that the defendant will abscond be filed and acted upon by the trial court
confers upon the court no greater discretion despite the filing of a notice of appeal,
than to intend to assure the presence of the provided it has not transmitted the
defendant when it is wanted, such amount to be original record to the appellate court.
subject, of course, to the other provision of the
same section and paragraph cited, that Exception: If the decision of the RTC
excessive bail shall not be required. (Sy Guan vs. convicting the accused changed the nature
Amparo, G.R. No. L-1771, December 4, 1947) of the offense from non-bailable to
bailable, in which case, the application can
Q: What is the effect of bail, as a matter of only be filed with and resolved by the
right, to Prosecution? appellate court(Rule 114, Sec. 5).
A: Before conviction, bail is a matter of right for When Application for Bail AFTER
all offenses punishable by lower than reclusion CONVICTION by the RTC shall be Denied:
perpetua, as to which the prosecution does not
have the right to oppose nor to present 1. If the penalty imposed is death, reclusion
evidence for its denial. (People vs. Donato,G.R. No. perpetua or life imprisonment, bail should
79269, June 05, 1991) be denied since the conviction indicates
strong evidence of guilt based on proof
7.F.3 When Bail is Discretionary (Rule 114,
beyond reasonable doubt (People vs. Nitcha,
Sec. 5)
G.R. No. 113517, January 19, 1995).
Upon conviction by the RTC of an offense not
2. Even if the penalty imposed by the trial
punishable by death, reclusion perpetua or
court is not any of the above but merely
life imprisonment
imprisonment exceeding six (6) years, the
accused shall be denied bail, or his bail
Admission to bail as a matter of
already allowed shall be cancelled, if the
discretion presupposes the exercise
prosecution shows the following or other
thereof in accordance with law and
similar circumstances:
guided by the applicable legal
principles. The prosecution must first
a. That the accused is a recidivist, quasi-
be accorded an opportunity to present
recidivist or habitual delinquent or
evidence because by the very nature
committed a crime aggravated by the
of deciding applications for bail, it is
circumstances of reiteracion.
on the basis of such evidence that
b. That the accused previously escaped from
judicial discretion is weighed against
legal confinement, evaded his sentence or
in determining whether the guilt of
violated the conditions of bail without
the accused is strong. In other words,
valid justification.
discretion must be exercised
492
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
c. That the accused has committed the the application for admission to bail, may be
offense while on probation, parole or punished with death (Rule 114, Sec. 7).
under conditional pardon.
d. Circumstance of the accused or his case If the penalty imposed is death, reclusion
indicates the probability of flight if perpetua or life imprisonment, bail should be
released on bail. denied since the conviction indicates strong
e. Undue risk of commission of another evidence of guilt based on proof beyond
crime by the accused during pendency of reasonable doubt (People vs. Nitcha, G.R. No.
appeal. (Leviste vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. 113517, January 19, 1995).
No. 189122, March 17, 2010)
Court that may act upon the Application 4. Even if the penalty imposed by the trial
for Bail court is not any of the above but merely
imprisonment exceeding six (6) years,
The trial court– despite the filing of a notice of the accused shall be denied bail, or his
appeal, UNLESS it has transmitted the original bail already allowed shall be cancelled, if
record to the appellate court. (applies to prior the prosecution shows the following or
item, subclause “2.a”) other similar circumstances:
The appellate court – if from the decision of d) That the accused is a recidivist, quasi-
the trial court, conviction of the accused recidivist or habitual delinquent or
changed the nature of the offense from non- committed a crime aggravated by the
bailable to bailable. (applies to prior item, circumstances of reiteracion.
subclause “2.c”) e) That the accused previously escaped
from legal confinement, evaded his
Note: Applications for bail in cases where the sentence or violated the conditions of
grant of bail is a matter of discretion, or where bail without valid justification.
the accused seeks to be released on f) That the accused has committed the
recognizance, can ONLY be filed in the court offense while on probation, parole or
where the case is pending on trial or on appeal under conditional pardon.
(A.M. No. 05-8-26-SC). g) Circumstance of the accused or his case
indicates the probability of flight if
1. After conviction by the RTC imposing a released on bail.
penalty of imprisonment exceeding 6 years h) Undue risk of commission of another
but not more than 20 years and any of the crime by the accused during pendency
circumstance enumerated above and other of appeal.(Leviste vs. Court of Appeals,
similar circumstance is present and proved, G.R. No. 189122, March 17, 2010)
no bail shall be granted (Rule 114, Sec. 5).
7.F.4 Hearing of application for bail in
2. After judgment has become final, no bail capital offenses.
shall be allowed unless accused applied for
probation before commencing to serve Court that may Act upon the Application
sentence or penalty and the offense is within for Bail
the purview of probation law(Rule 114, Sec.
25). The trial court– despite the filing of a notice of
appeal, UNLESS it has transmitted the original
record to the appellate court. (applies to prior
Capital Offense is an offense which, under the item, subclause “2.a”)
law existing at the time of its commission and of Bar Operations
Commissions 493
493
The appellate court – if from the decision of punishable by death, reclusion perpetua, or life
the trial court, conviction of the accused imprisonment.
changed the nature of the offense from non-
bailable to bailable. (applies to prior item, Reason: Bail is a matter of right.
subclause “2.c”)
The hearing should be summary or otherwise, in
Note: Applications for bail in cases where the the discretion of the court, but the right of the
grant of bail is a matter of discretion, or where prosecution to control the quantum of evidence
the accused seeks to be released on and the order of presentation of witnesses must
recognizance, can ONLY be filed in the court be equated with the purpose of the hearing, i.e.,
where the case is pending on trial or on appeal to determine the bailability of the accused.
(A.M. No. 05-8-26-SC).
Summary hearing is such brief and speedy
g. After conviction by the RTC imposing a method of receiving and considering the
penalty of imprisonment exceeding 6 years evidence of guilt as practicable and consistent
but not more than 20 years and any of the with the purpose of the hearing which is merely
circumstance enumerated above and other to determine the weight of the evidence for
similar circumstance is present and proved, purposes of bail.
no bail shall be granted (Rule 114, Sec. 5).
As evidence presented under this section are
h. After judgment has become final, no bail automatically reproduced at the trial, the
shall be allowed unless accused applied for proceedings should be conducted as a regular
probation before commencing to serve trial. But upon motion of either party, the court
sentence or penalty and the offense is may recall any witness for additional
within the purview of probation law (Rule examination when the latter is dead, outside of
114, Sec. 25). the Philippines or otherwise unavailable to
testify.
Capital Offense is an offense which,
under the law existing at the time of its A hearing is mandatory in granting bail
commission and of the application for admission whether it is a matter of right or discretion.
to bail, may be punished with death (Rule 114, It must be stressed that the grant or the
Sec. 7). denial of bail in cases where bail is a matter
of discretion, hinges on the issue of
Note: Death Penalty cannot be imposed, whether or not the evidence of guilt of the
pursuant to R.A. No. 9346, which became a law accused is strong. The determination of
on June 24, 2006. whether or not the evidence is strong is a
matter of judicial discretion which remains
Non-bailable Offense (Rule 114, Sec. 7) with the judge. In order for the latter to
properly exercise his discretion, he must
When evidence of guilt is strong, no person first conduct a hearing to determine
charge with a capital offense or an offense whether the evidence of guilt is strong. In
punishable by reclusion perpetua or life fact, even in cases where there is no
imprisonment shall be admitted to bail. petition for bail, a hearing should still be
held (Zuno vs. Cabebe, A.M. OCA No. 03-1800-
Burden of Proof in Bail Application (Rule RTJ, November 26, 2004).
114, Sec. 8)
7.F.5 Guidelines in Fixing The Amount Of
The prosecution has the burden of showing Bail(Rule 114, Sec. 9)
that evidence of guilt is strong at the hearing of
an application for bail filed by a person who is in 3. Excessive bail shall not be required.
custody for the commission of an offense
494
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
4. The remedy of the accused where there is a.) Corporate surety;
excessive bail is a Motion for Reduction b.) Property bond;
of Bail, which is a litigated motion. c.) Cash deposit; or
d.) Recognizance.
a) Excessive bail shall not be required.
b) The remedy of the accused where there
is excessive bail is a Motion for Reduction Corporate Surety (Rule 114, Sec. 10).
of Bail, which is a litigated motion.
This bail furnished by a corporation. Under the
Factors for Fixing Reasonable Amount of Rules of Court, any domestic or foreign
Bail (list not exclusive) corporation, which is licensed as a surety and
authorized to act as such, may provide bail by a
1. Financial capacity of the accused to give bond subscribed jointly by the accused and an
bail; officer of the corporation duly authorized by the
2. Nature and circumstances of the offense; board of directors.
3. Penalty for the offense charged;
4. Character and reputation of the accused; Requisites:
5. Age and health of the accused;
6. Weight of the evidence against the 1. Joint affidavit of the accused and duly
accused; authorize d officer of the corporation;
7. Probability of the accused appearing at the 2. Accreditation from the court where the case
trial; is pending;
8. Forfeiture of other bail; 3. Accreditation from the Supreme Court of the
9. The fact that the accused was a fugitive surety company; and,
from justice when arrested; and 4. Submission of picture of the accused (not
10.Pendency of other cases where the earlier than 6 months prior)—at least 3 (Rule
accused is on bail.Financial capacity of the 114, Sec. 3).
accused to give bail;
Nature and circumstances of the offense; Effectivity of a Corporate Surety Bond
Penalty for the offense charged;
Character and reputation of the accused; General Rule: Until termination of the case;
Age and health of the accused;
Weight of the evidence against the Exception: When the surety corporation
accused; cancels it for non-payment of premium.
Probability of the accused appearing at the
trial;
Forfeiture of other bail; Property bond(Rule 114, Sec. 11)
The fact that the accused was a fugitive
from justice when arrested; and It is an undertaking constituted as lien on the
Pendency of other cases where the accused real property given as security for the amount of
is on bail. the bail.
The court may examine the sureties upon oath a.) With the nearest Collector of Internal
concerning their sufficiency in such manner as it Revenue;
may deem proper. b.) Provincial, City or Municipal Treasurer; or,
c.) The clerk of court where the case is
No bail shall be approved unless the surety is pending.
qualified.
A judge is not one of those authorized to
Q: What are the requisites in accepting a receive a deposit of cash bail; nor should
surety bond? such cash be kept in the judge’s office,
much less in his own residence (Naui vs.
496
Purple Notes
Criminal
Mauricio, A.M. No. MTJ-01-1368, October 23,
Remedial
2003).
Instances When Accused may be Released
Amount of Deposit (Bail) on Recognizance
a) The amount of bail fixed by the court; or, 1. Where a person has been in custody for a
b) The amount of bail recommended by the period equal to or more than the minimum
prosecutor or who investigated or filed the of the imposable principal penalty, without
case. application of the Indeterminate Sentence
Law or any modifying circumstance, the
The bail bond posted for the accused was court, in its discretion, may allow his
in the form of cash deposit which, as release on a reduced bail or on his own
mandated by Rule 114, Sec. 14 shall be recognizance (Rule 114, Sec. 16).
applied to the payment of fine and costs, 2. Where, after judgment of conviction but
and the excess, if any, shall be returned to before its finality, the accused applies for
the accused or to any person who made probation and no bail was filed or he is
the deposit. The Rule thus treats a cash incapable of filing one, the court may allow
bail differently from other bail bonds. A his release on recognizance to the custody
cash bond may be posted either by the of a responsible member of the community
accused or by any person in his behalf. (Rule 114, Sec. 24 in relation to Sec. 7, P.D.
When a cash bail is allowed, the two parties 968, Probation System Act, as amended).
to the transaction are the State and the 3. In case of a youthful offender held for
defendant. Unlike other bail bonds, the physical and mental examination, trial or
money may then be used in the payment of appeal, if unable to furnish bail and under
that in which the State is concerned – the the circumstances contemplated in The
fine and costs. The right of the government Child and Youth Welfare Code (Art. 191, P.D.
is in the nature of a lien on the money 603, The Child and Youth Welfare Code as
deposited.(Esteban vs. Alhambra, G.R. No. amended).
135012, September 7, 2004). 4. When the offense charged is a violation of
an ordinance, a light felony or a criminal
offense the imposable penalty for which is
not higher than 6 months imprisonment
Recognizance (Rule 114, Sec. 15) and/ or Php. 2,000 fine under the
circumstances provided in R.A. No. 6036.
Recognizance is a mode of securing the release 5. When the person in custody or detention is
of any person in custody or detention for the unable to post bail due to abject poverty
commission of an offense who is unable to post (Section 3, R.A. No. 10389).
bail due to abject poverty. (Section 3, R.A. No. 3. Where a person has been in custody for a
10389 Entitled “An Act Institutionalizing Recognizance period equal to or more than the minimum
as a Mode of Granting the Release of an Indigent of the imposable principal penalty, without
Person in Custody as an Accused in a Criminal Case application of the Indeterminate Sentence
and for other purposes) Law or any modifying circumstance, the
court, in its discretion, may allow his release
The court where the case of such person has on a reduced bail or on his own
been filed shall allow the release of the accused recognizance (Rule 114, Sec. 16).
on recognizance as provided herein, to the 4. Where, after judgment of conviction but
custody of a qualified member of the barangay, before its finality, the accused applies for
city or municipality where the accused resides. probation and no bail was filed or he is
incapable of filing one, the court may allow
Whenever allowed by the law or the Rules, the his release on recognizance to the custody
court may release a person in custody on his of a responsible member of the community
own recognizance or that of a responsible (Rule 114, Sec. 24 in relation to Sec. 7, P.D. 968,
person. Bar Operations
Probation System Act, as amended).
Commissions 497
497
5. In case of a youthful offender held for maximum imprisonment prescribed for the
physical and mental examination, trial or offense charged, without prejudice to the
appeal, if unable to furnish bail and under continuation of the trial or the proceedings
the circumstances contemplated in The on appeal.
Child and Youth Welfare Code (Art. 191, P.D. f) When the maximum penalty to which the
603, The Child and Youth Welfare Code as accused may be sentenced isdestierro, but
amended). only after 30 days of preventive
6. When the offense charged is a violation of imprisonment.
an ordinance, a light felony or a criminal
offense the imposable penalty for which is 7.F.6 Bail When NOT Required (Rule 114, Sec.
not higher than 6 months imprisonment 16)
and/ or Php. 2,000 fine under the
circumstances provided in R.A. No. 6036. Generally, bail is not required when the law or
7. When the person in custody or detention is the Rules of Court so provide.
unable to post bail due to abject poverty.
(Section 3, R.A. No. 10389) Generally, bail is not required when the law or
the Rules of Court so provide.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN BAIL BOND
AND RECOGNIZANCE
1. Subject to certain exceptions, when the
BAIL BOND RECOGNIZANCE offense charged is a violation of an
An obligation An obligation of ordinance, light felony or a criminal offense,
under seal given record, entered into the imposable penalty wherefore does not
by the accused before some court or exceed 6 months of imprisonment and/or
with one or more magistrate duly fine of Php. 2,000 under R.A. No. 6036;
sureties, and made authorized to take it,
2. Where the accused is released on
payable to the with the condition to
proper officer with do some particular recognizance;
the condition to be act, the most usual 3. In case of youthful offender held for
void upon condition in criminal physical or mental examination, trial or
performance by cases being the appeal, if unable to furnish bail and under
the accused of appearance of the the circumstances under P.D. No. 603, as
such acts as he accused for trial. amended.
may legally be 4. A person who has been in custody for a
required to period equal to or more than the possible
perform.
maximum imprisonment prescribed for the
Requires the Does not require the
signature of the signature of the
offense charged, without prejudice to the
accused for its accused for its continuation of the trial or the proceedings
validity. validity. on appeal;
5. A person accused of an offense with a
Release without Bail (Rule 114, Sec. 16) maximum penalty of destrierro shall be
released after 30 days of preventive
1. When the accused has been in custody for a imprisonment;
period equal to or more than the possible 6. In cases filed with the MTC for an offense
maximum imprisonment prescribed for the punishable by imprisonment of less than 4
offense charged, without prejudice to the years, 2 months and 1 day, and the judge is
continuation of the trial or the proceedings satisfied that there is no necessity for
on appeal. placing the accused under custody, he may
2. When the maximum penalty to which the issue the summons instead of warrant of
accused may be sentenced is destierro, but arrest. Since no arrest is made, bail is not
only after 30 days of preventive required. Subject to certain exceptions,
imprisonment. when the offense charged is a violation of
e) When the accused has been in custody for a an ordinance, light felony or a criminal
period equal to or more than the possible offense, the imposable penalty wherefore
498
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
does not exceed 6 months of imprisonment to the court, be required to give bail in the
and/or fine of Php. 2,000 under R.A. No. amount fixed or, in lieu thereof, committed
6036; to custody.
i. The guidelines provided for in Section 9,
Where the accused is released on Rule 114, in fixing the amount of bail are
recognizance; also applicable in reducing or increasing the
In case of youthful offender held for physical or bail previously fixed.
mental examination, trial or appeal, if unable to
furnish bail and under the circumstances under Where the offense is bailable as a matter of
P.D. No. 603, as amended. right, the mere probability that the accused
A person who has been in custody for a period will escape, or even if he had previously
equal to or more than the possible maximum escaped while under detention, does not
imprisonment prescribed for the offense deprive him of his right to bail. The remedy
charged, without prejudice to the continuation is to increase the amount of bail, provided
of the trial or the proceedings on appeal; such amount would not be excessive (Sy
A person accused of an offense with a Guan vs. Ampary, G.R. No. L-1771, December
maximum penalty of destrierro shall be released 04, 1947).
after 30 days of preventive imprisonment;
In cases filed with the MTC for an offense Bail, Where Filed (Rule 114, Sec. 17)
punishable by imprisonment of less than 4
years, 2 months and 1 day, and the judge is Bail in the amount fixed may be filed with the:
satisfied that there is no necessity for placing (PeAMunDAn)
the accused under custody, he may issue the
summons instead of warrant of arrest. Since no court where the case is pending, or
arrest is made, bail is not required. 1. court where the case is pending, or
7.F.7 Increase or Reduction of Bail (Rule 2. in the absence or unavailability of the judge
114, Sec. 20) thereof, with any regional trial judge,
metropolitan trial judge, municipal trial
1. When the amount of bail is increased, the judge, or municipal circuit trial judge in the
accused may be committed to custody if he province, city, or municipality.
does not give bail in the increased amount
within a reasonable period. 3. if the accused is arrested in a province, city,
2. An accused released without bail upon filing or municipality other than where the case is
of the complaint or information may, at any pending, bail may also be filed with any
subsequent stage of the proceedings and regional trial court of said place, or if no
whenever a strong showing of guilt appears judge thereof is available, with any
to the court, be required to give bail in the metropolitan trial judge, municipal trial
amount fixed or, in lieu thereof, committed judge, or municipal circuit trial judge
to custody. therein.
3. The guidelines provided for in Section 9,
Rule 114, in fixing the amount of bail are Note: This is a special jurisdiction of the
also applicable in reducing or increasing the MTC/MCTC.
bail previously fixed.
g. When the amount of bail is increased, the 4. where the grant of bail is a matter of
accused may be committed to custody if he discretion, or the accused seeks to be
does not give bail in the increased amount released on recognizance, the application
within a reasonable period. may only be filed in the court where the
h. An accused released without bail upon filing case is pending, whether on preliminary
of the complaint or information may, at any investigation, trial, or on appeal.
subsequent stage of the proceedings and
whenever a strong showing of guilt appears Bar Operations
Commissions 499
499
5. any person in custody who is not yet by the accused, and even if one was filed, the
charged in court may apply for bail with any Marikina courts could not have properly taken
court in the province, city, or municipality cognizance of the same since Santos was
where he is held. detained at Camp Crame in Quezon City. (Ruiz
vs. Beldia, Jr., A.M. No. RTJ-02-1731, February 16,
2005)
in the absence or unavailability of the judge 7.F.8 Forfeiture of Bond (Rule 114, Sec. 21)
thereof, with any regional trial judge,
metropolitan trial judge, municipal trial If the accused fails to appear in person as
judge, or municipal circuit trial judge in the required by the law or the Rules:
province, city, or municipality.
1. His bail shall be declared forfeited; and,
2. His bondsmen are given 30 days within
which to produce his principal and to show
cause why no judgment should be rendered
if the accused is arrested in a province, city, or
against then on the amount of their bail.
municipality other than where the case is
pending, bail may also be filed with any
Within the 30-day period, the bondsmen must:
regional trial court of said place, or if no
judge thereof is available, with any
1. Produce the body of their principal or give
metropolitan trial judge, municipal trial
the reason for his non-production; and,
judge, or municipal circuit trial judge
2. Explain why the accused did not appear
therein.
before the court when first required to do so.
1. Produce the body of their principal or give
the reason for his non-production; and,
2. Explain why the accused did not appear
Note: This is a special jurisdiction of the before the court when first required to do
MTC/MCTC. so.
Cancellation of Bail (Rule 114, Sec. 22) Bail after Final Judgment (Rule 114, Sec. 24)
The bail shall be deemed automatically 7.F.9Application for Bail NOT a Bar to
cancelled upon: (AcqDis-Ex) Objections (Rule 114, Sec. 26)
502
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
of constitutional right to travel (Genuino vs. De
Lima, G.R. No. 197930, April 18, 2018). 7.G.1 Arraignment and Plea, Where and
How Made (Rule 116, Sec. 1)
Release of Qualified Persons Deprived of
Liberty (OCA Circular No. 91-2020, April 20, 2020) 1. Before the court where the complaint or
information was filed or assigned for trial;
OCA Circular No. 91-2020 directs first and
second-level court judges to conduct an 2. In open court, by the judge or clerk of
inventory of their pending criminal cases, court:
determine if they have ones covered by the
Guidelines for Decongesting Holding Jails By a. By furnishing the accused with a copy of
Enforcing the Rights of Accused Persons to Bail the complaint or information;
and To Speedy Trial (A.M. No. 12-11-02-SC, b. By reading the complaint or information
March 18, 2014) and comply "without in the language or dialect known to the
unnecessary delay, using their sound accused;
discretion." They shall immediately act motu c) c. By asking the accused of his
proprio on cases of PDLs (persons deprived of plea.Before the court where the
liberty) who have been detained for a period at complaint or information was filed or
least equal to the minimum of the penalty for assigned for trial;
the offense charged," the circular states.
d) In open court, by the judge or clerk of
If warranted, judges may release such detainees court:
on their own recognizance, on the condition that
the court is assured of their whereabouts and a) By furnishing the accused with a copy of
contact numbers, as well as that of two of their the complaint or information;
nearest relatives, during trial. The court b) By reading the complaint or information
administrator's circular also states that motions in the language or dialect known to the
for recognizance and provisional dismissal of accused;
cases leading to a detainee's release "may be c)By asking the accused of his plea.
considered urgent and must be immediately set
for hearing”.
Note:
7.G. ARRAIGNMENT AND PLEA (Rule 116)
The prosecution may call at the trial witnesses
Arraignmentis the formal mode of other than those named in the complaint or
implementing the constitutional right of the information(Rule 116, Sec. 1).
accused to be informed of the nature of the
accusation against him. (People vs. Pangilinan, There can be no arraignment in absentia. The
G.R. No. 171020, March 14, 2007) accused must be present at the arraignment and
must personally enter his plea.
Its purpose is to apprise the accused why he is
being prosecuted by the State. As such, it is an Q: Why is reading of the complaint or
indispensable requirement of due process and information in the language or dialect
thus, cannot be regarded lightly or brushed known to the accused required?
aside peremptorily. Trial in absentia cannot
proceed since the accused has not been
arraigned. A: The requirement that the reading be made in
a language or dialect that the accused
The absence of arraignment results in the understands and knows is a mandatory
nullity of the proceedings before the trial requirement, just as the whole of said Section 1
court (Taglay vs. Daray, G.R. No. 164258, , should be strictly followed by trial courts. This
August 22, 2012). Bar
the law affords theOperations
accused by way of
Commissions 503
503
implementation of the all-important trial without raising any objection that his
constitutional mandate regarding the right of an client had yet to be arraigned. In fact, his
accused to be informed of the precise nature of counsel even cross-examined the
the accusation leveled at him and is, therefore, prosecution witnesses. His counsel’s active
really an avenue for him to be able to hoist the participation in the hearings is a clear
necessary defense in rebuttal thereof. 14 It is an indication that he was fully aware of the
integral aspect of the due process clause under charges against him; otherwise, his counsel
the Constitution (People vs. Estomaca, G.R. Nos. would have objected and informed the court
117485-86, April 22, 1996). of this blunder. Moreover, no protest was
made when appellant was subsequently
When There are More than One (1) arraigned. The parties did not question the
Complaint/Information procedure undertaken by the trial court. It is
only now, after being convicted and
With exacting certitude, Section 1(a) of Rule sentenced to two death sentences, that
116 requires that the arraignment should be appellant cries that his constitutional right
made in open court by the judge himself or has been violated. It is already too late to
by the clerk of court by furnishing the raise this procedural defect. This Court will
accused a copy of the complaint or not allow it (People vs. Pangilinan, G.R. No.
information with the list of witnesses stated 171020, March 14, 2007) .
therein, then reading the same in the
language or dialect that is known to him,
and asking him what his plea is to the Where the accused went to trial without
charge. arraignment, but his counsel had the
opportunity to cross-examine the witness of
The requirement that the reading be made the prosecution, and after the prosecution
in a language or dialect that the accused rested, he was arraigned, the procedural
understands and knows is a mandatory defect was CURED (People vs. Pangilinan, G.R.
requirement, just as the whole of said No. 171020, March 14, 2007).
Section 1 should be strictly followed by trial With exacting certitude, Section 1(a) of Rule
courts. It is an integral aspect of the due 116 requires that the arraignment should be
process clause under the Constitution. made in open court by the judge himself or
by the clerk of court by furnishing the
At threshold, what strikes this Court as accused a copy of the complaint or
peculiar is that the arraignment appears to information with the list of witnesses stated
have consisted merely of the bare reading therein, then reading the same in the
of the five complaints, synthetically and language or dialect that is known to him,
cryptically reported in the transcript, thus: and asking him what his plea is to the
"(Reading the information/complaint to the charge.
accused in Ilonggo/local dialect)." Since
what was supposed to have been read was The requirement that the reading be made
stated in the singular, but there were five in a language or dialect that the accused
criminal complaints against appellant, this understands and knows is a mandatory
Court is then left to speculate on whether all requirement, just as the whole of said
five criminal complaints were actually read, Section 1 should be strictly followed by trial
translated or explained to appellant on a courts. It is an integral aspect of the due
level within his comprehension, considering process clause under the Constitution.
his limited education (People vs. Estomaca,
G.R. Nos. 117485-86, April 22, 1996). At threshold, what strikes this Court as
peculiar is that the arraignment appears to
Appellant’s belated arraignment did not have consisted merely of the bare reading
prejudice him. This procedural defect was of the five complaints, synthetically and
cured when his counsel participated in the cryptically reported in the transcript, thus:
504
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
"(Reading the information/complaint to the Failure to observe the rules on arraignment is
accused in Ilonggo/local dialect)." Since reversible error and a judgment of conviction
what was supposed to have been read was cannot stand upon an invalid arraignment.
stated in the singular, but there were five Where the accused was arraigned on the
criminal complaints against appellant, this original, and not on the substantially amended
Court is then left to speculate on whether all information, although such defect was pointed
five criminal complaints were actually read, out to the trial court by the defense counsel, the
translated or explained to appellant on a same constitutes reversible error.
level within his comprehension, considering
his limited education (People vs. Estomaca, Belated Arraignment
G.R. Nos. 117485-86, April 22, 1996).
Appellant’s belated arraignment did not
Where the accused went to trial without prejudice him. This procedural defect was
arraignment, but his counsel had the cured when his counsel participated in the
opportunity to cross-examine the witness of trial without raising any objection that his
the prosecution, and after the prosecution client had yet to be arraigned. In fact, his
rested, he was arraigned, the procedural counsel even cross-examined the
defect was CURED (People vs. Pangilinan, G.R. prosecution witnesses. His counsel’s active
No. 171020, March 14, 2007). participation in the hearings is a clear
indication that he was fully aware of the
Period to Plea charges against him; otherwise, his counsel
would have objected and informed the court
If under Preventive Detention(Rule 116, Sec. of this blunder. Moreover, no protest was
1e) made when appellant was subsequently
arraigned. The parties did not question the
The case shall be raffled and its records procedure undertaken by the trial court. It is
transmitted to the judge whom the case was only now, after being convicted and
raffled within 3 days from the filing of the sentenced to two death sentences, that
information or complaint. appellant cries that his constitutional right
has been violated. It is already too late to
The accused shall be arraigned within 10 days raise this procedural defect. This Court will
from the date of the raffle. The pre-trial not allow it (People vs. Pangilinan, G.R. No.
conference of his case shall be held within 10 171020, March 14, 2007) .
days after arraignment. Appellant’s belated arraignment did not
prejudice him. This procedural defect was cured
If NOT under Preventive Detention[Rule when his counsel participated in the trial without
116, Sec. 1 (g)] raising any objection that his client had yet to
be arraigned. In fact, his counsel even cross-
Arraignment shall be made within 30 days from examined the prosecution witnesses. His
the date the court acquires jurisdiction over the counsel’s active participation in the hearings is a
person of the accused (filing of the information, clear indication that he was fully aware of the
or from the date the accused appealed before charges against him; otherwise, his counsel
the justice/judge/court in which the charge is would have objected and informed the court of
pending, whichever date last occurs). this blunder. Moreover, no protest was made
when appellant was subsequently arraigned.
This 30-day period is not absolute as the Rules The parties did not question the procedure
further states that the time of the pendency of a undertaken by the trial court. It is only now,
motion to quash or for a bill of particulars or after being convicted and sentenced to two
other causes justifying suspension of the death sentences, that appellant cries that his
arraignment shall be EXCLUDED in computing constitutional right has been violated. It is
the period. already too late to raise this procedural defect.
Bar Operations
Commissions 505
505
This Court will not allow it (People vs. Pangilinan,
G.R. No. 171020, March 14, 2007) . 1. The lesser offense is necessarily included in
the offense charged;
Plea is the matter which the accused, on his 2. The accused may be allowed to plead at
arraignment, alleges in answer to the charge arraignment, with the consent of the
against him. offended party and prosecutor;
Plea is the matter which the accused, on his 3. In case of failure of the offended party to
arraignment, alleges in answer to the charge appear at arraignment despite due notice,
against him. with the conformity of the trial prosecutor
alone. (Sec. 1[f], Rule 116);
7.G.2 Kinds of Plea; When a Plea of “Not 4. After arraignment but before trial, after the
Guilty” should be Entered (U-NegCon- accused withdraws his plea of not guilty.
InvAmb)
Note: No amendment of the complaint or
1. When the accused so pleads (unconditional information is necessary (Sec. 4, Circ. 38-98,
plea). effective September 15, 1998).
2. When he refuses to plead (negative or
indirect plea). 7.G.4 Court Action when the Accused
3. Where in admitting the act charged, he sets Pleads Guilty to a Capital Offense (Rule 116,
up matters of defense or with a lawful Sec. 3)
justification.
4. When he enters a conditional plea of guilt 1. Conduct a searching inquiry into the
(conditional plea). voluntariness and full comprehension of the
5. Where, after a plea of guilt, he introduces consequences of his plea.
evidence of self-defense or other exculpatory 2. Require the prosecution to prove the guilt
circumstances (inverted plea). and the precise degree of culpability of the
6. When the plea is indefinite or ambiguous. accused.
3. The accused may present evidence in his
Conditional Plea of Guilty (Negative Plea) behalf.
It is one entered that is subject to the proviso Note: As there is prohibition on the imposition
that a certain penalty be imposed upon him. It of death penalty (R.A. No. 9346),the requirements
is equivalent to a plea of not guilty which do not apply.
requires a full-blown trial before judgment may
be rendered. Duty of Court When Plea of Guilty to Non-
Capital Offense is Made
It is likewise a conditional plea where he pleads
guilty but submits exculpatory evidence and The court may receive evidence from the parties
interposes lawful defenses. to determine penalty to be imposed. (Rule 116,
Sec. 4)
Unconditional Plea of Guilty
1. Crimes punishable by reclusion perpetua and
An unconditional plea of guilty by the accused life imprisonment do not need searching
admits the crime and all the attendant questions.
circumstances alleged in the information 2. When the facts charged in the information do
including the allegations of conspiracy, and not state an offense, no conviction thereon
warrants a judgment of conviction without need can be had notwithstanding the defendant’s
of further evidence. plea of guilty thereon.
9. Crimes punishable by reclusion perpetua
and life imprisonment do not need searching
7.G.3 Plea of Guilty to a Lesser Offense questions.
(Rule 116, Sec. 2)
506
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
10. When the facts charged in the information guilty, and (3) that there exists a rational
do not state an offense, no conviction basis for a finding of guilt based on his
thereon can be had notwithstanding the testimony.
defendant’s plea of guilty thereon.
The requirement to conduct a searching
7.G.5 Searching Inquiry inquiry should not be deemed satisfied in
cases in which it was the defense counsel
A "searching inquiry," under the Rules, who explained the consequences of a
means more than informing cursorily the “guilty” plea to the accused—the conduct of
accused that he faces a jail term (because a searching inquiry remains the duty of
the accused is aware of that) but so also, judges, as they are mandated by the rules
the exact length of imprisonment under the to satisfy themselves that the accused had
law and the certainty that he will serve time not been under coercion or duress;
at the national penitentiary or a penal mistaken impressions; or a
colony. Not infrequently indeed, an accused misunderstanding of the significance,
pleads guilty in the hope, as we said, of a effects, and consequences of their guilty
lenient treatment, or upon a bad advice or plea (People vs. Baharan, G.R. No. 188314
promises of the authorities or parties of a January 10, 2011).
lighter penalty should he admit guilt or
express "remorse." It is the duty of the Q: Is there a concrete rule in conducting a
judge to see to it that he does not labor “searching inquiry?”
under these mistaken impressions (People vs.
Estomaca, supra, citing People vs. Dayot, G.R. A: No. Although there is no definite and
No. 88281, July 20, 1990). concrete rule as to how a trial judge may go
about the matter of a proper "searching
The trial judge must satisfy himself that the inquiry," it would be well for the court, for
accused, in pleading guilty, (1) is doing so instance, to require the accused to fully narrate
voluntary, and (2) he, in so doing, is truly the incident that spawned the charges against
guilty, and (3) that there exists a rational him, or by making him reenact the manner in
basis for a finding of guilt based on his which he perpetrated the crime, or by causing
testimony. him to furnish and explain to the court missing
details of significance. (People vs. Estomaca, G.R.
5. A "searching inquiry," under the Rules, Nos. 117485-86, April 22, 1996)
means more than informing cursorily the
accused that he faces a jail term (because Duty of the Judge to Conduct a Searching
the accused is aware of that) but so also, Inquiry
the exact length of imprisonment under the
law and the certainty that he will serve time In all cases, the judge must convince himself:
at the national penitentiary or a penal
colony. Not infrequently indeed, an accused 1. that the accused is entering the plea of guilty
pleads guilty in the hope, as we said, of a voluntarily and intelligently.
lenient treatment, or upon a bad advice or 2. That he is truly guilty;
promises of the authorities or parties of a 3. That there exists a rational basis for a finding
lighter penalty should he admit guilt or of guilt based on his testimony.that the
express "remorse." It is the duty of the accused is entering the plea of guilty
judge to see to it that he does not labor voluntarily and intelligently.
under these mistaken impressions (People vs.
Estomaca, supra, citing People vs. Dayot, G.R. That he is truly guilty;
No. 88281, July 20, 1990).
That there exists a rational basis for a finding of
guilt based on his testimony.
The trial judge must satisfy himself that the
accused, in pleading guilty, (1) is doing so Bar Improvident
Operations
7.G.6 Plea of Guilty
voluntary, and (2) he, in so doing, is truly
Commissions 507
507
188314, January 10, 2011 citing People vs.
In all cases, the judge must convince himself: Nadera, G.R. Nos. 131384-87, February 2, 2000).
1. that the accused is entering the plea of guilty Instances of Improvident Plea (VUnIns-
voluntarily and intelligently. OfJu)
2. That he is truly guilty;
3. That there exists a rational basis for a finding 1. Plea of guilty was compelled by violence or
of guilt based on his testimony. intimidation;
2. The accused did not fully understand the
meaning and consequences of his plea;
It takes place when the accused does not 3. There is insufficient information to sustain
understand or does not know fully well his plea. conviction of the offense charged;
4. Information does not charge an offense, any
At any time before the judgment of conviction conviction thereunder being void; or,
becomes final, the court may permit an 5. Court has no jurisdiction
improvident plea of guilty to be withdrawn and c)Plea of guilty was compelled by violence or
be substituted by a plea of not guilty (Rule 116, intimidation;
Sec. 5). d) The accused did not fully understand
The withdrawal of a plea of guilty is not a the meaning and consequences of his plea;
matter of a strict right to the accused but e) There is insufficient information to
of sound discretion to the trial court sustain conviction of the offense charged;
(People vs. Lambrino, No. L-10875, April 28, f) Information does not charge an offense,
1958). any conviction thereunder being void; or,
g) Court has no jurisdiction
The withdrawal of a plea of guilty is not a
matter of a strict right to the accused but of Duty of Court as to the Right to Counsel of
sound discretion to the trial court (People vs. the Accused (Rule 116, Sec. 6)
Lambrino, No. L-10875, April 28, 1958).
508
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
a. He is allowed to defend himself in person; or The Rules provide for this remedy to protect the
b. He has employed a counsel of his choice. accused from vague and indefinite allegations in
the complaint or information.
If he has not yet employed one, the court must
grant him reasonable time therefore. Purpose:
Qualifications of Counsel de officio to be The purpose of the bill of particulars is for the
Appointed (Rule 116, Sec. 7) accused to be fully apprised of the true charges
against them, and thus avoid any and all other
3. A member of the bar in good standing; and, possible surpise, which might be detrimental to
4. Able to competently defend the accused by their rights and interests (People vs. Abad Santos,
reason of his experience and ability. G.R. No. L-447, June 17, 1946).
5.A member of the bar in good standing; and,
6.Able to competently defend the accused by Requirements: (BeSpe-Sta)
reason of his experience and ability.
3. 1. The motion must be made before
Where no member of the bar is available, the arraignment;
court may appoint any person to defend the 4. 2. It must specify the alleged defects;
accused who is: and,
It must state the details desired. (Rule 12, Sec.
1. A resident of the province; and, 1)The motion must be made before arraignment;
5.
2. Of good repute for probity and ability to It must specify the alleged defects; and,
defend the accused.A resident of the province; It must state the details desired. (Rule 12, Sec.
and, 1)
Of good repute for probity and ability to
defend the accused. Production or Inspection of Material
Evidence in Possession of Prosecution (Rule
116, Sec. 10)
The counsel de officio appointed must be given
Requirements:
a reasonable time to consult with the accused as
to his plea before proceeding with the
1. Motion of the accused showing good cause;
arraignment (Rule 116, Sec. 8).
and,
2. Notice to the parties
A private prosecutor, who assisted the
prosecuting attorney in prosecution against
Material evidence refers to written
one defendant, is disqualified from acting
statements, documents and things not
as counsel de officio for the other
otherwise privileged in the possession or under
defendants in the same case (U.S. vs.
the control of the prosecution, police or other
Laranja, G.R. No. 6789, February 16, 1912).
law investigating agencies.
However, although the attorney appointed
This is one of the modes of discovery in criminal
as counsel de officio had previously
cases for the accused only.
appeared as private prosecutor in the case,
if it appears that the accused were properly
Grounds for Suspension of Arraignment
defended, the appointment, if it be
(Rule 116, Sec. 11)
erroneous, is not reversible error (People vs.
Manigbas, G.R. No. L-10352-53, September 30,
1960). 1. The accused appears to be suffering from an
unsound mental condition which effectively
Bill of Particulars (Rule 116, Sec. 9) renders him unable to fully understand the
charge against him and to plead intelligently
Bar Operations
thereto. The court shall order his
Commissions 509
509
mental examination and, if necessary, his spelled out in the complaint or information (Los
confinement for such purpose. Banos vs. Pedro, G.R. No. 173588, April 22, 2009).
2. There exists a prejudicial question.
3. A petition for review of the resolution of the General Rule: The court, in resolving the
prosecutor is pending at either the motion, cannot consider facts contrary to those
Department of Justice or the Office of the alleged in the information or which do not
President; provided that the period of appear on the face of the information.
suspension shall not exceed 60 days counted
from the filing of the petition with the Exception: Those admitted by the prosecution.
reviewing office.
Note: The proper party must move for the Rules Governing Motion to Quash
suspension based on the above grounds.
The accused appears to be suffering from an 1. If denied – go to trial without prejudice to
unsound mental condition which effectively reiterating special defenses invoked in said
renders him unable to fully understand the motion.
charge against him and to plead intelligently 2. If after trial on the merits, an adverse
thereto. The court shall order his mental decision is rendered – appeal in the manner
examination and, if necessary, his confinement authorized by law(Marcelo vs. CA, G.R. 106695,
for such purpose. August 4, 1994).
510
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
3. 4. In the interest of substantial Exceptions: A motion to quash can be filed
justice. When the action is necessary to promote and entertained at any stage of the proceeding
public welfare and public policy; or when:
4. Where the case has attracted
nationwide attention, making it imperative to a.) The complaint or information does not
proceed with dispatch in the consideration charge an offense.
thereof, or b.) The court has no jurisdiction over the offense
5. Where the appeal is found to be an charged.
improper remedy because the order which is c.) The offense or penalty has been
sought to be reviewed is merely interlocutory or extinguished.
peremptory in character and the appeal there d.) The defendant has been in former jeopardy.
from can be interposed only after final judgment (Miranda vs. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 154098,
and may, therefore, be of no avail; or July 27, 2005)
6. In the interest of substantial justice.
Note: Prescription of the offense as a ground
for a motion to quash is not waived as this is a
Q: When may the Accused Resort to substantive right.
Certiorari or Prohibition?
Form and Contents (Rule 117, Sec. 2)
A: Well-established is the rule that when a
motion to quash in a criminal case is denied, the 1. In writing;
remedy is not a petition for certiorari butfor 2. Signed by the accused or his counsel;
petitioners to goto trial without prejudice to
reiterating the special defenses invoked in their 3. 3. Distinctly specify its factual and
motion to quash, except, if the court, in denying legal grounds. In writing;
the motion to dismiss or motion to quash acts 4. Signed by the accused or his counsel;
without or in excess of jurisdiction or with grave 5. Distinctly specify its factual and legal
abuse of discretion, then certiorari or prohibition grounds.
lies (Lazarte, Jr. vs Sandiganbayan, G.R.No. 180122,
March 13, 2009).
General Rule: The court shall consider no
Note: An order granting motion to quash is a ground other than those stated in the motion.
final order which is generally subject to Rule 45
and not Rule 65, subject to an exception that Exception: lack of jurisdiction over the offense
Rule 65 may be availed of where it can be charged.
clearly established that there was grave abuse
of discretion in issuing the order. The 7.H.1 Grounds for Motion to Quash (Rule
information needs only to state ultimate facts 117, Sec. 3) (FaOf-PerAu-FoMEx-JusCo)
(People vs. Romualdez, G.R. No. 166510, July 23,
2008). 1. That the facts charged do not constitute an
offense;
When to File (Rule 117, Sec. 1) 2. That the court trying the case has no
jurisdiction over the offense charged;
General Rule: At any time before entering his 3. That the court trying the case has no
plea, the accused may move to quash the jurisdiction over the person of the accused;
complaint or information. 4. That the officer who filed the information
had no authority to do so;
1. The motion to quash must be filed before the 5. That it does not conform substantially to the
arraignment. Thereafter, no motion to quash prescribed form;
can be entertained by the court. 6. That more than one offense is charged
2. It may even be filed during the preliminary EXCEPT when a single punishment for
investigation. Bar
various offensesOperations
is prescribed by law;
Commissions 511
511
7. That the criminal action or liability has been offenses as are charged and proven, and impose
extinguished; on them the penalty for each offence, setting
8. That it contains averments which, if true, out separately the findingsof fact and law in
would constitute a legal excuse or each (Monteverde vs. People, G.R. No. 139610,
justification; and, August 12, 2002).
9. That the accused has been previously
convicted or acquitted of the offense Q: When is the prescriptive period
charged, or the case against him was interrupted?
dismissed or otherwise terminated without
his express consent. A: The Court had ruled, in several cases, that
That the facts charged do not constitute an the prescriptive period is interrupted by the
offense; institution of proceedings for preliminary
That the court trying the case has no jurisdiction investigation against the accused (Panaguiton vs.
over the offense charged; Department of Justice, G.R. 167571, November, 25,
That the court trying the case has no jurisdiction 2008).
over the person of the accused;
That the officer who filed the information had Q: What does Duplicity of Charges means?
no authority to do so;
That it does not conform substantially to the A: It means a single complaint or information
prescribed form; that charges more than one offense. xxx
That more than one offense is charged EXCEPT Otherwise stated, there is duplicity (or
when a single punishment for various offenses is multiplicity) of charges when a single
prescribed by law; Information charges more than one offense
(Soriano vs. People, G.R. Nos. 159517-18, June 30,
That the criminal action or liability has been
2009).
extinguished;
That it contains averments which, if true, would
Note: A case is dismissed without the express
constitute a legal excuse or justification; and,
consent of the accused when a provisional
That the accused has been previously convicted
dismissal becomes permanent.
or acquitted of the offense charged, or the case
against him was dismissed or otherwise
7.H.2 Distinguished From Demurrer To
terminated without his express consent.
Evidence
Q: Can the infirmity in the information by
MOTION TO DEMURRER TO
lack of authority be cured by silence, QUASH EVIDENCE
acquiescence, or by express consent? Filed before the Filed after the
defendant enters prosecution has
A: The Supreme Court ruled that the infirmity in his plea. rested its case.
the information caused by lack of authority of Does not go into Based upon the
the officer signing it cannot be cured by silence, the merits of the inadequacy of the
acquiescence or even by express consent. A case but is rather evidence adduced by
new information must be filed by the proper anchored on the prosecution in
matters not support of the
office (Romualdez vs. Sandiganbayan, G.R. Nos.
directly concerned accusation.
143618-41, July 30, 2002)
with the question
of guilt or
Q: May an accused waive his right to be innocence of the
tried for only one crime in a single accused.
complaint or information? Governed by Rule Governed by Sec. 23,
117. Rule 119.
A: When two or more offenses are charged in a
single complaint or information, but the accused Insufficiency of evidence is not one of the
failed to object to the defect before trial, the grounds of a Motion to Quash (People vs.
trial court may convict them of as many Dumlao, G.R. No. 168918, March 2, 2009).
512
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
3. Insufficiency of evidence is not one of the after the amendment is made, and when any
grounds of a Motion to Quash (People vs. evidence the accused might have would be
Dumlao, G.R. No. 168918, March 2, 2009). inapplicable to the complaint or information
(Poblete vs. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 150610, March
Amendment of the complaint or 25, 2004)
information (Rule 117, Sec. 4)
As laid down by the Supreme Court, an
1. If based on an alleged defect of the amendment is only in form when it merely adds
complaint or information which can be cured specifications to eliminate vagueness in the
by amendment, the court shall order that an information and not to introduce new and
amendment be made. material facts, and merely states with additional
precision something which is already contained
2. If based on the ground that the facts in the original information and which, therefore,
charged do not constitute an offense, the adds nothing essential for conviction for the
prosecution shall be given by the court an crime charged (Poblete vs. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No.
opportunity to correct the defect by 150610, March 25, 2004).
amendment.If based on an alleged defect of
the complaint or information which can be 7.H.3 Effect of Sustaining the Motion to
cured by amendment, the court shall order Quash (Rule 117, Sec. 5)
that an amendment be made.
1. The court may order that another complaint
If based on the ground that the facts or information be filed EXCEPT if barred;
charged do not constitute an offense, the 2. If the order is made, the accused, if in
prosecution shall be given by the court an custody, shall not be discharged UNLESS
opportunity to correct the defect by admitted to bail;
amendment. 3. If no order is made or if having been made,
no new information is filed within the time
specified in the order or within such further
The motion to quash shall be granted if: time as the court may allow for good cause,
the accused, if in custody, shall be
1. The prosecution fails to make the discharged UNLESS he is also in custody for
amendment; or, another charge.
c) 2. The complaint or information still suffers
from the same defect despite the
amendment. (Rule 117, Sec. 4)The The court may order that another complaint
prosecution fails to make the amendment; or information be filed EXCEPT if barred;
or, If the order is made, the accused, if in
d) The complaint or information still suffers custody, shall not be discharged UNLESS
from the same defect despite the admitted to bail;
amendment.(Rule 117, Sec. 4) If no order is made or if having been made,
no new information is filed within the time
specified in the order or within such further
Q: What is the test in identifying whether time as the court may allow for good cause,
the rights of an accused are prejudiced by the accused, if in custody, shall be
the amendment of a complaint or discharged UNLESS he is also in custody for
information? another charge.
7.H.4 Order Sustaining the Motion to
A: The test on whether the rights of an accused Quash Not a Bar to Another
are prejudiced by the amendment of a Prosecution(Rule 117, Sec. 6,)
complaint or information is whether a defense
under the complaint or information, as it
originally stood, would no longer be available Bar Operations
Commissions 513
513
General Rule: An order sustaining the motion abuse of discretion (Galzote vs. Briones, G.R.
to quash is not a bar to another prosecution for No. 164682, September 14, 2011).
the same offense. 11. The denial by the trial court of a motion to
quash cannot be the subject of a petition for
Exceptions: When the motion was based on certiorari, prohibition or mandamus in
following grounds:(ExCon) another court of coordinate rank.
1. That the criminal action or liability has been First, a denial of a motion to quash is not
extinguished. appealable. Petition for certiorari is only
2. That the accused has been previously proper when appeal is not an adequate
convicted or acquitted of the offense remedy. The remedy is to go to trial.
charged, or the case against him was Second, certiorari is an exception and a
dismissed or otherwise terminated without recourse grounded only on compelling
his express consent.(Rule 117, Sec. 6) reasons such as: in the interest of
enlightened and substantial justice,
promotion of public welfare and public
General Rule: An order sustaining the motion policy, cases that have generated
to quash is not a bar to another prosecution for nationwide attention making it essential to
the same offense. proceed with dispatch in the consideration
thereof, or judgments attended by grave
Exceptions: When the motion was based on abuse of discretion (Galzote vs. Briones, G.R.
No. 164682, September 14, 2011).
following grounds:(ExCon)
d) That the criminal action or liability has 7.H.5 Double Jeopardy (Rule 117, Sec. 7)
been extinguished.
e) That the accused has been previously It means that when a person is charged with an
convicted or acquitted of the offense charged, offense and the case is terminated either by
or the case against him was dismissed or acquittal or conviction or in any other manner
otherwise terminated without his express WITHOUT the consent of the accused, the latter
consent.(Rule 117, Sec. 6) cannot again be charged with the same or
identical offense.(Villareal vs. People, G.R. 151258,
February, 1, 2012).
An Order Denying a Motion to Quash is
Interlocutory and not Appealable
Jeopardy refers to peril in which a person
is put when he is regularly charged with a
The denial by the trial court of a motion to
crime before a tribunal properly organized
quash cannot be the subject of a petition for
and competent to try him(People vs. Jabajab,
certiorari, prohibition or mandamus in G.R. Nos. L-9238-39, November 13, 1956).
another court of coordinate rank.
1. Jeopardy refers to peril in which a person is
First, a denial of a motion to quash is not put when he is regularly charged with a crime
appealable. Petition for certiorari is only before a tribunal properly organized and
proper when appeal is not an adequate competent to try him(People vs. Jabajab, G.R. Nos.
remedy. The remedy is to go to trial. L-9238-39, November 13, 1956).
Second, certiorari is an exception and a
recourse grounded only on compelling Q: When does the Accused waive his
reasons such as: in the interest of constitutional safeguard against Double
enlightened and substantial justice, Jeopardy?
promotion of public welfare and public
policy, cases that have generated A: The Supreme Court reiterates that when an
nationwide attention making it essential to accused appeals from the sentence of the trial
proceed with dispatch in the consideration court, he waives the constitutional safeguard
thereof, or judgments attended by grave against double jeopardy and throws the whole
514
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
case open to the review of the appellate court, offense as in the first (Cerezo vs. People, G.R.
which is then called to render No. 185230, June 01, 2011).
judgementjudgment as the law and justice If the case is dismissed upon defendant’s
dictate, whether favorable or unfavorable, and request or with his express consent, the
whether they are made the subject of assigned dismissal is not a bar to another prosecution
errors or not. (People vs.Rondero, G.R. No. 125687, for the same offense because his act
December 9, 1999) prevents the court from proceeding to trial
on the merits and rendering judgment of
Q: May an Accused be Prosecuted for More conviction against him (People vs. Obsania,
than One Offense? G.R. No. L-24447, June 29, 1968 ).
A: The Supreme Court had ruled that a single Double jeopardy exists when the following
act or incident might offend against two or more requisites are present: (1) a first jeopardy
entirely distinct and unrelated provisions of law attached prior to the second; (2) the first
thus justifying the prosecution of the accused jeopardy has been validly terminated; and
for more than one offense. The only limit to this (3) a second jeopardy is for the same
rule is the Constitutional prohibition that no offense as in the first (Cerezo vs. People, G.R.
person shall be twice put in jeopardy of No. 185230, June 01, 2011).
punishment for “the same offense” (Loney vs.
People, G.R. No. 152644, February 10, 2006) Q: What is the Effect of Double Jeopardy
on the Civil Aspect of the Case?
When First Jeopardy Attaches
A: A judgementjudgment of acquittal is
Requisites: It is necessary that in the first immediately final and executory and the
case, there was: (ICAP-Con) prosecution cannot appeal the acquittal because
of the constitutional prohibition against double
1. a valid indictment; jeopardy. However, either the offended party or
2. before a competent court of the accused may appeal the civil aspect of the
jurisdiction; judgementjudgment despite the acquittal of the
3. after arraignment; accused. The public prosecutor has generally
4. when a valid plea has been entered; no interest in appealing the civil aspect of a
and, decision acquitting the accused. The acquittal
5. when the accused has been acquitted ends the work of the public prosecutor and the
or convicted, or the case dismissed or case is terminated as far as he is concerned (Cruz
vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 123340, August, 29,
otherwise terminated without his 2002).
express consent (Cerezo vs. People, G.R.
No. 185230, June 01, 2011).
When ALL the Requisites of First Jeopardy
are Present, they Constitute a Bar to a
If the case is dismissed upon defendant’s
Second Prosecution which is:
request or with his express consent, the
dismissal is not a bar to another prosecution
for the same offense because his act
1.For the same offense;
prevents the court from proceeding to trial
2.For an attempt to commit the same offense;
on the merits and rendering judgment of
3.For a frustration of the said offense;
conviction against him (People vs. Obsania,
4.For any offense which necessarily includes
G.R. No. L-24447, June 29, 1968).
or is necessarily included in the first offense
Double jeopardy exists when the following charged.(Rule 117, Sec. 7)
requisites are present: (1) a first jeopardy For the same offense;
attached prior to the second; (2) the first For an attempt to commit the same offense;
jeopardy has been validly terminated; and For a frustration of the said offense;
(3) a second jeopardy is for the same
Bar Operations
Commissions 515
515
For any offense which necessarily includes or is proof of an additional fact which the other does
necessarily included in the first offense charged. not so require, neither conviction nor acquittal in
(Rule 117, Sec. 7) one will bar a prosecution for the other (Perez vs.
CA, G.R. No. L-80838, November 29, 1988).
Instances When Dismissal Amounts to
Acquittal and Bars a Subsequent Test for Determining whether the Two (2)
Prosecution for the Same Offense EVEN IF Offenses are Identical
Dismissal is at the Instance of Defendant:
Same Offense Test – there is identity between
1. If predicated upon right to speedy trial of the two offenses when the evidence to support
the accused; a conviction for one offense would be sufficient
2. Due to a variance between the proof and to warrant a conviction for the other, or when
allegations; the second offense is exactly the same as the
3. In the strength of a demurrer to evidence; first, or when the second offense is an attempt
or to commit or a frustration of, or when it
4. Insufficiency of evidence necessarily includes or is necessarily included in,
the offense charged in the first information
(Tehankee, Jr. vs. Madayag, G.R. No. 103102, March
6, 1992).
If predicated upon right to speedy trial
of the accused; Exceptions to the Identity Rule:
Due to a variance between the proof
and allegations; a.) The graver offense developed due to
In the strength of a demurrer to supervening facts arising from the same act
evidence; or or omission constituting the former charge;
Insufficiency of evidence b.) The facts constituting the graver charge
became known or were discovered only
DISMISSAL ACQUITTAL after a plea was entered in the former
Does not decide Always based on the complaint or information (newly discovered
the case on the merits; that is, the facts); and
merits or that the defendant is c.) The plea of guilty to the lesser offense was
defendant is not acquitted because
made without the consent of the prosecutor
guilty. the evidence does
not show defendant’s
and of the offended party EXCEPT as
guilt beyond provided in Section 1(f) of Rule 116
reasonable doubt. (improper affirmative plea to a lesser
offense)(Rule 117, Section 7).
If an act is punished by a law and an ordinance,
even if they are considered as different Same Evidence Test – whether the facts, as
offenses, conviction/acquittal under either shall alleged in the 2nd information, if proved, would
constitute a bar to another prosecution for the have been sufficient to sustain the former
same act.(Carmelo vs. People of the Philippines, G.R. information, or from which the accused may
No. L-3580, March 22, 1950) have been acquitted or convicted.
If a single act is punished by two (2) 7.H.6 Provisional Dismissal(Rule 117, Sec. 8)
different provisions of law, but each
provision requires proof of an additional fact Requisites: (MoNO-Ser)
which the other does not so require, neither
conviction nor acquittal in one will bar a a.) Motion by the prosecution with the express
prosecution for the other (Perez vs. CA, G.R. consent of the accused or by the accused
No. L-80838, November 29, 1988). himself, or by both the prosecution and the
If a single act is punished by two (2) different accused for a provisional dismissal;
provisions of law, but each provision requires b.) Notice to the offended party of the motion;
516
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c.) Court issued order granting the motion and included therein, or if the original charge
dismissing the case provisionally; and, has been upgraded, or if the criminal liability
d.) Public prosecutor is served with a copy of of the accused is upgraded from that as an
the order of provisional dismissal of the accessory to that as a principal, such revival
case (People vs. Panfilo Lason, G.R. No. within the time-bar for the same offense or
149453, April 1, 2003). an offense necessarily included therein may
likewise be done by the refiling of the
Provisional Dismissal Becomes Permanent Information or by the filing of a new
for Failure to Revive the Case Within: Information, provided that a new
preliminary investigation is conducted;
a) 1 year: for offenses punishable by d. No revival may be done beyond the time-
imprisonment not exceeding 6 years. bar, as such would result in the violation of
b) 2 years: for offenses punishable by the constitutional right of the accused
imprisonment of more than 6 years. against double jeopardy.
Note: The period above is counted from the Q: Are Dismissal Based on a Motion to
receipt by the public prosecutor of the copy of Quash and a Provisional Dismissal the
the order of provisional dismissal. Same?
Upon the lapse of the period to revive the case, A: An examination of the whole Rule tells us
the State is presumed, albeit disputably, to have that a dismissal based on a motion to quash and
abandoned or waived its right to revive the case a provisional dismissal are far different from one
and prosecute the accused. The dismissal another as concepts, in their features, and legal
becomes ipso facto permanent. He can no consequences. While the provision on
longer be charged anew for the same crime or provisional dismissal is found within Rule 117
another crime necessarily included therein. (entitled Motion to Quash), it does not follow
(People vs. Lacson, G.R. No. 149453, April 1, 2003).
that a motion to quash results in a provisional
dismissal to which Section 8, Rule 117 applies. If
Procedure in Reviving Provisionally the problem relates to an intrinsic or extrinsic
Dismissed Cases (People vs. Panfilo Lason, G.R. deficience of the complaint or information, as
No. 149453, April 1, 2003):
shown on its face, the remedy is a motion to
quash under the terms of Section 3, Rule 117.
a. If the revival is done within the time-bar
All other reasons for seeking the dismissal of the
and the case involves the same offense or
complaint or information, before arraignment
an offense necessarily included therein,
and under the circumstances outlined in Section
revival may be had by the refiling of the
8, fall under provisional dismissal (Los Banos vs.
Information or by the filing of a new
Pedro, G.R. No. 173588, April 22, 2009).
Information, without the need of a new
preliminary investigation; Failure to Move to Quash or to Allege any
b. If after the provisional dismissal, the original Ground Therefor (Rule 117, Sec. 9)
witnesses of the prosecution or some of
them have recanted their testimonies or General Rule: All grounds for a motion to
have died or are no longer available and quash are waived if not seasonably raised.
new witnesses for the State have emerged,
the revival within the time-bar for the same Exceptions: (Off-JurExDo)
offense or an offense necessarily included
therein may still be done by the refiling of 1. When the information does not charge an
the Information or by the filing of a new offense;
Information, provided that a new 2. When the ground is lack of jurisdictionof
preliminary investigation is conducted; the court;
c. If, in the revival, other persons are charged 3. When the ground is extinction of the
for the same offense or one necessarily offense or penalty, and;
Bar Operations
Commissions 517
517
4. When the ground is double jeopardy. Period for Court to Order Pre-trial
When the information does not charge an Conference
offense;
When the ground is lack of jurisdictionof General Rule: After arraignment and within 30
the court; days from the date the court acquires
When the ground is extinction of the jurisdiction over the person of the accused.
offense or penalty, and;
When the ground is double jeopardy. Exception: When a shorter period is provided
for in special laws or circulars of the Supreme
7.I. PRE-TRIAL (Rule 118) Court.(Rule 118, Section 1)
Note: Rule 118 has been amended by the the Order for Pre-Trial Conference:
Guidelines to be Observed by Trial Court Judges
and Clerks of Court in the Conduct of Pre-trial After the arraignment, the Court shall
and Use of Deposition-Discovery Measures (A.M. forthwith set the pre-trial conference
No. 03-1-09-SC, effective August 16, 2004). within thirty (30) days from the date of
Purpose of Pre-trial arraignment, and issue an order:
1. To simplify the issues, shape up the 1. Requiring the private offended party to
testimonial and documentary evidence and appear thereat for pusposes of plea-
generally to clear the desks for trial (Irving bargaining EXCEPT for violations of the
Trust Co. vs. US, 221 F.2d 303). Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of
2.
2002, and for other matters requiring his
3. To promote a fair and expeditious trial of presence under Sec. 1 of Rule 118;
the criminal and civil aspects of the case 2.
[Rule 118, Sec. 1 (f)]]
To simplify the issues, shape up the
3. Referring the case to the Branch Clerk of
testimonial and documentary evidence and Court, if warranted, for a preliminary
generally to clear the desks for trial (Irving conference; and,
Trust Co. vs. US, 221 F.2d 303). 4.
To promote a fair and expeditious trial of the 5. The Preliminary Conference shall be set
criminal and civil aspects of the case [Rule at least three days prior to the pre-trial to
118, Sec. 1 (f)]] mark the documents or exhibits to be
presented by the parties and copies thereof
Where Pre-trial is Mandatory (Rule 118, Sec. to be attached to the records after
1) comparison and to consider other matters
as may aid in its prompt disposition.
In all criminal cases cognizable by the: 6.
2. Sandiganbayan; 7. Informing the parties that no evidence shall
3. Regional Trial Court; be allowed to be presented and offered
4. Metropolitan Trial Court; during the trial other than those identified
5. Municipal Trial Court in Cities; and marked during the pre-trial, except
6. Municipal Trial Court; when allowed by the court for good cause
7. Municipal Circuit Trial Court. shown (Part I, B[2], A.M. No. 03-1-09-SC)
a) Sandiganbayan; Requiring the private offended party
b) Regional Trial Court; to appear thereat for pusposes of
c)Metropolitan Trial Court; plea-bargaining EXCEPT for
d) Municipal Trial Court in Cities; violations of the Comprehensive
e) Municipal Trial Court; Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, and
f) Municipal Circuit Trial Court. for other matters requiring his
presence under Sec. 1 of Rule 118;
518
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
Referring the case to the Branch
Clerk of Court, if warranted, for a During the Preliminary Conference, the Branch
preliminary conference; and, Clerk of Court (COC) shall:
Before the pre-trial conference, the judge must Note: Under the same case, the Court declared
study: Sec. 23 of R.A. 9165, which prohibits plea
bargaining in drug cases, as unconstitutional for
1. The allegations of the information; being violative of the Court’s rule-making
2. The statements in the affidavits of authority under the Constitution.
witnesses; and
3. Other documentary evidence which form 7.I.2 What the Court Should Do When
part of the record of the preliminary Prosecution and Offended Party Agree to
investigation. the Plea Offered by the Accused (Part I, B[3],
A.M. No. 03-1-09-SC)
Plea Bargaining in Criminal Cases
The court shall:
During the pre-trial, the trial judge shall consider
plea-bargaining arrangements (Part I, B[5], A.M. 1. Issue an oder which contains the plea
No. 03-1-09-SC). bargaining arrived at;
2. Proceed to receive evidence on the civil
In all other cases where the imposable penalty aspect of the case; and,
is life imprisonment or life imprisonment to 3. Render and promulgate judgment of
death, plea bargaining is NOT allowed. Plea conviction, including the civil liability or
bargaining is also not allowed under Section 5 of damages duly established by the evidence.
R.A. 9165 involving all other kinds of dangerous
drugs, except shabu and marijuana (A.M. No. 18- Court Action When Plea Bargaining Fails
03-16-SC) (Part I, B[6], A.M. No. 03-1-09-SC)
Pre-Trial Proper(Part I, B[7 and 9], A.M. No. 03- Pre-trial stipulations were duly signed by the
1-09-SC) accused and their counsel cannot be
allowed to unilaterally withdraw the same
The judge shall be the one to ask questions on unless set aside for good cause. In the Joint
issues raised during the pre-trial. Stipulation of Facts and Documents, the
prosecution opted not to present any
All questions must be directed to the judge to witness considering that the defense
avoid hostilities between parties. admitted all the documentary evidence of
the prosecution (Bayas vs. Sandiganbayan,
All proceedings during the pre-trial shall be G.R. Nos. 143689-91, November 12, 2002).
recorded, the transcripts prepared and the
minutes signed by the parties and/or their
counsels. 7.I.4 Non-Appearance at Pre-Trial
Conference (Rule 118, Sec. 3)
7.I.3 Pre-Trial Agreement As Evidence
Against The Accused (Rule 118, Sec. 2) The Court may impose proper sanctions if the
counsel for the accused or the prosecutor does
Requisites: not appear at the pre-trial conference and does
not offer an acceptable excuse for his lack of
c) Reduced in writing; and cooperation.
d) Signed by the accused and counsel.
Sanctions and Penalties for Non –
If the prosecution discovered that the Appearance Refer to the Counsel for the
accused did not sign the stipulation of facts, Accused and the Prosecutor
as required by Rule 118, he should submit
evidence to establish the elements of the Section 8 of Rule 70 of the Rules of Court
crime and not relying solely on the requires the appearance of the plaintiff and
stipulation of facts (Fule vs. CA, G.R. No. L- the defendant during the preliminary
79094, June 22, 1988 ). conference. Unless inconsistent with Rule
70, the provisions of Rule 18 on pre-trial
Pre-trial stipulations were duly signed by the applies to the preliminary conference.
accused and their counsel cannot be Section 4 of Rule 18 may supplement
allowed to unilaterally withdraw the same Section 8 of Rule 70. Thus, the spirit behind
unless set aside for good cause. In the Joint the exception to personal appearance under
Stipulation of Facts and Documents, the the rules on pre-trial is applicable to the
prosecution opted not to present any preliminary conference. If there are valid
witness considering that the defense reasons or if a representative has a “special
admitted all the documentary evidence of authority,” a party’s appearance may be
the prosecution (Bayas vs. Sandiganbayan, waived (Spouses Macasaet vs. Spouses
G.R. Nos. 143689-91, November 12, 2002). Macasaet, G.R. No. 154391-92, August 30,
Requisites: 2004).
Section 8 of Rule 70 of the Rules of Court
e) Reduced in writing; and requires the appearance of the plaintiff and the
522
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
defendant during the preliminary conference. Judicial Dispute Resolution (JDR) is plainly
Unless inconsistent with Rule 70, the provisions intended to put an end to pending litigation
of Rule 18 on pre-trial applies to the preliminary through a compromise agreement of the parties.
conference. Section 4 of Rule 18 may
supplement Section 8 of Rule 70. Thus, the Objectives:To actively promote party
spirit behind the exception to personal autonomy in the resolution of disputes or the
appearance under the rules on pre-trial is freedom of the parties to make their own
applicable to the preliminary conference. If arrangement to resolve disputes. Towards this
there are valid reasons or if a representative has end, the State shall encourage and actively
a “special authority,” a party’s appearance may promote the use of Alternative Dispute
be waived (Spouses Macasaet vs. Spouses Resolution (ADR) as an important means to
Macasaet, G.R. No. 154391-92, August 30, 2004). achieve speedy and impartial justice and de-clog
court dockets(A.M. No. 01-10-5-SC PHILJA).
7.I.5 Pre-Trial Order
Coverage:
It is an order issued by the trial judge within ten
(10) days AFTER the termination of the pre-trial. 1. All civil cases and the civil liability of criminal
cases covered by the Rule on Summary
Contents of Pre-trial Order (Rule 118, Sec. 4) Procedure, including the civil liability for
violation of B.P. 22, except those which by
1. Actions taken; law may not be compromised;
2. Facts stipulated;and 2. Special proceedings for the settlement of
estates;
3. Evidence marked.Actions taken; 3. All civil and criminal cases filed with a
Facts stipulated;and certificate to file action issued by the Punong
Evidence marked. Barangay or the Pangkat ng
Tagapagkasundo under the Revised
KatarungangPambarangay Law (Chapter 7, RA
Effects of Pre-Trial Order 7160);
4. The civil aspect of Quasi-Offenses under Title
1. Binds the parties; 14 of the Revised Penal Code;
2. Limits the trial to matters not disposed of; 5. The civil aspect of less grave felonies
and, punishable by correctional penalties not
3. Controls the course of the action during the exceeding 6 years imprisonment, where the
trial, unless modified by the court to prevent offended party is a private person;
manifest injustice.(A.M. No. 03-1-09-SC; Rule 6. The civil aspect of estafa, theft and libel;
118, Section 4) 7. All civil cases and probate proceedings,
Binds the parties; testate and intestate, brought on appeal
Limits the trial to matters not from the exclusive and original jurisdiction
disposed of; and, granted to the first level courts under Section
Controls the course of the 33, par. (1) of the Judiciary Reorganization
action during the trial, unless Act of 1980(A.M. No. 08‐9‐10‐SC‐PHILJA);
modified by the court to prevent 8. All cases of forcible entry and unlawful
manifest injustice.(A.M. No. 03-1- detainer brought on appeal from the
09-SC; Rule 118, Section 4) exclusive and original jurisdiction granted to
the first level courts under Section 33, par.
Referral of Some Cases For Court Annexed (2) of the Judiciary Reorganization Act of
Mediation (CAM) and Judicial Dispute 1980;
Resolution (JDR) Proceedings 9. All civil cases involving title to or possession
of real property or an interest therein
Note: The diversion of pending court cases brought on appeal from the exclusive and
both to Court-Annexed Mediation (CAM) and to Bar Operations
original jurisdiction granted to the
Commissions 523
523
first level courts under Section 33, par. (3) of The Following Cases shall NOT be Referred
the Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980; and to Court Annexed Mediation and Judicial
10. All habeas corpus cases decided by the first Dispute Resolution:
level courts in the absence of the Regional
Trial Court judge, that are brought up on 1. Civil cases which, by law, cannot be
appeal from the special jurisdiction granted compromised (Article 2035, New Civil Code);
to the first level courts under Section 35 of 2. Habeas Corpus petitions;
the Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980. 3. All cases under Republic Act No. 9262(Anti-
All civil cases and the civil liability of Violence against Women and their Children Act) ;
criminal cases covered by the Rule on Summary and,
Procedure, including the civil liability for 4. Cases with pending application for
violation of B.P. 22, except those which by law Restraining Orders/Preliminary Injunctions.
may not be compromised; a) Civil cases which, by law, cannot be
Special proceedings for the settlement compromised (Article 2035, New Civil Code);
of estates; b) Habeas Corpus petitions;
All civil and criminal cases filed with a c) All cases under Republic Act No.
certificate to file action issued by the Punong 9262(Anti-Violence against Women and their Children
Barangay or the Pangkat ng Tagapagkasundo Act); and,
under the Revised Katarungang Pambarangay d) Cases with pending application for
Law (Chapter 7, RA 7160); Restraining Orders/Preliminary Injunctions.
The civil aspect of Quasi-Offenses under
Title 14 of the Revised Penal Code; Note: In cases where the parties inform the
The civil aspect of less grave felonies court that they have agreed to undergo
punishable by correctional penalties not mediation on some aspects thereof, e.g.,
exceeding 6 years imprisonment, where the custody of minor children, separation of
offended party is a private person; property, or support pendente lite, the court
The civil aspect of estafa, theft and shall refer them to mediation (OCA Circular No.
libel; 43-2019).
All civil cases and probate proceedings,
testate and intestate, brought on appeal from Archiving of Criminal Cases, When Proper
the exclusive and original jurisdiction granted to
the first level courts under Section 33, par. (1) 1. After the issuance of the warrant of arrest
of the Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980 (A.M. and the accused remains at large for 6
No. 08‐9‐10‐SC‐PHILJA); months. The court should require the police
All cases of forcible entry and unlawful officer to explain why accused was not
detainer brought on appeal from the exclusive apprehended. It should issue an alias
and original jurisdiction granted to the first level warrant of arrest and order the archiving of
courts under Section 33, par. (2) of the Judiciary the case;
Reorganization Act of 1980;
All civil cases involving title to or 2. When proceedings are ordered suspended
possession of real property or an interest therein for an indefinite period because:
brought on appeal from the exclusive and
original jurisdiction granted to the first level a. the accused is suffering from an unsound
courts under Section 33, par. (3) of the Judiciary mental condition;
Reorganization Act of 1980; and b. valid prejudicial question exists;
All habeas corpus cases decided by the c. an interlocutory order is elevated; and,
first level courts in the absence of the Regional d. the accused jumped bail before
Trial Court judge, that are brought up on appeal arraignment. (Admin. Circ. No. 7-A-92,
from the special jurisdiction granted to the first June 21, 1993)After the issuance of the
level courts under Section 35 of the Judiciary warrant of arrest and the accused
Reorganization Act of 1980. remains at large for 6 months. The court
should require the police officer to explain
524
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
why accused was not apprehended. It
should issue an alias warrant of arrest Exception: When otherwise provided by the
and order the archiving of the case; Supreme Court.
When proceedings are ordered suspended 7.J.1 When Presence of the Accused is
for an indefinite period because: Required(Sec. 14 [2], Art. III, 1987 Constitution):
Note: Rule 119 has been amended by the 4. When ordered by the court for purposes of
Revised Guidelines for Continuous Trial of identification during trial; and,
Criminal Cases (A.M. No. 15-06-10-SC , effective 5.
September 1, 2017). 6. When the court, with due notice, requires so.
(Marcos vs. Ruiz, G.R. Nos. 70746-47, Sept. 1,
Trial is the examination before a competent 1992)
tribunal, according to the laws of the land, At the arraignment and plea;
of the facts put in issue in a case for the
purpose of determining such issue (U.S. vs. At the promulgation of judgment,
Raymundo, G.R. NO. L-8149, February 15, EXCEPT when the conviction is for a light
1916). offense;
8. Trial is the examination before a
competent tribunal, according to the Judgment in light offense may be
laws of the land, of the facts put in pronounced in the presence of the counsel
issue in a case for the purpose of or representative of the accused, but is not
determining such issue (U.S. vs. indispensable therein, as promulgation may
Raymundo, 14 Phil. 439). be made in absentia.
1. Trial shall commence within 30 days from When ordered by the court for purposes
receipt of the pre-trial order. of identification during trial; and,
2. The accused, after a plea of not guilty, shall
have 15 days to prepare for trial (Rule 119, When the court, with due notice,
Sec. 1).
requires so. (Marcos vs. Ruiz, G.R. Nos. 70746-
47, Sept. 1, 1992)
Continuous Trial System (Sec. 2, Rule 119)
7.J.2 Requisites Before Trial can be
Once commenced, trial shall continue from day Suspended on Account of Absence of
to day as far as practicable until terminated; Witness (MaNe-DeAf)
BUT it may be postponed for a reasonable
period of time for good cause. 1. That the witness is material and appears to
the court to be so.
Limitation on the Trial Period: 2. That the party who applies has been guilty of
no neglect.
General Rule: Trial shall in no case exceed 180
days from the first day of trial.
Bar Operations
Commissions 525
525
3. That the witnesses can be had at the time to
which the trial is deferred and incidentally
that no similar evidence could be obtained. Remedies of an Accused When
4. That an affidavit showing the existence of Prosecuting Officer Secures Postponement
the above circumstances must be filed. of Trial
That the witness is material and appears to When a prosecuting officer, without good cause,
the court to be so. secures postponements of the trial of a
That the party who applies has been guilty defendant against the latter’s protest and
of no neglect. beyond a reasonable period of time, the accused
That the witnesses can be had at the time may resort to the following remedies:
to which the trial is deferred and
incidentally that no similar evidence could 1. Mandamus to compel a dismissal of the
be obtained. information;
That an affidavit showing the existence of 2. Habeas corpus to obtain his freedom, if he is
the above circumstances must be filed. restrained of his liberty;
3. Adhere faithfully to the session hours
7.J.3 Trial in Absentia (ANo-Un) prescribed by laws; or,
4. Maintain full control of the proceedings.
The holding of trial in absentia is authorized Mandamus to compel a dismissal of the
under Section 14 (2), Article III of the 1987 information;
Constitution which provides that "after Habeas corpus to obtain his freedom, if he is
arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding restrained of his liberty;
the absence of the accused provided that he has Adhere faithfully to the session hours prescribed
been duly notified and his failure to appear is by laws; or,
unjustifiable."(Estrada vs. People of the Maintain full control of the proceedings.
Philippines,G.R. No. 162371. August 25, 2005).
EXCLUSIONS to the Computation of Time
Requisites for Trial to Commence (Rule 119, Sec. 3)
(PAMDi-JoC)
526
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
1. The information may be dismissed on motion incidents attributable to the accused and his
of the accused on the ground of denial of his counsel, the right of the accused to speedy
right to speedy trial. disposition of cases is not violated.
2. Dismissal shall constitute double jeopardy. (Mendoza-Ong vs. Sandiganbayan, et al., G.R.
No. 146368-69, October 18,2004)
3. The accused must move to
dismiss before trial actually commences, In criminal cases, a motion to dismiss may
otherwise, he waives such right.The information be filed on the ground of denial of the
may be dismissed on motion of the accused on accused’s right to speedy trial. This denial is
the ground of denial of his right to speedy trial. characterized by unreasonable, vexatious,
Dismissal shall constitute double and oppressive delays without fault of the
jeopardy. accused, or by unjustified postponements
The accused must move to dismiss that unreasonably prolonged the trial. This
before trial actually commences, otherwise, he was the main thrust of Cabador’s motion to
waives such right. dismiss and he had the right to bring this up
for a ruling by the trial court. The fact is
that Cabador did not even bother to do
DISMISSAL WITHOUT PREJUDICE what is so fundamental in any demurrer. He
DISTINGUISHED FROM DISMISSAL WITH did not state what evidence the prosecution
PREJUDICE had presented against him to show in what
respects such evidence failed to meet the
DISMISSAL elements of the crime charged. His so-called
DISMISSAL WITH
WITHOUT "demurrer" did not touch on any particular
PREJUDICE
PREJUDICE testimony of even one witness. He cited no
Allows a new suit An adjudication on documentary exhibit. Indeed, he could not
to be brought on the merits, the final because, he did not know that the
the same cause of disposition barring prosecution finally made its formal offer of
action. the right to bring or
exhibits on the same date he filed his
maintain an action on
the same claim or
motion to dismiss. To say that Cabador filed
cause; res judicata as a demurrer to evidence is equivalent to the
to every matter proverbial blind man, touching the side of
litigated. an elephant, and exclaiming that he had
touched a wall (People vs. Cabador, G.R. No.
The right to speedy disposition of cases, like the 186001, October 2, 2009).
right to speedy trial, is violated only when the
proceedings are attended by vexatious, “Speedy disposition of cases” is consistent
capricious and oppressive delays. with reasonable delays. if the long delay in
the termination of the preliminary
In the determination of whether that right has investigation was not solely the
been violated, the factors that may be prosecution’s fault, but was also due to
considered and balanced are as follows: (1) incidents attributable to the accused and his
length of the delay; (2) the reasons for the counsel, the right of the accused to speedy
delay; (3) the assertion or failure to assert such disposition of cases is not violated.
right by the accused; and (4) the prejudice (Mendoza-Ong vs. Sandiganbayan, et al., G.R.
caused by the delay. (Dela Pena vs. No. 146368-69, October 18,2004)
Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 144542, June 29, 2001)
In criminal cases, a motion to dismiss may
“Speedy disposition of cases” is consistent be filed on the ground of denial of the
with reasonable delays. if the long delay in accused’s right to speedy trial. This denial is
the termination of the preliminary characterized by unreasonable, vexatious,
investigation was not solely the and oppressive delays without fault of the
accused, or by unjustified postponements
prosecution’s fault, but was also due to Bar Operations
that unreasonably prolonged the
Commissions 527
527
trial. This was the main thrust of Cabador’s furtherance of justice, permits them to present additional
evidence bearing upon the main issue.
motion to dismiss and he had the right to
Upon admission of the evidence of the parties, the case shall
bring this up for a ruling by the trial court. be deemed submitted for decision unless the court directs
The fact is that Cabador did not even bother them to argue orally or to submit written memoranda.
to do what is so fundamental in any When the accused admits the act or omission charged in the
demurrer. He did not state what evidence complaint or information but interposes a lawful defense,
the order of trial may be modified.
the prosecution had presented against him
to show in what respects such evidence Note: A departure from the order of the trial is
failed to meet the elements of the crime not reversible, as where it was agreed upon or
charged. His so-called "demurrer" did not not seasonably objected to, but not where the
touch on any particular testimony of even change in the order of the trial was timely
one witness. He cited no documentary objected by the defense.
exhibit. Indeed, he could not because, he
did not know that the prosecution finally
made its formal offer of exhibits on the Where the order of the trial set forth under
same date he filed his motion to dismiss. To this section was not followed by the court
say that Cabador filed a demurrer to to the extent of denying the prosecution an
evidence is equivalent to the proverbial blind opportunity to present its evidence, the trial
man, touching the side of an elephant, and is a nullity (People vs. Balisacan, G.R. No. L-
exclaiming that he had touched a wall 26376, August 31, 1966).
(People vs. Cabador, G.R. No. 186001, October
2, 2009).
Where the order of the trial set forth under
this section was not followed by the court
Order of Trial(Rule 119, Sec. 11)
to the extent of denying the prosecution an
The prosecution shall present evidence to prove the charge opportunity to present its evidence, the trial
and, in the proper case, the civil liability. is a nullity (People vs. Balisacan, G.R. No. L-
26376, August 31, 1966).
1. The prosecution shall present evidence to
prove the charge and, in the proper case, the Reverse Trial
civil liability.
2. The accused may present evidence to prove When the accused admits the act or omission
his defense and damages, if any, arising charged in the complaint or information but
from the issuance of a provisional remedy in interposes a lawful defense, the trial court may
the case. allow the accused to present his evidence and
3. The prosecution and the defense may, in thereafter give the prosecution the opportunity
that order, present rebuttal and sur-rebuttal to present his rebuttal evidence.
evidence unless the court, in furtherance of
justice, permits them to present additional Refusal of the court to reverse the order of
evidence bearing upon the main issue. trial upon demand of the accused who
4. Upon admission of the evidence of the pleads self-defense as a defense is NOT a
parties, the case shall be deemed submitted reversible error (People vs. Gutierrez, G.R. No.
116281, February 08, 1999).
for decision unless the court directs them to
argue orally or to submit written
The modification of the order of trial is
memoranda.
discretionary and denial is interlocutory in
5. When the accused admits the act or omission
nature and hence, not appealable (People vs.
charged in the complaint or information but
Marcial, G.R. Nos. 152864-65, September 27,
interposes a lawful defense, the order of trial 2006).
may be modified. Refusal of the court to reverse the order of
The accused may present evidence to prove his defense and
damages, if any, arising from the issuance of a provisional
trial upon demand of the accused who
remedy in the case. pleads self-defense as a defense is NOT a
The prosecution and the defense may, in that order, present reversible error (People vs. Gutierrez, G.R. No.
rebuttal and sur-rebuttal evidence unless the court, in 116281, February 08, 1999).
528
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
Examination of Defense Witness (Rule 119,
The modification of the order of trial is Sec. 13)
discretionary and denial is interlocutory in
nature and hence, not appealable (People vs. The examination of witnesses must be done
Marcial, G.R. Nos. 152864-65, September 27, orally before a judge in open court. This is true
2006). especially in criminal cases where the
Constitution secures to the accused his right to
Application for Examination of Witness for a public trial and to meet the witnessess against
Accused Before Trial (Rule 119, Sec. 12) him face to face. The requirement is the "safest
and most satisfactory method of investigating
Accused may have witnesses examined facts" as it enables the judge to test the witness'
conditionally in his behalf, before trial, upon credibility through his manner and deportment
motion with notice to all other parties. while testifying. It is not without exceptions,
however, as the Rules of Court recognizes the
The Motion Must State: conditional examination of witnesses and the
use of their depositions as testimonial evidence
in lieu of direct court testimony (Go vs. People,
1. Name and residence of witness; G.R. No. 185527, July 18, 2012).
2. Substance of testimony;
3. Witness is sick or infirm as to afford Rule 23 on Deposition NOT Applicable to
reasonable ground to believe that he will not Criminal Cases
be able to attend the trial or resides more
than 100 km from the place of trial and has Rule 119 categorically states that the
no means to attend the same, or other conditional examination of a prosecution
similar circumstances exist that would make witness shall be made before the court
him unavailable or prevent him from where the case is pending. Contrary to
attending trial. petitioners’ contention, there is nothing in
4. The motion shall be supported by an affidavit the rule which may remotely be interpreted
and such other evidence as the court may to mean that such requirement applies only
require. to cases where the witness is within the
jurisdiction of said court and not when he is
Name and residence of witness; kilometers away, as in the present case.
Substance of testimony; Therefore, the court may not introduce
Witness is sick or infirm as to afford exceptions or conditions. xX xx Considering
reasonable ground to believe that that Rule 119 adequately and squarely
he will not be able to attend the trial covers the situation in the instant case, we
or resides more than 100 km from find no cogent reason to apply Rule 23
the place of trial and has no means suppletorily or otherwise (Vda. De Manguerra
to attend the same, or other similar vs. Risos, G.R. No. 152643, August 28, 2008).
circumstances exist that would
make him unavailable or prevent
him from attending trial.
The motion shall be supported by
an affidavit and such other evidence
as the court may require.
Bar Operations
Commissions 529
529
5. Rule 119 categorically states that the and the preceding
conditional examination of a prosecution sections.
witness shall be made before the court The taking of The conditional
where the case is pending. Contrary to depositions under Rule examination of a defense
24 is taken for the witness under Sec. 12 and
petitioners’ contention, there is nothing in
preservation of a 13, Rule 119 are taken for
the rule which may remotely be interpreted material witness’ the preservation also of a
to mean that such requirement applies only testimony. material witness’
to cases where the witness is within the testimony.
jurisdiction of said court and not when he is
kilometers away, as in the present case. If the court is satisfied that the examination of
Therefore, the court may not introduce witness is necessary as provided in Sec 4, an
exceptions or conditions. X x x Considering order directing that the witness be examined
that Rule 119 adequately and squarely shall be made and a copy served on the fiscal.
covers the situation in the instant case, we
find no cogent reason to apply Rule 23 The examination shall be taken before any
suppletorily or otherwise (Vda. De Manguerra judge or, if not practicable, before any member
vs. Risos, G.R. No. 152643, August 28, 2008). of the Bar in good standing so designated in the
order.
APPLICATION FOR
MODES OF EXAMINATION OF The examination shall proceed notwithstanding
DISCOVERY WITNESS UNDER the absence of the prosecutor provided he was
UNDER THE CIVIL THE RULES OF duly notified of the hearing. A written record of
PROCEDURE CRIMINAL the testimony shall be taken(Rule 119 Sec. 13).
(Rule 24) PROCEDURE (Sec.
12, Rule 119) Bail to Secure Appearance of Material
Rule 24 applies in a The procedure set Witness (Rule 119, Sec. 14)
suppletory character forth must be
in all matters not complied with strictly Requisites: (NoMO)
specifically touched
on by Sec. 12, Rule 1. Court is satisfied, upon proof or oath, that a
119 and the material witness will not testify when
preceding sections. required;
The taking of The conditional 2. Motionby either party; and,
depositions under examination of a 3. Order of court to the witness to post bail
Rule 24 is taken for defense witness
the preservation of a under Sec. 12 and Effect of Refusal to Post Bail: The court shall
material witness’ 13, Rule 119 are commit the witness to prison.
testimony. taken for the Period of Imprisonment
preservation also of a
material witness’ 1. Until the witness complies; or,
testimony. 2.
3. 2. Until he is legally discharged after his
APPLICATION FOR testimony has been takenRequisites: (NoMO)
MODES OF
EXAMINATION OF
DISCOVERY UNDER
WITNESS UNDER THE Court is satisfied, upon proof or
THE CIVIL
RULES OF CRIMINAL
PROCEDURE
PROCEDURE (Sec. 12, oath, that a material witness will not
(Rule 24) testify when required;
Rule 119)
Rule 24 applies in a The procedure set forth Motionby either party; and,
suppletory character in must be complied with Order of court to the witness to post
all matters not strictly.
specifically touched on bail
by Sec. 12, Rule 119
530
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
Effect of Refusal to Post Bail: The U.S. vs. Raymundo,G.R.No. 4947, November 11,
court shall commit the witness to 1909; and U.S. vs. Javier,G.R. No. 12990,
January 21, 1918)
prison.
Period of Imprisonment
Until the witness complies; or, The requirement insures that the witness will
Until he is legally discharged after give his testimony under oath, thus deterring
his testimony has been taken. lying by the threat of perjury charge; it forces
4. the witness to submit to cross-examination, a
valuable instrument in exposing falsehood and
Examination of Witness for the bringing out the truth; and it enables the court
Prosecution (Rule 119, Sec. 15) to observe the demeanor of the witness and
assess his credibility."(Bernas, J.G., The 1987
When Witness may be Conditionally Constitution: A Commentary, 1996 Edition, p. 463,
citing U.S. vs. Anastacio, G.R. No. 2821, August 30,
Examined (SiLe)
1906; U.S. vs. Raymundo,G.R.No. 4947, November
11, 1909; and U.S. vs. Javier,G.R. No. 12990, January
Witness is too sick or infirm to attend 21, 1918)
trial; or, Cross-Examination of a Witness
He has to leave the Philippines with no
definite date of returning. There is also the advantage of the witness
before the judge, and it is this – it enables
1. Witness is too sick or infirm to attend trial; the judge as trier of facts "to obtain the
or, elusive and incommunicable evidence of a
2. He has to leave the Philippines with no witness' deportment while testifying, and a
definite date of returning. certain subjective moral effect is produced
upon the witness. It is only when the
Note: witness testifies orally that the judge may
have a true idea of his countenance,
Such examination in the presence of the manner and expression, which may confirm
accused or in his absence after reasonable or detract from the weight of his testimony.
notice to attend the examination has been Certainly, the physical condition of the
served on him shall be conducted in the same witness will reveal his capacity for accurate
manner as in examination at the trial. observation and memory, and his
deportment and physiognomy will reveal
Failure or refusal of the accused to attend after clues to his character. These can only be
notice shall be considered as a waiver (Rule 119, observed by the judge if the witness
Sec. 15). testifies orally in court. (People vs. Estenzo,
G.R. No. L-41166, August 25, 1976)
Face-to-Face Confrontation
532
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
His testimony can be substantially corroborated
in its material points; 7.J.5 Requisites for Discharge of Accused
He or any member of his family within the To Be State Witness(Rule 119, Sec. 17)
second civil degree of consanguinity or affinity is
Motion to discharge should be made by the
subjected to threats to his life or bodily injury or
prosecution before resting its case.
there is a likelihood that he will be killed, forced,
intimidated, harassed or corrupted to prevent
In the discharge of an accused in order that he
him from testifying or to testify or evasively
may be a state witness, the following conditions
because of or on account of his testimony; and,
must be present, namely:
He is not a law enforcement officer, even if he
would be testifying against other law
1. Two or more accused are jointly charged
enforcement officers. In such case, only
with the commission of an offense;
immediate members of his family may avail
2. The motion for discharge is filed by the
themselves of the protection provided for under
prosecution before it rests its case;
the Witness Protection Act.
3. The prosecution is required to present
evidence and the sworn statement of each
Responsibilities of a Witness under the
proposed state witness at a hearing in
Witness Protection Program
support of the discharge;
4. The accused gives his consent to be a state
witness; and,
1. To testify before and provide information to
5. The trial court is satisfied that:
all appropriate law enforcement officials
concerning all appropriate proceedings in
a. There is absolute necessity for the
connection with or arising from the activities
testimony of the accused whose discharge
involved in the offense charged;
is requested;
2. To avoid the commission of a crime;
b. There is no other direct evidence available
3. To take all necessary precautions to avoid
for the proper prosecution of the offense
detection by others of the facts concerning
committed, except the testimony of said
the protection provided him;
accused;
4. To comply with legal obligations and civil
c. The testimony of said accused can be
judgment against him;
substantially corroborated in its material
5. To cooperate with respect to all reasonable
points;
requests of officers and employees; and,
d. Said accused does not appear to be the
6. To regularly inform the appropriate program
most guilty; and,
official of his current activities and
e. Said accused has not at any time been
address(Sec. 5, R.A. No. 6981).
convicted of any offense involving moral
turpitude(Salvanera vs. People, G.R. No.
To testify before and provide information to all 143093, May 21, 2007).
appropriate law enforcement officials concerning o Two or more accused are jointly charged
all appropriate proceedings in connection with or
with the commission of an offense;
arising from the activities involved in the offense
o The motion for discharge is filed by the
charged;
prosecution before it rests its case;
To avoid the commission of a crime;
o The prosecution is required to present
To take all necessary precautions to avoid
detection by others of the facts concerning the evidence and the sworn statement of each
protection provided him; proposed state witness at a hearing in
To comply with legal obligations and civil support of the discharge;
judgment against him; o The accused gives his consent to be a state
To cooperate with respect to all reasonable witness; and,
requests of officers and employees; and, o The trial court is satisfied that:
To regularly inform the appropriate program
official of his current activities and address. Bar Operations
Commissions 533
533
There is absolute necessity for the matter of fact, the candid admission of an
testimony of the accused whose accused, of his participation in a crime, is a
discharge is requested; guaranty that if he will testify in court he
There is no other direct evidence will testify truthfully; so that even if an
available for the proper prosecution of accused actually participated in the offense
the offense committed, except the charged in the information, he may still be
testimony of said accused; made a witness (Lugtu vs. CA, G.R. No. 42037,
The testimony of said accused can be March 21, 1990).
substantially corroborated in its material
points; Q: When may an Accused become a State
Said accused does not appear to be the Witness?
most guilty; and,
Said accused has not at any time been A: The two modes by which a participant in the
convicted of any offense involving moral commission of a crime may become a state
turpitude(Salvanera vs. People, G.R. No. witness are, namely: (a) by discharge from the
143093, May 21, 2007). criminal case pursuant to Section 17 of Rule 119
of the Rules of Court; and (b) by the approval of
Note: Absence of any of the requisites is a his application for admission into the Witness
ground for objection to the motion for his Protection Program of the DOJ in accordance
discharge, but such objection must be raised with Republic Act No. 6981 (The Witness
before the discharge is ordered. Protection, Security and Benefit Act) (Ampatuan
Jr. vs. Sec. De Lima, G.R. No. 197291, April 3, 2013 ).
The Rules do not disqualify an accused The
Rules do not disqualify an accused sought to 7.J.6 Effects of Discharge of Accused as
be discharged as witness for the state State Witness(Rule 119, Sec. 18)
merely on the ground that he has
committed a falsification himself, or that he If granted – Evidence adduced in support of
had actually committed the crime charged. the discharge shall automatically form part of
The Rules say that it is necessary that the the trial.
said defendant does not appear to be the
'most guilty,' from which the conclusion General Rule: It operates as an acquittal and
follows that the guilt of an accused of the bar to further prosecution for the same offense.
crime charged is no reason why he may not
be excluded as witness for the State. As a Exception: When the state witness fails or
matter of fact, the candid admission of an refuses to testify in accordance with his sworn
accused, of his participation in a crime, is a statement from which his discharge was based.
guaranty that if he will testify in court he
will testify truthfully; so that even if an If denied – the accused’s sworn statement
accused actually participated in the offense shall be inadmissible in evidence.
charged in the information, he may still be
made a witness (Lugtu vs. CA, G.R. No. 42037, Exceptions to the Effects of a Motion to
March 21, 1990). Discharge
sought to be discharged as witness for the
state merely on the ground that he has
committed a falsification himself, or that he 1. If the accused fails or refuses to testify
had actually committed the crime charged. against his co-accused in accordance with his
The Rules say that it is necessary that the sworn statement constituting the basis of the
said defendant does not appear to be the discharge;
'most guilty,' from which the conclusion 2.
follows that the guilt of an accused of the 3. Failure to testify refers exclusively to
crime charged is no reason why he may not defendant’s will or fault.
be excluded as witness for the State. As a 4.
534
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
5. Where an accused who turns state’s
evidence on a promise of immunity later Substitution of the complaint or information
retracts and fails to keep his part of the must NOT amount to double jeopardy.
agreement, his confession of his participation
in the commission of the crime is admissible 1. The accused shall not be discharged if there
as evidence against him(People vs Beberino, appears a good cause to detain him;
G.R. No. L-23092, October 28, 1977). 2. Apparently, to raise the defense of double
6. jeopardy, three requisites must be present:
7. Once discharged, even if one or all of the (FiTer-Sam)
conditions required for discharge did not a. A first jeopardy must have attached prior
really exist, that fact does not affect the legal to the second;
consequences of the discharge and the b. The first jeopardy must have been validly
admissibility and credibility of his testimony, terminated; and,
IF otherwise admissible and credible (People c. The second jeopardy must be for the
vs Bautista, G.R. No. L- 10029, August 21, 1959).
same offense as that in the first.
8. (Dimayacyac vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No.
If the accused fails or refuses to 136264, May 28, 2004)
testify against his co-accused in The accused shall not be discharged
accordance with his sworn if there appears a good cause to
statement constituting the basis of detain him;
the discharge; Apparently, to raise the defense of
Failure to testify refers exclusively
double jeopardy, three requisites
to defendant’s will or fault. must be present: (FiTer-Sam)
Where an accused who turns state’s A first jeopardy must have attached
evidence on a promise of immunity prior to the second;
later retracts and fails to keep his The first jeopardy must have been
part of the agreement, his validly terminated; and,
confession of his participation in the
commission of the crime is
The second jeopardy must be for the
admissible as evidence against same offense as that in the first.
(Dimayacyac vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No.
him(People vs Beberino, G.R. No. L-
136264, May 28, 2004)
23092, October 28, 1977).
d.
Once discharged, even if one or all Appellant failed to file a motion to quash
of the conditions required for within the time prescribed under Section 1,
discharge did not really exist, that Rule 117 of the Rules of Court, he is thus
fact does not affect the legal deemed to have waived the defect in the
consequences of the discharge and Information. A duplicitous information is
the admissibility and credibility of valid since such defect may be waived and
his testimony, IF otherwise the accused, because of such waiver, could
admissible and credible(People vs be convicted of as many offenses as those
Bautista, G.R. No. L- 10029, August 21, charged in the information and proved
1959). during trial (Mendoza-Ong vs. Sandiganbayan,
et al., G.R. No. 146368-69, October 18, 2004).
Note: Erroneous or improper discharge of a Appellant failed to file a motion to quash
state witness does not affect the competency within the time prescribed under Section 1,
and quality of the testimony of the discharged Rule 117 of the Rules of Court, he is thus
defendant. deemed to have waived the defect in the
Information. A duplicitous information is
When Mistake Has been Made in Charging valid since such defect may be waived and
Bar
the accused, Operations
because of such
the Proper Offense (Rule 119, Sec. 19)
Commissions 535
535
waiver, could be convicted of as many 1. If the motion for leave is denied, the court
offenses as those charged in the information shall issue an order for the accused to
and proved during trial. (Mendoza-Ong vs. present and terminate his/her evidence on
Sandiganbayan, et al., G.R. No. 146368-69, the dates previously agreed upon, and to
October 18, 2004) orally offer and rest his/her case on the day
his/her last witness is presented.
Exclusion of the Public (Rule 119, Sec. 21) 2. If despite the denial of the motion for leave,
Grounds: (OM) the accused insists on filing the demurrer to
evidence, the previously scheduled dates for
1. When evidence to be presented is offensive the accused to present evidence shall be
to decency or public morals; cancelled.
2. On motion of accused; or, 3. The demurrer to evidence shall be filed
3. Under the Child Witness Rule, because the within a non-extendible period of ten (10)
child might be intimidated. calendar days from the date leave of court
When evidence to be presented is offensive to is granted, and the corresponding comment
decency or public morals; shall be filed within a non-extendible period
On motion of accused; or, of ten (10) calendar days counted from date
Under the Child Witness Rule, because the child of receipt of the demurrer to evidence.
might be intimidated. 4. The demurrer shall be resolved by the court
within a non-extendible period of thirty (30)
Consolidation of Trials of Related Offenses calendar days from date of the filing of the
(Rule 119, Sec. 22) comment or lapse of the ten (10)-day period
to file the same.
This contemplates a situation where separate 5.
informations are filed for offenses founded on
the same facts and for offenses which form part Ground: Insufficiency of evidence.
of a series of offenses of similar character.
Demurrer to Evidence in Criminal Cases as
Charges for such offenses may be tried jointly at Amended by the Revised Guidelines for
the discretion of the court. Continuous Trial of Criminal Cases (Part III,
13[d], A.M. No. 15-06-10-SC, effective September 1,
7.J.7 Demurrer to Evidence (Rule 119, Sec. 2017)
23)
After the prosecution has rested
Demurrer to Evidence in Criminal Cases as its case, the court shall inquire
Amended by the Revised Guidelines for from the accused if he/she
Continuous Trial of Criminal Cases (Part III, desires to move for leave of
13[d], A.M. No. 15-06-10-SC, effective September 1, court to file a demurrer to
2017) evidence, or to proceed with the
presentation of his/her
1. After the prosecution has rested its case, the evidence.
court shall inquire from the accused if he/she If the accused orally moves for
desires to move for leave of court to file a leave of court to file a demurrer
demurrer to evidence, or to proceed with the to evidence, the court shall
presentation of his/her evidence. orally resolve the same.
2. If the accused orally moves for leave of court
to file a demurrer to evidence, the court shall If the Motion for Leave is Denied
orally resolve the same.
If the motion for leave is denied,
If the Motion for Leave is Denied the court shall issue an order for the
accused to present and terminate
his/her evidence on the dates
536
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 129938,
previously agreed upon, and to
orally offer and rest his/her case on December 12, 1997).
the day his/her last witness is
presented. A demurrer to evidence is filed after the
If despite the denial of the motion prosecution has rested its case and the trial
for leave, the accused insists on court is required to evaluate whether the
filing the demurrer to evidence, the evidence presented by the prosecution is
previously scheduled dates for the sufficient enough to warrant the conviction
accused to present evidence shall of the accused beyond reasonable doubt. If
be cancelled. the court finds that the evidence is not
The demurrer to evidence shall be sufficient and grants the demurrer to
filed within a non-extendible period evidence, such dismissal of the case is one
of ten (10) calendar days from the on the merits, which is equivalent to the
date leave of court is granted, and acquittal of the accused.
the corresponding comment shall be
The court cannot review an order granting
filed within a non-extendible period
the demurrer to evidence and acquitting the
of ten (10) calendar days counted
accused on the ground of insufficiency of
from date of receipt of the demurrer
evidence because to do so will place the
to evidence.
accused in double jeopardy. Double
The demurrer shall be resolved by
jeopardy attaches even if the dismissal of
the court within a non-extendible
the case was made on motion of the
period of thirty (30) calendar days
accused if: (1) the dismissal is based on a
from date of the filing of the
demurrer to evidence filed by the accused
comment or lapse of the ten (10)-
after the prosecution has rested, which has
day period to file the same.
the effect of a judgment on the merits and
If the Motion for Leave is Granted
operates as an acquittal; and, (2) if the
dismissal is made also on motion of the
If the motion for leave of court to file
accused because of the denial of his right to
demurrer to evidence is granted, and the
a speedy trial which is in effect a failure to
subsequent demurrer to evidence is denied,
prosecute (Bangayan Jr. vs. Bangayan, G.R. No.
the accused shall likewise present and 172777, October 19, 2011).
terminate his/her evidence (one day apart,
morning and afternoon) and shall orally The proscription against double jeopardy
offer and rest his/her case on the day only envisages appeals based on errors of
his/her last witness is presented. judgment, but not errors of jurisdiction.
Jurisprudence recognizes two grounds
The court shall rule on the oral offer of where double jeopardy will not attach, these
evidence of the accused and the comment are: (i) on the ground of grave abuse of
or objection of the prosecution on the same discretion amounting to lack or excess of
day of the offer. If the court denies the jurisdiction; and/or (ii) where there is denial
motion to present rebuttal evidence because of a party’s due process rights. In this case,
it is no longer necessary, it shall consider the SC found that the State was not denied
the case submitted for decision. due process in the proceedings before the
Sandiganbayan. Neither was there any
To determine whether the pleading filed is a indication that the special prosecutor
demurer to evidence or a motion to dismiss, deliberately and willfully failed to present
the Court must consider (1) the allegations available evidence or that other evidence
in it made in good faith; (2) the stage of the could be secured (People vs. Sandiganbayan
proceeding at which it is filed; and (3) the (Fourth Division), G.R. No. 153304-05, February
primary objective of the party filing it (People 7, 2012).
vs. Cabador, supra citing Enojas, Jr. vs.
Bar Operations
Commissions 537
537
a. If the motion for leave of court to after the prosecution has rested, which has
file demurrer to evidence is granted, the effect of a judgment on the merits and
and the subsequent demurrer to operates as an acquittal; and, (2) if the
evidence is denied, the accused dismissal is made also on motion of the
shall likewise present and terminate accused because of the denial of his right to
his/her evidence (one day apart, a speedy trial which is in effect a failure to
morning and afternoon) and shall prosecute (Bangayan Jr. vs. Bangayan, G.R. No.
orally offer and rest his/her case on 172777, October 19, 2011).
the day his/her last witness is
presented. 5. The proscription against double jeopardy
only envisages appeals based on errors of
b. The court shall rule on the oral offer judgment, but not errors of jurisdiction.
of evidence of the accused and the Jurisprudence recognizes two grounds
comment or objection of the where double jeopardy will not attach, these
prosecution on the same day of the are: (i) on the ground of grave abuse of
offer. If the court denies the motion discretion amounting to lack or excess of
to present rebuttal evidence jurisdiction; and/or (ii) where there is denial
because it is no longer necessary, it of a party’s due process rights. In this case,
shall consider the case submitted the SC found that the State was not denied
for decision. due process in the proceedings before the
Sandiganbayan. Neither was there any
4.10.2. To determine whether the pleading filed indication that the special prosecutor
is a demurer to evidence or a motion to deliberately and willfully failed to present
dismiss, the Court must consider (1) the available evidence or that other evidence
allegations in it made in good faith; (2) the could be secured (People vs. Sandiganbayan
stage of the proceeding at which it is filed; (Fourth Division), G.R. No. 153304-05, February
and (3) the primary objective of the party 7, 2012).
filing it (People vs. Cabador, supra citing Enojas,
Jr. vs. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 129938 Q: What is a Demurer to Evidence?
, December 12, 1997).
A: A demurrer to evidence is a motion to
4. A demurrer to evidence is filed after the dismiss on the ground of insufficiency of
prosecution has rested its case and the trial evidence. It is a remedy available to the
court is required to evaluate whether the defendant, to the effect that the evidence
evidence presented by the prosecution is produced by the plaintiff is insufficient in point
sufficient enough to warrant the conviction of law, whether true or not, to make out a case
of the accused beyond reasonable doubt. If or sustain an issue. The question in a demurrer
the court finds that the evidence is not to evidence is whether the plaintiff, by his
sufficient and grants the demurrer to evidence in chief, had been able to establish a
evidence, such dismissal of the case is one prima facie case (Republic vs De Borja, G.R.
187448, January 9, 2017).
on the merits, which is equivalent to the
acquittal of the accused.
Q: Can an Appeal from the Grant of a
Demurrer to Evidence be Granted?
The court cannot review an order granting
the demurrer to evidence and acquitting the
A: The grant of a demurrer to evidence amounts
accused on the ground of insufficiency of
to an acquittal and cannot be appealed because
evidence because to do so will place the
it would place the accused in double jeopardy
accused in double jeopardy. Double
(People vs. Go, G.R. No. 191015, August 6, 2014).
jeopardy attaches even if the dismissal of
the case was made on motion of the
accused if: (1) the dismissal is based on a
demurrer to evidence filed by the accused
538
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
CIVIL CRIMINAL appeals and allowed, EXCEPT
DEMURRER DEMURRER the in the civil
Similariti Demurrer is a kind of a Motion appellate aspect. (Hun
es to Dismiss. court Hyung Park vs.
REVERSES - Choi, G.R. No.
It is NOT a prohibited pleading defendant is 165496,
under the Rules on Summary no longer February 12,
Proceedings because (1) it is allowed to 2007)
there to similarly expedite the present
proceedings and (2) it is not evidence.
among those mentioned under (As discussed by Atty. Brondial)
prohibited pleadings
The ground is the same, that is, Reopening (Rule 119, Sec. 24)
INSUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE.
Only available AFTER the a. It must be made before finality of judgment
presentation of the evidence of of conviction.
the plaintiff or prosecution, as b. Its purpose is to avoid a miscarriage of
the case may be. justice.
Court may either grant or deny
c. Proceedings must terminate within 30 days
the Demurrer.
from order granting it.
Differenc More Easier to file
es difficult to because the d. It may be made motu proprio by the judge
file because prosecution is or upon motion, with hearing in either case.
the plaintiff required to
is only prove the guilt 7.J.8 REVISED GUIDELINES ON
required to of accused CONTINUOUS TRIAL (A.M. 15-06-10-SC,
present his beyond effective September 1, 2017)
case by reasonable
prepondera doubt. 7.J.8a In What Cases Applicable (Part I)
nce of
evidence. 1) All newly-filed criminal cases, including those
If DENIED - If DENIED - governed by Special Laws, in the First and
plaintiff distinguish Second Level Courts, Sandiganbayan and
presents whether there Court of Tax Appeals as of effectivity date.
evidence had been prior 2) Pending criminal cases with respect to the
leave of court:
remainder of the proceedings.
(1) if with leave,
accused may Not Applicable to Summary Procedure
proceed with Cases (Part I)
presentation of
his evidence; The Revised Guidelines is NOT applicable to
criminal cases under the Rules on Summary
(2) if without Procedure, UNLESS otherwise specifically
leave, accused provided therein.
can no longer
present his 7.J.8b Motions (Part III, 2)
evidence
If GRANTED If GRANTED -
1. Motion for Inhibition – if based on
- the case is accused is
dismissed; acquitted; order grounds under Rule 137, it shall be resolved
order of of acquittal is immediately within two (2) calendar days
dismissal is NOT appealable; from the date of filing.
a FINAL otherwise, it will
order, be a violation
hence, the right against
appealable. double jeopardy.
If plaintiff No appeal is
Bar Operations
Commissions 539
539
2. Prohibited Motions – shall be denied d. Motion to suspend proceedings based on
outright before the scheduled arraignment prejudicial question.
without need of comment and/or opposition. e. Motion to Quash Information based on
the ground that the facts charged do not
The following motions are prohibited: constitute an offense, lack of jurisdiction,
extinction of criminal action or double
a. Motion for Judicial Determination of jeopardy.
Probable Cause. f. Motion to Discharge Accused as a state
b. Motion for Preliminary Investigation filed witness.
beyond the five (5)-day reglementary g. Motion to Quash Search Warrant or to
period in inquest proceedings, or when Suppress Evidence.
preliminary investigation is required, or
allowed in inquest proceedings and the h. Motion to Dismiss based on
accused failed to participate in the Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation
preliminary investigation despite due (SLAPP)Motion for Inhibition – if based on
notice. grounds under Rule 137, it shall be resolved
c. Motion for Reinvestigation of the immediately within two (2) calendar days from
prosecutor recommending the filing of the date of filing.
information once the information has
been filed before the court (1) if the Prohibited Motions – shall be denied outright
motion is filed without prior leave of before the scheduled arraignment without need
court; (2) when preliminary investigation of comment and/or opposition.
is not required, and (3) when the regular
preliminary investigation is required and The following motions are prohibited:
has been actually conducted,and the
grounds relied upon are not meritorious. Motion for Judicial Determination of
d. Motion to Quash information when the Probable Cause.
found is not one of those under Sec. 3, Motion for Preliminary Investigation filed
Rule 117. beyond the five (5)-day reglementary period in
e. Motion for Bill of Particulars that does not inquest proceedings, or when preliminary
conform to Sec. 9, Rule 116. investigation is required, or allowed in inquest
f. Motion to Suspend Arraignment based on proceedings and the accused failed to
grounds not under Sec. 11, Rule 116. participate in the preliminary investigation
g. Petition to Suspend the criminal action despite due notice.
based on prejudicial question, when no Motion for Reinvestigation of the
civil case has been filed, pursuant to Sec. prosecutor recommending the filing of
7, Rule 111. information once the information has been filed
before the court (1) if the motion is filed without
3. Meritorious Motions – those that allege prior leave of court; (2) when preliminary
plausible grounds supported by relevant investigation is not required, and (3) when the
documents and/or competent evidence. regular preliminary investigation is required and
has been actually conducted,and the gorunds
relied upon are not meritorious.
a. Motion to Withdraw Information, or to Motion to Quash information when the
downgrade the charge in the original fround is not one of those under Sec. 3, Rule
information, or to exclude an accused 117.
originally charged therein, filed by the Motion for Bill of Particulars that does
prosecutor. not conform to Sec. 9, Rule 116.
b. Motion to Quash Warrant of Arrest. Motion to Suspend Arraignment basd on
c. Motion to Suspend Arraignment based on grounds not under Sec. 11, Rule 116.
unsound mental condition.
540
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
Petition to Suspend the criminal action vi. In case of a motion to discharge accused as
based on prejudicial question, when no civil case state witness where the prosecution is
has been filed, pursuant to Sec. 7, Rule 111. required to present evidence in support
thereof, such motion shall be submitted for
Meritorious Motions – those that allege resolution from the termination of the
plausible grounds supported by relevant hearing and shall be resolved within a non-
documents and/or competent evidence. extendible period of ten (10) calendar days
thereafter.
Motion to Withdraw Information, or to vii. The motion for reconsideration of the
downgrade the charge in the original resolution of a meritorious motion shall be
information, or to exclude an accused originally filed within a non-extendible period of five
charged therein, filed by the prosecutor. (5) calendar days from receipt of such
Motion to Quash Warrant of Arrest. resolution.
Motion to Suspend Arraignment based on viii. The adverse party shall be given an equal
unsound mental condition. period of five (5) calendar days from
Motion to suspend proceedings based on receipt of the motion for reconsideration
prejudicial question. within which to submit its comment.
Motion to Quash Information based on the ix. The motion for reconsideration shall be
ground that the facts charged do not resolved within a non-extendible period of
constitute an offense, lack of jurisdiction, five (5) calendar days from the expiration
extinction of criminal action or double of the five (5)-day period to submit the
jeopardy. comment.
Motion to Discharge Accused as a state The comment of the adverse party shall be
witness. filed within a non-extendible period of ten
Motion to Quash Search Warrant or to (10) calendar days from notice/receipt of
Suppress Evidence. the order of the court to file the same.
Motion to Dismiss based on Strategic The court shall resolve the motion within a
Lawsuit Against Public Participation (SLAPP) non-extendible period of ten (10) calendar
days from the expiration of the ten (10)-
day period, with or without a comment.
Procedure for Meritorious Motions The court, at its discretion, may set the
motion for hearing within a non-extendible
i. The comment of the adverse party shall be period of ten (10) calendar days from the
filed within a non-extendible period of ten expiration of the ten (10) calendar days to
(10) calendar days from notice/receipt of file comment, in which case, the same
the order of the court to file the same. shall be submitted for resolution after the
ii. The court shall resolve the motion within a termination of the hearing.
non-extendible period of ten (10) calendar It shall be resolved within a non-
days from the expiration of the ten (10)- extendible period of ten (10) calendar
day period, with or without a comment. days thereafter.
iii. The court, at its discretion, may set the Reply and memorandum need not be
motion for hearing within a non-extendible submitted.
period of ten (10) calendar days from the In case of a motion to discharge accused
expiration of the ten (10) calendar days to as state witness where the prosecution is
file comment, in which case, the same shall required to present evidence in support
be submitted for resolution after the thereof, such motion shall be submitted
termination of the hearing. for resolution from the termination of the
iv. It shall be resolved within a non-extendible hearing and shall be resolved within a
period of ten (10) calendar days thereafter. non-extendible period of ten (10) calendar
v. Reply and memorandum need not be days thereafter.
submitted. The motion for reconsideration of the
Bar resolution of aOperations
meritorious motion
Commissions 541
541
shall be filed within a non-extendible offenses of similar character are accompanied
period of five (5) calendar days from by a motion for consolidation filed by the Office
receipt of such resolution. of the Prosecutor, the Executive Judge shall
The adverse party shall be given an equal cause the raffle to only one court which shall
period of five (5) calendar days from then resolve the motion for consolidation,
receipt of the motion for reconsideration preferably on the date of the arraignment and in
within which to submit its comment. the presence of the accused and counsel.
The motion for reconsideration shall be
resolved within a non-extendible period of 2. Pending Cases with Multiple Accused –
five (5) calendar days from the expiration of Where a subsequent information is filed
the five (5)-day period to submit the involving an accused who has been subjected to
comment. further investigation by the Office of the
Prosecutor over an incident which has the same
Note: Motions that do not conform to the subject matter as a prior information/s against
requirements stated above shall be considered different accused, such case, if accompanied by
unmeritorious and shall be denied outright. a motion for consolidation from the Office of the
Prosecutor, shall no longer be raffled.
Exceptions: If it is based on: If the earlier case is already at the trial stage
and witnesses have been presented, the parties
1) Acts of God; may be allowed to adopt the evidence so far
2) Force majeure; or, presented, without prejudice to additional direct
3) Physical inability of the witness to appear examination questions and cross-examinations.
and testify
7.J.8c Arraignment and Pre-trial (Part III,
If the motion is granted based on such 8[a])
exceptions, the moving party shall be warned
that the presentation of his evidence must still General Rule
be finished on the dates previously agreed
upon. 1. For a Detained Accused: Arraignment and
pre-trial shall be set within ten (10) calendar
Note: A motion for postponement shall, at all days from the date of the court’s receipt of
times, be accompanied by the original receipt the case
from the Office of the Clerk of Court evidencing
payment of the postponement fee to be 2. For a Non-detained Accused: Arraignment
submitted either: and pre-trial shall be set within thirty (30)
calendar days from the date the court
1) At the time of filing of the said motion; or acquires jurisdiction either by arrest or
2) Not later than the next hearing date. voluntary surrender
For a Detained Accused: Arraignment and
The Clerk of Court shall not accept the motion pre-trial shall be set within ten (10)
UNLESS accompanied by the original receipt. calendar days from the date of the court’s
receipt of the case
Consolidations (Part III, 5)
For a Non-detained Accused: Arraignment
1. Newly-filed Cases – When newly-filed and pre-trial shall be set within thirty (30)
criminal cases involving offenses based on the calendar days from the date the court
same facts or forming part of a series of
542
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
acquires jurisdiction either by arrest or officer in victimless crimes, is present to give
voluntary surrender his/her consent with the conformity of the public
prosecutor to the plea bargaining. Thereafter,
Exception: When a shorter period is provided judgment shall be immediately rendered in the
by special law or Supreme Court Circular. same proceedings.
30
days
Decision (60 days
from the last day to
file Memoranda)
Presentation of the
Prosecution’s and the Disposition
Accused’s Evidence period (within 10
(6 months/180 days) months from the
date of
arraignment)
Trial
(to be finished not later Memo
than 60 days from filing of (30
the Information) days)
Judgment
(90 days from
Decision submission of the
(15 days from submission case for decision)
of the case for resolution)
Arraignment and Pre-trial of Cases
Environmental Cases Referred to Mediation
30 30 days
days Mediation
544
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
Trial
(6 months/180 days)
Promulgation of Decision
(90 days from submission
of the casefor decision)
B. Special Laws/Rules
Judgment
(90 days from
submission of the Drug Cases
case for decision)
Arraignment and Pre-trial
A. Regular Rules
Trial
(to be finished not later
than 60 days from filing of
the Information)
Decision
(15 days from submission
of the case for resolution)
Environmental Cases
30
days
Presentation of the
Prosecution’s and the
Accused’s Evidence
(6 months/180 days)
Bar Operations
Commissions 545
545
Memo
(30
days)
Judgment
30
(90 days from
days submission of the case
for decision)
Trial
(3 months) Arraignment and Pre-trial of Cases
Referred to Mediation
Disposition
period (within 10
months from the
date of Judgment
(90 days from submission of the
arraignment)
case for decision)
546
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
If the accused pleads guilty to a lesser offense,
the process on the “Plea Bargaining except in
Drug Cases” shall be followed. (Subheading III,
Item no. 8, [d][i])
30 days
Mediation
Judgment
(30 days from termination of the
hearing)
Trial
(60 days)
Conduct of Pre-Trial (Part III, 8[f])
Bar Operations
Commissions 547
547
Mediation (Part III, 9) Exception: When there is prior settlement in
the pre-trial or preliminary conference
General Rule: Cases below are subject to
mediation on the civil liability. Crimes where payment may prevent
Exception: When there is prior settlement in criminal prosecution or may extinguish
the pre-trial or preliminary conference criminal liability, such as violations of: B.P.
22; SSS Law; and, PAG-IBIG Law.
1. Crimes where payment may prevent Crimes against property under Title 10 of
criminal prosecution or may extinguish the RPC, where the obligation may be civil
criminal liability, such as violations of: B.P. in nature, such as:
22; SSS Law; and, PAG-IBIG Law.
2. Crimes against property under Title 10 of c) Theft
the RPC, where the obligation may be civil d) Estafa, under Art. 315 (1), except Art. 315
in nature, such as: (2) and (3)
a. a. Theft e) Other forms of Swindling
b. b. Estafa, under Art. 315 (1), f) Swindling of a minor
except Art. 315 (2) and (3) g) Other Deceits
c. c. Other forms of Swindling h) Malicious mischief
d. d. Swindling of a minor
e. e. Other Deceits Crimes against honor where the liability
f. f. Malicious mischief may be civil in nature, such as:
3. Crimes against honor where the liability
may be civil in nature, such as: a) Libel by means of writing or similar
means
a. a. Libel by means of writing or
b) Threatening to publish and offer to
similar means
present such publication for a
b. b. Threatening to publish and offer
compensation
to present such publication for a
c) Prohibited publication of
compensation
actsreferred to in the course of
c. c. Prohibited publication of
official proceedings
actsreferred to in the course of official
d) Grave slander – of serious and
proceedings
insulting nature
d. d. Grave slander – of serious and
e) Simple slander – not of a serious
insulting nature
and insulting nature
e. e. Simple slander – not of a
f) Grave slander by deed – of a
serious and insulting nature
serious nature
f. f. Grave slander by deed – of a
g) Simple slander by deed – not of a
serious nature
serious nature
g. g. Simple slander by deed – not of
h) Incriminating innocent person
a serious nature
i) Intriguing against honor
h. h. Incriminating innocent person
j) Libel under RA 10175 (Cybercrime
i. i. Intriguing against honor
Prevention Act of 2012);
j. j. Libel under RA 10175
(Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012);
Criminal negligence cases where the
liability may be civil in nature;
4. Criminal negligence cases where the liability
Intellectual property rights cases where the
may be civil in nature;
liability may be civil in nature
5. Intellectual property rights cases where the
liability may be civil in nature
The referral of the case to for mediation to the
Philippine Mediation Center (PMC) Unit shall be
General Rule: Cases below are subject to
made only AFTER the conduct of the
mediation on the civil liability.
arraignment and the pre-trial/preliminary
548
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
conference. The court shall serve the Order of
Referral to the PMC Unit. The accused need NOT present evidence to
contradict or rebut the prosecution’s evidence.
The mediation shall be terminated within a non- (A.M. No. 15-06-10-SC, 10(b))
extendible period of thirty (30) calendar days
from the date of referral by the court to the Non-suspension of the Presentation of
Philippine Mediation Unit (PMC). Evidence
After the lapse of the mediation period, or if The court shall NOT suspend the presentation of
mediation fails, trial shall proceed. the evidence in chief while awaiting resolution of
the petition for bail or the moton for
Note: Except those cases mentioned above, reconsideration.
criminal cases subject to the Rule of Summary
Procedure shall NOT be referred to mediation.
Petition for bail filed after the filing of the i. For First Level Courts
information shall be set for summary hearing
after arraignment and pre-trial. a) Shall consist of the duly subscribed
written statements given to law enforcers
Testimony of a witness may be in the form or peace officers, or the affidavits or
allowed under “Form of Testimony” (Subheading counter-affidavits submitted before the
III, Item no. 11, [b]), provided, the demeanor of investigating prosecutor.
the witness is not essential in determining b) If such are not available, it shall be in the
his/her credibility. form of judicial affidavits, subject to
additional direct and cross-examination
Period questions.
c) The trial prosecutor may dispense with
General Rule: Petition for bail shall be heard the sworn written statements submitted
and resolved within a non-extendible period of to the law enforcers or peace officers and
thirty (30) calendar days from the date of the prepare the judicial affidavits of the
first hearing. affiants or modify or revise the said sworn
statements before presenting it as
Exception: Drug cases which shall be heard evidence.
and resolved within twenty (20) calendar days,
without need of oral argument and submission ii. For Second Level Courts, Sandiganbayan,
of memoranda.Motion for Reconsideration on and Court of Tax Appeals
the resolution of petition for bail shall be
resolved within a non-extendible period of ten In criminal cases where the demeanor of
(10) calendar days from the date of submission the witness is not essential in determining
of the motion. the credibility of the said witness, and in
criminal cases that are transactional in
Evidence in Petition for Bail character the testimonies of the witnesses
shall:
The resolution of the petition shall be based
solely on the evidence presented during the bail Consist of the duly subscribed written
proceedings by the prosecution. statements given to law enforcers or
peace officers, or the affidavits or
The prosecution shall present only evidence that counter-affidavits submitted before the
are essential in establishing that the evidence of investigating prosecutor.
guilt is strong. Bar
Operations
Commissions 549
549
If such are not available, it shall be in the When to Make Offer of Evidence,
form of judicial affidavits, subject to Comment and Objection Thereto: On the
additional direct and cross-examination same day after the presentation of a party’s last
questions. witness. The opposing party is required to
immediately interpose his/her oral
In all other cases where the culpability or the comment/objection.
innocence of the accused is based on the
testimonies of the alleged eyewitnesses, the The court will then make a ruling on the offer of
testimonies of these witnesses shall be in oral evidence in open court. In making the offer, the
form. counsel shall cite the specific page numbers of
the court record where the exhibits being
Stipulations (Part III, 12) offered are found, if attached thereto. The court
shall ensure that all exhibits offered are
submitted to it on the same day of the offer.
Duty of the court
When Exhibits are Not Attached to the
During pre-trial/pre-conference, the court shall
Records: The party making the offer must
require the parties to enter into stipulations on
submit the same during the offer of evidence in
the subject of both direct and cross-
open court.
examinations of witnesses who have no
personal knowledge of the material facts. This
Demurrer to EvidenceSee: Discussion on Rule
rule is without prejudice to allowing additional 119.
direct and cross-examination questions.
Presentation of Rebuttal and Sur-rebuttal
When Stipulations Cannot be had in Full Evidence (Part III, 13[e])
The subject of the direct testimony of the said When the Court Grants the Motion to Present
witnesses should be stipulated upon, without Rebuttal Evidence
prejudice to additional direct and cross- The prosecution shall immediately proceed with
examination questions. its presentation after the accused had rested
his/her case, and orally rest its case in rebuttal
7.J.8d Trial (Part III, 13) after the presentation of its last rebuttal
The court shall encourage the accused and the witness.
prosecution to avail of:
Thereafter, the accused shall immediately
1. For the accused – Sec. 12 and 13, Rule 119 present sur-rebuttal evidence, if any, and orally
on the application for examination of witness rest the case in sur-rebuttal after the
for accused before trial and how it is made. presentation of its last sur-rebuttal witness.
2. For the prosecution – Sec. 15, Rule 119 on
the conditional examination of witness for Thereafter, the court shall submit the case for
the prosecution. decision.
Absence of Counsel de parte; Effect (Part One-day Examination of Witness Rule [Part
III, 13[b]) III, 13(f)]
The hearing shall proceed upon appointment by
A witness has to be fully examined in one
the court of a counsel de officio.
(1) day.
Offer of Evidence [Part III, 13(c)] The court shall strictly adhere to this rule.
552
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
participation of the individual offender (People vs. of acquittal whether at the trial court or at
Montesclaros, G.R. No. 181084, June 16, 2009). the appellate level. In our jurisdiction, we
adhere to the finality-of-acquittal
There is nothing in the law which permits courts doctrine, that is, a judgment of acquittal is
to impose sentences in the alternative (Abellana final and unappealable (People vs. Asis, G.R.
vs. People, G.R. No. 174654, August 17, 2011). No. 173089, August 25, 2010).
Aside from the civil indemnity arising from A judgment of acquittal may be assailed
the crime, costs and incidental expenses through a petition for certiorari under
of the suit are part of the judgment and it Rule 65 of the Rules of Court showing that
is incumbent upon the prevailing party in the lower court, in acquitting the accused,
whose favor they are awarded to submit committed not merely reversible errors of
forthwith the itemized bill to the clerk of judgment, but also exercised grave abuse
court (Basilonia vs. Villaruz, G.R. Nos. 191370- of discretion amounting to lack or excess
71, August 10, 2015). of jurisdiction, or a denial of due process,
thereby rendering the assailed judgment
A judgment of conviction based on null and void. This is because a judgment
circumstantial evidence can be sustained of acquittal is immediately final and
when the circumstances proved form an executory, and the prosecution is barred
unbroken chain that results to a fair and from appealing lest the constitutional
reasonable conclusion pointing to the prohibition against double jeopardy be
accused, to the exclusion of all others, as violated (Morillo vs. People, G.R. No. 198270,
the perpetrator (People vs. Baron, G.R. No. December 09, 2015).
185209, June 28, 2010).
In a recent case, the court held that a
Q: In case there is a conflict between the mere manifestation also will not suffice in
fallo and the body of decision, which one assailing a judgment of acquittal. A
should prevail? petition for certiorari under Rule 65 of the
Rules should have been filed. A judgment
A:The general rule is where there is a conflict of acquittal may only be assailed in a
between the dispositive portion or the falloand petition for certiorari under Rule 65 of the
the body of the decision, the fallo controls. Rules. If the petition, regardless of its
However, where the inevitable conclusion from nomenclature, merely calls for an ordinary
the body of the decision is so clear as to show review of the findings of the court a quo,
that there was a mistake in the dispositive the constitutional right of the accused
portion, the body of the decision will prevail against double jeopardy would be
(Hipos, Sr. vs. Bay, G.R. No. 133289, March 17, violated. (People vs. Alejandro, G.R. No.
2009). 223099, January 11, 2018)
In case of such variance, the accused shall be 7.K.3 Promulgation of Judgment (Rule 120,
convicted of the offense proved which is Sec. 6)
included in the offense charged, or of the
offense charged which is included in the offense Promulgation is the official proclamation or
proved. announcement of judgment. It consists of
reading the judgment or sentence in the
presence of the accused and any judge of the
554
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
court rendering the judgment. It is the point of Note: If the judgment is for conviction and the
reference when the judgment becomes final. accused’s failure to appear is without justifiable
cause, he shall lose the remedies available in
Rules on Validity of Promulgation of the rules against the judgment and the court
Judgment shall order his arrest.
The judgment must have been rendered Within 15 days from the promulgation of the
and promulgated during the incumbency of judgment, however, the accused may surrender
the judge who signed it. and file a motion for leave of court to avail of
The presence of counsel during the said remedies. If his motion is granted, he may
promulgation of judgment is not necessary. avail of the remedies within 15 days from
The judgment must have been rendered notice.
and promulgated during the incumbency of the
judge who signed it. This amplifies the need for the presence of the
The presence of counsel during the accused during the promulgation of a judgment
promulgation of judgment is not necessary. of conviction, especially if it is for a grave
offense. Obviously, a judgment of conviction
Note: cannot be executed — and the sentence meted
to the accused cannot be served — without his
When the judge is absent or outside of the city, presence. Besides, where there is no
the clerk of court may promulgate the decision. promulgation of the judgment, the right to
appeal does not accrue (People vs. Jaranilla, G.R.
The executive judge of the Regional Trial Court No. L-28547,February 22, 1974).
having jurisdiction over the place of confinement
or detention upon request of the court which Elements for a Valid Promulgation in
rendered the judgment. The court promulgating Absentia (RecSer)
the judgment shall have authority to accept the
notice of appeal and to approve the bail bond 1. The judgment is recorded in the criminal
pending appeal; provided, that if the decision of docket; and,
the trial court convicting the accused changed 2. A copy thereof is served upon the accused
the nature of the offense from non-bailable to in his last known address or to his counsel.
bailable, the application for bail can only be filed (Rule 120, Sec. 6)
and resolved by the appellate court. (Rule 120,
Sec. 6) Note: Rendition comes first before
Instances of Promulgation of Judgment in promulgation. Promulgation without rendition is
Absentia (Rule 120, Sec. 6) null and void.
The judgment is recorded in the criminal
Instances when a judgment may be docket; and,
promulgated even without the personal A copy thereof is served upon the accused
presence of the accused: (LiDu) in his last known address or to his counsel.
(Rule 120, Sec. 6)
1. When the judgment is for a light offense, in Note: Rendition comes first before
which case, the accused’s promulgation. Promulgation without rendition is
counsel/representative may stand in for him; null and void.
and.
2. Q: How is the judgment recorded in the
3. In cases where despite due notice to the criminal docket in cases of promulgation
accused or his bondsman or warden and in absentia?
counsel, the accused failed to appear at the
promulgation of the decision. A: The recording of judgment in the criminal
docket is substantially complied by furnishing
the clerk of court with
Bar the copy of the judgment.
Operations
Commissions 555
555
In the absence of such compliance, there can be provide that a judgment of conviction may
no valid promulgation. Without the same, the … be modified or set aside by the court
decision could not attain finality and become rendering upon motion of the accused.
executory. This means that the 15-day period 2.
within which to interpose an appeal did not even 3. 2.The trial court can validly amend the civil
commence. portion of its decision within 15 days from
(Pascua vs. CA, G.R. No. 140243, December 14, promulgation thereof even though the appeal
2000). had in the meantime already been perfected
by the accused from judgment of conviction.
Modification of Judgment (Rule 120, Sec. 7)
Upon motion of the accused, a judgment of Entry of Judgment (Rule 120, Sec. 8)
conviction may be modified or set aside by the
court before it has become final or before an After a judgment has become final, it shall be
appeal has been perfected. entered in accordance with Rule 36.
Q: Is the remedy of annulment of The final judgment of the court is carried into
judgment available in criminal cases? effect by a process called “mittimus”.
A: The remedy of annulment of judgment Note: Mittimus or Commitment Order is a
cannot be availed of in criminal cases, thus process issued by the court after conviction to
Section 1 of Rule 47 of the Rules of Court limits carry out the final judgment, such as
the scope of the remedy to civil actions. The commanding a prison warden to hold the
remedy cannot be resorted to when the RTC accused in accordance with the terms of the
judgment being questioned was rendered in a judgment. (Circular No. 42-93, August 27, 1993)
criminal case. The 2000 Revised Rules of
Criminal Procedure itself does not permit such
recourse, for it excluded Rule 47 from the Finality of Judgment vs. Entry of
enumeration of the provisions of the 1997 Judgment
Revised Rules of Civil Procedure which have
suppletory application to criminal cases. (Llamas The finality of the judgment is entirely
vs. CA, G.R. No. 149588, September 29, 2009).
distinct from its entry and the delay in the
latter does not affect the effectivity of the
7.K.4 When A Judgment Becomes Final
former which is counted from the expiration
(LapSer-WaPro)
of the period to appeal (Munnez vs. CA, G.R.
No. L-46040, July 23, 1987).
1. When the period for perfecting an appeal has
lapsed.
Findings of the trial courts carry great
2. When the accused commences to serve
weight and respect, and, generally,
sentence.
appellate courts will not overturn said
3. When the accused expressly waives in
findings unless the trial court overlooked,
writing his right to appeal.
misunderstood or misapplied some facts or
4. When the accused applies for probation,
circumstances of weight and substance
thereby waiving the right to appeal.(Rule 120,
which will alter the assailed decision or
Sec. 7)
affect the result of the case (People vs.
Monteclaros, G.R. No. 181084, June 16, 2009).
Note: A judgment of acquittal becomes final
immediately after promulgation and cannot be 7.L. NEW TRIAL OR RECONSIDERATION
recalled for correction or amendment. (Rule 121)
1. 1.The prosecutor cannot ask for the New trial is rehearing of a case already
modification or setting aside of a judgment decided but beforethe judgment of conviction
of conviction because the rules clearly
556
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
therein rendered has become final, whereby witness and to argue the case are not
errors of law or irregularities are expunged from proper grounds for a new trial.
the record, or new evidence is introduced, or
both steps are taken. Exceptions:
Evidence is considered material if there is 7.L.3 Requisites BEFORE a New Trial may
reasonable likelihood that the testimony or be Granted on the Ground of Newly-
evidence could have produced a different Discovered Evidence(Rule 121, Sec. 4)
result and the accused would have been
acquitted (Tan Ang Bun vs. CA, G.R. No. 47747, 1. It must be in writing.
February 15, 1990). 2. It must be filed with the court.
3. It must state the grounds on which it is
The decision sought to be reviewed in this based.
petition for the issuance of a writ of habeas 4. If the motion for new trial is based on newly
corpus has long attained finality and entry discovered evidence, it must be supported by
of judgment had already been made, upon the affidavits of the witness by whom such
examination of the evidence presented by evidence is expected to be given, or duly
the petitioner, the court held that the DNA authenticated copies of documents which it is
evidence does not fall within the statutory proposed to introduce in evidence.
or jurisprudential definition of “newly 5. Notice of the motion for new trial or
discovered evidence” (De Villa vs. Director of reconsideration shall be given to the fiscal.
558
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
While the rule requires that an affidavit of irregularities shall stand, BUT those affected
merits be attached to support a motion for thereby shall be set aside and taken anew.
new trial based on newly discovered The court may, in the interest of justice,
evidence, yet the defect of lack of it may be allow the introduction of additional evidence.
cured by testimony under oath of the 2.
defendant at the hearing of the motion 3. Newly discovered evidence – the
(Paredes vs. Borja, G.R. No. L-15559, November evidence already taken shall stand, and the
29, 1961). newly discovered and such other evidence as
the court may, in the interest of justice, allow
The threshold question in resolving a motion to be introduced, shall be taken and
for new trial based on newly discovered considered together with the evidence
evidence is whether the [proffered] already in the record.
evidence is in fact a "newly discovered
evidence which could not have been • The concept of newly-discovered evidence is
discovered by due diligence." applicable only when a litigant seeks a new
The question of whether evidence is newly trial or the re-opening of the case in the trial
discovered has two aspects: a temporal court. The first guideline is to restrict the
one, i.e., when was the evidence concept of newly-discovered evidence to only
discovered, and a predictive one, i.e., such evidence that can satisfy the following
when should or could it have been requisites, namely: (1) the evidence was
discovered. It is to the latter that the discovered after trial; (2) such evidence
requirement of due diligence has relevance. could not have been discovered and
We have held that in order that a particular produced at the trial even with the exercise
piece of evidence may be properly regarded of reasonable diligence; (3) the evidence is
as newly discovered to justify new trial, material, not merely cumulative,
what is essential is not so much the time corroborative, or impeaching; and (4) the
when the evidence offered first sprang into evidence is of such weight that it would
existence nor the time when it first came to probably change the judgment if admitted
the knowledge of the party now submitting (Ladines vs. People, G.R. No. 167333, January 11,
it; what is essential is that the offering party 2016).
had exercised reasonable diligence in
seeking to locate such evidence before or • In all cases, when the court grants new trial
during trial but had nonetheless failed to or reconsideration, the original judgment
secure it(Ydiernas vs.Tangco-Gabaldon, G.R. No. shall be set aside and a new judgment
178925, June 1, 2011). rendered accordingly (Rule 121, Sec. 6).
c. While the rule requires that an affidavit
of merits be attached to support a motion for • The effect of the granting of a new trial is
new trial based on newly discovered evidence, not to acquit the accused of the crime of
yet the defect of lack of it may be cured by which the judgment finds him guilty, but
testimony under oath of the defendant at the precisely to set aside said judgment so that
hearing of the motion (Paredes vs. Borja, G.R. No. the case may be tried de novo as if no trial
L-15559, November 29, 1961). had been conducted before (Rule 37, Sec. 6).
560
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Criminal
Remedial
longer appeal (People vs. Bocar, supra; MOTION FOR NEW MOTION FOR NEW
People et al. vs. CA, L-45364, August 6, TRIAL IN CRIMINAL TRIAL IN CIVIL
1979). CASES CASES
irregularities prejudicial prudence could not
Although the documents offered by to the substantial rights have guarded against
petitioners are strictly not newly of the accused have and by reason of
been committed during which such aggrieved
discovered, it appears to us that
the trial. party has probably
petitioners were mistaken in their belief been impaired in his
that its production during trial was rights. (Rule 37, Sec.
unnecessary. xxx In this instance, we 1)
are inclined to give a more lenient The new and material Newly discovered
interpretation of Rule 121, Sec. 2 on evidence has been evidence, which the
new trial in view of the special discovered which the accused could not,
circumstances sufficient to cast doubt as accused could not, with with reasonable
to the truth of the charges against reasonable diligence, diligence, have
have discovered and discovered and
petitioners. The situation of the
produced at the trial produced at the trial,
petitioners is peculiar, since they were and which if introduced and which if presented
precluded from presenting exculpatory and admitted would would probably alter
evidence during trial upon the honest probably change the the result.
belief that they were being tried for judgment.
nonpayment of RATA under the 1999
budget.
Application of Neypes Doctrine in Criminal
Nevertheless, they deserve a chance to Cases
prove their innocence. This opportunity
must be made available to the accused Q: Does the Neypes Rule find any
in every possible way in the interest of application in Criminal cases?
justice. A remand of the case for a new
trial is in order (Estino vs. People, G.R. A: Yes. While Neypes involved the period to
Nos. 163957-58, April 7, 2009).
appeal in civil cases, the Court’s pronouncement
Q: Does an erroneous rejection of of a "fresh period" to appeal should equally
evidence presented justify a new trial? apply to the period for appeal in criminal cases
A: An erroneous admission or rejection of under Section 6 of Rule 122 of the Revised
evidence by the trial court is not a ground for a Rules of Criminal Procedure(Yu vs. Judge Samson,
new trial or reversal of the decision if there are G.R. No. 170979, February 9, 2011).
other independent evidence to sustain the
decision, or if the rejected evidence, if it had • If the motion is denied, the movants has a
been admitted; would not have changed the fresh period of fifteen (15) days from receipt
decision(People vs. Bande, G.R. No. 26335,March 3, or notice of the order denying or dismissing
1927). the motion for reconsideration within which
to file a notice to appeal.
Note: In trial courts, a second motion for
reconsideration of a final order or judgment is
not allowed (Par. 4, Interim Rules and Guidelines). • This new period becomes significant if
This rule has been adopted in civil actions (Rule either a motion for reconsideration or a motion
37, Sec. 5).In cases covered by the Rules on for new trial has been filed but was denied or
Summary Procedure, a motion for dismissed. X xx Accordingly, this rule was
reconsideration is prohibited(Sec. 15 [c]). adopted to standardize the appeal periods
provided in the Rules to afford fair opportunity
MOTION FOR NEW MOTION FOR NEW
to review the case and, in the process, minimize
TRIAL IN CRIMINAL TRIAL IN CIVIL
CASES CASES errors of judgment. Obviously, the new fifteen
The errors of law or FAME, which ordinary Bar period may
(15)-day Operations
be availed of only
Commissions 561
561
if either motion is filed; otherwise, the decision Rule 40 governing appeals from MTC to
becomes final and executory after the lapse of RTC;
the original appeal period provided in Rule 41 Rule 41 governing appeals from the RTC;
(Neypes vs. CA, G.R. 141524, September 14, 2005). If Rule 42 on petitions for review from the
the motion is denied, the movants has a fresh RTC to the CA;
period of fifteen (15) days from receipt or Rule 43 on appeal from quasi-judicial
notice of the order denying or dismissing the agencies to the CA; and,
motion for reconsideration within which to file a Rule 45 governing appeals by certiorari to
notice to appeal. the SC.
562
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Criminal
Remedial
availing of the wrong mode of appeal in this 1. If the dismissal is made upon motion, or with
petition under Rule 45 instead of the the express consent of the accused;
appropriate remedy of Rule 65, the petition 2. If the dismissal is not an acquittal or based
merits an outright dismissal(Macapagal vs. upon consideration of the evidence or of the
People, G.R. No. 193217, February 26, 2014). merits of the case; or,
The disallowance of the notice of appeal 3. If the question to be passed upon by the
signifies the disallowance of the appeal itself. A appellate court is purely legal so that the
petition for review under Rule 45 of the Rules of case should be remanded to the court of
Court is a mode of appeal of a lower court’s origin for it to determine the guilt or
decision or final order direct to the Supreme innocence of the accused.(People vs. Villalon,
Court. However, the questioned Order denying G.R. No. 43659, : December 21, 1990)
her notice of appeal is not a decision or final
order from which an appeal may be taken. The General Rule: A private prosecutor in a
Rules of Court specifically provides that no criminal case has no authority to act for the
appeal shall be taken from an order disallowing People of the Philippines before a court on
or dismissing an appeal. Rather, the aggrieved appeal. It is the government’s counsel, the
party can elevate the matter through a special Solicitor General, who appears in criminal cases
civil action under Rule 65. Thus, in availing of or their incidents before the Supreme Court. At
the wrong mode of appeal in this petition under the very least, the Provincial Fiscal himself, with
Rule 45 instead of the appropriate remedy of the conformity of the Solicitor General, shall act
Rule 65, the petition merits an outright for the People of the Philippines.
dismissal(Macapagal vs. People, G.R. No. 193217,
February 26, 2014). Exception: The civil award in a criminal case
may be appealed by the private prosecutor on
7.M.1 Effect of an Appeal behalf of the offended party or his successors.
An appeal in a criminal case opens the whole 7.M.2 Where to Appeal(Rule 122, Sec. 2)
case for review and this includes the review of
the penalty, indemnity, and the damages 1. RTC – In cases decided by the MeTC, MTCC,
involved. Consequently, on appeal, the MTC, MCTC;
appellate court may increase the penalty, 2. CA or SC – decisions by the RTC, in the
indemnity, or the damages awarded by the trial proper cases provided by law;
court, although the offended party had not 3. SC – in cases decided by the CA and the
appealed from said award, and the party who Sandiganbayan.
sought a review of the decision was the
accused. 7.M.3 How Appeal Taken (Rule 122, Sec. 3)
An appeal throws open the entire case for Appeal to the RTC, or to the CA in cases decided
review and may result in the increase of the by the RTC in exercise of its original jurisdiction
penalty imposed by the trial court (Mercado
vs. People, G.R. No. 149375, November 26, a) By notice of appeal;
2002; People vs. Morales, G.R. No. 172873, b) Filed with the court which rendered the
March 19, 2010).
judgment or final order appealed from; and,
An appeal throws open the entire case for c) By serving a copy thereof to the adverse
review and may result in the increase of the party.
penalty imposed by the trial court. (Mercado vs.
People, G.R. No. 149375, November 26, 2002; People
vs. Morales, G.R. No. 172873, March 19, 2010)
Appeal to the CA in cases decided by the RTC in
the exercise of its appellate jurisdiction shall be
Instances When Appeal DOES NOT Put the by petition for review under Rule 42.
Accused in Double Jeopardy
Appeal in cases where the penalty imposed by
BarRTC is reclusion
the Operations
perpetua, life
Commissions 563
563
imprisonment or where a lesser penalty is
imposed for offenses committed on the same
occasion or which arose out of the same Appeal to the Regional Trial Courts (Rule
occurrence that gave rise to the more serious 122, Sec. 9)
offense for which the penalty of death, reclusion
perpetua, or life imprisonment is imposed 1. Transmittal of Original Records-Within 5
days from perfection of the appeal, the clerk
1. By notice of appeal to the CA; of court shall transmit the original record to
2. Filed with the court which rendered the the appropriate Regional Trial Court.
judgment or final order appealed from; and 2.
3. By serving a copy thereof to the adverse 3. Notice to the Parties-Upon receipt of the
party. complete record of the case, transcripts and
exhibits, the clerk of court of the Regional
Note: Appeals from the Sandiganbayan to the Trial Court shall notify the parties of such
Supreme Court on pure questions of law, fact.
EXCEPT cases where the penalty imposed is 4.
reclusion perpetua, life imprisonment or death 5. Submission of Memoranda or Briefs-
shall be made by Petition for Review on Within 15 days from receipt of said notice,
Certiorari.(Rule 45, Sec. 1) the parties may submit memoranda or briefs,
or may be required by the RTC to do so.
Service of Notice of Appeal, How Made 6.
(Rule 122, Sec4)(ParCo-ReSu) 7. Decision-After the submission of such
memoranda or briefs, or upon the expiration
1. Upon the adverse party or his counsel; of the period to file the same, the RTC shall
2. By registered mail; or decide the case on the basis of the entire
3. By substituted service. record of the case and of such memoranda
or briefs as may have been filed.
. 4)(ParCo-ReSu)
o Upon the adverse party or his counsel; 7.M.4 Effect of Appeal by any of Several
o By registered mail; or Accused (Rule 122, Sec. 11)
o By substituted service.
1. An appeal taken by one or more of several
Waiver of Notice (Rule 122, Sec. 5) accused shall not affect those who did not
appeal, EXCEPT insofar as the judgment of
The appellee may waive his right to a notice the appellate court is favorable and
that an appeal has been taken. The appellate applicable to the latter.
court may, in its discretion, entertain an appeal 2. The appeal of the offended party from the
notwithstanding failure to give such notice if the civil aspect shall not affect the criminal
interests of justice so require. aspect of the judgment or order appealed
from.
When Appeal to be taken (Rule 122, Sec. 6) 3. Upon perfection of the appeal, the execution
of the judgment or final order appealed from
An appeal must be taken within 15 days from shall be stayed as to the appealing party.
(People vs. Mateo, G.R. Nos. 147678-87, July 7,
promulgation of the judgment or from notice of
2004)
the final order appealed from.
The period for appeal is interrupted from the
While the Fundamental Law requires a
time the motion for new trial is filed up to the
mandatory review by the Supreme Court of
receipt by the accused of the notice of the order
cases where the penalty imposed is reclusion
“overruling the motion.”
perpetua, life imprisonment, or death,
nowhere, however, has it proscribed an
564
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Criminal
Remedial
intermediate review. If only to ensure utmost Supreme Court for its final disposition (People
circumspection before the penalty of death, vs. Mateo, G.R. Nos. 147678-87, July 7, 2004).
reclusion perpetua, or life imprisonment is
imposed, the Court now deems it wise and Q: Is the appellate court bound by the
compelling to provide in these cases a review findings of lower court?
by the Court of Appeals before the case is
elevated to the Supreme Court. Where life A: The findings of the trial courts carry great
and liberty are at stake, all possible avenues weight and respect and, generally, appellate
to determine his guilt or innocence must be courts will not overturn said findings unless
accorded an accused, and no care in the the trial court overlooked, misunderstood or
evaluation of the facts can ever be overdone. misapplied some facts or circumstances of
While the Fundamental Law requires a weight and substance which will alter the
mandatory review by the Supreme Court of assailed decision or affect the result of the
cases where the penalty imposed is reclusion case. The rule finds an even more stringent
perpetua, life imprisonment, or death, application where the said findings are
nowhere, however, has it proscribed an sustained by the Court of Appeals (People vs.
intermediate review. If only to ensure utmost Tampus and Montesclaros, G.R. No. 181084, June
circumspection before the penalty of death, 16, 2009).
reclusion perpetua, or life imprisonment is
imposed, the Court now deems it wise and Withdrawal of Appeal
compelling to provide in these cases a review
by the Court of Appeals before the case is The RTC, MeTC, MCTC, MTC, MTCC, as the case
elevated to the Supreme Court. Where life may be, may allow the appellant to withdraw his
and liberty are at stake, all possible avenues appeal before the record has been forwarded by
to determine his guilt or innocence must be the clerk of court to the proper appellate court
accorded an accused, and no care in the as provided in Section 8, in which case the
evaluation of the facts can ever be overdone. judgment shall become final. This is
notwithstanding the perfection of the appeal.
A prior determination by the Court of Appeals
on, particularly, the factual issues, would The RTC may, in its discretion allow the
minimize the possibility of an error of appellant from the judgment of a lower court to
judgment. If the Court of Appeals should withdraw his appeal, provided, a motion to that
affirm the penalty of death, reclusion effect is filed before the rendition of the
perpetua, or life imprisonment, it could then judgment in the case on appeal, in which case
render judgment imposing the corresponding the judgment of the court of origin shall become
penalty as the circumstances so warrant, final and the case shall be remanded to the
refrain from entering judgment and elevate latter court for the execution of judgment.(Rule
122, Sec. 12).
the entire records of the case to the
Supreme Court for its final disposition (People
vs. Mateo, G.R. Nos. 147678-87, July 7, 2004). Q: Is there such an implied waiver of
appeal?
A prior determination by the Court of Appeals A: For instance, by escaping prison, accused-
on, particularly, the factual issues, would appellant impliedly waived his right to appeal.
minimize the possibility of an error of The accused cannot be accorded the right to
judgment. If the Court of Appeals should appeal unless he voluntarily submits to the
affirm the penalty of death, reclusion jurisdiction of the court or is otherwise arrested
perpetua, or life imprisonment, it could then within 15 days from notice of the judgment
render judgment imposing the corresponding against him. While at large, he cannot seek
penalty as the circumstances so warrant, relief from the court, as he is deemed to have
refrain from entering judgment and elevate waived the appeal. Thus, having escaped from
the entire records of the case to the prison
Bar or confinement, he loses his standing in
Operations
court; and unless he surrenders or
Commissions 565
565
submits to its jurisdiction, he is deemed to have The clerk of court of the Court of Appeals shall
waived any right to seek relief from the court. designate a counsel de officio if it appears from
(People vs. Taruc, G.R. No. 185202, February 18, the record of the case as transmitted that:
2009)
1. The accused is confined in prison;
Appointment of Counsel de officio for 2. The accused is without counsel de parte on
Accused on Appeal appeal; or,
3. The accused has signed the notice of appeal
It shall be the duty of the clerk of court of the
himself.
trial court upon filing of a notice of appeal:
The accused is confined in prison;
1. To ascertain from the appellant, if confined The accused is without counsel de parte
in prison, whether he desires the Regional on appeal; or,
Trial Court, Court of Appeals or the Supreme The accused has signed the notice of
Court to appoint a counsel de officio to appeal himself.
defend him.
2. Note: An appellant who is not confined in
3. To transmit with the record on a form prison may, upon request, be assigned a
to be prepared by the clerk of court of counsel de officio within 10 days from receipt of
the appellate court, a certificate of the notice to file brief and he establishes his
compliance with this duty and of the right thereto.
response of the appellate to his inquiry.
Dismissal of Appeal for Abandonment or
7.M.5 GROUND FOR DISMISSAL OF Failure to Prosecute Grounds (Rule 124, Sec.
APPEAL 8)
The Court may dismiss the petition if it finds the a) Appellant fails to file his brief within the time
same to be: (MeDeUn) prescribed by this Rule, except where the
1. Patently without merit; appellant is represented by a counsel de
2. Prosecuted manifestly for delay; or officio;
3. The questions raised therein are too b) Appellant escapes from prison or
unsubstantial to require consideration (Rule confinement;
45, Sec. 5) c) Appellant jumps bail; or,
d) Appellant flees to a foreign country during
the pendency of the appeal.
PROCEDURE IN THE MUNICIPAL TRIAL
COURTS (Rule 123) � In case the accused fails to appear at the
scheduled date of promulgation of judgment
Uniform Procedure despite notice, the promulgation shall be
made by recording the judgment in the
General Rule: The procedure to be observed in criminal docket and serving him a copy
the MeTC, MTC and MCTC shall be the same as thereof at his last known address or thru his
in the RTCs. counsel. If the judgment is for conviction and
Exception: Where a particular provision applies the failure of the accused to appear was
only to either of said courts and in criminal without justifiable cause, he shall lose the
cases governed by the Revised Rule on remedies available in these Rules against the
Summary Procedure. judgment and the court shall order his arrest.
Within fifteen (15) days from promulgation of
PROCEDURE IN THE COURT OF APPEALS judgment, however, the accused may
(Rule 124) surrender and file a motion for leave of court
to avail of these remedies. He shall state the
Appointment of Counsel de oficio for the reasons for his absence at the scheduled
Accused (Rule 124, Sec. 2) promulgation and if he proves that his
566
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
absence was for a justifiable cause, he shall
be allowed to avail of said remedies within a) Period for Filing: At any time after the
fifteen (15) days from notice (People vs. Taruc, appeal from the lower court has been
G.R. No. 185202, February 18, 2009). perfected and before the judgment of the
Court of Appeals convicting the appellant
becomes final.
Judgment NOT to be Reversed or Modified b) Ground: Newly-discovered evidence
EXCEPT for Substantial Error (Rule 124, Sec. material to his defense.
10) c) If granted, the CA may conduct the new trial
or may refer it to the court of origin.
No judgment shall be reversed or modified
unless, the Court of Appeals, after an Motion for Reconsideration (Rule 124, Sec.
examination of the record and of the evidence 16)
adduced, is of the opinion that an error was
committed which injuriously affected the A motion for reconsideration shall be filed:
substantial rights of the appellant.
1. Within 15 days from notice of the decision or
Scope of Judgment (Rule 124, Sec. 11) final order of the Court of Appeals;
2. With copies thereof served upon the adverse
The Court of Appeals may: party; and,
3. Setting forth the grounds in support thereof.
1. 1. Reverse, affirm or modify the judgment;
2. 2. Increase or reduce the penalty imposed by • The mittimus shall be stayed during the
the trial court; pendency of the motion for
3. 3. Remand the case to the Regional Trial reconsideration.
Court for new trial or retrial; or,
4. 4. Dismiss the case. 1) • No party shall be allowed a
second motion for reconsideration of a
Other Powers of the Court of Appeals (Rule judgment or final order (Poliand Industrial Ltd. v.
124, Sec. 12) National Development Co., G.R. No. 143866. August
22, 2005).The mittimus shall be stayed during
1. 1. Try cases and conduct hearings; the pendency of the motion for reconsideration.
2. 2. Receive evidence;
3. 3. Perform all acts necessary to resolve 2) No party shall be allowed a second
factual issues raised in cases falling under its motion for reconsideration of a judgment or final
original and appellate jurisdiction; and, order. (Poliand Industrial Ltd. v. National
4. 4. Grant and conduct new trials or further Development Co., G.R. No. 143866. August 22, 2005)
proceedings.
Certification or Appeal of Case to the General Rule: The statutory requirement that
Supreme Court (Rule 124, Sec. 13) “when no motion for reconsideration is filed
within the reglementary period, the decision
Where the CA imposes reclusion perpetua, life attains finality and becomes executory in due
imprisonment or a lesser penalty it shall – course” must be STRICTLY ENFORCED as they
are considered indispensable interdictions
1. Render judgment; and, against needless delays and for orderly
2. Enter judgment imposing such penalty. discharge of judicial business.
Note: Such judgment may be appealed to the The purposes for such statutory requirement are
SC by notice of appeal filed with the CA. two-fold:
Motion for New Trial (Rule 124, Sec. 14) Bar Operations
Commissions 567
567
a) to avoid delay in the administration of justice Illustrative Case
and thus, procedurally, to make orderly the
discharge of judicial business; and, Facts: The accused was charged with frustrated
b) to put an end to judicial controversies, at the homicide and was found guilty thereof and
risk of occasional errors, which are precisely sentenced to suffer imprisonment from 2 years
why courts exist. and 4 months of prisioncorreccional, as
minimum, to 6 years and 1 day of prision
Controversies cannot drag on indefinitely. The mayor, as maximum. Since the maximum
rights and obligations of every litigant must not probationable imprisonment under the law was
hang in suspense for an indefinite period of only up to 6 years, accused did not qualify for
time. probation. Thus, he appealed to the CA invoking
self-defense and alternatively, seeking
Exceptions: When substantial justice and conviction for the lesser crime of attempted
equity considerations warrant the giving of due homicide with the consequent reduction of the
course to an appeal by suspending the penalty imposed on him. The CA affirmed the
enforcement of statutory and mandatory rules RTC decision. Accused then went to the SC,
of procedure.(Ginete vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. which found that he was guilty of the lesser
127596, September 24, 1998) crime of attempted homicide with the imposable
penalty of imprisonment of 4 months of arresto
Certain elements are considered for the appeal mayor, as minimum, to 2 years and 4 months of
to be given due course, such as: prisioncorreccional, as maximum.
1. The existence of special or compelling Issue: Whether or not the accused could still
circumstances; avail of probation in view of the reduction of the
2. The merits of the case; penalty
3. A cause not entirely attributable to the fault
Ruling: The Court’s finding that accused was
or negligence of the party favored by the
guilty, not of frustrated homicide but only of
suspension of the rules;
attempted homicide, is an original conviction
4. Lack of any showing that the review sought
that, for the first, time imposes on him a
is merely frivolous and dilatory; and,
probationable penalty. Had the RTC done him
5. The other party will not be unduly prejudiced
right from the start, it would have found him
thereby (Guasch vs. Dela Cruz, G.R. No. 176015,
guilty of the correct offense and imposed on him
June 16, 2009).
the right penalty of 2 years and 4 months as
Probation maximum. This would have afforded the
accused the right to apply for probation
(Colinares vs. People, G.R. No. 182748, December 13,
The Probation Law never intended to deny 2011).
an accused his right to probation through no
fault of his. The underlying philosophy of PROCEDURE IN THE SUPREME COURT (Rule
probation is one of liberality towards the 125)
accused. Such philosophy is not served by a
harsh and stringent interpretation of the Uniform Procedure (Rule 125, Sec. 1)
statutory provisions (Colinares vs. People, G.R.
No. 182748, December 13, 2011). General Rule: The procedure in the SC in
6. The Probation Law never intended to deny original and in appealed cases shall be the same
an accused his right to probation through no as in the CA.
fault of his. The underlying philosophy of
Exceptions: If otherwise provided by:
probation is one of liberality towards the
accused. Such philosophy is not served by a 1) The Constitution; or
harsh and stringent interpretation of the 2) The law.
statutory provisions. (Colinares vs. People,
G.R. No. 182748, December 13, 2011)
568
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Remedial
Review of Decisions of the Court of be invoked only in furtherance of public
Appeals (Rule 125, Sec. 2) prosecutions.
2) Search warrants have no relation to civil
The procedure for the review by the Supreme process or trials.
Court of decisions in criminal cases rendered by 3) They are not available to individuals in the
the Court of Appeals shall be the same as in civil course of civil proceedings.
cases. 4) It is not for the maintenance of any mere
private right.
5) It is interlocutory in character – it leaves
something more to be done, the
Decision If Opinion is Equally Divided (Rule determination of the guilt of the accused.
125, Sec. 3) (Riano, Criminal Procedure, 2016 Edition, p. 253-
254).
a) When the Supreme Court en banc is equally
divided in opinion or the necessary majority 7.N.2 Distinguished from Warrant of
cannot be had on whether to acquit the Arrest
appellant, the case shall again be deliberated
upon. WARRANT OF
SEARCH WARRANT
b) ARREST
c) If no decision is reached after re- Preliminary examination leads to its
deliberation, the judgment of conviction of issuance or non-issuance.
lower court shall be reversed and the Both rendered by the judge.
accused acquitted. For the purpose of For the purpose of
taking a person into taking personal
the custody of the property into the
7.N. SEARCH AND SEIZURE(Rule 126)
law. (Rule 113, Sec. custody of the law.
1) (Rule 126, Sec. 1)
Search warrantis an order in writing issued in The judge is required The court must
the name of the People of the Philippines, to conduct an always conduct
signed by a judge and directed to a peace investigation or searching
officer, commanding him to search for personal examination but the questions upon the
property described therein and bring it before court may dispense complainant and
the court. (Rule 126, Sec. 1) with the personal his witnesses.
examination and may (Rule 126, Sec. 5)
simply rely on the
Search warrants are in the nature of criminal
report of the fiscal.
process and may be invoked only in furtherance An arrest may be Should be executed
of public prosecutions. They are also in the made on any day and only on daytime
nature of an interlocutory character, because it at any time of the unless otherwise
leaves something more to be done, the day or night. (Rule stated in the
determination of the guilt of the accused. 113, Sec. 6) warrant itself.
(Rule 126, Sec. 9)
Q: Who is vested with authority to issue a Imprescriptible; until Only good for 10
search warrant? and unless days; whether
implemented. implemented or
not, the search
A: The power to issue a search warrants is warrant dies on the
exclusively vested with the trial judges in the 11th day. (Rule 126,
exercise of their judicial functions (Skechers, USA Sec.10)
vs. Inter Pacific Industrial Trading Corporation,G.R. As long as the person The things to be
No. 164321, November 30, 2006). is identifiable, you seized and the
can already person to be
7.N.1 Nature of Search Warrant implement the searched must be
warrant lawfully. specifically
1) Search warrants are in the nature of criminal identified. (Rule
process akin to a writ of discovery and may
Bar Operations
126, Sec. 4)
Commissions 569
569
man to believe that the offense charged has
7.N.3 Application for Search Warrant, been committed and that the objects sought in
Where Filed (Rule 126, Sec. 2) (TeJuPen) connection with the offense are in the place
sought to be searched.(Kho v. Lanzanas, G.R. No.
1. Any court within whose territorial jurisdiction 150877, May 4, 2006)
a crime was committed.
2. For compelling reasons stated in the Basis of Probable Cause
application, any court within the judicial
region where the crime was committed if the The basis must be the personal knowledge of
place of the commission of the crime is the complainant or the witnesses he may
known, or any court within the judicial region produce and not based on mere hearsay.
where the warrant shall be enforced.
3. If the criminal action has already been filed, The test of sufficiency of a deposition or
the application shall only be made in the affidavit is whether it has been drawn in a
court where the criminal action is pending. manner that perjury could be charged thereon
and the affiant be held liable for damaged
caused.
If the accused committed a continuing
offense, a search warrant may be applied Mere affidavits of the complainant and his
for in any court where any element of the witnesses are not sufficient. The judge has
alleged offense was committed (Sony to take depositions in writing of the
Computer Entertainment, Inc. vs. Evergreen complainant and the witnesses and to
Incorporated G.R. No. 161823, March 22, 2007). attach them to the record (Mata vs. Bayona,
D. If the accused committed a continuing G.R.. No. L-50620, March 26, 1984).
offense, a search warrant may be applied
for in any court where any element of the Factors in Determining Probable Cause
alleged offense was committed (Sony
Computer Entertainment, Inc. vs. Evergreen Time of the application in relation to the
Incorporated G.R. No. 161823, March 22, 2007). alleged offense committed. The nearer the
time at which the observation of the offense
Requisites for Issuing Search Warrant (Rule is alleged to have been made, the more
126, Sec. 3) (ProDEx-DeP) reasonable the conclusion of establishment
of probable cause (Asian Surety Insurance vs.
1) The warrant must be issued upon probable Herrera, G.R. No. L-25232, Dec. 20, 1973);
cause;
2) Probable cause must be There must be competent proof of particular
determinedpersonally by the judge; acts or specific omissions but only the best
3) The judge must have personally examined, evidence under the circumstances is
under oath and affirmation, and in the form required (People vs. Judge Estrada, G.R. No.
of searching questions and answers, the 124461, September 25, 1998).
applicant and his witnesses;
4) The warrant must particularlydescribe the d) Time of the application in relation to the
place to be searched and the things to be alleged offense committed. The nearer the
seized which may be anywhere in the time at which the observation of the offense
Philippines; and, is alleged to have been made, the more
5) The warrant must be issued for one reasonable the conclusion of establishment
specificpurpose or in connection with one of probable cause (Asian Surety Insurance vs.
specific offense. Herrera, G.R. No. L-25232, Dec. 20, 1973);
Exception: Deportation of illegal and The examination of the complainant and his
undesirable aliens, whom the President or the witnesses must be conducted in the form of
Commissioner of Immigration may order searching questions and answer which will have
arrested, following a final order of deportation, a tendency to show the commission of a crime
for the purpose of deportation. (Harvey vs. and the perpetrator thereof.
Defensor-Santiago, G.R. No. 82544, June 28, 1988).
7.N.6 Particularity of Place to be Searched
“Multi-factor balancing test” in and Things to be Seized
determining probable cause – one which
requires the officer to weigh the manner and Purpose: To leave the officers of the law with
intensity of the interference on the right of the no discretion regarding what articles they shall
people, the gravity of the crime committed and seize, to the end that unreasonable searches
the circumstances attending the incident(Allado and seizures may not be made – that abuses
vs Diokno, G.R. No. 113630, May 5, 1994).
may not be committed (Stonehill vs. Diokno, G.R.
No. L-19550, June 19, 1967).
a) The judge must personally examine in the 1. 1. The person whose premises or who is
form of searching questions and answers the entitled to the possession thereof, refuses,
complainant and the witnesses he may upon demand, to open it;
produce; 2. 2. When such person in the premises already
b) In writing and under oath; knew of the identity of the officers and of
c) On facts personally known to them; and, their authority;
d) Attach to the record their sworn statements, 3. 3. When the officers are justified, in the
together with the affidavits submitted. honest belief that there is an imminent peril
to life and limb; and,
Note: An application for a search warrant is 4. 4. When those in the premises, aware of the
heard ex-parte. presence of someone outside, are then
engaged in activities which justifies the
The searching questions propounded to the officer to believe that an escape or the
applicant of the search warrant and his destruction of evidence is imminent (Vallejo
witnesses must depend to a large extent upon vs. CA, G.R. No. 156413, April 14, 2004).
the discretion of the judge, just as long as the The person whose premises or who is
answers establish a reasonable ground to entitled to the possession thereof, refuses,
believe the commission of a specific offense and upon demand, to open it;
that the applicant is one authorized by law, and When such person in the premises
said answers particularly describe with certainty already knew of the identity of the officers and
the place to be searched and the persons or of their authority;
things to be seized. When the officers are justified, in the
honest belief that there is an imminent peril to
Issuance and Form of Search Warrant life and limb; and,
(Rule 126, Sec. 6) When those in the premises, aware of
the presence of someone outside, are then
If the judge is satisfied of the existence of engaged in activities which justifies the officer
facts upon which the application is based or to believe that an escape or the destruction of
that there is probable cause to believe that evidence is imminent (Vallejo vs. CA, G.R. No.
they exist, he shall issue the warrant. The 156413, April 14, 2004).
warrant must be substantially in the form
prescribed by the Rules.
572
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Remedial
Exception: When the affidavit asserts that the
Exclusionary Rule – any evidence obtained property is on the person or in the place ordered
through unreasonable searches and seizures to be searched, in which case a direction may
shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any be inserted that it be served at any time of the
proceeding. day or night.
Right to Break Door or Window to Effect Validity of Search Warrant (Rule 126, Sec. 10)
Search (Rule 126, Sec. 7)
A search warrant shall be valid for ten (10) days
The officer, if refused admittance to the place of from its date. Thereafter, it shall be void.
directed search after giving notice of his
purpose and authority, may break open any General Rule: A search warrant can be used
outer or inner door or window of a house or any only once, thereafter, it becomes functus oficio.
part of a house or anything therein to execute
the warrant or liberate himself or any person Exception: When the search conducted on one
lawfully aiding him when unlawfully detained day was interrupted, in which case, the same
therein. may be continued under the same warrant the
Search of House, Room, or Premise to be following day if not beyond the 10-day period
Made in Presence of Two Witnesses (Rule (UyKheytin vs. Villareal, G.R. No. 16009, September
126, Sec. 8) 21, 1920).
No search of a house, room, or any other Receipt for the Property Seized (Rule 126,
premises shall be made except in the presence Sec. 11)
of: (OcMem-Res)
The officer seizing the property under the
a) The lawful occupant thereof; or, warrant must:
b) Any member of his family; or
c) In the absence of the latter, two witnesses of 1. 1. Give a detailed receipt for the same to
sufficient age and discretion residing in the the lawful occupant of the premises in
same locality. whose presence the search and seizure
were made; or,
7.N.7 Personal Property to be seized. 2. 2. In the absence of such occupant, leave a
receipt in the place in which he found the
Note: The personal property under search seized property, in the presence of at
warrant is not any kind of property. least 2 witnesses of sufficient age and
discretion residing in the same locality.
Rule 126, Section 3. Personal property to be
seized. — A search warrant may be issued for Delivery of Property and Inventory thereof
the search and seizure of personal property: to Court; Return and Proceedings thereon
(SubPro-Us) (Rule 126, Sec. 12)
a) Subject of the offense; The officer must forthwith deliver the property
b) Stolen or embezzled and other proceeds, or seized to the judge who issued the warrant,
fruits of the offense; or together with a true inventory thereof duly
c) Used or intended to be used as the means of verified under oath. The judge shall see to it
committing an offense. that this has been complied with.
Time of Making Search(Rule 126, Sec. 9) Ten (10) days after issuance of the search
warrant, the issuing judge shall ascertain if the
General Rule: The warrant must direct that it return has been made.
be served in the day time.
Bar
If not, the judge shall:
Operations
Commissions 573
573
1. Summon the person to whom the 7.N.8 Exceptions to Search Warrant
warrant was issued; and, Requirements
2. Require him to explain why no return
1) When the owner of the premises waives his
was made.
right against such incursion;
If Made, the judge shall: 2) When the search is incidental to a lawful
arrest;
1. Ascertain whether Section 11 of this Rule 3) When it is made on vessels and aircraft,
on Receipt for the Property Seized has such as for violation of customs laws;
been complied with; and, 4) When it is made on automobiles or motor
2. Require that the property seized be vehicles generally for the purpose of
delivered to him. preventing violations of smuggling or
immigration laws;
The return on the search warrant shall be filed 5) When it involves prohibited articles in plain
and kept by the custodian of the log book on view; or,In cases of inspection of buildings
search warrants who shall enter therein the date and other premises for the enforcement of
of the return, the result, and other actions of fire, sanitary and building regulations (People
the judge. vs. Rodriguez, G.R. No. 95902, February 4,
1992).
A violation of this rule shall constitute contempt
of court. 7.N.8a Search Incident to Lawful Arrest
(Rule 126, Sec. 13)
Custody of Seized Items A person lawfully arrested may, without search
warrant, be searched: (DangPro)
The responsibilities of the magistrate do not 1) For dangerous weapons; or,
end with the granting of the warrant, but 2) Anything which may have been used or
extends to the custody of the articles which may constitute as proof of the
seized. In exercising custody over these commission of an offense.
articles, the property rights of the owner
should be balanced with the social need to
preserve evidence which will be used in the 1. When the search is incidental to a lawful
prosecution of a case (Caterpillar, Inc. vs. arrest, the scope thereof should be limited
Samson, G.R. No. 164605, October 27, 2006). to the area within which the arrestee can
reach for a weapon or for evidence in order
Immediate Return of the Seized Items to destroy it. (Valeroso vs CA, G.R. No. 164815,
Where No Criminal Action had been Filed September 3, 2009)
in Court
In the latter case, the person making the
Where the purpose of presenting the articles arrest may take from the arrestee any
seized as evidence is no longer served, property which was the fruit or proceeds
there is no justification for severely thereof or, which may furnish the arrestee
curtailing the rights of a person to his with a means of committing violence or
property. In ordering the return of the effecting an escape or which may be used
articles seized, the trial court had as evidence at the trial of the case. (Malacat
reasonably exercised its discretion in vs CA, G.R. No. 123595, December 12,
determining from the circumstances of the 1997)When the search is incidental to a
case what constitutes a reasonable and lawful arrest, the scope thereof should be
unreasonable search and seizure (Caterpillar, limited to the area within which the arrestee
Inc. vs. Samson, G.R. No. 164605, October 27, can reach for a weapon or for evidence in
2006). order to destroy it(Valeroso vs CA, G.R. No.
164815, September 3, 2009).
In the latter case, the person making the
arrest may take from the arrestee any
574
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
property which was the fruit or proceeds Over the years, the rules governing search
thereof or, which may furnish the arrestee and seizure have been steadily liberalized
with a means of committing violence or whenever a moving vehicle is the object of
effecting an escape or which may be used the search on the basis of practicality. This
as evidence at the trial of the case. (Malacat is so considering that before a warrant could
vs CA, G.R. No. 123595, December 12, 1997) be obtained, the place, things and persons
to be searched must be described to the
satisfaction of the issuing judge – a
7.N.8b Consented Search requirement which borders on the
impossible in instances where moving
vehicle is used to transport contraband from
Elements of a Valid Consented Search
one place to another with impunity. This
To constitute a waiver, it must appear that: exception is easy to understand. A search
(Ex-KInt) warrant may readily be obtained when the
1. The right exists; search is made in a store, dwelling house or
2. The person involved had knowledge, actual other immobile structure. But it is
or constructive, of the existence of such impracticable to obtain a warrant when the
rights; and, search is conducted on a mobile ship, on an
3. There is actual intention to relinquish such aircraft, or in other motor vehicles since
rights (People vs. Burgos, GR. No. 92739, they can quickly be moved out of the
August. 2, 1991). locality or jurisdiction where the warrant
must be sought. (People vs. Mariacos, G.R. No.
Note: Consent cannot be presumed simply 188611, June 16, 2010)
because the accused failed to object to the
search. Over the years, the rules governing search and
seizure have been steadily liberalized whenever
7.N.8c Search of Moving Vehicle a moving vehicle is the object of the search on
the basis of practicality. This is so considering
Search and seizure without warrant include that that before a warrant could be obtained, the
of vessels and aircrafts for violation of the place, things and persons to be searched must
customs laws, including violations of forestry be described to the satisfaction of the issuing
laws. These are the traditional exceptions to the judge – a requirement which borders on the
constitutional requirement of a search warrant. impossible in instances where moving vehicle is
The reason for this is the ease of moving the used to transport contraband from one place to
vessel/aircraft out of the locality or jurisdiction another with impunity. This exception is easy to
where the warrant was secured. In such a case, understand. A search warrant may readily be
it would not be practical to acquire a warrant obtained when the search is made in a store,
before the search and seizure could be made. dwelling house or other immobile structure. But
(Riano, Criminal Procedure, 2016 Edition, pp. 283- it is impracticable to obtain a warrant when the
284,) search is conducted on a mobile ship, on an
aircraft, or in other motor vehicles since they
However, for the warrantless search and seizure can quickly be moved out of the locality or
to be valid, the officers conducting it should jurisdiction where the warrant must be sought.
have reasonable or probable cause to believe, (People vs. Mariacos, G.R. No. 188611, June 16,
before the search is conducted, that they will 2010)
find the instrumentality or evidence pertaining
to a crime, in the vehicle to be searched. (People 7.N.8d Check Points;: Body Checks in
vs Tuazon, G.R. No. 175783, September 3, 2007) Airport
1. A motion to quash the search warrant; The criminal actions for violation of Section 4
2. A motion to suppress as evidence the (Cybercrime offenses) and/or Section 5 (Other
objects illegally taken; offenses), Chapter II of R.A. No. 10175
3. Certiorari, to nullify the search warrant when (Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012), shall be
it is a patent nullity; and, filed before the designated cybercrime court:
4. Replevin, if the objects are legally possessed.
1. of the province or city where the offense or
Where to File Motion to Quash the Search any of its elements is committed;
Warrant (Rule 126, Sec. 14) 2. where any part of the computer system used
is situated; or
a. Under the Criminal Case Rule, all the 3. where any of the damage caused to a
incidents arising from the Search Warrant natural or juridical person took place
should be consolidated in the court where
the criminal action has been instituted; Note: The court where the criminal action is
b. Under the Alternative Remedy Rule, with first filed shall acquire jurisdiction to the
the court that issued the search warrant. All exclusion of the other courts.
grounds for objection existent or available
AllBar
other crimes defined and penalized by the
Operations
Revised Penal Code, as amended, and
Commissions 577
577
other special laws, committed by, through, and its territorial jurisdiction in the places above-
with the use of Information and described (Sec. 2.2, A.M. No. 17-11-03-SC).
Communications Technology (ICT), as provided
under Section 6, Chapter II of R.A. No. 10175 , Incidents Related to the Warrant When a
shall be filed before the regular or other Criminal Action is Instituted
specialized regional trial courts, as the case may
be (Sec. 2.1, A.M. No. 17-11-03-SC). A motion to quash and other incidents that
relate to the warrant shall be heard and
Where to File an Application for a Warrant resolved by the court that subsequently
acquired jurisdiction over the criminal action.
For violation of Secs. 4 (Cybercrime Offenses)
and 5 (Other Offenses) of R.A. 10175, the The prosecution has the duty to move for the
application shall be filed by the law enforcement transmittal of the records, as well as the transfer
authorities before any of the designated of the items' custody to the latter court (Sec. 2.3,
cybercrime courts of the province or the city: A.M. No. 17-11-03-SC).
(ComSit-Dam)
Examination of Applicant and Record
where the offense or any of its
elements has been committed, is Before issuing a warrant, the judge must
being committed, or is about to be personally examine the applicant and the
committed; witnesses he may produce on facts personally
where any part of the computer known to them and attach to the record their
system used is situated; or sworn statements, together with the judicial
where any of the damage caused affidavits submitted.
to a natural or juridical person took
place. The examination shall be in the form of:
578
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
3. 3. not exceeding ten (10) days from the including, but not limited to, the
expiration of the original period communication's origin, destination, route, time,
date, size, duration, or type of underlying
Contempt service(Sec. 1.4(s), A.M. No. 17-11-03-SC).
Failure to timely file the returns for any of the Subscriber's information – refers to any
issued warrants under this Rule or to duly turn- information contained in the form of computer
over to the court's custody any of the items data or any other form that is held by a service
disclosed, intercepted, searched, seized, and/or provider, relating to subscribers of its services,
examined, shall subject the responsible law other than traffic or content data, and by which
enforcement authorities to an action for any of the following can be established:
contempt, which procedures shall be governed
by Rule 71 of the Rules of Civil Procedure , a. The type of communication service used, the
insofar as they are applicable . (Sec. 2.6, A.M. No. technical provisions taken therewith, and the
17-11-03-SC) period of service;
b. The subscriber's identity, postal or
Obstruction of Justice for Non- geographic address, telephone and other
Compliance; Where to File access number, any assigned network
address, billing and payment infonnation that
Failure to comply with the orders from law are available on the basis of the service
enforcement authorities, shall be punished as a agreement or arrangement; or
violation of P.D. No. 1829, entitled "Penalizing c. Any other available information on the site of
Obstruction of Apprehension and Prosecution of the installation of communication equipment
Criminal Offenders." that is available on the basis of the service
agreement or arrangement. (Sec. 1.4(r), A.M.
Note: The criminal charge for obstruction of No. 17-11-03-SC)
justice shall be filed before the designated
cybercrime court that has jurisdiction over the On the other hand, content data shall be
place where the non-compliance was preserved for six (6) months from the date of
committed(Sec. 2.7, A.M. No. 17-11-03-SC). receipt of the order from law enforcement
authorities requiring its preservation.
Extraterritorial Service of Warrants and
Other Court Processes Content data – refers to the content of the
communication, the meaning or purported
Service of warrants and/or other court processes meaning of the communication, or the message
shall be coursed through the Department of or information being conveyed by the
Justice -Office of Cybercrime, in line with all communication, other than traffic data. (Sec.
relevant international instruments and/or 1.4(e), A.M. No. 17-11-03-SC)
agreements on the matter (Sec. 2.8 A.M. No. 17-
11-03-SC). Law enforcement authorities may order a one-
time extension for another six (6) months:
7.N.10.c Preservation of Computer Data Provided, that once computer data that is
preserved, transmitted or stored by a service
Pursuant to Section 13, Chapter IV of RA 10175 , provider is used as evidence in a case, the
the integrity of traffic data and subscriber's receipt by the service provider of a copy of the
information shall be kept, retained, and transmittal document to the Office of the
preserved by a service provider for a minimum Prosecutor shall be deemed a notification to
period of six (6) months from the date of the preserve the computer data until the final
transaction. termination of the case and/or as ordered by the
court, as the case maybe.
Traffic data – refers to any computer data
other than the content of the communication, Bar Operations
Commissions 579
579
The service provider ordered to preserve
computer data shall keep the order and its a. to issue an order to disclose; and,
compliance therewith confidential (Sec. 3.1, A.M. b. require any person or service provider to
No. 17-11-03-SC). disclose or submit subscriber's
information, traffic data, or relevant data
Warrants that may be issued in the Rule in his/her or its possession or control.
on Cybercrime Warrants. (Sec. 4.2, A.M. No. 17-11-03-SC)
580
Purple Notes
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Remedial
Duty of the Judge in Relation to the WDCD
A WICD is:
It is the duty of the issuing judge:
1. an order in writing;
a. to ascertain if the return has been made, and 2. issued in the name of the People of the
if none, Philippines;
b. to summon the law enforcement officer to 3. signed by a judge; and
whom the WDCD was issued and require him 4. upon application of law enforcement
to explain why no return was made, without authorities, authorizing the latter to carry
prejudice to any action for contempt as out any or all of the following activities:
provided under Section 2.6 of this Rule.
a. listening to;
Law enforcement authorities are allowed to b. recording;
retain a copy of the disclosed computer data or c. monitoring; or,
subscriber's information subject of the WDCD d. surveillance of the content of
which may be utilized for case build-up or communications, including procuring of
preliminary investigation purposes, without the the content of computer data, either
need of any court intervention; Provided, directly, through access and use of a
that the details thereof are kept strictly computer system or indirectly, through
confidential and that the retained copy shall be the use of electronic eavesdropping or
labelled as such. tapping devices, at the same time that
the communication is occurring(Sec. 5.2,
The retained copy shall be turned over upon the A.M. No. 17-11-03-SC).
filing of a criminal action involving the disclosed
computer data or subscriber's information to the Contents of Application for WICD
court where such action has been instituted, or
if no criminal action has been filed, upon order The verified application for a WICD, as well as
of the issuing court under the under this Rule. the supporting affidavits, shall state the
essential facts similar to those in Section 4.3
Upon its turn-over, the retained copy shall [Contents for WDCD] of this Rule, except that
always be kept, destroyed, and/or returned the subject matter is the communication or
together with the computer data or subscriber's computer data sought to be intercepted. (Sec.
information that was originally turned over to 5.3, A.M. No. 17-11-03-SC)
the issuing court under the first paragraph of
this Section (Sec. 4.5, A.M. No. 17-11-03-SC). Return on the WICD
If Return has not been Filed: the notice shall Off-site and On-site Principle; Return of
state the details of the interception activities, Items Seized Off-site
including the contents of the intercepted
communication or computer data. If the circumstances so allow, law enforcement
authorities shall endeavor to first:
Remedy of a Person whose
Communications or Computer Data have 1. 1. make a forensic image of the computer
been Intercepted data on-site; and
2. 2. limit their search to the place specified in
Within ten (10) days from notice, the person the warrant.
whose communications or computer data have
been intercepted may challenge, by motion, Otherwise, an off-site search may be conducted,
the legality of the interception before the issuing provided:
court (Sec. 5.6, A.M. No. 17-11-03-SC).
1. 1. that a forensic image is made, and
7.N.10.f Warrant to Search, Seize and 2. 2. that the reasons for the said search are
Examine Computer Data (WSSECD) stated in the initial return. (A.M. No. 17-11-03-
SC, Sec. 6.4).
A Warrant to Search, Seize and Examine
Computer Data (WSSECD) is: Remedy of a person whose Computer
Devices or Computer System have been
1. 1. an order in writing; Searched and Seized Off-site
2. 2. issued in the name of the People of the
Philippines; A person whose computer devices or computer
3. 3. signed by a judge; and system have been searched and seized off-site
4. 4. upon application of law enforcement may, upon motion, seek the return of the said
authorities, authorizing the latter to search items from the court issuing the WSSECD:
the particular place for items to be seized Provided, that a forensic image of the computer
and/ or examined. (Sec. 6.1, A.M. No. 17-11-03- data subject of the WSSECD has already been
SC) made.
582
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
not, the reasons for making the forensic
The court may grant the motion upon its image off-site;
determination that no lawful ground exists to 3)
otherwise withhold the return of such items to 4) A statement on whether the search was
him (Sec. 6.4, A.M. No. 17-11-03-SC). conducted on-site, and if not, the reasons for
conducting the search and seizure off-site;
Allowable Activities During the 5)
Implementation of the WSSECD 6)
7) A statement on whether interception was
The interception of communications and conducted during the implementation of the
computer data may be conducted during the WSSECD, together with:
implementation of the WSSECD provided:
a) a detailed identification of all the
interception activities that were
1. that the interception activities shall only be conducted;
limited to communications and computer b) the hash value/s of the communications
data that are reasonably related to the or computer data intercepted; and
subject matter of the WSSECD; and c) an explanation of the said items'
2. that the said activities are fully disclosed, and reasonable relation to the computer data
the foregoing relation duly explained in the subject of the WSSECD;
initial return.
8) 5. List of all the actions taken to enforce the
Likewise, law enforcement authorities may WSSECD, from the time the law enforcement
order any person, who has knowledge about the officers reached the place to be seized until
functioning of the computer system and the they left the premises with the seized items
measures to protect and preserve the computer and reached the place where the items
data therein, to provide, as is reasonable, the seized were stored and secured for
necessary information to enable the undertaking examination; and
of the search, seizure and examination (Sec. 6.5, 9)
A.M. No. 17-11-03-SC). 10) 6. A reasonable estimation of how long
the examination of the items seized will be
Initial Return concluded and the justification therefor.
Within ten (10) days from the issuance of the Duty of the Judge in relation to the
WSSECD, the authorized law enforcement WSSECD
officers shall submit an initial return that
contains the following information: It is the duty of the issuing judge:
1) A list of all the items that were seized, with a 1) to ascertain if the initial return has been
detailed identification of: made, and if none,
2) to summon the law enforcement authority to
a) the devices of the computer system whom the WSSECD was issued and require
seized, including the name, make, brand, him to explain why no initial return was
serial numbers, or any other mode of made, without prejudice to any action
identification, if available; and for contempt(Sec. 6.6, A.M. No. 17-11-03-SC).
b) the hash value of the computer data
and/or the seized computer device or Period to Examine and Order to Return
computer system containing such data;
After the initial return is submitted to the court
2) A statement on whether a forensic image of pursuant to the WSSECD, the court shall issue
the computer data was made on-site, and if an order fixing the period to conclude the
examination of all the items seized, which period
Bar Operations
Commissions 583
583
may be extended not exceeding thirty (30) days,
upon motion, for justifiable reasons. The verified application for a WECD, as well as
the supporting affidavits, shall state the
Requisites for Extension of Period (30- essential facts similar to those in Section 4.3 of
MoJu) this Rule, except that the subject matter is
the computer data sought to be examined.
1. Not exceeding thirty (30) days;
2. Upon motion; and In addition, the application shall disclose the
3. For justifiable reasons(A.M. No. 17-11-03-SC, circumstances surrounding the lawful acquisition
Sec. 6.7) of the computer device or computer system
containing the said computer data.
Final Return on the WSSECD
If the judge is satisfied that there is probable
Within forty-eight (48) hours after the expiration cause to believe that the facts upon which the
of the period to, the authorized law enforcement application for WECD exists, he shall issue the
officers shall submit a final return on the WECD, which must be substantially in the form
WSSECD to the court that issued it, and prescribed under this Rule.
simultaneously turn-over the custody of the
seized computer data, as well as all other items The initial and final returns, as well as the
seized and/or the communications or computer period to examine under a WECD, shall be
data intercepted in relation thereto(A.M. No. 17- similarly governed by the procedures set forth in
11-03-SC, Sec. 6.8) Sections 6.6 to 6.8 of this Rule.
Duty of the Judge in relation to the Final Interception of communications and computer
Return on the WSSECD data may be likewise conducted during the
implementation of the WECD under the same
It is the duty of the issuing judge: conditions stated in Section 6.5 of this Rule (Sec.
6.9, A.M. No. 17-11-03-SC).
1. to ascertain if the final return has been
made, and if none, 7.N.10.g Deposit and Custody of Seized
2. to summon the law enforcement officer to Computer Data
whom the WSSECD was issued and require
him to explain why no final return was Upon the filing of the return for a WDCD or
made, without prejudice to any action WICD, or the final return for a WSSECD or
for contempt. (Sec. 6.8, A.M. No. 17-11-03- WECD, all computer data subject thereof
SC) shall be simultaneously deposited in a
sealed package with the same court that
Examination where Lawful Possession of issued the warrant.
Device is Obtained; Warrant to Examine
Computer Data (WECD) It shall be accompanied by a complete and
verified inventory of all the other items seized in
Upon acquiring possession of a computer device relation thereto, and by the affidavit of the duly
or computer system via a lawful warrantless authorized law enforcement officer containing:
arrest, or by any other lawful method, law
enforcement authorities shall first apply for a 1. 1. The date and time of the disclosure,
warrant before searching the said computer interception, search, seizure, and/or
device or computer system for the purpose of examination of the computer data, as the
obtaining for forensic examination the computer case may be. If the examiner or analyst has
data contained therein. recorded his/her examination, the recording
shall also be deposited with the court in a
The warrant therefor shall be denominated as a sealed package and stated in the affidavit;
Warrant to Examine Computer Data (WECD).
584
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Remedial
2. 2. The particulars of the subject subsequently acquired jurisdiction over the
computer data, including its hash value; criminal action.
3. 3. The manner by which the computer data
was obtained; The motion for the purpose shall be filed before
4. 4. Detailed identification of all items the court that issued the warrant and has
seized in relation to the subject computer custody of the computer data within ten (10)
data, including the computer device days from the time the criminal action is
containing such data and/or other parts of instituted and shall be acted upon by the court
the computer system seized, indicating the within a period of five (5) days. conditions
name, make, brand, serial numbers, or any stated in Section 6.5 of this Rule (Sec. 7.2, A.M.
other mode of identification, if available; No. 17-11-03-SC).
5. 5. The names and positions of the law
enforcement authorities who had access Access to and Use of Computer Data
to the computer data from the time of its
seizure until the termination of the General Rule: The package containing the
examination but prior to depositing it with computer data so deposited shall not be
the court, and the names of officers who will opened, or the recordings replayed, or its
be delivering the seized items to the court; contents revealed, or, in any manner, used as
6. 6. The name of the law enforcement evidence.
officer who may be allowed access to
the deposited data. When the said officer Exception: Upon motion duly granted by the
dies, resigns of severs tie with the office, court.
his/her successor may, upon motion, be
granted access to the deposit; and The motion for the purpose shall state:
7. 7. A certification that no duplicates or
copies of the whole or any part thereof 1. 1. The relevance of the computer data
have been made, or if made, all such sought to be opened, replayed, revealed, or
duplicates or copies are included in the used as evidence; and
sealed package deposited, except for the 2. 2. The names of the persons who will be
copy retained by law enforcement authorities allowed to have access thereto, if the motion
pursuant to paragraph 3 of Section 4.5 of is granted.
this Rule. (A.M. No. 17-11-03-SC, Sec. 7.1).
The motion shall further include proof of service
Note: The return on the warrant shall be of copies sent to the person or persons whose
filed and kept by the custodian of the log computer data is the subject of the motion.
book on search warrants who shall enter
therein the date of the return, the description of The said person or persons shall be given ten
the sealed package deposited, the name of the (10) days from receipt of notice thereof to file a
affiant, and other actions of the judge.(Sec. 7.1, comment, after which the comi shall rule on the
A.M. No. 17-11-03-SC). motion, unless it finds it necessary to conduct a
clarificatory hearing for the purpose (Sec. 7.3,
Duty of the Prosecutor When Criminal A.M. No. 17-11-03-SC).
Action is Instituted
Duty of Service Providers and Law
Once a criminal action is instituted, it shall be Enforcement Authorities to Destroy
the duty of the prosecutor, or his/her duly
authorized representatives to move for the Pursuant to Section 17 of RA 10175, upon
immediate transmittal of the records as well as expiration of the periods as provided in Sections
the transfer of the intercepted, disclosed, 13 [Preservation of Computer Data] and 15
searched, seized and/or examined computer [Search, Seizure and Examination of Computer
data and items, including the complete and Data] of the said law, service providers and law
verified inventory thereof, to the court that Bar
enforcement Operations
authorities, as the case may be,
Commissions 585
585
shall immediately and completely destroy the 7.N.10.h Destruction of Computer Data;
computer data subject of preservation and How Made
examination (Sec. 8.1, A.M. No. 17-11-03-SC).
The destruction of computer data and related
Destruction and Return of Computer Data items, if so allowed under Section 8.2 of this
in the Custody of the Court Rule, shall be made:
Upon motion and due hearing, the court may, 1) in the presence of the Branch Clerk-of-
for justifiable reasons, order: Court, or
2) in his/her absence, in the presence of any
1) the complete or partial destruction, or other person duly designated by the court to
2) the return to its lawful owner or possessor witness the same.
…of the computer data or any of the related The accused or the person/s from whom such
items turned over to its custody. items were seized, or his/her representative or
counsel, as well as the law enforcement officer
Likewise, the court may, motu proprio, and allowed access to such items as indicated in the
upon written notice to all the parties concerned, inventory, or his/her duly authorized
order: representative, may also be allowed to witness
the said activity.
1) the complete or partial destruction, or Requisite: that they appear during the
2) the return to its lawful owner or possessor scheduled date of destruction upon written
notice to them by the Branch Clerk-of-Court at
…of the computer data or any of the related least three (3) days prior to the aforementioned
items turned over to its custody if no preliminary date.
investigation or case involving these items has
been instituted after thirty-one (31) days Within twenty-four (24) hours from the
from their deposit, or if preliminary destruction of the computer data, the Branch
investigation has been so instituted within this Clerk-of-Court or the witness duly designated by
period, upon finality of the prosecutor's the court shall issue a sworn certification as to
resolution finding lack of probable cause. the fact of destruction and file the said
certificate with the same court.
In its sound discretion, the court may conduct a
clarificatory hearing to further determine if there How is a storage device destroyed?
is no reasonable opposition to the items'
destruction or return. The storage device, or other items turned over
to the court's custody, shall be destroyed:
If the court finds the destruction or return of (ShreD-PrO)
disclosed computer data or subscriber's
information subject of a WDCD to be justified 1) by shredding;
under this Section, it shall first issue an order 2) drilling of four holes through the device;
directing the law enforcement authorities to 3) prying the platters apart; or
turnover the retained copy. 4) other means in accordance with
international standards that will sufficiently
Upon its turn-over, the retained copy shall be make it inoperable. (Sec. 8.3, A.M. No. 17-11-
simultaneously destroyed or returned to its 03-SC)
lawful owner or possessor together with the
computer data or subscriber's information that RULE GOVERNING THE APPLICATION,
was originally turned over to the issuing court ISSUANCE, AND ENFORCEMENT BY THE
(Sec. 8.2, A.M. No. 17-11-03-SC). PHILIPPINE COMPETITION COMMISSION
(“PCC”) OF INSPECTION ORDERS.
586
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
(Administrative Matter No. 19-08-06-SC, records, or other documents to be
effective November 16, 2019) inspected.
a) that the information is kept, found, stored Any person or entity who refuses or fails to
or accessible at the premises indicated in comply with an inspection order or any provision
the application; of this Rule shall be cited for contempt of court
b) the information relates to any matter under Rule 71 of the Rules of Court.
relevant to the investigation; and
c) the issuance of the order is necessary to
7.O. PROVISIONAL REMEDIES IN
prevent the removal, concealment,
CRIMINAL CASES (Rule 127)
tampering with, or destruction of the books, Bar Operations
Commissions 587
587
Availability of provisional remedies(Rule Nature
127, Sec. 1)
These are remedies which the party litigants
The requisites and procedure for availing of may resort to for the preservation or protection
provisional remedies shall be the same as those of their rights or interests during the pendency
for civil cases. of the action.(Ma. Carminia C. Calderon v. Jose
Antonio F. Roxas, G.R. No. 185595, January 9, 2013)
Attachment (Rule 127, Sec. 2)
When Proper in Criminal Proceedings
When the civil action is properly instituted in the
criminal action as provided in Rule 111, the In relation to criminal proceedings, the
offended party may have the property of the provisional remedies under Rule 127 are proper
accused attached as security for the satisfaction only where the civil action for the recovery of
of any judgment that may be recovered from civil liability ex delicto has not been waived, or is
the accused in the following cases: (AbCla- not reserved when such reservation of a
ConOut) separate action may be made.
1) When the accused is about to abscond from Kinds of Provisional Remedies (AtIn-
the Philippines. ReDS)
2) When the criminal action is based on a claim
for money or property embezzled or 1) Attachment;
fraudulently misapplied or converted to the 2) Injunction;
use of the accused who is a public officer, 3) Receivership;
officer of a corporation, attorney, factor, 4) Delivery of personal property;
broker, agent or clerk, in the course of his 5) Support pendente lite
employment as such, or by any other person
in a fiduciary capacity, or for a willful Q: Is a Petition for Relief from Judgment
violation of duty. under Rule 38 available in a criminal case?
3) When the accused has concealed, removed,
or disposed of his property, or is about to do A: Yes. In Hilario v. People, G.R. No. 161070,
so; and, April 14, 2008, the accused unassisted by
4) When the accused resides outside the counsel filed a petition for relief from the
Philippines. decision of the RTC convicting him of the crime
of homicide. According to his affidavit of merit,
Support in Criminal Cases (Rule 61, Sec. 6) at the time of the promulgation of the
judgment, he was already confined with the QC
In criminal actions where the civil liability jail and was directed to be committed to the
includes support for the offspring as a National Penitentiary in Muntinlupa. He further
consequence of the crime and the civil aspect claimed that he instructed his counsel to appeal
thereof has not been waived, reserved or the case but learned that this was not done and
instituted prior to its filing, the accused may be the decision then became final. The RTC denied
ordered to provide support pendente lite to the the petition. It was unconvinced that the
child born to the offended party allegedly accused was prevented from filing a notice of
because of the crime. appeal. The CA denied the petition for certiorari
filed by the accused himself questioning the
The application therefor may be filed denial of the petition for relief. The SC in this
successively by the offended party, her parents, case remanded the case to the trial court for the
grandparents or guardian and the State in the proper determination of the merits of the
corresponding criminal case during its pendency, petition for relief from judgment. It held that in
in accordance with the procedure established criminal cases, the right of an accused to be
under this Rule. assisted by a member of the bar is immutable;
588
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
otherwise, there would be a grave denial of due General Rule: The rules of evidence shall be
process. the same in all courts and in all trials and
hearings. (Rule 128, Section 2)
Moreover, in all criminal prosecutions, the
accused shall have the right to appeal in the Exception:
manner prescribed by law. The appeal is an
essential part of the judicial system and the trial When otherwise provided by law or these rules,
courts are advised to proceed with caution so as such as those enumerated under Rule 1, Sec. 4
not to deprive a party of the right to appeal and of the Rules of Court: (NICOLE)
instructed that every party-litigant should be
afforded the amplest opportunity for the proper 1. Election cases;
and just disposition of his cause, freed from the 2. Land registration cases;
restraints of technicalities. While this right is 3. Cadastral cases;
statutory, once it is granted by law, however, its 4. Naturalization proceedings;
suppression would be a violation of a due 5. Insolvency proceedings; and
process, a right guaranteed by the Constitution. 6. Other cases not herein provided for by law.
590
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
8.A.3. DISTINGUISH: PROOF AND 2) Competency – it must not be excluded by
EVIDENCE the Constitution, the law or by the rules (Rule
128, Sec. 3, as amended).
Evidence Proof Admissibility vs. Probative Value
It is the medium or It is the effect and result
means of proving or of evidence. It is the ADMISSIBILITY PROBATIVE VALUE
disproving a fact (RIANO, probative effect of As to question resolved
Evidence (The Bar evidence and is the It refers to the It refers to the question of
Lecture Series), 2016 conviction or persuasion question of whether or whether or not the
Ed., p. 11). of the mind resulting not the evidence is to evidence proves an issue.
from the consideration of be considered at
the evidence (RIANO, all(Republic of the
Evidence (The Bar Philippines vs. Carmen
Lecture Series), 2016 SantorioGaleno, G.R.
Ed., p. 10). No. 215009, January
23, 2017).
As to characteristic of evidence to which it
8.A.4. DISTINGUISH: FACTUM PROBANS pertains
AND FACTUM PROBANDUM It pertains to It pertains to its tendency
relevance and to convince and persuade
Factum Probans Factum Probandum competence.
Intermediate or Ultimate Facts As to basis
Evidentiary Facts It depends on logic It depends on the
The fact by which the The fact or proposition to and law. guidelines provided in Rule
factum probandum is to be established. 133 and doctrines laid
be established. down by the Supreme
The fact to be proved; The probative or Court.
the fact which is in issue evidentiary fact tending
and to which the to prove the fact in issue. The admissibility of evidence should not be
evidence is directed. confused with its probative value.
Existent Hypothetical – what one Admissibility refers to the question of
party affirms and the whether certain pieces of evidence are to be
other denies
considered at all, while probative value
refers to the question of whether the
8.A.5 ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE admitted evidence proves an issue. Thus, a
particular item of evidence may be
Admissibility of evidence refers to the admissible, but its evidentiary weight
question of whether or not the circumstance (or depends on judicial evaluation within the
evidence) is to be considered at all. On the guidelines provided by the rules of evidence
other hand, the probative value of evidence (Heirs of Sabanpan vs. Comorposa, G.R. No.
refers to the question of whether or not it 152807, August 12, 2003).
proves an issue (PNOC Shipping and Transport
Corporation v. CA, G.R. No. 107518, October 8, There is no issue in the admissibility of the
1998). subject sworn statement. However, the
admissibility of evidence should not be
8.A.5.a. Requisites for admissibility of equated with weight of evidence. The
evidence; exclusions under the admissibility of evidence depends on its
Constitution, laws, and the Rules of Court relevance and competence while the weight
of evidence pertains to evidence already
For evidence to be admissible, two elements admitted and its tendency to convince and
must concur: persuade. Thus, a particular item of
evidence may be admissible, but its
1) Relevancy – it must have such a relation to evidentiary weight depends on judicial
the fact in issue as to induce belief in its
Bar Operations
evaluation within the guidelines provided by
existence or non-existence.
Commissions 591
591
the rules of evidence (Tating vs. Marcella, G.R. by using any device, shall not be admissible
No. 155208, March 27, 2007). in evidence in any judicial, quasi-judicial,
legislative or administrative hearing, or
Admissibility vs. Credibility investigation [Sec. 1 and 4, R.A. No. 4200
(Wire-Tapping Act)]
Admissibility of evidence is determined by
the concurrence of the two requisites of C. Exclusionary Rules under Rule 130
relevancy and competency; credibility is a
matter for the court to appreciate (People v. 1. Original Document Rule – Originally
Abellera, G.R. No. 23533, August 1, 1925). known as the “Best Evidence Rule”. When
the subject of the inquiry is the contents of
Trial courts may allow a person to testify as the document, no evidence shall be
a witness upon a given matter because he is admissible other than the original
competent but may thereafter decided document (Rule 130, Sec. 3, as amended).
whether to believe or not to believe his 2. Parol Evidence Rule – When the terms of
testimony. Credibility depends on the the agreement have been reduced to
appreciation of his testimony and arises writing, it is considered as containing all the
from the brief conclusion of the court that terms agreed upon and there can be,
said witness is telling the truth (Gonzales vs. between the parties and their successors in
Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-37453, May 25, interest, NO evidence of such terms other
1979). than the contents of the written agreement
(Rule 130, Sec. 10, as amended).
Exclusionary Rules of Evidence 3. Hearsay Evidence Rule – a witness can
testify only to those facts which he knows
A. Constitutional exclusionary rules of his personal knowledge; that is, which
are derived from his own perception (Rule
1. 1. Unreasonable searches and seizures 130, Sec. 22, as amended).
(Sec. 2, Art. III, Constitution); 4. Offer of Compromise in Civil Cases –
2. 2. Privacy of communication and In civil case, an offer of compromise is NOT
correspondence (Sec. 3, Art. III, Constitution); admission of any liability and is NOT
3. 3. Right to counsel, prohibition on torture, admissible in evidence against the offeror
force, violence, threat, intimidation or other (Rule 130, Sec. 28, as amended).
means which vitiate the free will; 5. Dead Man’s Statute – Disqualification by
prohibition on secret detention places, Reason of Death or Insanity of Adverse
solitary, incommunicado (Sec. 12, Art. III, Party (Rule 130, Sec. 39, as amended).
Constitution);and 6. Disqualification by Reason of
4. 4. Right against self-incrimination (Sec. 17, Marriage(Rule 130, Sec. 23, as amended).
Art. III, Constitution) 7. Disqualification by Reason of
Privileged Communication(Rule 130, Sec.
B. Statutory exclusionary rules 24).
Negative evidence – when the witness state Burden of Evidence is the duty of a party to
that an event did not occur or that the state of present evidence sufficient to establish or rebut
facts alleged to exist does not actually exist. a fact in issue to establish a prima facie case.
Burden of Evidence may shift from one party to
Denial is a self-serving negative evidence the other in the course of the proceedings,
that cannot be given greater weight than the depending on the exigencies of the case (RIANO,
declaration of credible witnesses who Evidence (The Bar Lecture Series), 2016 Ed., p. 49).
testified on affirmative matters (Roque vs.
People, G.R. No. 138954, November 25, 2004) . It BURDEN OF PROOF
BURDEN OF
is a long recognized general rule of evidence (Onus Probandi/ Risk
EVIDENCE
that all other things being equal, positive Of Non-Persuasion)
evidence is stronger than negative evidence Burden of proof is Burden of evidence is the
(Wa-acon vs. People, G.R. No. 164575, December theduty of a party to duty of aparty to present
present evidenceon the evidencesufficient to
06, 2006).
facts in issue necessary establish or rebut afact
toestablish his or her in issue to establish a
8.A.5.h. Competent and credible evidence claim or defenseby the prima facie case(Rule
amount of evidence 131, Sec. 1).
Competent evidence is one that is not excluded requiredby law(Rule 131,
by law or rules in a particular case. Sec. 1).
594
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
strength of his own evidence, because the Plaintiff has the Prosecution has the burden
Prosecution’s evidence, even if weak, would burden of proof to of proving guilt of the
not be disbelieved in view of his admission show the truth of accused because of the
of the killing. Nonetheless, the burden to his allegations if presumption of
prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt the defendant innocence(Macayan,Jr., vs.
remained with the State until the end of the raises a negative People, G.R. No. 175842,
proceedings (People of the Philippines vs. defense. March 18, 2015).
Fontanilla, G.R. No. 177743, January 25, 2012). Defendant has the
burden of proof if
An admission of carnal knowledge of the he raises an
victim consequently places on the accused affirmative
the burden of proving the supposed defense on the
relationship by substantial evidence (People complaint of the
vs. Antonio, G.R. No. 157269, June 3, 2004). plaintiff.
As an affirmative defense, sweetheart
defense must be established with convincing NNote: In Burden of Proof, the plaintiff is
evidence – by some documentary and/or always compelled to allege affirmative
other evidence of relationship (People vs. assertions in his complaint. When he alleges a
Bautista, G.R. No. 140278, June 3, 2004). cause of action, he will be forced to allege that
he has a right and that such right was violated
As a rule, forgery cannot be presumed and by the other party. Thus, he has the duty to
must be proved by clear, positive and prove the existence of this affirmative allegation.
convincing evidence; the burden of proof
lies on the party alleging forgery. One who If the defendant files his answer and sets up
alleges forgery has the burden to establish purely a negative defense and no evidence is
his case by a preponderance of evidence or presented by both sides, it is the defendant who
evidence which is of greater weight or more would win the case since the plaintiff has not
convincing than that which is offered in presented the quantum of evidence required by
opposition to it. The fact of forgery can only law.
be established by a comparison between the
alleged forged signature and the authentic On the other hand, when the defendant in his
and genuine signature of the person whose answer sets up an affirmative defense, if there
signature is theorized to have been forged is no evidence presented by both sides, it is the
(Gepulle-Garbo vs. Spouses Garabato, G.R. No.
defendant who will lose the case.
200013, January 14, 2005).
BURDEN OF PROOF, Upon Whom it Rests Test for determining where the burden of
proof lies
Civil Cases Criminal Cases
Plaintiff has the burden Prosecution has the burden The test for determining where the burden of
of proof to show the of proving guilt of the proof lies is to ask which party to an action or
truth of his allegations accused because of the
suit will lose the case if he offers no evidence
if the defendant raises presumption of
a negative defense. innocence(Macayan,Jr., vs.
competent to show the facts averred as the
Defendant has the People, G.R. No. 175842, basis for the relief he seeks to obtain (Aznar
burden of proof if he March 18, 2015). Brothers Realty Company vs. LaurencioAying, G.R.
raises an affirmative No. 144773, May 16, 2005).
defense on the
complaint of the Degree of Proof that Satisfies the Burden
plaintiff. of Proof
596
Purple Notes
Criminal
Vda. de De la Rosa vs. Heirs of MarcianaRustiaVda.
Remedial
direction from the law to that effect (Martin
de Damian, G.R. No. 155733, January 27, 2006). vs. CA, G.R. No. 82248 January 30, 1992).
Where there is an entire lack of competent Presumptions of facts are borne by reason
evidence to the contrary, and unless or until through human experience.
it is rebutted, it has been held that a
presumption may stand in lieu of evidence Presumption of Law vs. Presumption of
and support a finding or decision. Perforce, Fact
a presumption must be followed if it is
uncontroverted. This is based on the theory PRESUMPTION OF PRESUMPTION OF
that a presumption is prima facieproof of LAW FACT
the fact presumed, and unless the fact thus Certain inference A discretion is vested in
established prima facie by the legal must be made the tribunal as to
presumption of its truth is disproved, it must whenever the facts drawing the inference.
stand as proved (Tison vs. Court of Appeals, appear which furnish
G.R. No. 121027, July 31, 1997). the basis of the
inference.
Indeed, she overlooked or disregarded the Reduced to the fixed Derived wholly and
rules and form part of directly from the
evidential rule that presumptions like judicial
the system ofcircumstances of the
notice and admissions, relieve the jurisprudence particular case by means
proponent from presenting evidence on the of the common
facts he alleged and such facts are thereby experience of man
considered as duly proved (Tison vs. Court of (Robert P. Wa–acon v. People of the Philippines, G.R.
Appeals, G.R. No. 121027, July 31, 1997). No. 164575, December 6, 2006).
Ordinarily, when a fact is presumed, it Kinds of Presumptions of Law:
implies that the party in whose favor the
presumption exists does not have to 1) Conclusive Presumption (juris et de jure)
introduce evidence to establish that fact, is not permitted to be overcome by any proof
and in any litigation where that fact is put in to the contrary(RIANO, Evidence (The Bar
issue, the party denying it must bear the Lecture Series), 2016 Ed., p. 59).
burden of proof to overthrow the
presumption(Tison vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. 2) Rebuttable Presumption (juris tantum) is
No. 121027, July 31, 1997). that which the law permits to be overcome
or contradicted by proofs to the contrary,
Classification of Presumptions: otherwise, the same remains satisfactory and
is considered sufficient evidence of the fact
1) Presumption of Law(Presumptio Juris) is in dispute(RIANO, Evidence (The Bar Lecture
a deduction which the law expressly directs Series), 2016 Ed., p. 60).
to be made from the facts proven. It is a
presumption determined by law and it 8.A.7.a. Conclusive Presumptions
consists of a presumption juris et de jure or
conclusive presumptions, which is not Classes of Conclusive Presumptions:
permitted to be overcome by any proof to
the contrary, however strong; and a 1) Estoppel In Pais– Whenever a party has,
presumption juris tantum or disputable by his own declaration, act, or omission,
presumption, which is presumption that intentionally and deliberately led another to
stands unless rebutted by evidence. believe a particular thing true, and to act
2) upon such belief, he cannot, in any litigation
arising out of such declaration, act or
3) Presumption of Fact (Presumptio omission, be permitted to falsify it [Rule 131,
Hominis) is a deduction which reason draws Sec. 2(a), as amended].
from facts proved without an express Bar Operations
Commissions 597
597
2) Estoppel by Deed– The tenant is not 2. Conduct amounting to false
permitted to deny the title of his landlord at representation or concealment of material
the time of the commencement of the facts;
relation of landlord and tenant between 3. 2.Intent, or at least expectation that this
them[Rule 131, Sec. 2(b), as amended]. conduct shall be acted upon; and
4.
Instances of Conclusive Presumptions: 5. 3.Knowledge, actual or constructive, of
the actual facts (Planters Development Bank
1) Whenever a party has, by his own vs. Sps. Lopez, G.R. No. 186332, October 23,
declaration, act, or omission, intentionally 2013).
and deliberately led another to believe a
particular thing true, and to act upon such Essential Elements in Relation to the Party
belief, he cannot, in any litigation arising out Claiming Estoppel: (LRA)
of such declaration, act or omission, be
permitted to falsify it; and 1. 1. Lack of knowledge and of the means of
knowledge of the truth as to the facts in
2) The tenant is not permitted to deny the title question;
of his landlord at the time of 2.
commencement of the relation of landlord 3. 2. Reliance in good faith, upon the
and tenant between them [Rule 131, Sec. conduct or statements of the party to be
2(b)]. estopped; and
4.
Scientific experts concur in the view that the 5. 3. Action or inaction based thereon of
result of a paraffin test is not conclusive. such character as to change the position
While it can establish the presence of or status of the party claiming the
nitrates or nitrites on the hand, it does not estoppel, to his injury, detriment or
always indubitably show that said nitrates or prejudice (Estacio vs. PELCO, G.R. No.
nitrites were caused by the discharge of 183196, August 19, 2009).
firearm. The person tested may have
handled one or more of a number of Statutory Instances of Estoppel:
substances which give the same positive
reaction for nitrates or nitrites, such as 1. Non-owner transferor who later acquires title
explosives,fireworks, pharmaceuticals, and passes ownership to the transferee by
leguminous plants such as peas, beans, and operation of law (Art. 1434, NCC);
alfalfa. A person who uses tobacco may also 2. Agent who alienates cannot claim title
have nitrate or nitrite deposits on his hands against the transferee (Art. 1435, NCC);
since these substances are present in the 3. A lessee or a bailee is estopped from
products of combustion of tobacco. The asserting title to the thing leased or received,
presence of nitrates, therefore, should be as against the lessor or bailor (Art. 1436, NCC);
taken only as an indication of a possibility 4. In a contract between 3rd persons
but not of infallibility that the person tested concerning immovable property, if one of
has fired a gun (People vs. Baconguis, G.R. No. them is misled by a person with respect to
149889, December 2, 2003). the ownership or real right over the real
estate, the latter is precluded from asserting
Essential Elements in Relation to the Party his legal title or interest therein, provided
Sought to be Estopped: (CIK) ALL these requisites are present:
598
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Remedial
b. Party precluded must intend that the believe a particular thing true, and to act
other should act upon the facts as upon such belief, he cannot, in any litigation
misrepresented; arising out of such declaration, act, or
c. Party misled must have been unaware of omission, be permitted to falsify it
the true facts; and, (Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company vs. Court
d. Party defrauded must have acted in of Appeals, G.R. No. 122899, 333 SCRA 212,
accordance with the June 8, 2000).
misrepresentation (Art. 1437, NCC).
8.A.7.b. DisputablePresumptions
5. One who has allowed another to assume
1. That a person is innocent of crime or wrong;
apparent ownership of personal property for
the purpose of making any transfer of it,
Note: The presumption of innocence is a
cannot, if he received the sum for which a
constitutional prerogative embodied in the
pledge has been constituted, set up his own
Bill of Rights. It requires that an accused
title to defeat the pledge of the property,
person shall be presumed innocent until the
made by the other to a pledgee who received
contrary is provided in all criminal
the same in good faith and for value (Art. 1438
NCC). prosecutions [Sec. 14(2), Art. III, 1987
Constitution]. This presumption continues
until overthrown by proof of guilt beyond
At the time of the perfection of the contract, reasonable doubt. In this regard, any
the petitioner spouses, as lessees, were judgment of conviction should depend upon
aware that the NHA, and not Virginia (the the strength of the evidence of the
lessor) owned the land on which the rented prosecution and not on the weakness of the
house stood, yet they signed the same, defense (ANNOTATION: The Effect of
obliged themselves to comply with the Presumption in the Prosecution of a Criminal Case,
terms thereof for five years and performed 245 SCRA 750, July 11, 1995).
their obligations as lessees for two years.
Now they assume a completely different 2. That an unlawful act was done with an
legal position. They claim that the lease unlawful intent;
contract ceased to be effective because 3. That a person intends the ordinary
Virgilio’s assumption of ownership of the consequences of his voluntary act;
land stripped the respondents of ownership 4. That a person takes ordinary care of his
of the building. They argue that, under concerns;
Article 440 of the Civil Code, Virgilio’s title 5. That evidence wilfully suppressed would be
over the lot necessarily included the house adverse if produced;
on the said lot, thus automatically canceling 6. That money paid by one to another was
the contract. After recognizing the validity of due to the latter;
the lease contract for two years, the 7. That a thing delivered by one to another
petitioner spouses are barred from alleging belonged to the latter;
the automatic cancellation of the contract 8. That an obligation delivered up to the
on the ground that the respondents lost debtor has been paid;
ownership of the house after Virgilio 9. That prior rents or instalments had been
acquired title over the lot (Alcaraz vs. Tangga- paid when a receipt for the later one is
an, G.R. No. 128568, 401 SCRA 84, April 9, produced;
2003). 10.That a person found in possession of a
thing taken in the doing of a recent
A party may not go back on his own acts wrongful act is the taker and the doer of
and representations to the prejudice of the the whole act; otherwise, that things which
other party who relied upon them. In the a person possess, or exercises acts of
law of evidence, whenever a party has, by ownership over, are owned by him;
his own declaration, act or omission, 11.That a person in possession of an order on
Bar Operations
himself for the payment of the
intentionally and deliberately led another to
Commissions 599
599
money, or the delivery of anything, has paid whose existence has not been known for
the money or delivered the thing four years;
accordingly; d. If a married person has been absent for
12.That a person acting in a public office was four consecutive years, the spouse
regularly appointed or elected to it; present may contract a subsequent
13.That official duty has been regularly marriage if he or she has well-founded
performed; belief that the absent spouse is already
14.That a court, or judge acting as such, dead. In case of disappearance, where
whether in the Philippines or elsewhere, there is a danger of death under the
was acting in the lawful exercise of circumstances hereinabove provided, an
jurisdiction; absence of only two years shall be
15.That all the matters within an issue raised sufficient for the purpose of contracting a
in a case were laid before the court and subsequent marriage. However, in any
passed upon by it; and in like manner that case, before marrying again, the spouse
all matters within an issue raised in a present must institute a summary
dispute submitted for arbitration were laid proceedings as provided in the Family
before the arbitrators and passed upon by Code and in the rules for declaration of
them; presumptive death of the absentee,
16.That private transactions have been fair and without prejudice to the effect of
regular; reappearance of the absent spouse.
17.That the ordinary course of business has
been followed; 24.That acquiescence resulted from a belief
18.That there was a sufficient consideration for that the thing acquiesced in was
a contract; conformable to the law or fact;
19.That a negotiable instrument was given or 25.That things have happened according to the
indorsed for a sufficient consideration; ordinary course of nature and ordinary
20.That an endorsement of negotiable nature habits of life;
instrument was made before the instrument 26.That persons acting as co-partners have
was overdue and at the place where the entered into a contract of co-partnership;
instrument is dated; 27.That a man and woman deporting
21.That a writing is truly dated; themselves as husband and wife have
22.That a letter duly directed and mailed was entered into a lawful contract of marriage;
received in the regular course of the mail; 28.That property acquired by a man and a
23.That after an absence of seven years, it woman who are capacitated to marry each
being unknown whether or not the other and who live exclusively with each
absentee still lives, he is considered dead other as husband and wife without the
for all purposes, except for those of benefit of marriage or under void marriage,
succession. has been obtained by their joint efforts,
work or industry.
The following shall be considered dead for 29.That in cases of cohabitation by a man and
all purposes including the division of the a woman who are not capacitated to marry
estate among the heirs: each other and who have acquired properly
through their actual joint contribution of
a. A person on board a vessel lost during a money, property or industry, such
sea voyage, or an aircraft with is missing, contributions and their corresponding
who has not been heard of for four years shares including joint deposits of money
since the loss of the vessel or aircraft; and evidences of credit are equal.
b. A member of the armed forces who has 30.That if the marriage is terminated and the
taken part in armed hostilities, and has mother contracted another marriage within
been missing for four years; three hundred days after such termination
c. A person who has been in danger of of the former marriage, these rules shall
death under other circumstances and
600
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
govern in the absence of proof to the calamity, such as wreck, battle, or
contrary: conflagration, and it is not shown who died
first, and there are no particular
a) A child born before one hundred eighty circumstances from which it can be
(180) days after the solemnization of inferred, the survivorship is determined
the subsequent marriage is considered from the probabilities resulting from the
to have been conceived during such strength and the age of the sexes,
marriage, even though it be born within according to the following rules:
the three hundred days after the
termination of the former marriage. a) If both were under the age of fifteen
b) A child born after one hundred eighty years, the older is deemed to have
(180) days following the celebration of survived;
the subsequent marriage is considered b) If both were above the age sixty, the
to have been conceived during such younger is deemed to have survived.
marriage, even though it be born within c) If one is under fifteen and the other
the three hundred days after the above sixty, the former is deemed to
termination of the former marriage. have survived.
d) If both be over fifteen and under sixty,
Note: It is submitted that the first rule and the sex be different, the male is
suffers from a typographical error. This rule deemed to have survived, if the sex be
is based on Art. 168 of the Family Code, the same, the older.
which provides that: e) If one be under fifteen or over sixty,
and the other between those ages, the
“A child born before one hundred eighty latter is deemed to have survived.
days after the solemnization of the
subsequent marriage is considered to have 37.That if there is a doubt, as between two or
been conceived during the former more persons who are called to succeed
marriage, provided it be born within three each other, as to which of them died first,
hundred days after the termination of the whoever alleges the death of one prior to
former marriag the other, shall prove the same; in the
absence of proof, they shall be considered
31.That a thing once proved to exist continues to have died at the same time (Rule 131,
as long as is usual with things of the Sec. 3, as amended).
nature;
32.That the law has been obeyed; Evidence Suppressed Would be Adverse if
33.That a printed or published book, Produced, When Presumed
purporting to be printed or published by
public authority, was so printed or 1. The evidence tends to prove a material
published; fact which imposes a liability on a party;
34.That a printed or published book, 2. That party has it in his power to produce
purporting contain reports of cases evidence;
adjudged in tribunals of the country where 3. The evidence, from its very nature, must
the book is published, contains correct overthrow the case made against the
reports of such cases; party if it is not founded on fact; and,
35.That a trustee or other person whose duty 4. The party refuses to produce such
it was to convey real property to a evidence.
particular person has actually conveyed it to
him when such presumption is necessary to Note: Here, the presumption arises that the
perfect the title of such person or his evidence, if produced, would operate to the
successor in interest; party’s prejudice, and support the case of his
36.That except for purposes of succession, adversary.
when two persons perish in the same Bar Operations
Commissions 601
601
No rule of law is better settled than that a "cannot stand judicial proceedings yet." The
party having it in his power to prove a fact, non-presentation, therefore, of Rowena was
if it exists, which, if proved, would benefit not willful. Third, in any case, while Rowena
him, his failure to prove it must be taken as was the victim, Nimfa was also present and
conclusive that the fact does not exist in fact witnessed the violation committed on
(Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company vs. her sister (People vs. Padrigone, G.R. No.
Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 122899, 333 SCRA 137664, May 9, 2002).
212, June 8, 2000 quoting Manila Bay Club
Corporation vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. No presumption of legitimacy or
110015 October 13, 1995).
illegitimacy
Where facts are in evidence affording legitimate There is no presumption of legitimacy or
inferences to establish the ultimate fact that the illegitimacy of a child born three hundred (300)
evidence is designed to prove, and the party to days after the dissolution of the marriage or the
be affected by the proof, with an opportunity to separation of the spouses. Whoever alleges the
do so, fails to deny or explain them, they may legitimacy or illegitimacy of such child must
well be taken as admitted with all the effect of prove his allegation (Rule 131, Sec. 4).
the inferences afforded.
8.A.7.c. Presumptions in civil actions and
The ordinary rule is that one who has proceedings; against an accused in
knowledge peculiarly within his own criminal cases
control, and refuses to divulge it, cannot
complain if the court puts the most In Civil Actions and Proceedings
unfavorable construction upon his silence,
and infers that a disclosure would have A presumption imposes on the party against
shown the fact to be as claimed by the whom it is directed the burden of going forward
opposing party (Metropolitan Bank and Trust with evidence to rebut or meet the presumption.
Company vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 122899,
333 SCRA 212, June 8, 2000 quoting Manila Bay
Club Corporation vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. Note: If the presumptions are inconsistent, the
110015 October 13, 1995). presumption that is founded upon weightier
considerations of policy shall apply. If
Cases where the presumption that considerations of policy are equal weight,
“evidence suppressed would be adverse if neither presumption applies(Rule 131, Sec. 5). (n)
produced” does NOT apply: (DNCE)
Bursting-Bubble Theory
1. the evidence is at the Disposal of both
parties; Once the other party produces evidence on the
2. the suppression was Not willful; issue sufficient to support a finding contrary to
3. the evidence is merely Corroborative or the presumed fact, the bubble is burst, and the
cumulative; and, presumption no longer exists in the case
4. the suppression is an Exercise of a (Wigmore, Evidence, p. 9, 1981).
privilege(Angeles vs. People, G.R. No. 172744,
September 29, 2008). Presumption Against an Accused in
Criminal Cases
Plainly, there was no suppression of
evidence in this case. First, the defense had If a presumed fact that establishes guilt, is an
the opportunity to subpoena Rowena even if element of the offense charged, or negates a
the prosecution did not present her as a defense, the existence of the basic fact must be
witness. Instead, the defense failed to call proved beyond reasonable doubt and the
her to the witness stand. Second, Rowena presumed fact follows from the basic fact
was certified to be suffering from "Acute beyond doubt(Rule 131, Sec. 6). (n)
Psychotic Depressive Condition" and thus
602
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
Illustration: To sustain conviction: Evidence of guilt
beyond reasonable doubt(Macayan, Jr., vs.
Under the first paragraph of Article 308 the People, G.R. No. 175842, March 18, 2015).
essential elements of theft are (1) the taking of
personal property; (2) the property belongs to Preliminary Investigation: Prima facie
another; (3) the taking away was done with Case – sufficient to engender a well-
intent of gain; (4) the taking away was done founded belief that a crime has been
without the consent of the owner; and (5) the committed and that the accused is
taking away is accomplished without violence or probably guilty thereof(Yusop vs.
intimidation against person or force upon Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 138859–60, February
things(People vs. Rodrigo, G.R. No. L-18507, March 22, 2001).
31, 1966). Furthermore, jurisprudence provides
that intent to gain or animus lucrandi is an For Issuance of Warrant of Arrest:
internal act which can be established through Probable Cause – that there is reasonable
the overt acts of the offender and is presumed ground to believe that the accused has
from the proven unlawful taking(People vs. committed an offense(Hao vs. People, G.R.
Manlao, G.R. No. 234023, September 03, 2018). No. 183345, September 17, 2014).
604
Purple Notes
Criminal
Company, Inc. vs. Court of Appeals, et al., G.R.
Remedial
presumption of find for the defendant
No. 83376, May 29, 1989, 173 SCRA 619, 625 innocence should tilt the (Republic vs. Mupas, G.R.
cited in Philippine Airlines Inc. vs. Ramos, G.R. scales in favor of the No. 181892, September
No. 92740, March 23, 1992). accused (Malana vs. 8, 2015).
People, G.R. No.
In civil cases, the party having burden of proof 173612, March 26,
must establish his or her case by a 2008).
preponderance of evidence.
1. Facts and circumstances of the case; Substantial evidence means more than a
2. Witnesses’ manner of testifying; scintilla, but may be somewhat less than
3. Witnesses’ intelligence; preponderance, even if other reasonable
4. Witnesses’ means and opportunity of minds might conceivably opine otherwise
knowing the facts to which they are (Spouses Manalo vs. Hon. Roldan-Confessor,
G.R. No. 102358, November 19, 1992).
testifying;
5. Nature of the facts to which they testify;
To satisfy the substantial evidence requirement
6. Probability or improbability of their
for administrative cases, hearsay evidence
testimony;
should necessarily be supplemented and
7. Witnesses’ interest or want of interest; and
corroborated by other evidence that are not
8. Witnesses’ personal credibility so far as the
hearsay (Gumaton vs. Amador, A.C. No. 8962, July
same may legitimately appear upon the trial. 09, 2018).
606
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
1. The existence of a certain act or result 1. 1. Where the opinion is based upon
forming the basis of the criminal charge; and sufficient facts or data;
2. The existence of a criminal agency as the 2. 2. Whether it is the product of reliable
cause of the act or result (People vs. principles and methods;
Nepomuceno, G.R. No. 216062, September 19, 3. 3. Whether the witness has applied the
2018). principles and methods reliably to the facts
of the case; and
Circumstantial Evidence 4. 4. Such other factors as the court may deem
helpful to make such determination.
Circumstantial evidence is sufficient for
conviction if:(MIC) Power of the court to stop further
evidence
1. There is More than one circumstance;
2. The facts from which the Inferences are The court may stop the introduction of further
derived are proven; and testimony upon any particular point when the
3. The Combination of all the circumstances is evidence upon it is already so full that more
such as to produce a conviction beyond witnesses to the same point cannot be
reasonable doubt(Espineli vs. People, G.R. No. reasonably expected to be additionally
179535, June 9, 2014). persuasive. This power shall be exercised with
caution(Rule 133, Sec. 7, as amended).
Note: Inferences cannot be based on other
inferences(Rule 133, Sec. 4, as amended). Evidence on Motion
608
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
The allegation of the assessed value of the 5. The political constitution and history of the
realty must be found in the complaint, if the Philippines;
action (other than forcible entry or unlawful 6. The official acts of the legislative, executive
detainer) involves title to or possession of and judicial departments of theNational
the realty, including quieting of title of the Governmentof the Philippines;
realty. If the assessed value is not found in
the complaint, the action should be Note:While courts are required to take
dismissed for lack of jurisdiction because the judicial notice of the laws enacted by
trial court is not thereby afforded the means Congress, the rule with respect to local
of determining from the allegations of the ordinances is different. Ordinances are not
basic pleading whether the jurisdiction over included in the enumeration of matters
the subject matter of the action pertains to covered by mandatory judicial notice under
it or to another court. Courts cannot take Section 1, Rule 129 of the Rules of Court.
judicial notice of the assessed or market
value of the realty (Penta Pacific Realty Even where there is a statute that requires a
Corporation vs Ley Construction and court to take judicial notice of municipal
Development Corporation, G.R. No. 161589, ordinances, a court is not required to take
November 24, 2014). judicial notice of ordinances that are not
before it and to which it does not have
access. The party asking the court to take
judicial notice is obligated to supply the court
8.B.2.a. Mandatory with the full text of the rules the party
desires it to have notice of.Counsel should
As a general rule, when the matter is subject to take the initiative in requesting that a trial
a mandatory judicial notice, no motion or court take judicial notice of an ordinance
hearing is necessary for the court may take even where a statute requires courts to take
judicial notice of a fact. judicial notice of local ordinances.
1. Existence and territorial extent of states; The intent of a statute requiring a court to
2. Their political history, forms of government take judicial notice of a local ordinance is to
and symbols of nationality; remove any discretion a court might have in
3. The law of nations; determining whether or not to take notice of
an ordinance. Such a statute does not direct
The Law of Nations is the body of legal the court to act on its own in obtaining
rules, norms, and standards that apply evidence for the record and a party must
between sovereign states and other entities make the ordinance available to the court for
that are legally recognized as international it to take notice(SJS vs. Atienza, Jr., G.R. No.
actors(Bentham). 156052, February 13, 2008).
It lays down the presumption that the foreign Example: That Filipino women as witnesses
law is the same as the law of the forum. It are ordinarily docile and timid).
arises if the foreign law, though properly
applicable, is either NOT alleged, or if alleged, is Judicial notice is not judicial knowledge. The
NOT duly proved before a competent court (ATCI mere personal knowledge of the judge is
Overseas Corporation vs. Echin, G.R. No. 178551, not the judicial knowledge of the court, and
October 11, 2010). he is not authorized to make his individual
knowledge of a fact, not generally or
The Philippines does not take judicial notice professionally known, the basis of his action.
of foreign laws, hence, they must not only Judicial cognizance is taken only of those
be alleged; they must be proven(ATCI matters which are "commonly" known (State
Overseas Corporation vs. Echin, G.R. No. Prosecutors vs. Muro, A.M. No. RTJ-92-876,
178551, October 11, 2010). September 19, 1994).
1) Matters which are of Public knowledge Judicially noticed fact must be one not subject
to a reasonable dispute in that it is either:
These are those matters coming to the a. a. Generally known within the territorial
knowledge of men generally in the course of jurisdiction of the trial court; or,
ordinary experiences of life, or they may be b. b. Capable of accurate and ready
matters which are generally accepted by determination by resorting to sources whose
mankind as true and are capable of ready accuracy cannot reasonably be questionable
and unquestioned demonstration. (Expertravel& Tours, Inc. v. CA, G.R. No. 152392,
May 26, 2005).
Examples: The fact that three (3) senators
have been indicted; that Mayor Lim lost in Judicial Notice of Records of Another Case
the elections, etc.
General Rule: Courts should not take judicial
2) Matters capable of Unquestionable notice of the evidence presented in other
demonstration proceedings, even if these have been tried or
are pending in the same court or have been
heard and are actually pending before the same
610
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
judge (People vs. Kulais, G.R. No. 100901-08, July e) When the action is closely interrelated to
16, 1998). another case pending between the same
parties;
Exceptions: f) Where there is finality of a judgment in
1. When, with the knowledge of, and absent any another case that was previously pending
objection from, the opposing party, reference is determination and therefore, res judicata
made to it for that purpose by name and (Herrera, 1999);
number or in some other manner by which it is
sufficiently designated; or g.) Where the interest of the public in ascertain
1. When, with the knowledge of, and absent the truth are of paramount importance.
any objection from, the opposing party, g) Where the interest of the public in
reference is made to it for that purpose by ascertaining the truth are of paramount
name and number or in some other manner importance.
by which it is sufficiently designated; or
2. 2. When the original record of the former Note: The appreciation of one judge of the
case or any part of it is actually withdrawn testimony of a certain witness is not binding on
from the archives by the court’s direction at another judge who heard the testimony of the
the request or with the consent of the parties same witness on the same matter. Each
and admitted as a part of the record of the magistrate who hears the testimony of a witness
case then pending(Republic vs. Sandiganbayan is called upon to make his own appreciation of
G.R. No. 152375, December 13, 2011). the evidence (People v. Langit, G.R. Nos. 134757-
58, August 4, 2000).
A court will take judicial notice of its own Note: Admissions of a non-party do NOT fall
acts and records in the same case, of facts within the definition of Rule 129, Sec 4.
established in prior proceedings in the
same case, of the authenticity of its own 2. The admission, to be judicial, must be made
records of another case between the same in the course of the proceedings in the Same
parties, of the files of related cases in the case.
same court, and of public records on file in
the same court (Republic vs. Court of Appeals, General Rule: Judicial admissions should be
G.R. No. 119288, August 18, 1997). made in the same case.
Exceptions:
Instances of Judicial Admissions
a. Upon showing that the admissions had
been made through palpable mistake;
1. Admissions made in the course of the
b. Unauthorized admissions during the pre-
proceedings (Rule 129, Sec. 4).
trial made by counsel should not bind the
2. The genuineness and due execution of an
client (Macaraeg vs. CA, G.R. No. L-48008,
actionable document copied or attached to a January 20, 1989);
pleading, when the other party fails to c. An admission which operates as a waiver,
specifically deny under oath (Rule 8, Sec. 8, as surrender, or destruction of the client’s
amended);
cause is beyond the scope of the
3. Material averments in a pleading asserting a
attorney’s implied authority (People vs.
claim or claims, when not specifically denied Hermanes, G.R. No. 139416, March 12, 2002).
(Rule 8, Sec. 11, as amended);
4. Negative Pregnant Denial; 7. Admissions obtained through depositions,
written interrogatories or requests for
Note: A defense is considered a negative admissions (Rules 23-26, as amended).
pregnant when it contains a denial pregnant
with an admission of the substantial facts 8.B.3.a. Effect of judicial admissions
alleged in the pleading. Where a fact is
alleged with qualifying or modifying language General Rule: A judicial admission is
and the words of the allegation as so conclusive upon the party making it and does
qualified or modified are literally denied, it not require proof.
has been held that the qualifying
circumstances alone are denied while the
Bar Operations
fact itself is admitted (Republic of the Exceptions:
Commissions 613
613
Must be offered in Need not be offered in
a) Upon showing that the admission was made evidence in order to be evidence since they
through palpable mistake; or considered by the court. already form part of the
b) Upon showing that the imputed admission records.
May be given in evidence Not only is it evidence
was not, in fact, made (Rule 129, Sec. 4, as
against the admitter. against the admitter but
amended).
is binding upon him.
May be contradicted by May not be contradicted
8.B.3.b. How judicial admissions may be the admitter. by the admitter except
contradicted upon showing that the
admission was made
a) Upon showing that the admission was made through palpable mistake
through palpable mistake; or or that the imputed
b) Upon showing that the imputed admission admission was not, in
was not, in fact, made (Rule 129, Sec. 4, as fact, made.
amended). (Riguera)
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answer fail to tender an issue, the court shall, 8.C.1. NATURE OF OBJECT EVIDENCE
without prejudice to a party moving for
judgment on the pleadings under Rule 34 or Object evidence refers to those which are
summary judgment under Rule 35, motu proprio addressed to the senses of the court and is not
include in the pre-trial order that the case be limited to the view of an object but also to
submitted for summary judgment or judgment visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory and olfactory
on the pleadings, without need of position perception.
papers or memoranda(Rule 18. Sec. 10). (n)
Note: Documents are object (real) evidence if
Pre-Trial Admissions in Criminal Cases the purpose is to prove their existence or
condition, or the nature of the handwriting
All agreements or admissions made or entered thereon, or to determine the age of the paper
during the pre-trial conference shall be reduced used, or the blemishes or alterations thereon, as
in writing and signed by the accused and where falsification is alleged (Regalado, 2008).
counsel, otherwise, they cannot be used against
the accused(Rule 118, Sec. 2). Examples of Object Evidence
8.C. OBJECT (REAL) EVIDENCE 1. 1. Any article or object which may be known
or perceived using the senses;
Note: Professor Wigmore adopted the term 2. 2. Examination of the anatomy of a person or
“autoptic preference” to describe evidence of anysubstance taken therefrom;
presented directly to the senses of the tribunal.
A person's appearance, where relevant,
Objects as evidence are those addressed to the is admissible as object evidence, the
senses of the court. When an object is relevant same being addressed to the senses of
to the fact in issue, it may be exhibited to, the court. A person's appearance, as
examined or viewed by the court (Rule 130, Sec. evidence of age (for example, of
1). infancy, or of being under the age of
consent to intercourse), is usually
It is not limited to the view of an object. It regarded as relevant; and, if so, the
covers the entire range of human senses: tribunal may properly observe the
hearing, taste, smell, and touch (Riano, 2016). person brought before it (People vs.
Rullepa, G.R. No. 131516, March 5, 2003) .
Physical evidence is a mute but eloquent
manifestation of truth and it ranks high in our The right against self-incrimination is
hierarchy of trustworthy evidence- where simply a prohibition against legal
physical evidence runs counter to testimonial process to extract from the accused's
evidence, the physical evidence should prevail own lips, against his will, admission of
(Bank of the Philippine Islands vs. Reyes, G.R. No. his guilt. It CANNOT be invoked against
149840-41, March 31, 2006). object evidence (People v. Malimit, G.R.
No. 109775, November 14, 1996).
The circumstances of force and intimidation
attending the instant case were manifested 3. 3. Conduct of tests, demonstrations or
clearly not only in the victim's testimony but experiments;
also in the physical evidence presented 4. 4. Examination of representative portrayals
during the trial consisting of her torn dress of the object in question (e.g. maps,
and underwear as well as the medico-legal diagrams);
report. Such pieces of evidence indeed are 5. 5. Documents, if the purpose is to prove their
more eloquent than a hundred witnesses existence or condition, or the nature of the
(People of the Philippines vs. Ulzoron, G.R. No. handwriting thereon or to determine the age
121979, March 2, 1998). of the paper used, or the blemishes or
Bar Operations
alterations (Regalado, 2008);and
Commissions 615
615
6. 6. A person’s appearance, where relevant To authenticate the object, there must be
(People v. Rullepa, G.R. No. 131516, March 5, someone who should identify the object to be
2003). the actual thing involved in the litigation. This
someone is the witness.
When the trier of facts observes the
appearance of a person to ascertain his It must be emphasized that every evidence,
or her age, he is not taking judicial whether it be a document or an object, needs a
notice of such fact; rather, he is witness.Even object evidence requires
conducting an examination of the statements from a witness to make its way into
evidence, the evidence being the the realm of admissible evidence.
appearance of the person. Such a
process militates against the very Testimonial evidence provides the foundation for
concept of judicial notice, the object of all types of evidence. This is a very basic rule.
which is to do away with the
presentation of evidence. This is not to 8.C.3. CATEGORIES OF OBJECT EVIDENCE
say that the process is not sanctioned
by the Rules of Court; on the contrary, it 1. 1. Direct Evidence –Can prove directly the
does. A person's appearance, where fact for which it is offered.
relevant, is admissible as object
evidence, the same being addressed to 2. 2.Circumstantial Evidence - Facts about
the senses of the court (People of the the object are proved as the basis for an
Philippines vs. Rullepa, G.R. No. 131516, inference that other facts are true.
March 5, 2003).
Demonstrative Evidence - tangible evidence
that merely illustrate a matter of importance in
the litigation.
8.C.2. REQUISITES FOR ADMISSIBILITY
It is NOT the actual thing, rather it represents or
1) Relevant; “demonstrates” the real thing. It is not strictly
2) Competent; “real” evidence because it is not the very thing
3) Identified; involved in the case.
4) Authenticated;
5) Duly Marked; Note:Photographs, when offered as proof of
6) Formally Offered their contents, are considered documentary
evidence. The term “photographs” include still
Notes: pictures, drawings, stored images, x-ray films,
motion pictures or videos(Rule 130, Sec. 2, as
Identification, authentication, and marking amended).
are not required in Testimonial Evidence.
Every pleading stating a party’s claims or Demonstrative
defenses shall, in addition to those Real Evidence
Evidence
mandated by Section 2, Rule 7, state the Tangible object that Tangible evidence that
documentary and object evidence in support played some actual role merely illustrate a
of the allegations contained in the pleading in the matter that gave matter of importance in
(Rule 7, Sec. 6, as amended). (n) rise to the litigation. the litigation.
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Inspection may be made inside or outside the The teaching consistently upheld in our
courtroom. An inspection outside should be jurisdiction is that in all prosecutions for
made in the presence of the parties or at least violations of R.A. No. 9165, the corpus delicti is
with the previous notice to them (In: Re Climaco, the dangerous drug itself, the existence of
A.C. No. 134-J (1974); Riano, citing Moran). which is essential to a judgment of conviction;
thus, its identity must be clearly established.
Categories of object evidence for purposes The prosecution must be able to account for
of authentication each link in the chain of custody over the
dangerous drug from the moment of seizure up
1. Unique objects– Those that have readily to its presentation in court as evidence of the
identifiable marks (e.g. a caliber 40 gun with corpus delicti(People vs. Lumagui, G.R. No. 224293,
serialnumber XXX888); July 23, 2018).
2. Objects made unique– Those that are Purpose:The function of the chain of custody
made readily identifiable (e.g.a bolo knife with requirement is to ensure that the integrity and
identifying marks on it); and evidentiary value of the seized items are
preserved, so much so that unnecessary doubts
3. Non-unique objects– Those which have as to the identity of the evidence are
noidentifying marks and cannot be marked removed(People vs. Langcua, G.R. No. 190343,
(e.g.drops of blood) (Riano, 2016). February 06, 2013).
8.C.5.b. Application for DNA testing order An order granting the DNA testing shall be
immediately executory and shall not be
The appropriate court may, at any time, either appealable.
motu proprio or on application of any person
who has a legal interest in the matter in Any petition for certiorari initiated therefrom
litigation, order a DNA testing. shall not, in any way, stay the implementation
thereof, unless a higher court issues an
Such order shall issue after due hearing and injunctive order(A.M. No. 06-11-5-SC, Sec. 5).
notice to the parties upon a showing of the
following: 8.C.5.c.Post-conviction DNA testing;
remedy
1. A biological sample exists that is relevant to
the case; Post-conviction DNA testing may be available,
2. The biological sample: without need of prior court order, to the
a) was not previously subjected to the type prosecution or any person convicted by final and
of DNA testing now requested; or executory judgment provided that:(ERP)
b) was previously subjected to DNA testing,
but the results may require confirmation 1. A biological sample Exists;
for good reasons; 2. Such sample is Relevant to the case; and
3. The DNA testing uses a scientifically valid
technique; Bar Operations
Commissions 619
619
3. 3. The testing would Probably result in the 8.C.5.d. Assessment of probative value of
reversal or modification of the judgment of DNA evidence and admissibility
conviction.
In assessing the probative value of the DNA
Confidentiality: DNA profiles and all results or evidence presented, the court shall consider the
other information obtained from DNA testing following:
shall be confidential.
The chain of custody, including how the
General Rule: biological samples were collected, how they
were handled, and the possibility of
A DNA profile and all results or other contamination of the samples;
information obtained from DNA testing shall only The DNA testing methodology, including the
be released to any of the following, under such procedure followed in analyzing the samples,
terms and conditions as may be set forth by the the advantages and disadvantages of the
court: procedure, and compliance with the
scientifically valid standards in conducting
1. Person from whom the sample was taken; the tests;
2. Lawyers representing parties in the case or The forensic DNA laboratory, including
action where the DNA evidence is offered accreditation by any reputable standards-
and presented or sought to be offered and setting institution and the qualification of the
presented; analyst who conducted the tests. If the
3. Lawyers of private complainants in a criminal laboratory is not accredited, the relevant
action; experience of the laboratory in forensic
4. Duly authorized law enforcement agencies; casework and credibility shall be properly
and established; and
5. Other persons as determined by the court. The reliability of the testing result.
Exception: Unless the court orders the Note: The provisions of the Rules of Court
disclosure to some other entities (A.M. No. 06-11- concerning the appreciation of evidence shall
5-SC, Sec. 11). apply suppletorily (A.M. No. 06-11-5-SC, Sec. 7).
The convict or the prosecution may file a In evaluating whether the DNA testing
petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the court methodology is reliable, the court shall consider
of origin if the results of the post-conviction the following:
DNA testing are favorable to the convict. In the
case the court, after due hearing finds the The falsifiability of the principles or methods
petition to be meritorious, if shall reverse or used, that is, whether the theory or
modify the judgment of conviction and order the technique can be and has been tested;
release of the convict, unless continued The subjection to peer review and
detention is justified for a lawful cause. publication of the principles or methods;
The general acceptance of the principles or
A similar petition may be filed either in the Court methods by the relevant scientific
of Appeals or the Supreme Court, or with any community;
member of said courts, which may conduct a The existence and maintenance of standards
hearing thereon or remand the petition to the and controls to ensure the correctness of
court of origin and issue the appropriate data generated;
orders(A.M. No. 06-11-5-SC, Sec. 10). The existence of an appropriate reference
population database; and
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The general degree of confidence attributed While baptismal certificates may be
to mathematical calculations used in considered public documents, they can only
comparing DNA profiles and the significance serve as evidence of the administration of
and limitation of statistical calculations used the sacraments on the dates so specified.
in comparing DNA profiles(A.M. No. 06-11-5- They are not necessarily competent
SC, Sec. 8). evidence of the veracity of entries therein
with respect to the child’s paternity (Salas vs.
8.D. DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE Matusalem, G.R. No. 180284, September 11,
2013).
8.D.1. MEANING OF DOCUMENTARY
EVIDENCE A certificate of live birth purportedly
identifying the putative father is not
Documentary evidenceconsists of writings, competent evidence of paternity when there
recordings, photographs or any material is no showing that the putative father had a
containing letters, words, sounds, numbers, hand in the preparation of the certificate.
figures, symbols, or their equivalent, or other The local civil registrar has no authority to
modes of written expression offered as proof of record the paternity of an illegitimate child
their contents. on the information of a third person (Puno
vs. Puno Enterprise Inc., G.R. No. 177066,
Photographs include still pictures, drawings, September 11, 2009).
stored images, x-ray films, motion pictures or
videos (Rule 130, Sec. 2, as amended). (n)
Note: A document may be offered as object General Rule: When the subject of inquiry is
evidence or documentary evidence depending the contents of a document, writing, recording,
on the purpose for which it is presented in photograph or other record, no evidence is
court. It is object evidence if the purpose of its admissible other than the original document
presentation is to prove its existence. In itself.
contrast, it is documentary evidence if the
purpose is to prove the contents of the The [Original Document] Rule stipulates
document. that in proving the terms of a written
document the original of the document
8.D.2 REQUISITES FOR ADMISSIBILITY must be produced in court. When the
evidence sought to be introduced
a) Relevant concerns external facts, such as the
b) Competent existence, execution or delivery of the
c) Identified Not present in writing, without reference to its terms,
d) Authenticated Testimonial the [Original Document] Rule cannot be
e) Duly Marked; and Evidence invoked. In such a case, secondary
f) Formally Offered evidence may be admitted even without
accounting for the original(Heirs of
Rules in Documentary Evidence Margarita Prodon vs. Heirs of Maximo S.
Alvarez and Valentina Clave, G.R. No. 170604,
September 2, 2013).
1) Original Document Rule
2) Parol Evidence Rule
Exceptions: (CLAP-N)
3) Electronic Evidence Rule
1.Bar
When the original has been Lost or
Operations
destroyed, or cannot be produced in
Commissions 621
621
court, without bad faith on the part of the d. Failure of the adverse party to produce
offeror; the original despite such notice (Rule 130,
Sec. 6).
Laying the Foundation
Note: The non-production by the accused of
When the original document has been lost or the original document unless justified under
destroyed, or cannot be produced in court, the exceptions in Section [3], Rule 130 of the
the offeror must prove the following: (ELR) Rules of Court, gives rise to the presumption
of suppression of evidence adverse to him
a. Existence or due execution of the original; (Vallarta vs. CA, G.R. No. L-36543, July 27, 1988).
b. Loss and destruction of the original or the
reason for its non-production in court, 3. When the original consists of numerous
without bad faith on the part of the Accounts or other documents which cannot
offeror (Rule 130, Sec. 5); and be examined in court without great loss of
c. Reasonable diligence and good faith on time and the fact sought to be established
the part of the offeror in the search for or from them is only the general result of the
attempt to produce the originals (Citibank whole;
vs. Teodoro, G.R. No. 150905, September 23,
2003). Note: When the contents of documents,
records, photographs, or numerous accounts
are voluminous and cannot be examined in
court without great loss of time, and the fact
The offeror may prove the contents on the sought to be established is only the general
original document: (CRT) result of the whole, the contents of such
evidence may be presented in the form of a
i. By a Copy of the original; chart, summary, or calculation.
ii. By a Recital of its contents in some
authentic document; or The originals shall be available for
iii. By the Testimony of a witnesses (Rule examination or copying, or both, by the
130, Sec. 5). adverse party at a reasonable time and
place. The court may order that they be
Note: The order stated must be followed. produced in court (Rule 130, Sec. 7). (n)
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a certified copy issued by the public officer in proof must be produced, no evidence which is
custody thereof (Rule 130, Sec. 8, as amended). merely substitutionary in its nature shall be
received so long as the original evidence can be
5. When the original is Not closely-related to a had. In other words, the contents of a
controlling issue (Rule 130, Sec. 3).(n) document must be proved by producing the
document itself (ANNOTATION: Admissibility of
Purposes: Documentary Evidence, 241 SCRA 225, February 09,
1995).
1. To prevent fraud – If a party is in
possession of such evidence and withholds it,
and seeks to substitute inferior evidence in 8.D.3.b. When not applicable
its place, the presumption naturally arises
that the better evidence is withheld for When Original Document Rule does NOT
fraudulent purposes which its production apply:
would expose and defeat.
The [Original Document Rule] applies only when
2. To exclude uncertainties in the the content of such document is the subject of
contents of a document – the best the inquiry.
evidence rule accepts the document itself as
the best evidence of its contents because it is Where the issue is only as to whether such
certain; and rejects a copy thereof, because document was actually executed, or exists, or
of the uncertainty of its contents caused by on the circumstances relevant to or surrounding
the hazards of faulty duplication, or an oral its execution, the best evidence rule does not
description thereof, because of the apply and testimonial evidence is admissible.
uncertainty caused by the frailties of human Any other substitutionary evidence is likewise
recollection. admissible without need for accounting for the
original(Citibank, N.A. vs. Sabeniano, G.R. No.
The primary purpose of the [Original Document] 156132, October 12, 2006).
Rule is to ensure that the exact contents of a
writing are brought before the court, The [original document] rule does NOT
considering that (a) the precision in presenting apply to the marked money in a buy bust
to the court the exact words of the writing is of operation because the inquiry is not on the
more than average importance, particularly as contents of the marked bill, but merely its
respects operative or dispositive instruments, existence (People vs. Tandoy, G.R. No. 80505,
because a slight variation in words may mean a December 4, 1990).
great difference in rights; (b) there is a
substantial hazard of inaccuracy in the human Waiver of the Original Document Rule
process of making a copy by handwriting or
typewriting; and (c) as respects oral testimony The [original document] rule may be
purporting to give from memory the terms of a waived if not raised in the trial. In one
writing, there is a special risk of error, greater case, although the marriage certificate, the
than in the case of attempts at describing other marriage license, and other pieces of
situations generally. The rule further acts as an documentary evidence were only
insurance against fraud (Heirs of Margarita Prodon photocopies, the fact that these have been
vs. Heirs of Maximo S. Alvarez and Valentina Clave, examined and admitted by the trial court,
G.R. No. 170604, September 2, 2013). with no objections having been made as to
their authenticity and due execution, means
8.D.3.a. Meaning of Original Document that these documents are deemed
Rule sufficient proof of the facts contained
therein (Sy vs. Court of Appeals, 330 SCRA
Under the Original Document Rule which 550).
requires that the highest available degree of Bar Operations
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623
8.D.3.c. Meaning of Original Document and b.) b) In the circumstances, it is unjust or
Duplicate inequitable to admit the duplicate in lieu of
the original[Rule 130, Sec. 4(c)].
An Original Documentrefers to:
a.) a) When a genuine question is raised as to First Situation: When original document is
the authenticity of the original, or unavailable
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authentic document (Municipality of
When the original document has been lost or Victorias vs. CA, 149 SCRA 32).
destroyed, or cannot be produced in court, the
offeror must prove the following:(ELR) Failure to prove loss of all the originals
without fault of the offeror renders
1. 1.Existence or due execution of the original; secondary evidence inadmissible (De Vera
2. 2. Loss and destruction of the original or the vs. Aguilar, 218 SCRA 602).
reason for its non-production in court,
without bad faith on the part of the Secondary evidence is admissible when the
offeror(Rule 130, Sec. 5); and original documents were actually lost or
3. 3.Reasonable diligence and good faith on the destroyed. But prior to the introduction of
part of the offeror in the search for or such secondary evidence, the proponent
attempt to produce the originals(Citibank vs. must establish the former existence of the
Teodoro, G.R. No. 150905, September 23, 2003). instrument. The correct order of proof is as
follows: Existence; execution; loss; contents
Note: The correct order of proof is as although this order may be changed, if
follows: existence, execution, loss, and necessary, in the discretion of the court.
contents. At the sound discretion of the The sufficiency of proof offered as a
court, this order may be changed if predicate for the admission of an alleged
necessary(Citibank Mastercard vs. Teodoro, G.R. lost deed lies within the judicial discretion of
No. 150905, September 23, 2003). the trial court under all the circumstances of
the particular case (De Vera vs. Aguilar, 218
The offeror may prove the contents on the SCRA 602).
original document: (CRT)
For secondary evidence to be admissible,
a.) a) By a Copy of the original; there must be satisfactory proof of (1) the
b.) b) By a Recital of its contents in some due execution of the original; (2) the
authentic document; or original’s loss, destruction or unavailability
c.) c) By the Testimony of a witnesses (Rule that is not due to the offeror’s bad faith;
130, Sec. 5). and (3) reasonable diligence and good faith
in the search for or attempt to produce the
Note: The order stated must be followed. original (Citibank Mastercard vs. Teodoro, G.R.
No. 150905, September 23, 2003).
In establishing the execution of a document,
the same may be established by the person
or persons who executed it, by the person Second Situation: When original document is
before whom its execution was in adverse party's custody or control
acknowledged, or by any person who was
present and saw it executed or who, after Laying the Foundation
its execution, saw it and recognized the
signatures; or by a person to whom the If the document is in the custody or under the
parties to the instrument had previously control of adverse party, the offeror must prove
confessed the execution thereof (De Vera the following: (PERF)
vs. Aguilar, G.R. No. 83377, February 9,
1993). 1. Existence of the original;
2. Possession of the original by the adverse
Where the original has been lost or party;
destroyed, the offeror may prove its 3. Reasonable notice to produce to the adverse
contents by a recital of its contents in some party; and
authentic document or by testimony of 4. Failure of the adverse party to produce the
witnesses. The certificate is one such original despite such notice (Rule 130, Sec. 6).
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625
It is not necessary for a party seeking to to be established is only the general result of
introduce a copy, to prove that the original is the whole, the contents of such evidence may
in actual possession of the adverse party as be presented in the form of a chart, summary,
long as it is under his control; the adverse or calculation.
party need not admit that it is in his
possession before a copy may be introduced The originals shall be available for examination
(Villa Rey Transit, Inc. vs. Ferrer, G.R. No. L- or copying, or both, by the adverse party at a
23893, October 29, 1968). reasonable time and place. The court may order
that they be produced in court (Rule 130, Sec. 7).
General Rule: (n)
If the original is not available, the same may be As a condition precedent to the admission of
substituted by presenting the following in the a summary of numerous documents:
order stated:(CRT)
a. The proponent must prove that the source
1. By a Copy of the original; documents being summarized are also
2. By a Recital of its contents in some authentic admissible if presented in court;
document; or b. The source documents must be shown to
3. By the Testimony of a witnesses (Rule 130, be original, and not secondary; and
Sec. 5). c. The source documents must likewise be
accessible to the opposing party so that
Note: This principle is commonly known as the the correctness of the summary of the
“Substitutionary Rule.” voluminous records may be tested on
cross-examination and/or may be refuted
Exception: in pleadings.
The order does not apply where the law In ordinary trial-type proceedings, a proper
specifically provides for the class or quantum of foundation for the introduction of a summary
secondary evidence to establish the contents of may be established through the “testimony
the document. of the person who is responsible for the
summary's preparation, or the person who
Note:This principle is commonly known as the supervised the preparation of the summary.”
“Definite Evidentiary Rule.”
If the source documents of the summary are
Third Situation: When the original consists of non-original, the trial court would commit a
numerous accounts;Summaries(n) grave error in admitting and/or giving
probative value to the summary of non-
Laying the Foundation original documents; the evidence admitted
would be double hearsay(Republic vs.
1. When the contents of documents, records, Mupas,G.R. No. 181892, September 08, 2015).
photographs, or numerous accounts are
voluminous; Fourth Situation: Evidence admissible
2. Such account or documents cannot be whenoriginaldocument is a public record.
examined in court without great loss of time;
and When the original of document is in the custody
3. The fact sought to be established is only the of public officer or is recorded in a public office,
general result of the whole. its contents may be proved by a certified copy
issued by the public officer in custody thereof.
Note: When the contents of documents,
records, photographs, or numerous accounts are Note: A party who calls for the production of a
voluminous and cannot be examined in court document and inspects the same is not obliged
without great loss of time, and the fact sought
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to offer it as evidence(Rule 130, Sec. 9, as information, data, by electronic, optical or
amended). figures, symbols, or other similar means[Rule 2,
modes of written Sec. 1(g)].
8.D.4 ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE expression, described or
however represented, by
(A.M. No. 01-7-01-SC)
which a right is
established or an
Electronic Documents as Functional obligation extinguished,
Equivalent of Paper-Based Documents or by which a fact may
be proved and affirmed,
Whenever a rule of evidence refers to the term which is received,
of writing, document, record, instrument, recorded, transmitted,
memorandum or any other form of writing, such stored, processed,
retrieved, or produced
term shall be deemed to include an electronic
electronically. It includes
document as defined in these Rules (Rule 3, Sec. digitally signed
1). documents and any print-
out or output, readable
Cases Covered by sight or other means,
which accurately reflects
The Rules on Electronic Evidence shall apply to the electronic data
all civil actions and proceedings, as well as message or electronic
quasi-judicial and administrative cases (Rule 1, document [Rule 2, Sec.
1(h)].
Sec. 2).
Electronic Document
While "data message" has reference to
information electronically sent, stored or
1) Refers to information or the representation of
transmitted, it does not necessarily mean that it
information, data, figures, symbols, or other
will give rise to a right or extinguish an
modes of written expression, described or
obligation, unlike an electronic document(MCC
however represented, by which a right is Industrial Sales Corporation vs. Ssangyong
established or an obligation extinguished, or Corporation, G.R. No. 170633, October 17, 2007).
by which a fact may be proved and affirmed,
which is received, recorded, transmitted, An electronic document, also known
stored, processed, retrieved, or produced interchangeably as electronic data message.
electronically; and It is submitted that the rule does not
2) It includes digitally signed documents and absolutely require that the electronic
any print-out or output, readable by sight or document be initially generated or produces
other means, which accurately reflects the electronically. A contract, for instance,
electronic data message or electronic prepared through the traditional written way
document[Rule 2, Sec. 1(h)]. may be converted to an electronic document
if transmitted or received or later recorded
Electronic Data Message refers to electronically (Riano, 2016).
information generated, sent, received or stored
by electronic, optical or similar means [Rule 2, The confidential character of a privileged
Sec. 1(g)].
communication is not lost solely on the ground
that it is in the form of an electronic document
Electronic Document vs. Electronic Data (Rule 3, Sec. 3).
Message
Method of Proof
ELECTRONIC ELECTRONIC DATA
DOCUMENT MESSAGE Affidavit of Evidence
Information or the Information generated,
representation of sent, received or stored Bar Operations
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627
All matters relating to the admissibility and Electronic Signature
evidentiary weight of an electronic document
may be established by an affidavit stating facts An electronic signature or a digital signature
of direct personal knowledge of the affiant or authenticated in the manner prescribed
based on authentic records. The affidavit must hereunder is admissible in evidence as the
affirmatively show the competence of the affiant functional equivalent of the signature of a
to testify on the matters contained therein (Rule person on a written document (Rule 6, Sec. 1).
9, Sec. 1).
Authentication of Electronic Signature
Cross-Examination of Deponent
An electronic signature may be authenticated in
The affiant shall be made to affirm the contents any of the following manner:
of the affidavit in open court and may be cross-
examined as a matter of right by the adverse a) By evidence that a method or process was
party (Rule 9, Sec. 2). utilized to establish a digital signature and
verify the same;
Authentication of electronic documents b) By any other means provided by law; or
and electronic signatures c) By any other means satisfactorily to the judge
as establishing the genuineness of the
Burden of Proving Authenticity electronic signature (Rule 6, Sec. 2).
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matter into writing, all their previous and
contemporaneous agreements on the matter are 1. 1.An Intrinsic ambiguity, mistake or
merged therein(ANNOTATION: Essentials of Parol imperfection in the written agreement;
Evidence, 108 SCRA 64, September 30, 1981). 2. 2. Failure of the written agreement to
express the true intent and agreement of
The reason for the rule is the presumption the parties;
that when the parties have reduced their 3. 3. Validity of the written agreement; or
agreement to writing they have made such 4. 4. The Existence of other terms agreed to
writing the only repository and memorial of by the parties or their successors in interest
the truth, and whatever is not found in the after the execution of the written
writing must be understood to have been agreement.
waived or abandoned (Cruz vs. Court of
Appeals, G.R. No. 79962, December 10, 1990). Note: The term “agreement” includes wills.
Purpose of the Parol Evidence Rule: The Parol Evidence Rule does not apply
when third parties or those not privy to the
1) To give stability to written agreement; written instrument are involved and does
2) To remove the temptation and possibility of not base a claim or assert a right originating
perjury, which would be afforded if parol in the instrument (Lechugas vs. CA, G.R. No. L-
evidence was admissible; and 39972 & L-40300, August 6, 1986).
3) The prevent possible fraud (Herrera).
The Parol Evidence Rule is predicated on the
8.D.5.aApplication of the Parol Evidence existence of a document embodying the
Rule terms of an agreement.A receiptdoes not
contain such an agreement. It is only a
It becomes operative when the issues in the receipt attesting to the fact that on May 4,
litigation are the terms of a written agreement. 1982, the petitioner received from the
private respondent the amount of P35,000.
General Rule: At most, the receipt can only be considered
a casual memorandum of a transaction
When the terms of an agreement have been between the parties and an
reduced to writing, it is considered as containing acknowledgment of the receipt of money
all the terms agreed upon and there can be, as executed by the petitioner for the private
between the parties and their successors in respondent's satisfaction. A writing of this
interest, NO evidence of such terms other than nature, as Wigmore observed, is not
the contents of the written agreement. covered by the ParolEvidence Rule (Cruz vs.
Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 79962, December 10,
The ParolEvidence Rule forbids any addition 1990).
to the terms of a written instrument by
testimony purporting to show that, at or Requisites for the Applicability of Parol
before the signing of the document, other or Evidence Rule (PWV3)
different terms were orally agreed upon by
the parties (Ortañez vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. 1. 1. There must be a Valid contract;
No. 107372, January 23, 1997). 2. 2. The terms of the agreement must be
reduced into Writing;
3. 3.Evidence aliundeVary the terms of the
Exceptions: written contract;
4. 4. The dispute is between the Parties to the
A party may present evidence to modify, explain written instrument; and
or add to the terms of the written agreement if 5. 5. Grounds for the applicability must be put
he or she puts in issue in a verified pleading: in issue in the Verified pleading.
(FIVE) Bar Operations
Commissions 631
631
The parol evidence rule applies only to the Latent Patent Ambiguity
parties to the contract and their successors- Ambiguity Ambiguity
in-interest. Where the proponent of the When the Ambiguity is where the
parol evidence is a stranger to the deed of writing, on its patent on the ambiguity
face appears face of the consists in the
sale, he is not bound by the parol evidence
clear and writing itself use of equivocal
rule (Lechugas vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L- unambiguous, and requires words
39972, August 6, 1986). BUT there are something to designating the
collateral be added in person or subject
Previous acts and contemporaneous transaction matters or order to matter, parol
of the parties are deemed integrated and circumstances ascertain the evidence of
merged in the written instrument which they which makes meaning of the collateral or
have executed. the meaning words used. extrinsic matter
uncertain. may be
General Rule: When the parties have reduced introduced for
the purpose of
their agreement to writing, it is presumed that
aiding the court
they have made the writing the only repository in arriving at the
and memorial of the truth, and whatever is not meaning of the
found in the writing must be understood to have language used.
been waived and abandoned. Curable by Cannot be Curable by
evidence cured by evidence aliunde
Exception: Collateral Oral Agreement A aliunde or evidence or extraneous
contract made prior to or contemporaneous with extraneous aliunde evidence as long
another agreement and if oral and not evidence as as such
long as such ambiguity is put
inconsistent with written contract, it is
ambiguity is put in issue in the
admissible within the exception to parol in issue in the proponent’s
evidence rule. proponent’s verified pleading.
verified
An agreement is “collateral” if it meets the pleading.
following requirements: (RIANO, Evidence (The Bar Lecture Series), 2016 Ed.,
p. 160-161)
1. 1. It is NOT a part of the integrated written
agreement in any way; In order that parol evidence may be
2. 2.It is not inconsistent with the written admissible to show a mistake in the written
agreement in any way, including both the instrument, the concurrence of three things
express and implied provisions of the written are necessary:(FCC)
agreement; and, i. The mistake should be of a Fact and not
3. 3. It is not closely connected with the a mistake of law;
principal transaction as to form part and ii. The mistake should be proved by Clear
parcel thereof. and convincing evidence; and
iii. The mistake should be Common to both
8.D.5.b. When Parol Evidence Can Be parties to the instrument
Introduced
b. b)Failure of the written agreement to
A party may present evidence to modify, explain express the true intent and agreement of the
or add to the terms of the written agreement if parties;
he or she puts in issue in a verified pleading:
(FIVE) Parol evidence is competent and admissible
in support of allegations that an instrument
a. a)An Intrinsic ambiguity, mistake or in writing, purporting on its face to transfer
imperfection in the written agreement; the title with a mere right to repurchase
under specific conditions reserved to the
Intrinsic or Extrinsic or Intermediate vendor, was in truth and in fact given merely
632
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as a security for the repayment of loan
(Madrigal vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 142944, 2. Conditions Subsequent – may NOT be
April 15, 2005). Similarly, parol evidence is established by parol evidence(Herrera).
admissible to show that an endorsement was
made wholly without consideration and, and, Rule on Subsequent Agreements
that in making it, the endorser acted as The rule forbidding the admission of parol
agent for the endorsee and as mere vehicle evidence to alter or contradict a written
for the transfer of the naked title from the instrument does NOT apply so as to prohibit the
maker to the endorsee (Maulini vs. Serrano, establishment by parol evidence of an
G.R. No. L-8844, December 16, 1914). agreement between the parties in writing,
entered into subsequent to the time when the
c. c) Validity Validity of the written agreement; or written instrument was executed,
notwithstanding that such agreement may have
Parol Evidence Rule does not apply where the effect of changing the contract of the parties
the purpose of parol evidence is to show that as evidenced by the writing; for parol evidence
no written contract ever existed (Maulini vs. merely goes to show that the parties have
Serrano, G.R. No. L-8844, December 16, 1914). exercised their right to change the same, or to
make a new and independent contract, provided
The operation of the parol evidence rule such contract is not invalid under the statute of
requires the existence of a valid written frauds or otherwise.
agreement. It is, thus, not applicable in a
proceeding where the validity of such Express Trusts on Immovables cannot be
agreement is the fact in dispute, such as proved by parol evidence(Art. 1443, NCC).
when a contract may be void for lack of
consideration(Heirs of Policronio M. Ureta, Sr. vs. An implied trust is neither dependent upon
Heirs of Liberato M. Ureta, G.R. No. 165748, an express agreement nor required to be
September 14, 2011). evidenced by writing. Article 1457 of our
Civil Code authorizes the admission of parol
Inducement by fraud may be proved by evidence to prove their existence. Parol
parol because it goes into the validity of the evidence that is required to establish the
agreement (Woodhouse vs. Halili, 93 Phil. 526). existence of an implied trust necessarily has
to be trustworthy and it cannot rest on
d. d) The Existence of other terms agreed to by loose, equivocal or indefinite declarations
the parties or their successors in interest (Tong vs. TiatKun, G.R. No. 196023, April 21,
after the execution of the written agreement. 2014).
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evidence must be sufficient to support a finding which are in force between the Philippines
that the matter in question is what its proponent and the country of source; and
claims. 6.
7. 4. Public records, kept in the Philippines, of
Private documents, as a rule, must be private documents required by law to be
authenticated before they may be received in entered therein.
evidence (Rule 132, Sec. 20). Public documents,
however, may be received in evidence without All other writings are private (Rule 132, Sec. 19, as
the need for authentication (Riguera). Public amended).
documents enjoythe presumption of regularity
and is a prima facieevidence of the facts A private documentis a document other than
statedtherein – which may only be overcome by a public document (Riguera).
evidence that is clear,convincing and more than
merely preponderant(Heirs of Spouses Angel The act of notarization by a notary public
Liwagon and Francisca Dumalagan vs. Heirs of converts a private document into a public
Spouses Liwagon, G.R. No. 193117, November 26, document, making it admissible in evidence
2014). without further proof of its authenticity. By
law, a notarial document is entitled to full
When Authentication NOT Required: faith and credit upon its face. It enjoys the
presumption of regularity and is a prima
a.) a) The writing is an ancient document; facieevidence of the facts statedtherein –
b.) b) The writing is a public document or which may only be overcome by evidence
record; that is clear,convincing and more than
c.) c) The writing is a notarial document, merely preponderant. Without such
except last wills and testaments; evidence, the presumption must be
d.) d)The authenticity and due execution of the upheld(Heirs of Spouses Angel Liwagon and
document has been expressly admitted or Francisca Dumalagan vs. Heirs of Spouses
impliedly admitted by failure to deny the Liwagon, G.R. No. 193117, November 26,
same under oath; or 2014).
e.) e) When such genuineness and due
execution are immaterial to the
issue(RIANO, Evidence (The Bar Lecture 8.D.6.c. When a Private Writing Requires
Series), 2016 Ed., p. 169-170). Authentication
1. 1. The written official acts, or records of the 8. a) By Anyone who saw the document
sovereign authority, official bodies and executed or written;
tribunals, and public officers, whether of the b. b) By evidence of the Genuineness of the
Philippines, or of a foreign country; signature or handwriting of the maker; or
2. c. c)By Other evidence showing its due
3. 2. Documents acknowledged before a notary execution and authenticity. (n)
public, except last wills and testaments;
4. Any other private document need only be
5. 3.Documents that are considered public identified as that which it is claimed to be (Rule
documents under treaties and conventions Bar
132, Operations
Sec. 20, as amended) .
Commissions 635
635
8.D.6.d. When Evidence of Authenticity of c) A comparison, made by the witness or the
a Private Writing is NOT Required court, with writings admitted or treated as
genuine by the party against whom the
a) Where a private document is more than evidence is offered, or proved to be genuine
thirty (30) years old, is produced from a to the satisfaction of the judge (Rule 132, Sec.
custody in which it would naturally be found 22).
if genuine, and is unblemished by any
alterations or circumstances of suspicion, no Note: The opinions of handwriting experts,
other evidence of its authenticity need be even those from the NBI and the PC, are not
given (Rule 132, Sec. 21). binding upon courts. Handwriting experts are
usually helpful in the examination of forged
Note: This provision is commonly referred to documents because of the technical procedure
as the “Ancient Document Rule”. involved in analyzing them. But resort to these
experts is not mandatory or indispensable to the
Requisites: examination or the comparison of handwriting.
A finding of forgery does not depend entirely on
i. The private document is more than thirty the testimonies of handwriting experts, because
(30) years old; the judge must conduct an independent
ii. It is produced from a custody in which it examination of the questioned signature in order
would naturally be found if genuine; and to arrive at a reasonable conclusion as to its
iii. It is unblemished by any alterations or authenticity (Multi-International Business Data
circumstances of suspicion. System, Inc. vs. Martinez, G.R. No. 175378,
November 11, 2015).
b) The authenticity and due execution of the
document has been expressly admitted or 8.D.6.f. Public Documents as Evidence;
impliedly admitted by failure to deny the Proof of Official Record
same under oath; or
Documents consisting of entries in public
c) When such genuineness and due execution records made in the performance of a duty by a
are immaterial to the issue. public officer are prima facieevidence of the
facts therein stated. All other public documents
are evidence, even against a third person, of the
8.D.6.e. Genuineness of Handwriting fact which gave rise to their execution and of
the date of the latter(Rule 130, Sec. 23).
The handwriting of a person may be proved by:
Proof of Official Record
a) The person whose signature is disputed;
1. Public documents referred to in Sec.
Note: Section 22 of Rule 132 accommodates 19(a), Rule 132
the testimony of the very person whose
signature is disputed as a means to establish a) Domestic records:
the genuineness of handwriting. After all, the
owner of such disputed signature may fall 1. By an official publication thereof; or
within the category of “any witness who 2.
believes it to be the handwriting of such 3. i. By an official publication thereof;
person because he has seen the person or
write' and has thus acquired knowledge of 4. ii. By a copy attested by the officer
the handwriting of such person (Dela Rama vs. havingg the legal custody of the
Papa, G.R. No. 142309, January 30, 2009). record, or by his or her deputy (Rule
132, Sec. 24, paragraph 1).
b) Any witness has seen the person write; or
636
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b) Foreign recordskept in a foreign country convention subject to reciprocity granted to
which is a contracting party to a treaty or public documents originating from the
convention to which the Philippines is also Philippines (Rule 132, Sec. 24, paragraph 2).(n)
a party:
A document that is accompanied by a certificate
1. i. By an official publication thereof; or its equivalent may be presented in evidence
or without further proof, the certificate or its
2. ii. By a copy attested by the officer equivalent being prima facie evidence of the due
having the legal custody of the execution and genuineness of the document
record, or by his or her deputy, and involved.
accompaniedwith a certificate that
such officer has the custody (Rule The certificate shall not be required when a
132, Sec. 24, paragraph 1). treaty or convention between a foreign country
and the Philippines has abolished the
Note: The certificate or its equivalent requirement, or has exempted the document
shall be in the form prescribed by such itself from this formality (Rule 132, Sec. 24,
treaty or convention subject to reciprocity paragraph 4). (n)
granted to public documents originating
from the Philippines(Rule 132, Sec. 24, Hague Convention Abolishing the
paragraph 2);(n) Requirement of Legalization for Foreign
Public Documents
c) Foreign records originating from aforeign
country which is nota contracting party to On May 14, 2019, the Philippines’ accession to
a treaty or convention referred to in the the Hague Convention Abolishing the
next preceding section Requirement of Legalization for Foreign Public
Documents (the “Apostille Convention”) took
effect. The Apostille Convention was created to
1. By an official publication thereof; or abolish the requirement for diplomatic or
2. consular legalization of foreign public
3. By a copy attested by the officer documents.
having the legal custody of the
record, or by his or her deputy, and Each Contracting State shall exempt from
accompanied with a certificate that legalisation documents to which the present
such officer has the custody (Rule Conventionapplies and which have to be
132, Sec. 24, paragraph 1). produced in its territory.
4.
For the purposes of the present
Convention,legalisation means only the
Note: The certificate may be made by a formality by which the diplomatic or consular
secretary of the embassy or legation, consul agents of the country in whichthe document has
general, consul, vice-consul, or consular to be produced certify the: (ACId)
agent or by any officer in the foreign service
of the Philippines stationed in the foreign 1.Authenticity of the signature;
country in which the record is kept, and
authenticated by the seal of his or her 2. Capacity in which the person signing the
office(Rule 132, Sec. 24, paragraph 3). document has acted; and
3. Where appropriate, the Identity of the seal or
2. Public documents referred to in Sec. stamp which it bears(Apostille Convention, Art, 3).
19(c), Rule 132
By a certificate or its equivalent which shall The present Convention shall apply to public
be in the form prescribed by such treaty or Bar
documents which Operations
have been executed
Commissions 637
637
in the territory of one Contracting State and 2. In the form of the model annexed to the
which have to be produced in the territory of present Convention.
another Contracting State(Apostille Convention,
Art, 2). The certificate may, however, be drawn up in
the official language of the authority which
For the purposes of the present Convention, the issues it. The standard termsappearing therein
following are deemed to be public documents: may be in a second language also. The title
(DANO) “Apostille (Convention de La Haye du 5 octobre
1961)” shall be in the French language (Apostille
Convention, Art, 4).
1. 1.Documents emanating from an authority
or an official connected with the courts or Exception: When either the laws,regulations,
tribunals of the State, including those or practice in force in the State where the
emanating from a public prosecutor, a clerk document is produced or an agreement
of a court or a process-server (“huissier de betweentwo or more Contracting States have
justice”); abolished or simplified it, or exempt the
2. 2.Administrative documents; document itself from legalization (Apostille
3. 3.Notarial acts; and Convention, Art, 3).
4. 4.Official certificates which are placed on
documents signed by persons in their private 8.D.6.g. Attestation of a Copy
capacity, such as official certificates
recording the registration of a document or Whenever a copy of a document or record is
the fact that it was in existence on a certain attested for the purpose of evidence:
date and official and notarial authentications
of signatures. 1. The attestation must state that the copy is a
5. correct copy of the original, or a specific part
However, the present Convention shall not apply thereof, as the case may be; and
to: 2. The attestation must be under the official seal
of the attesting officer, if there be any, or if
1. Documents executed by diplomatic or he or she be the clerk of a court having a
consular agents; or seal, under the seal of such court (Rule 132,
Sec. 25).
2. Administrative documents dealing directly
with commercial or customs operations
8.D.6.h. Public Record of a Public
(Apostille Convention, Art, 1).
Document
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Exception: Upon order of a court, where c) Fraud in the party offering the record, in
inspection of the record is exercised to the just respect to the proceedings (Rule 132, Sec. 29).
determination of a pending case.
8.D.6.k. Proof of Notarial Documents
Exception: When otherwise provided by law. There is no provision of the Rules disqualifying
parties declared in default from taking the
1. Under Art. 821 of the Civil Code, a person witness stand for non-disqualified parties (Marcos
convicted of any of the following crimes vs. Heirs of Navarro, G.R. No. 198240, July 3, 2013) .
cannot be a witness to a will:
8.E.2.a. Disqualification By Reason of
a) Falsification of documents; Marriage
b) Perjury; or
c) False testimony During their marriage, the husband or the wife
cannot testify against the other without the
2. A state witness must not have been consent of the affected spouse, except in a civil
convicted of any crime involving moral case by one against the other, or in a criminal
turpitude [Rule 119, Sec. 17 (e)]. case for a crime committed by one against the
other or the latter's direct descendants or
When to Raise Objection to Competency ascendants(Rule 130, Sec. 23, as amended).
Objection to the offer of evidencemust be orally Note: The spouse-witness can now testify in
immediately after the offer is made (Rule 132, favor of the spouse-litigant even without the
Sec. 36, as amended). latter’s consent.
1. Falsification of public document forging wife’s Obviously, the offense of arson attributed to
signature; petitioner, directly impairs the conjugal
relation between him and his wife
The act complained of as constituting the Esperanza. His act, as embodied in the
crime of Falsification of Public Document is Information for arson filed against him,
the forgery by the accused of his wife's eradicates all the major aspects of marital
signature in a deed of sale, thereby making life such as trust, confidence, respect and
it appear therein that said wife consented to love by which virtues the conjugal
the sale of a house and lot belonging to relationship survives and flourishes (Alvarez
their conjugal partnership when in fact and vs. Ramirez, G.R. No. 143439, October 14,
in truth she did not. It must be noted that 2005).
had the sale of the said house and lot, and
the signing of the wife's name by her Marrying the Witness
husband in the deed of sale, been made
with the consent of the wife, no crime could An accused can effectively “seal the lips” of a
have been charged against said husband. witness by marrying the witness. As long as
Clearly, therefore, it is the husband's breach marriage is in existence at the time of the trial,
of his wife's confidence which gave rise to the witness-spouse cannot be compelled to
the offense charged. And it is this same testify even though the marriage was entered
breach of trust which prompted the wife to into for the express purpose of suppressing the
make the necessary complaint with the testimony.
Office of the Provincial Fiscal which,
accordingly, filed the aforesaid criminal case Who May Object
with the Court of First Instance of
Pampanga. To rule, therefore, that such Only the spouse-party may object on the
criminal case is not one for a crime testimony and not the spouse who is offered as
committed by one spouse against the other a witness.
is to advance a conclusion which completely
disregards the factual antecedents of the A wife who is a co-defendant of her
instant case (People of the Philippines vs. husband in a case of collusive fraud, where
Castañeda, Jr., G.R. No. L-46306, February 27, their interests are not separate, cannot be
1979). examined as a hostile witness by the
adverse party (Lezama vs. Rodriguez, GR No. L-
2. Rape of their common daughter; 25643, June 27, 1968).
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Note: Disqualification by reason of death or General Rule: There is a presumption of
insanity of adverse party or the “Dead Man’s confidentiality on all communications between
Statute”or the“Survivorship Rule”, has been husband and wife.
removed as a ground for disqualification.
(See: 8.E.5.ii Hearsay Rule: Statement of Exceptions:
decedent or person of unsound mind.)
(b) a) In a civil case by one against the other;
8.E.2.a. Disqualification By Reason of (c) b) In a criminal case for a crime committed
Privileged Communication; Rule on Third by one against the other or the latter's direct
Parties descendants or ascendants;
(d) c) When the communication was not
Privileged communications: intended to be kept in confidence, like the
husband’s dying declaration for instance (U.S.
1. 1. Husband and Wife [Rule 130, Sec 24(a)]; vs. Antipolo, GR No. L-13109, March 6, 1918); or
2. 2. Attorney and Client [Rule 130, Sec. 24(b), as (e) d) Where the spouse-litigant gives consents
amended]; to the testimony.
3. 3. Physician and Patient [Rule 130, Sec. 24)(c),
as amended];
4. 4. Minister/Priest and Penitent [Rule 130, Sec. Note: The marital privilege rule, being a rule of
24(d), as amended]; and evidence, may be waived by failure of the
5. 5. Public Officers and Third Person [Rule 130, claimant to object timely to its presentation or
Sec. 24(e), as amended]. by any conduct that may be construed as
implied consent(Lacurom vs. Jacoba, A.C. No. 5921,
March 10, 2006).
Note:There are, however, other privileged
matters that are not mentioned by Rule 130. Requisites: (DEV-CoCo)
Among others are the following:
1. 1. There must be a Valid marriage between
1. Editors may not be compelled to disclose the husband and wife;
source of published news; 2. 2.There is communication received in
2. Voters may not be compelled to disclose for Confidence by one from the other;
whom they voted[B.P. No. 881, Sec. 261(z)(5)]; 3. 3.The confidential communication was
3. Information contained in tax census returns ; received During the marriage;
and
4. 4. The spouse against whom such evidence
4. Bank deposits (Air Philippines Corporation vs.
Pennswell, Inc., G.R. No. 172835, December 13,
is being offered has not given his or her
2007); Consent to such testimony.
5. National security matters and intelligence 5. 5. The case is not one of the Exceptions
information. provided in the rule[Rule 130, Sec. 24 (a)].
i. Marital Privilege, Husband and Wife The communication shall remainprivileged, even
in the hands of athird person who may
The husband or the wife, during or after the haveobtained the information,provided that the
marriage, cannot be examined without the original partiesto the communication
consent of the other as to any communication tookreasonable precaution to protect
received in confidence by one from the other itsconfidentiality(Rule 130, Sec. 24, last paragraph).
during the marriage except in a civil case by one
against the other, or in a criminal case for a The law insures absolute freedom of
crime committed by one against the other or the communication between the spouses by making
latter's direct descendants or ascendants [Rule it privileged. Neither husband nor wife may
130, Sec. 24(a)].
testify for or against the other without the
consent of the affected spouse while the
Bar
marriage subsists.Operations
Neither may be
Commissions 645
645
examined without the consent of the other as to Covers all matters Covers only those
any communication received in confidence by regardless of source communicated by one
one from the other during the marriage, save spouse to another
for specified exceptions. But one thing is Applies during the Applies during and after
marriage the marriage
freedom of communication; quite another is a
A spouse must be a A spouse need not be a
compulsion for each one to share what one
party-litigant party-litigant
knows with the other. And this has nothing to Invoked when a Invoked when the
do with the duty of fidelity that each owes to spouse is called to testimony appears to
the other(Zulueta vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. testify cover privileged matters
107383, February 20, 1996). Absolute Relative disqualification
disqualification
Communications overheard by third persons
without knowledge of spouses are still
confidential between the spouses, and neither of ii. Attorney-Client Privilege.
them can testify without the consent of the
other (Francisco, Vicente J., Revised Rules on Court: An attorney or person reasonably believed by
Evidence). the client to be licensed to engage in the
practice of law cannot, without the consent of
Marital Disqualification Rule (Rule 130, Sec. the client, be examined as to any
23, as amended) communication made by the client to him or
her, or his or her advice given thereon in the
The marital disqualification rule refers to all course of, or with a view to, professional
matters, whether or not communicated by employment, nor can an attorney's secretary,
one spouse to the other. It applies only stenographer, or clerk, or other persons
during the existence of the marriage. It can assisting the attorney be examined without the
be invoked only if one spouse is a party to consent of the client and his or her employer,
the action. It is an absolute disqualification concerning any fact the knowledge of which has
and can be invoked the moment that one been acquired in such capacity, except in the
spouse is called to testify. following cases:
Marital Privilege Rule, being a rule of a) Furtherance of crime or fraud. If the services
evidence, can be waived for failure of the or advice of the lawyer were sought or
claimant to object timely to its presentation obtained to enable or aid anyone to commit
or by any conduct that may be construed as or plan to commit what the client knew or
an implied consent (Lacurom vs. Jacoba, A.C. reasonably should have known to be a crime
No. 5921, March 10, 2006). or fraud;
Where the privilege communication from b) Claimants through same deceased client. As
one spouse to the other comes into the to a communication relevant to an issue
hands of a 3rd party, without collusion or between parties who claim through the same
voluntary disclosure on the part of either deceased client, regardless of whether the
spouse, it is not privileged; illegality of claims are by testate or intestate or by inter
seizure must be raised by motion before vivos transaction;
trial for return of letter; unanswered letter is
inadmissible (People vs. Carlos, GR No. L- c) Breach of duty by lawyer or client. As to a
22948, March 17, 1925). communication relevant to an issue of breach
of duty by the lawyer to his or her client, or
Spousal Immunity vs. Marital Privilege by the client to his or her lawyer;
MARITAL d) Document attested by the lawyer. As to a
DISQUALIFICATIO MARITAL PRIVILEGE
communication relevant to an issue
N [Sec. 24(a)]
(Sec. 23)
646
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
concerning an attested document to which However, if the communications were not made
the lawyer is an attesting witness; or for the purpose of creating that relationship,
they will not be covered by the privilege.
e) Joint clients. As to a communication relevant
to a matter of common interest between two The reason for the prohibition is found in
or more clients if the communication was the relation of attorney and client, which is
made by any of them to a lawyer retained or one of trust and confidence of the highest
consulted in common, when offered in an degree. A lawyer becomes familiar with all
action between any of the clients, unless the facts connected with his client's case.
they have expressly agreed otherwise [Rule He learns from his client the weak points of
130, Sec. 24(b), as amended]. (n) the action as well as the strong ones. Such
knowledge must be considered sacred and
Requisites: (PEA-CoCo) guarded with care (Samala vs. Valencia, A.C.
No. 5439, January 22, 2007).
1. There must be a communication made by the
client to the Attorney or to a person Not Applicable:
reasonably believed by the client to be
licensed to engage in the practice of law; a.) a) When the communication was made in
2. The communication made by the client to furtherance of crime or fraud [Rule 130, Sec.
him/her is to be examined without the 24(b)(i)];
Consent of the client; b.) b) When the communication is relevant to
3. Communication must have been made in an issue between parties who claim
Confidence; through the same deceased client[Rule 130,
4. The communication must have been given Sec. 24(b)(ii)];
either in the course of or with a view to c.) c) When the communication is relevant to
Professional employment; and an issue ofbreach of duty by lawyer or
5. The case is not one of the Exceptions client[Rule 130, Sec. 24(b)(iii)];
provided in the rule[Rule 130, Sec. 24(b)]. d.) d) When the communication is relevant to
an issue concerningdocuments attested by
Note: The privilege extends to the attorney’s the lawyer[Rule 130, Sec. 24(b)(iv)];
secretary, stenographer, or clerk, or other e.) e) When the communication is relevant to a
persons assisting the attorney concerning any matter of common interest between joint
fact the knowledge of which has been acquired clients, unless they have expressly agreed
in such capacity. otherwise[Rule 130, Sec. 24(b)(v)];
f.) f) When the communication is intended to
The phrase “with a view to” includes those be made public;
communication made during consultation g.) g) When the communication is intended to
preparatory to professional employment. be communicated to others;
h.) h) When the communication is made in the
Preliminary communication made for the presence of 3rd persons; or
purpose of creating attorney-client relationship i.) i) When the communication is received
is within the privilege(RIANO, Evidence (The Bar from third persons not acting in behalf of or
Lecture Series), 2016 Ed., p. 209). as agents of the client.
The relationship between the attorney and the Note: The lawyer-client privilege extends to the
client is said to exist where a person employs attorney’s secretary, stenographer, or clerk.
the professional services of an attorney or seeks Hence, in this case, the rule that “if made in the
professional guidance, even though the attorney presence of 3rd persons, it is not considered
declines to handles the case. confidential” is not applicable.
Bar Operations
Commissions 647
647
General Rule: A lawyer may invoke the to dispose of his estate accordingly [Mueller
privilege and refuse to divulge the name or & Kirkpatrick, Modern Evidence, Section 5.24
identify of his client. (1995)].
648
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
When anattorney serves as an attesting relation. The reason for the rule is that the
witness, he is not acting as a lawyer and client's confidence once reposed cannot be
theclient’s obvious intent is to have him divested by the expiration of the
available to testify to the matter professional employment(Samala vs.
attested[Mueller & Kirkpatrick, Modern Valencia, A.C. No. 5439, January 22, 2007).
Evidence, Section 5.25 (1995); Lempert, R.
&Saltzburg, S., A Modern Approach to The communication shall remainprivileged,
Evidence, 3rd ed., pp. 269-370 (1982)] . even in the hands of athird person who may
haveobtained the information,provided that
e.) e) Joint Clients the original partiesto the communication
f.) tookreasonable precaution to protect
Condition:The communication is relevant itsconfidentiality(Rule 130, Sec. 24, last
paragraph).
to a matter of common interest between
two or more clients if the communication iii. Physician/Psychotherapist–Patient
was made by any of them to a lawyer Privilege
retained or consulted in common, when
offered in an action between any of the A physician, psychotherapist or person
clients, unless they have expressly agreed reasonably believed by the patient to be
otherwise[Rule 130, Sec. 24(b)(v)]. authorized to practice medicine or
psychotherapy cannot in a civil case, without the
Rationale: Joint clients do not intend consent of the patient, be examined as to any
theircommunication to be confidential from confidential communication made for the
each other, and typically purpose of diagnosis or treatment of the
theircommunications are made in each patient's physical, mental or emotional
other’s presence. xxx Agreeing to condition, including alcohol or drug addiction,
jointrepresentation means that each joint between the patient and his or her physician or
client accepts the risk that another psychotherapist. This privilege also applies to
jointclient may later use what he or she has persons, including members of the patient's
said to the lawyer [Mueller & Kirkpatrick, family, who have participated in the diagnosis or
Modern Evidence, Section 5.14 (1995)].
treatment of the patient under the direction of
If the unlawful purpose is avowed, as in this the physician or psychotherapist.
case, the complainant’s alleged intention to
bribe government officials in relation to his
case, the communication is not covered by
the privilege as the client does not consult
the lawyer professionally. It is not within the
profession of a lawyer to advise a client as A psychotherapist is:
to how he may commit a crime as a lawyer
is not a gun for hire. Thus, the attorney- a) A person licensed to practice medicine
client privilege does not attach, there being engaged in the diagnosis or treatment of a
no professional employment in the strict mental or emotional condition; or
sense (Genato vs. Silapan, Adm. Case. No. b) A person licensed as a psychologist by the
4078, July 14, 2003)..
government while similarly engaged [Rule
130, Sec. 24(c)].
A lawyer should not, even after the
severance of the relation with his client, do The physician-patient privileged
anything which will injuriously affect his communication rule essentially means that
former client in any matter in which he a physician who gets information while
previously represented him nor should he professionally attending a patient cannot
disclose or use any of the client's in a civil case be examined without the
confidences acquired in the previous patient’s consent
Bar as to any facts which
Operations
Commissions 649
649
would blacken the latter’s reputation. This expert testimony regarding hypothetical facts
rule is intended to encourage the patient (Lim vs. CA, G.R. No. 91114, September 25,
to open up to the physician, relate to him 1992); or
the history of his ailment, and give him h. h. Non-physician testimony on a medical
access to his body, enabling the physician psychologist’s report is not covered by the
to make a correct diagnosis of that ailment physician-patient privilege (Krohn vs. CA, G.R.
and provide the appropriate cure. Any fear NO. 108854, June 14, 1994).
that a physician could be compelled in the
future to come to court and narrate all The communication shall remainprivileged, even
that had transpired between him and the in the hands of athird person who may
patient might prompt the latter to clam up, haveobtained the information,provided that the
thus putting his own health at great risk original partiesto the communication
(Chan vs. Chan, G.R. No. 179786, July 24, tookreasonable precaution to protect
2013).
itsconfidentiality(Rule 130, Sec. 24, last paragraph).
Requisites: (PCo-CiM)
iv. Priest–Penitent Privilege
a. a. There must be a communication made by
the patient to thePhysician, psychotherapist A minister, priest or person reasonablybelieved
or person reasonably believed by the patient to be so cannot, without theconsent of the
to be authorized to practice medicine or affected person, beexamined as to any
psychotherapy; communication orconfession made to or any
b. b. Such communication is to be examined advice givenby him or her, in his or her
without the Consent of the patient; professionalcharacter, in the course of
c. c.The privilege is invoked in a Civil case; and disciplineenjoined by the church to which
d. d. The confidential information was made for theminister or priest belongs [Rule 130, Sec.
24(d), as amended].
the purpose of Medical diagnosis or
treatment of the patient.
Requisites: (PrEn-Co)
e.
3. The communication or confession must be
Note:The privilege survives the death of the made to the minister or Priest or person
patient. reasonably believed to be so, in his
professional character;
4. The communication or confession must be
made in the course of discipline Enjoined by
the church to which her belongs; and
5. The communication or confession was being
Not applicable: examined without the Consent of the
penitent (affected person).
a. a. When the communication was not given in
confidence; Note: The old provision limited the privilege to
b. b. When the communication is irrelevant to “penitential communications” made to a minister
the professional employment; or priest in the course of discipline enjoined by
c. c. Then the communication was made for an the church to which the priest or minister
unlawful purpose; belongs. As worded, it is unduly preferential to
d. d. When the information was intended to be the Roman Catholic Church. The amendment
made public; expands the privilege to embrace any
e. e. When there was a waiver of the privilege confidential communication by a person to a
either by provisions of contract or law; minister or priest in his professional character as
f. f. When the doctor is a medico-legal; a spiritual advisor.
g. g.The physician-patient privilege is not
violated by permitting physician to give Not applicable:
650
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
3. The communication was made during his or
1. 1. When the communication was not given in her Tenure; and
confidence; 4. Public interest would suffer by the disclosure
2. 2. Then the communication was made for an of the communication.
unlawful purpose;
3. 3. When the information was intended to be
made public; or Absent a claim of need to protect military,
4. 4. When there was a waiver of the privilege. diplomatic or sensitive national security
5. secrets, executive privilege cannot prevail
over due process (US vs. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683).
The communication shall remainprivileged, even
in the hands of athird person who may At common law a governmental privilege
haveobtained the information,provided that the against disclosure is recognized with respect
original partiesto the communication to state secrets bearing on military,
tookreasonable precaution to protect diplomatic and similar matters. This privilege
itsconfidentiality(Rule 130, Sec. 24, last paragraph). is based upon public interest of such
paramount importance as in and of itself
transcending the individual interests of a
Not applicable: private citizen, even though, as a
1. 1. When the communication was not given in consequence thereof, the plaintiff cannot
confidence; enforce his legal rights (Almonte vs. Vasquez,
G.R. No. 95367, May 23, 1995).
2. 2. Then the communication was made for an
unlawful purpose;
The expectation of a President to the
3. 3. When the information was intended to be
confidentiality of his conversations and
made public; or
correspondence, like the claim of
4. 4. When there was a waiver of the privilege.
confidentiality of judicial deliberations, for
example, has all the values to which we
The communication shall remainprivileged, even
accord deference for the privacy of all
in the hands of athird person who may
citizens and, added to those values, is the
haveobtained the information,provided that the
necessity for protection of the public
original partiesto the communication
interest in candid, objective, and even
tookreasonable precaution to protect
blunt or harsh opinions in Presidential
itsconfidentiality(Rule 130, Sec. 24, last paragraph).
decision-making. A President and those
who assist him must be free to explore
alternatives in the process of shaping
policies and making decisions and to do so
v. Public Officers and Third Person in a way many would be unwilling to
express except privately. These are the
A public officer cannot beexamined during or considerations justifying a presumptive
after his or hertenure as to communications privilege for Presidential communications.
madeto him or her in official confidence,when The privilege is fundamental to the
the court finds that thepublic interest would operation of the government and
suffer by thedisclosure[Rule 130, Sec. 24(e), as inextricably rooted in the separation of
amended]. powers under the Constitution (Almonte vs.
Vasquez, G.R. No. 95367, May 23, 1995
quoting United States vs. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683,
Requisites: (GCo-PuT)
1973).
1. The holder of the privilege is the Government
Judicial control over the evidence in a case
which acts through the public officer.
cannot be abdicated to the caprice of
2. The communication must have been made to
executive officers. Yet we will not go so far
a public officer in Confidence; Bar
as to say that Operations
the court may
Commissions 651
651
automatically require a complete the U.S. Senate, referred to "difficult
disclosure to the judge before the claim of concerns respecting the appropriate
privilege will be accepted in any case. It separation that must be maintained
may be possible to satisfy the court, from between the legislative branch and this
all the circumstances of the case, that Court." (Almonte vs. Vasquez, G.R. No. 95367,
there is a reasonable danger that May 23, 1995).
compulsion of the evidence will expose
military matters which, in the interest of There are, in addition to such privileges,
national security, should not be divulged. statutorily-created ones such as the
When this is the case, the occasion for the Government's privilege to withhold the
privilege is appropriate, and the court identity of persons who furnish information
should not jeopardize the security which of violations of laws (Almonte vs. Vasquez,
the privilege is meant to protect by G.R. No. 95367, May 23, 1995).
insisting upon an examination of the
evidence, even by the judge alone, in Note: The Supreme Court clarified that the
chambers. President or the Executive Secretary can invoke
the executive privilege. Once invoked, then the
In each case, the showing of necessity Senate cannot compel the members of the
which is made will determine how far the executive to testify before it (Neri vs. Senate
court should probe in satisfying itself that Committee, G.R No. 169777, April 20, 2006).
the occasion for invoking the privilege is
appropriate. Where there is a strong Members of the executive or cabinet secretaries
showing of necessity, the claim of privilege do not enjoy the presumption of privilege but
should not be lightly accepted, but even the President does (Neri vs. Senate Committee,
G.R. No. 180643, September 4, 2008).
the most compelling necessity cannot
overcome the claim of privilege if the court
is ultimately satisfied that military secrets
Not applicable:
are at stake. A fortiori, where necessity is
dubious, a formal claim of privilege, made
a) When the information is useful evidence to
under the circumstances of this case, will
vindicate the innocence of an accused
have to prevail (Almonte vs. Vasquez, G.R.
person;
No. 95367, May 23, 1995 quoting United States
vs. Reynolds, 345 U.S. 1, 1953). b) When such information would lessen the risk
of a false testimony;
The confidentiality of judicial deliberations" c) When it is essential to the proper disposition
mentioned in the opinion of the Court of the case; or
referred to the fact that Justices of the d) When the benefit to be gained is greater than
U.S. Supreme Court and judges of lower any injury that could inure to the relation by
federal courts have traditionally treated a disclosure of the information, then
their working papers and judicial notes as disclosure will be compelled.
private property. A 1977 proposal in the
U.S. Congress that Justices and judges of On the other hand, where the claim of
lower federal courts "should be confidentiality does not rest on the need to
encouraged to make such arrangements protect military, diplomatic or other national
as will assure the preservation and security secrets but on a general public
eventual availability of their personal interest in the confidentiality of his
papers, especially the deposit of their conversations, courts have declined to find
papers in the same depository they select in the Constitution an absolute privilege of
for [their] Public Papers" was rebuffed by the President against a subpoena
the Justices who, in a letter to the considered essential to the enforcement of
Chairman of the Subcommittee on criminal laws(Almonte vs. Vasquez, G.R. No.
95367, May 23, 1995)
Regulation and Government Information of
652
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
With these safeguards outlined, it is R.A. No. 6981 (Witness Protection Act), Sec.7
believed that a satisfactory resolution of the
conflicting claims of the parties is achieved. All proceedings involving application for
It is not amiss to state that even matters of admission into the program and the action taken
national security have been inquired into in thereon shall be confidential in nature.
appropriate in camera proceedings by the
courts. In Lansang vs. Garcia this Court held S.C. Circular (A.M. No. 01-10-5-SC-PHILJA)
closed door sessions, with only the
immediate parties and their counsel present, The mediation proceedings and all incidents
to determine claims that because of thereto shall be kept strictly confidential, unless
subversion there was imminent danger to otherwise specifically provided by law, and all
public safety warranting the suspension of admissions or statements made therein shall be
the writ of habeas corpus in 1971. Again in inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.
Marcos vs. Manglapus the Court met behind
closed doors to receive military briefings on Other Privileged Matters:
the threat posed to national security by the
return to the country of the former 1. Newsman’s privilege
President and his family. In the United
States, a similar inquiry into the danger to General Rule: The publisher, editor,
national security as a result of the columnist or duly accredited reporter of any
publication of classified documents on the newspaper, magazine or periodical of general
Vietnam war was upheld by the U.S. circulation cannot be compelled to reveal the
Supreme Court. We see no reason why source of any news report or information
similar safeguards cannot be made to appearing in said publication which was
enable an agency of the Government, like related in confidence to such publisher,
the Office of the Ombudsman, to carry out editor or reporter.
its constitutional duty to protect public
interests while insuring the confidentiality of Exception: When the Court or a House or
classified documents (Almonte vs. Vasquez, Committee of Congress finds that such
G.R. No. 95367, May 23, 1995). revelation is demanded by the security of the
State (R.A. No. 53 as amended by R.A. No. 1477,
The communication shall remainprivileged, even Sec. 1).
in the hands of athird person who may
haveobtained the information,provided that the 2. Rule on Examination of Child Witness
original partiesto the communication
tookreasonable precaution to protect General Rule: The guardian ad litem shall
itsconfidentiality(Rule 130, Sec. 24, last paragraph). not testify in any proceeding concerning any
information, statement, or opinion received
from the child in the course of serving as a
Special Laws with Regard to State Secrets: guardian ad litem.
R.A. No. 7653 (New Central Bank Act), Sec.16 Exception: When the court finds it
necessary to promote the best interests of
General Rule: Non-disclosure of any the child.
information of a confidential nature or any
information on the discussions or resolutions of 3. Election Offenses Under the Omnibus
the Monetary Board. Election Code
Exception: when such data or information is Voters may not be compelled to disclose for
required to be submitted to the President and/or whom they voted [B.P. No. 881, Sec. 261(z)(5)]
Congress, or required to be published.
4.Bar Operations
Secrecy of Bank Deposits
Commissions 653
653
General Rule: No person shall be compelled to
General Rule: All deposits of whatever testify against his or her parents, other direct
nature with banks or banking institutions in ascendants, children or other direct
the Philippines including investments in descendants.
bonds issued by the Government of the
Philippines, its political subdivisions and its Exception: When such testimony is
instrumentalities, are hereby considered as indispensable in a crime against that person or
of an absolutely confidential nature and may by one parent against the other.
not be examined, inquired or looked into by
any person, government official, bureau or Note: There is no distinction between legitimate
office. or illegitimate relations.
654
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
Filial Privilege under Rules of Court vs. formula, pattern, device or compilationof
Filial Privilege Under the Civil Code information that (1) is used in one’s business,
and (2) gives the employer anopportunity to
Distinction Rule 130 Art. 215 of obtain an advantage over competitors who do
Sec.25, as Family Code not possess theinformation.
amended
As to who A person may A descendant may 8.E.3. EXAMINATION OF WITNESS
may not be not be not be compelled
compelled compelled to to testify against
testify against his parents and
The examination of witnesses presented in a
his ascendants grandparents. trial or hearing shall be done in open court, and
or descendants. under oath or affirmation. Unless the witness is
As to Both parental Filial privilege incapacitated to speak, or the questions calls for
Coverage and filial only. a different mode of answer, the answers of the
privilege. witness shall be given orally(Rule 132, Sec. 1).
As to Civil and Criminal cases
Applicability criminal cases only General Rule: Examination of witness
As to When such testimony is indispensable presented in a trial or hearing:
Exceptions in a crime against that person or by
one parent against the other.
1. Done in open court;
2. Under oath or affirmation; and
8.E.2.d. Trade Secrets
3. Answers of the witness shall be given orally.
A person cannot be compelledto testify about
Exceptions:
any trade secret, unless the non-disclosure will
conceal fraud orotherwise work injustice. When
a. a. When the witness is incapacitated to
disclosure is directed, the court shall take
speak; or
suchprotective measure as the interest of the
b. b. When the question calls for a different
owner of the trade secret and of the partiesand
mode of answer.
the furtherance of justice may require (Rule 130,
c. c. In civil cases, by depositions pursuant to
Sec. 26). (n)
and under the limitations of Rules 23 and
24(Regalado, 2008);
General Rule: A person cannot be compelled
d. d. In criminal cases, by depositions or
to testify about any trade secret.
conditional examinations, pursuant to Secs.
12 to 15, Rule 119, and Sec. 1, Rule 123; or,
Exception: The non-disclosure will conceal
by the records of the Preliminary
fraud or otherwise work injustice.
Investigation, under the circumstance of Sec.
1(f) of Rule 115(Regalado, 2008);
Note: When disclosure is directed, the court
e. e. In criminal cases covered by the Rule on
shall take such protective measure as the
Summary Procedure, the affidavits of the
interest of the owner of the trade secret and of
parties shall constitute the direct testimonies
the parties and the furtherance of justice.
of the witnesses who executed the same
(RIANO, Criminal Procedure, 2016 ed., citing Sec.
A trade secret was defined in Air Philippines 15, Rules on Summary Procedure);
Corporation vs. Pennswell, Inc. (G.R. No. 172835, f. f. In civil cases covered by the Rules on
December 13, 2007) “as a plan or process, Summary Procedure, the parties are merely
tool,mechanism or compound known only to its required to submit the affidavits of their
owner and those of his employees towhom it is witnesses and other pieces of evidence on
necessary to confide.” The definition was held to the factual issues, together with their
extend to “a secretformula or process not position papers, setting forth the law and the
patented, but known only to certain individuals facts relied upon (RIANO, Civil Procedure, Vol. I,
using it incompounding some article of trade 2016 ed., citing Sec. 9 Rules on Summary
having a commercial value.” The Court went on Procedure); and Operations
Bar
toexplain that a trade secret may “consist of any
Commissions 655
655
g. g. Under the Judicial Affidavit Rule, the 8.E.3.a. Rights and Obligations of a
judicial affidavit shall take the place of direct Witness
testimonies of witnesses (Sec. 2, Judicial
Affidavit Rule). Obligation of a Witness
Purpose: To enable the court to judge the To answer questions, although his or her answer
credibility of the witness by the witness’ manner may tend to establish a claim against him or
of testifying, his intelligence and her.
demeanor(Francisco).
Rights of a Witness (PI-DDS)
Oath vs. Affirmation
1. 1. To be protected from Irrelevant,
improper, or insulting questions, and from
Oath Affirmation
An appeal by a person to A solemn and formal
harsh or insulting demeanor;
a God to witness the declaration or assertion 2. 2. Not to be Detained longer than the
truth of what he that the witness will tell interests of justice require;
declares, and an the truth, etc., this being 3. 3. Not to be examined except only as to
imprecation of Divine substituted for an oath in matters Pertinent to the issue;
punishment or certain cases. 4. 4. Not to give an answer which will tend to
vengeance upon him if Subject him or her to a penalty for an
what he says is false. offense, unless otherwise provided by law;
and
The One-Day Examination of Witness Rule, 5. 5. Not to give an answer which will tend to
that is, a witness has to be fully examined in Degrade his or her reputation, unless it be to
one (1) day only, shall be strictly adhered to the fact at issue or from which the fact in
subject to the courts' discretion during trial on issue would be presumed of his or her
whether or not to extend the direct and/or previous final conviction for an offense (Rule
cross-examination for justifiable reasons[A.M. No. 132, Sec. 3, as amended).
03-1-09-SC, paragraph 5(i)]. 6.
Note: The exception in number (4) above refers
Most Important Witness Rule to immunity statutes wherein the witness is
granted immunity from criminal prosecution for
The trial judge shall determine the most offenses admitted in his testimony (Section 14,
important witnesses to be heard and limit the R.A. No. 6981 or the Witness Protection Act).
number of witnesses. The facts to be proven by
each witness and the approximate number of Kinds of Immunity Statutes
hours per witness shall be fixed[A.M. No. 03-1-09-
SC, paragraph 5(j)]. Transactional Use-and-Derivative-
Immunity Use Immunity
Grants immunity to the Prohibits the use of
Requisites for transcript to be deemed
witness from prosecution witness' compelled
prima facie a correct statement of the for an offense to which testimony and its fruits in
proceedings: his compelled testimony any manner in
relates (Galman vs. connection with the
a. a. Made by the official stenographer, Pamaran, G.R. Nos. criminal prosecution of
stenotypist or recorder; and 71208-09, August 30, the witness (Galman vs.
b. Certified as correct by him(Rule 132, Sec. 2). 19850). Pamaran, G.R. Nos.
71208-09, August 30,
1985).
Note: The rules now require even the
statements of the judge be recorded. Broader in the scope of A witness is only assured
its protection in the that his or her particular
sense that by its grant, a testimony and evidence
656
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
witness can no longer be derived from it will not Direct examination is the examination-in-chief
prosecuted for any be used against him or of a witness by the party presenting him or her
offense whatsoever her in a subsequent on the facts relevant to the issue (Rule 132, Sec.
arising out of the act or prosecution (Tanchanco 5, as amended).
transaction to which the vs. Sandiganbayan, G.R.
testimony relates Nos. 141675-96, Submission of Judicial Affidavits and
(Tanchanco vs. November 25, 2005).
Exhibits in Lieu of Direct Testimonies
Sandiganbayan, G.R.
Nos. 141675-96, In civil actions, the parties shall file with the
November 25, 2005). court and serve on the adverse party:
A witness need not worry that the oral 1. 1. The judicial affidavits of their witnesses,
examination might subject him or her which shall take the place of such witnesses'
tobadgering by adverse counsel. The trial court’s direct testimonies; and
duty is to protect every witnessagainst 2. 2. The parties' documentary or object
oppressive behavior of an examiner and this is evidence, if any, which shall be attached to
especially true where thewitness is of advanced the judicial affidavits and marked as Exhibits
age (Lee vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 177861, July A, B, C, and so on in the case of the
13, 2010). complainant or the plaintiff, and as Exhibits
1, 2, 3, and so on in the case of the
Testifying in Narrative Form respondent or the defendant (A.M. No. 12-8-8-
SC, Judicial Affidavit Rule, Sec. 2, as amended).
General Rule:The witness’ testimony should be
elicited by way of questions and answers, and
not in the narrative form. The reason is that if Note: Every pleading stating a party's claims or
witness testifies in narrative form, the adverse defenses shall, in addition to those mandated by
party is deprived of the opportunity to object to Rule 7, Sec. 2, state the following:
the testimony beforehand (Riguera).
1. Names of witnesses who will be presented to
prove a party's claim or defense;
Exception:The court may allow the child
2. Summary of the witnesses' intended
witness to testify in a narrative form(A.M. No.
testimonies, provided that the judicial
004-07-SC, Rule on Examination of a Child Witness,
affidavits of said witnesses shall be attached
Sec. 19).
to the pleading and form an integral part
thereof.
Recantation of a Witness
Only witnesses whose judicial affidavits are
Courts must NOT automatically exclude the attached to the pleading shall be presented
original statement based solely on recantation. by the parties during trial. Except if a party
It should determine which statement should be presents meritorious reasons as basis for the
given credence through a comparison of the admission of additional witnesses, no other
original and the new statements, applying the witness or affidavit shall be heard or
general rules of evidence (PLDT vs. Bolso, G.R No. admitted by the court; and
159701, August 17, 2007).
Documentary and object evidence in support
8.E.3.b. Order in the examination of an of the allegations contained in the pleading
individual witness (Rule 7, Sec. 6).(n)
1. Direct examination by the proponent. The Judicial Affidavit Rule shall apply to all
2. Cross-examination by the opponent. criminal actions:
3. Re-direct examination by the proponent.
4. Re-cross-examination by the opponent. a) Where the maximum of the imposable
penalty does not exceed six years;
Bar Operations
Commissions 657
657
b) Where the accused agrees to the use of probably easily intimidated. The questions
judicial affidavits, irrespective of the penalty posed by defense counsel to Michelle
involved; or appear to us to have been long, elaborate
c) With respect to the civil aspect of the and circumlocutious difficult to comprehend
actions, whatever the penalties involved are even for adults. Thus, at one point, the trial
[A.M. No. 12-8-8-SC, Judicial Affidavit Rule, Sec. court directed the defense counsel to
9(a)]. simplify his questions. Defense counsel,
after that directive from the trial court, tried
once more but did not succeed in simplifying
Cross-Examination his questions. Promptly thereafter, defense
counsel ceased cross-examination after
Upon the termination of the direct examination, stating for the record that Michelle was
the witness may be cross-examined by the "unable to answer the question propounded
adverse party on any relevant matter, with by him" and that such counsel would "just
sufficient fullness and freedom to test his or her leave it to the sound discretion of the
accuracy and truthfulness and freedom from honorable court. No further questions." It is
interest or bias, or the reverse, and to elicit all clear to this Court that defense counsel
important facts bearing upon the issue (Rule 132, exercised no substantial effort to present
Sec. 6, as amended). intelligible questions to complaining witness
Michelle Dolorical designed to elicit
Purpose: straightforward answers. We consider that
Michelle in all probability, simply failed to
1. To discredit the witness; grasp some of the questions put to her on
2. To discredit the testimony of the witness; cross-examinations. The defense had made
3. To elicit admissions from a witness; and it very difficult if not practically impossible
4. To clarify certain matters. for her to answer those questions
intelligently and truthfully (People of the
The cross-examination of a witness is a Philippines vs. Guamos, G.R. No. 109662,
prerogative of the party against whom the February 21, 1995).
witness is called. The purpose of cross-
examination is to test the truth or accuracy Scope or Limits of Cross-Examination
of the statements of a witness made on
direct examination. The party against whom The rule on cross-examination has shifted from
the witness testifies may deem any further the American Rule to English Rule.
examination unnecessary and instead rely
on any other evidence theretofore adduced American Rule English Rule
or thereafter to be adduced or on what Commonly known as the Commonly known as the
would be believed is the perception of the “Scope-of-Direct Rule”. “Wide-Open Rule”.
court thereon. Certainly, the trial court is The cross-examination of The witness may be fully
not bound to give full weight to the the witness shall be cross-examined upon all
testimony of a witness on direct limited to the matters matters material to the
taken up in the direct issue, the examination
examination merely because he is not cross-
examination or anything not being confined to the
examined by the other party (People of the
connected therewith. matters inquired about in
Philippines vs. Fabre, G.R. No. 146697, July 23,
the direct examination.
2002).
Witness may be cross-examined by the
In formulating those questions on cross-
adverse party
examination, defense counsel obviously did
not take into account that he was cross-
1. As to any relevant matter;
examining a child of tender age (Michelle
2. With sufficient fullness and freedom, to test
was approximately nine [9] years of age at
his accuracy and truthfulness and freedom
the time she gave her testimony in open
from interest or bias, or the reverse; and
court), susceptible to confusion and
658
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
3. To elicit all important facts bearing upon the cross-examination, may be allowed by the court
issue. in its discretion (Rule 132, Sec. 7, as amended).
Leading question – a question which suggests Misleading question – one which assumes as
to the witness the answer which the examining true a fact not yet testified to by the witness, or
party desires. contrary to that which he has previously stated
(Rule 132, Sec. 10, as amended).
General Rule: Leading questions are NOT
allowed. Note: Misleading questions are never allowed;
there are no exceptions (Ibid.).
Exceptions: (PCAChU-D-ChIFD)
1. On Cross-examination;
2. On Preliminary matters;
3. There is Difficulty in getting direct and 8.E.3.d. Impeachment of Witness
intelligible answers from a witness who is:
a) Ignorant; Impeachment of a witness means to destroy or
b) A Child of tender years; put in doubt the credibility of the witness or his
c) Feeble mind; or testimony. It is not limited to showing that the
d) A Deaf-mute; witness is lying but also to show that witness
may be mistaken in his observation or narration
4. On an Unwilling or hostile witness; (Riguera).
5. Witness is an Adverse party or an officer,
director, or managing agent of a public or Impeachment is an attack against the credibility
private corporation or of a partnership or of a witness (Sheppard v. State, 145 S.E. 654;
association which is an adverse party (Rule Words & Phrases, 1940 ed., Vol. 20, pp. 195, 196). It
132, Sec. 10, as amended). constitutes then a grave challenge to a witness’
6. In all stages of examination of a Child IF the veracity (People vs. Kali, G.R. No. L-1175, December
same will further the interests of justice (Sec. 22, 1948).
20, Rule on Examination of a Child Witness, A.M
No. 004-07 SC). Adverse Party's Witness
660
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
Means of Impeaching Adverse Party’s Witness: predicate has been laid by the party against
(GP-CoCo) whom said witness was called (People of the
Philippines vs. De Guzman, G.R. No. 117217,
a) Contradictory evidence; December 2, 1996).
b) By evidence that his General reputation for
truth, honesty, or integrity is bad; Prior Inconsistent Statements
c) By urior inconsistent statements; or
d) Conviction. General Rule: A witness may be impeached by
evidence contrary to his testimony or by
Note: A witness may not be impeached by involving him in material or serious
evidence of particular wrongful acts, except that contradiction.
it may be shown by the examination of the
witness, or the record of the judgment, that he Exceptions:
or she has been convicted of an offense (Rule
132, Sec. 11, as amended). 1. Where contradictions are natural
concomitants to human limitations;
Contradictory Prior Inconsistent 2. Where contradiction is overcome by the
Evidence Statements probable nature of the witness’ story;
Evidence that the Evidence that the witness 3. Contradiction of aged and ignorant
witness’ testimony is has made at other times witnesses;
wrong or untrue. The statements inconsistent 4. Contradiction in details by confusion,
purpose is not just to with his present
excitement, and fright;
show an inconsistency testimony (Riguera).
but to prove outright that
5. Where discrepancies refer to minor details;
the witness is mistaken and
or lying (Riguera). 6. Where contradictions are satisfactorily
Predicate need not be The predicate must first explained (ANNOTATION: Impeachment of
laid (Riguera). be laid (Riguera). The Witness, 53 SCRA 309, October 23, 1973).
witness needs to be
cross-examined upon the How the Witness is Impeached by Evidence of
point of prior Inconsistent Statements?
contradictory statements.
Unless a ground is thus 1. The statements must be related to the
laid upon cross-
witness, with the circumstances of the times
examination, evidence of
contradictory statements
and places and the persons present.
are not admissible to 2. the witness must be asked whether he made
impeach a witness such statements, and if so, he must be
(People vs. Badilla,G.R. allowed to explain them.
No. L-23792, February 3. If the statements are in writing, they must
17, 1926). be shown to the witness before any question
is put to him concerning them (Rule 132, Sec.
Laying the predicate means that it is the 14).
duty of a party trying to impugn the
testimony of a witness by means of prior or The witness must be given a chance to
subsequent inconsistent statements, recollect and to explain the apparent
whether oral or in writing, to give the inconsistency between his two statements
witness a chance to reconcile his conflicting and state the circumstances under which
declaration (People of the Philippines vs. they were made. This Court held in People
Relucio,G.R. Nos. 132484-85, November 15, vs. Escosura that the statements of a
2002). witness prior to her present testimony
cannot serve as basis for impeaching her
A witness cannot be impeached by evidence credibility unless her attention was directed
of contradictory or prior inconsistent to the inconsistencies or discrepancies and
statements until the proper foundation or Bar Operations
she was given an opportunity to
Commissions 661
661
explain said inconsistencies (People of the d) By showing bias, interest or hostile feeling
Philippines vs. Castellano, G.R. No. 139412, 400 against the adverse party (Herrera, 1999).
SCRA 401, April 2, 2003).
Impeaching a Witness By Evidence of
Witness ADMITS the Witness DENIES the
Making of Making of Conviction of Crime.
Contradictory Contradictory
Statements Statements General Rule:
The accused has the The accused has the
benefit of the right to prove that the The witness may be impeached if he or she has
admission, while the witness made such been convicted by final judgment of:
witness has the statement.
opportunity to explain a) A crime punishable by a penalty in excess of
the discrepancy, if he If the fiscal should one year; or
can (People vs refuse, upon due notice,
Castillano G.R No. b) A crime involving moral turpitude, regardless
to produce the
139412, April 2, 2003). document, secondary of penalty.
evidence of the contents
thereof would be Exceptions: If the conviction has been the
admissible (People vs subject of an amnesty or annulment of the
Castillano, G.R No. conviction (Rule 132, Sec. 12).(n)
139412, April 2, 2003).
Impeaching a Party’s Own Witness
Falsus in Uno, Falsus in Omnibus General Rule: The party producing a witness is
NOT allowed to impeach his credibility.
The maxim falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus
deals only with the weight of evidence and is Exceptions: When the witness is: (UHA)
not a positive rule of law; the rule is not an
inflexible one of universal application. Modern a) An Unwilling witness;
trend in jurisprudence favors more flexibility b) A Hostile witness; or
when the testimony of a witness may be partly c) An Adverse party or an officer, director, or
believed and partly disbelieved depending on managing agent of a public or private
the corroborative evidence presented at the corporation or of a partnership or association
trial. Thus, where the challenged testimony is which is an adverse party (Rule 132, Sec. 13).
sufficiently corroborated in its material points, or
where the mistakes arise from innocent lapses Note: A witness may be considered as unwilling
and not from an apparent desire to pervert the or hostile only if so declared by the court upon
truth, the rule may be relaxed. It is a rule that is adequate showing of his or her: (MAU)
neither absolute nor mandatory and binding
upon the court, which may accept or reject a) Adverse interest;
portions of the witness testimony based on its b) Unjustified reluctance to testify; or
inherent credibility or on the corroborative c) Having Misled the party into calling him or
evidence in the case (People vs. Lucena, G.R. No. her to the witness stand.
137281, April 3, 2001).
An unwilling or hostile witness may also be
Other Modes of Impeaching a Witness: impeached and cross-examined by the adverse
party, but such cross-examination must only be
a) By involving him during cross-examination in on the subject matter of his or her examination-
contradiction; in-chief (Rule 132, Sec. 13, as amended).
b) By showing the impossibility or improbability
of his testimony; 8.E.3.e. Referral of Witness to
c) By proving action or conduct of the witness Memorandum
inconsistent with his testimony; or
662
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
Present Recollection Revived from his now refreshed
memory.
A witness may be allowed to refresh his or her It is the testimony of the It is the writing itself, not
memory respecting a fact, by anything written witness, not the memory the oral testimony, that
aid, that serves as the becomes the evidence.
or recorded by himself or herself or under his or
evidence.
her direction at the time when the fact occurred,
The witness simply Witness must swear that
or immediately thereafter, or at any other time testifies that he knows the writing correctly
when the fact was fresh in his or her memory that the memorandum is states the transaction.
and he or she knew that the same was correctly correctly written by him
written or recorded. or under his direction; no
need to swear.
Note: The writing or record must be produced
and may be inspected by the adverse party, 8.E.3.f. Examination of a Child Witness
who may, if he or she chooses, cross-examine (A.M. NO. 004-07-SC, November 21, 2000)
the witness upon it, and may read it in evidence
(Rule 132, Sec. 16, as amended). Applicability of the rule
Past Recollection Recorded General Rule: This Rule shall apply in all
criminal proceedings and non-criminal
A witness may testify from such a writing or proceedings involving child witnesses.
record, though he or she retain no recollection
of the particular facts, if he or she is able to This Rule shall govern the examination of child
swear that the writing or record correctly stated witnesses who are: (VAW)
the transaction when made.
1. Victims of crime;
Note: Such evidence must be received with 2. Accused of a crime; and
caution (Rule 132, Sec. 16, as amended). 3. Witnesses to crime.
Present Recollection Past Recollection General Rule: A “child witness” is any person
Revived Recorded who at the time of giving testimony is below the
The memory of the The witness fails to have age of eighteen (18) years, and
witness is obscure but her memory refreshed
there is still memory. after being presented Exception: In child abuse cases, a child
The witne with the writing. includes one over eighteen (18) years but is
ss is presented the found by the court as unable to fully take care
memorandum or record of himself or protect himself from abuse,
with the expectation that
neglect, cruelty, exploitation, or discrimination
it will jog his memory so
that the he can testify Bar Operations
Commissions 663
663
because of a physical or mental disability or 3. Persons allowed at competency
condition [Sec. 4(a)]. examination. Only the following are
allowed to attend a competency
Guardian ad Litem examination:
a. The judge and necessary court
A “guardian ad litem” is a person appointed by personnel;
the court where the case is pending for a child b. The counsel for the parties;
who is a victim of, accused of, or a witness to a c. The guardian ad litem;
crime to protect the best interests of the said d. One or more support persons for the
child [Sec. 4(e)]. child; and
e. The defendant, unless the court
Relative Disqualification of Guardian ad determines that competence can be fully
Litem evaluated in his absence.
The guardian ad litem shall not testify in any 4. Conduct of examination. - Examination
proceeding concerning any information, of a child as to his competence shall be
statement, or opinion received from the child in conducted only by the judge. Counsel for
the course of serving as a guardian ad litem, the parties, however, can submit questions
unless the court finds it necessary to promote to the judge that he may, in his discretion,
the best interests of the child [Sec. 5(e)]. ask the child.
664
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
Note: The party who presents a child witness or fact, conclusion, or judgment subject to the
the guardian ad litem of such child witness may, standard of proof required in criminal and non-
however, move the court to allow him to testify criminal cases.
in the manner provided in this Rule (Sec. 8).
Live-Link Television Testimony of a Child
Witness
Mode of Questioning
When Applicable
The court shall exercise control over the
questioning of children so as to: In a criminal case where a child is a witness or a
victim, the prosecutor, counsel or the guardian
1. Facilitate the ascertainment of the truth; ad litem may apply for an order that the
2. Ensure that questions are stated in a form testimony of the child be taken in a room
appropriate to the developmental level of the outside the courtroom and be televised to the
child; courtroom by live-link television.
3. Protect children from harassment or undue
embarrassment; and Application by Guardian ad Litem
4. Avoid waste of time (Sec. 19).
General Rule: Before the guardian ad litem
Testifying in Narrative Form applies for an order under this section, he shall
consult the prosecutor or counsel and shall defer
The court may allow the child witness to testify to the judgment of the prosecutor or counsel
in a narrative form (Sec. 19). regarding the necessity of applying for an order.
The judge may exclude any person, including Exclusion of the Accused
the accused, whose presence or conduct causes
fear to the child [Sec. 25(d)]. If the order of the court is based on evidence
that the child is unable to testify in the physical
Videotaped Deposition of a Child Witness presence of the accused, the court may direct
the latter to be excluded from the room in which
Who may apply the deposition is conducted. In case of exclusion
of the accused, the court shall order that the
The prosecutor, counsel, or guardian ad litem testimony of the child be taken by live-link
may apply for an order that a deposition be television in accordance with Section 25 of this
taken of the testimony of the child and that it be Rule. If the accused is excluded from the
recorded and preserved on videotape [Sec. deposition, it is not necessary that the child be
27(a)]. able to view an image of the accused [Sec.
27(e)].
Before the guardian ad litem applies for an
order under this section, he shall consult with Videotape Deposition in Lieu of Testimony
the prosecutor or counsel subject to the second at the Trial
and third paragraphs of section 25(a) .
The court may admit into evidence the
When applicable videotaped deposition of the child in lieu of his
testimony at the trial if at the time of trial, the
If the court finds that the child will not be able court finds that the child is:
to testify in open court at trial, it shall issue an
order that the deposition of the child be taken a) Unable to testify for a reason stated in
and preserved by videotape [Sec. 27(b)]. Section 25(f) of this Rule; or
b) Unavailable for any reason described in
Conduct of Deposition Section 4(c), Rule 23 of the 1997 Rules of
Civil Procedure [Sec. 27(i)].
The judge shall preside at the videotaped
deposition of a child. Objections to deposition Note: The court shall issue an order stating the
testimony or evidence, or parts thereof, and the reasons therefor.
grounds for the objection shall be stated and
shall be ruled upon at the time of the taking of Hearsay Exception in Child Abuse Cases
the deposition [Sec. 27(c)].
A statement made by a child describing any act
or attempted act of child abuse, not otherwise
666
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
admissible under the hearsay rule, may be c) Will be Exposed to severe psychological
admitted in evidence in any criminal or non- injury; or
criminal proceeding (Sec. 28). d) Is Absent from the hearing and the
proponent of his statement has been unable
Rules in Admitting Hearsay Statement to procure his attendance by process or
other reasonable means [Sec. 28(c)].
Before such hearsay statement may be
admitted, its proponent shall make known to the When the child witness is unavailable, his
adverse party the intention to offer such hearsay testimony shall be admitted only if
statement and its particulars to provide him a corroborated by other admissible evidence [Sec.
fair opportunity to object. If the child is 28(d)].
available, the court shall, upon motion of the
adverse party, require the child to be present at Sexual Abuse Shield Rule
the presentation of the hearsay statement for
cross-examination by the adverse party. When General Rule: The following evidence is not
the child is unavailable, the fact of such admissible in any criminal proceeding involving
circumstance must be proved by the alleged child sexual abuse:
proponent[Sec. 28(a)].
1. Evidence offered to prove that the alleged
Ruling on the Admissibility victim engaged in other sexual behavior; and
2. Evidence offered to prove the sexual
In ruling on the admissibility of such hearsay predisposition of the alleged victim [Sec.
statement, the court shall consider the time, 30(a)].
content and circumstances thereof which
provide sufficient indicia of reliability. It shall Exception: Evidence of specific instances of
consider the following factors: sexual behavior by the alleged victim to prove
that a person other than the accused was the
1. Whether there is a motive to lie; source of semen, injury, or other physical
2. The general character of the declarant child; evidence shall be admissible [Sec. 30(b)].
3. Whether more than one person heard the
statement; Procedure
4. Whether the statement was spontaneous;
5. The timing of the statement and the A party intending to offer such evidence must:
relationship between the declarant child and
witness; 1. File a written motion at least fifteen (15)
6. Cross-examination could not show the lack of days before trial, specifically describing the
knowledge of the declarant child; evidence and stating the purpose for which it
7. The possibility of faulty recollection of the is offered, unless the court, for good cause,
declarant child is remote; and requires a different time for filing or permits
8. The circumstances surrounding the filing during trial; and
statement are such that there is no reason to
suppose the declarant child misrepresented 2. Serve the motion on all parties and the
the involvement of the accused [Sec. 28(b)]. guardian ad litem at least three (3) days
before the hearing of the motion.
Unavailable Child Witness
Before admitting such evidence, the court must
The child witness shall be considered conduct a hearing in chambers and afford the
unavailable if the child: (SEx-DAb) child, his guardian ad litem, the parties, and
their counsel a right to attend and be heard.
a) Is Deceased; The motion and the record of the hearing must
b) Suffers from physical infirmity, lack of be sealed and remain under seal and protected
memory, mental illness; byBar Operations
a protective order set forth in section 31(b).
Commissions 667
667
The child shall not be required to testify at the 110290, January 25,
hearing in chambers except with his consent 1995).
(Sec. 30). There is merely a There is an
statement of fact not acknowledgment of guilt
Confidentiality of Records directly involving an (Ladiana vs. People, G.R.
acknowledgment of guilt No. 144293, December 4,
or of the criminal intent 2002).
General Rule: to commit the offense
with which one is
Any record regarding a child shall be confidential charged (Ladiana vs.
and kept under seal. record shall only be People, G.R. No. 144293,
released to the following: (PD-GAMOt) December 4, 2002).
May be made by a third Can be made only by the
1. Members of the court staff for administrative person party himself
use; May be express or Must be in express terms
2. The Prosecuting attorney; implied
3. Defense counsel;
4. The Guardian ad litem; Classifications of Admissions:
5. Agents of investigating law enforcement
agencies; and 1. Judicial Admissions
6. Other persons as determined by the court. a. Formal judicial admissions; and
b. Informal judicial admissions
Exception: Upon written request and order of
the court [Sec. 31(a)]. 2. Extrajudicial Admissions
a. Express extrajudicial admissions; and
Note: Whoever publishes or causes to be b. Implied extrajudicial admissions
published in any format the name, address,
telephone number, school, or other identifying A formal judicial admission is a party’s own,
information of a child who is or is alleged to be deliberate, clear, and unequivocal statement
a victim or accused of a crime or a witness about a material fact. Once made, the
thereof, or an immediate family of the child shall statement cannot be contradicted and is
be liable to the contempt power of the court therefore conclusively bound to the party.
[Sec. 31(d)].
The rule is that the testimony on the
8.E.4. ADMISSIONS AND CONFESSIONS witness stand partakes of the nature of a
formal judicial admission when a party
Admission is an act, declaration or omission of a testifies clearly and unequivocally to a fact
party as to a relevant fact (Rule 130, Sec. 27). which is peculiarly within his own
knowledge(Republic vs. Sandiganbayan, G.R.
Confession is a categorical acknowledgement of No. 152154, July 15, 2003).
guilt made by an accused of the offense
charged or any offense necessarily included Informal judicial admissions are facts that
therein (Rule 130, Sec. 34). are “incidentally” admitted during the judicial
proceeding and are simply regarded as a piece
Admission Confession of evidence that is not binding or conclusive.
An acknowledgment of An acknowledgment in Similar to any other form of evidence, informal
some fact or express terms, by a party admissions are subject to contradiction or
circumstance which in in a criminal case, of his explanation.
itself is insufficient to guilt of the crime
authorize a conviction, charged (People vs. Express extrajudicial admissions are those
and which tends only to Agustin, G.R. No. made in definite, certain and unequivocal
establish the ultimate 110290, January 25,
manner.
fact of guilt (People vs. 1995).
Agustin, G.R. No.
668
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
Implied extrajudicial admissions are those “hearsay” (People vs. Singco, G.R. No. 188130, July
which may be inferred from the act, conduct, 26, 2010).
declaration, silence or omission of a party
(Herrera). Self-serving statements are those made by a
party out of court advocating his own interest;
Admissions that are admissible against a they do not include a party’s testimony as a
party: (PACo-ACo-Si-JC) witness in court. Self-serving statements are
inadmissible because the adverse party is not
1. Admissions Against interest (Rule 130, Sec. given the opportunity for cross-examination, and
27); their admission would encourage fabrication of
2. Compromises (Rule 130, Sec. 28); testimony. This cannot be said of a party’s
3. Exceptions to Res Inter Alios Acta: testimony in court made under oath, with full
a. Co-partner’s admissions (Rule 130, Sec. opportunity on the part of the opposing party
30); for cross-examination(People vs. Singco, G.R. No.
b. Agent’s admissions (Rule 130, Sec. 30); 188130, July 26, 2010).
c. Admissions by a Joint owner, joint debtor,
or other person jointly interested with the
party (Rule 130, Sec. 30);
d. Co-conspirator’s statements (Rule 130,
Sec. 31);
e. Admission by Privies (Rule 130, Sec. 32);
and
4. Admission by Silence (Rule 130, Sec. 33) Extrajudicial Admission and Judicial
Admission, Distinguished
8.E.4.a. Admission by a Party Extrajudicial Judicial
Admission Admission
The act, declaration or omission of a party as to Made outside of the Made in the course of the
a relevant fact may be given in evidence against proceedings in the same proceedings in the same
him. His admission is, however, not admissible case. case.
in his favor because it would be self-serving Must be offered in Need not be offered in
evidence. evidence in order to be evidence since they
considered by the court. already form part of the
records.
An admission may be in the form of: (ASO)
May be given in evidence Not only is it evidence
against the admitter. against the admitter but
a. An Act; is binding upon him.
b. A Statement or declaration; or May be contradicted by May not be contradicted
c. An Omission (Riguera). the admitter. by the admitter except
upon showing that the
Elements for an Admission to be admission was made
Admissible: (FACK) through palpable mistake
or that the imputed
1. 1. Must involve matters of Fact, not of law; admission was not, in
fact, made.
2. 2. Must be Categorical and definite;
(Riguera)
3. 3. Must be Knowingly and voluntarily made;
and, The admission having been made in a
4. 4.Must be Adverse to the admitter’s interest. stipulation of facts at pre-trial by the parties,
Otherwise, it would be self-serving and it must be treated as a judicial admission.
generally inadmissible. Under Section, 4 Rule 129 of the Rules of
Court, a judicial admission requires no proof
The common objection known as “self-serving” (SCC Chemicals Corporation vs. Court of Appeals,
is not correct because almost all testimonies are Bar
G.R. No. 128538,Operations
February 28, 2001).
self-serving. The proper basis for objection is
Commissions 669
669
A party who judicially admits a fact cannot Civil Cases Criminal Cases
later challenge the fact as judicial General Rule: General Rule:
admissions are a waiver of proof; The following are An offer of compromise by
neither admissions of the accused may be
production of evidence is dispensed with. A
guilt nor admissible in received in evidence as an
judicial admission also removes an evidence: (PESO) implied admission of guilt.
admitted fact from the field of controversy. 1.Offer of
Consequently, an admission made in the compromise;
pleadings cannot be controverted by the 2.Evidence of Exceptions:
party making such admission and are conduct; (PAWUK-AQu)
conclusive as to such party, and all proofs 3.Statements made
to the contrary or inconsistent therewith in compromise 1. Those involving Quasi-
should be ignored, whether objection is negotiations; and offenses;
4. Offer to pay or the 2. Those Allowed by law
interposed by the party or not. The
Payment of to be compromised
allegations, statements or admissions medical, hospital
contained in a pleading are conclusive as (i.e. Tax Cases);
or other expenses 3. Plea of guilty later
against the pleader. A party cannot occasioned by the Withdrawn;
subsequently take a position contrary of or injury. 4. As Unaccepted offer of
inconsistent with what was pleaded a plea of guilty to a
(Constantino vs. Heirs of Costantino, Jr., G.R. Exceptions: lesser offense;
No. 181508, October 2, 2013). (DA-PNP) 5. An offer or Payment of
a) When the evidence medical, hospital or
The extrajudicial admission or confession of is otherwise other expenses
a co-conspirator out of court is different Discoverable; or occasioned by an
b) When the evidence injury; and
from the testimony given by a co-accused
is offered for 6. Those covered by the
during trial. The first is admissible against Another purpose, KatarungangPambaran
the declarant alone, but the second is such as: gay Law.
perfectly admissible against his co-accused’ i.Proving bias or
who had the right and opportunity to cross- prejudice of a
examine the declarant (People of the witness;
Philippines vs. Flores, G.R. No. 71980, March 18, ii. Negativing a
1991). contention of
undue delay; or
Party Admission and Declaration Against iii. Proving an
Interest, Distinguished effort to
obstruct a
criminal
Party Declaration Against
investigation of
Admission Interest
prosecution.
Made by party. Made by a non-party, i.e.
(Rule 130, Sec. 28, as amended)
the declarant.
Need not be against the Must be against the
Reason Compromise is Allowed in Civil
admitter’s interest. declarant’s interest.
Not hearsay and thus Hearsay but admissible Cases: It is the policy of the law to favor the
admissible. as an exception to the settlement of disputes, to foster compromises
hearsay rule. and to promote peace (Genato vs. Silapan, Adm.
No requirement that the The declarant must be Case. No. 4078, July 14, 2003).
admitter is dead or dead or unable to testify.
unable to testify. If a party denies the existence of a debt but
Admissible only against Admissible against the offers to pay the same for the purpose of buying
the admitter. declarant and third peace and avoiding litigation, the offer of
persons. settlement is inadmissible. If in the course
(Riguera) thereof, the party making the offer admits the
existence of an indebtedness combined with a
Offer of Compromise proposal to settle the claim amicably, then, the
670
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
admission is admissible to prove such There are two (2) branches of the rule of res
indebtedness (Tan vs. Rodil Enterprises, G.R. No. inter alios acta, namely:
168071, December 18, 2006).
1. Admission by Third Party – The rule that
Note: An offer of compromise that may be the rights of a party cannot be prejudiced
considered an implied admission need NOT be by an act, declaration, or omission or
made by the accused himself, it may be made another (Rule 130, Sec. 29, as amended); and
by his lawyer or relatives, provided it is made
with the consent of the accused or with his 2. Previous Conduct as Evidence – The
knowledge and he does not stop it. rule that evidence that one did or did not
do a certain thing at one time is not
For a compromise to amount to an implied admissible to prove that he or she did or
admission of guilt, the accused should have did not do the same or a similar thing at
been present or at least authorized the another time (Rule 130, Sec. 35, as amended).
proposed compromise (People vs. Erguiza, G.R. No.
171348, November 26, 2008).
The reason for this Rule is to promote and The reason for the rule is that, on a principle of
encourage humanitarian acts or charitable good faith and mutual convenience, a man’s
responses rather than discourage or penalize own acts are binding upon himself, and are
them. Otherwise, someone who may just want evidence against him. So are his conduct and
to help might hold back for fear that doing so declarations. Yet it would not only be rightly
will be taken as a sign of guilt (Regalado). inconvenient, but also manifestly unjust, that a
man should be bound by the acts of mere
Unaccepted Offer unauthorized strangers; and if a party ought not
to be bound by the acts of strangers, neither
An offer in writing to pay a particular sum of ought their acts oo conduct be used as evidence
money or to deliver a written instrument or against him (People vs. Raquel, G.R. No. 119005
specific personal property, if rejected without December 2, 1996, as cited in People vs. Cui, G.R.
valid cause, is equivalent to the actual No. 121982, September 10, 1999).
production and tender of the money,
instrument, or property (Rule 130, Sec. 26). The res inter alios acta rule refers only to
extrajudicial declarations or admissions and not
8.E.4.b. Res Inter Alios Acta Rule to testimony given on the witness postand
where the party adversely affected has the
“Res inter alios acta alterinocere non opportunity to cross-examine the declarant
debet” (People vs. Comiling, G.R. No. 140405, March 4,
“Things done between strangers ought not to 2004).
injure those who are not parties to them.”
Bar
Exceptions: Operations
(CoCo-JAP)
Commissions 671
671
1. Admission by a Co-partner (Rule 130, sec. 30, It is well established that the statements and
as amended); admissions of an agent are properly admissible
2. Admission by an Agent (Rule 130, sec. 30, as in evidence against the principal if they qualify
amended); as vicarious admissions (Wigmore).
3. Admission by a Joint owner, joint debtor, or
other person jointly interested with the party The same rule applies to the act or declaration
(Rule 130, sec. 30, as amended); of a joint owner, joint debtor, or other person
4. Admission by a Co-conspirator (Rule 130, Sec. jointly interested with the party (Rule 130, Sec.
31, as amended); and 30, as amended)
5. Admission by Privies (Rule 130, Sec. 32, as
amended). 8.E.4.e. Admission by a Conspirator
In order that a declaration of one party to a Privies are those who have mutual or successive
conspiracy or common enterprise may be relationship to the same right of property or
received against another, it is necessary that subject matter.
such declaration should relate to the common
object and be made while declarant is engaged By the term "privies" is meant those
in carrying it out. Statements concerning past between whom an action is deemed
transactions are not within the usual scope of binding although they are not literally
the agency conferred by the unity of purpose, parties to the said action. Privity in estate
and hence a declaration by a conspirator, made denotes the privity between assignor and
after the common purpose has been assignee, donor and donee, grantor and
accomplished or the common enterprise grantee, joint tenant for life and
abandoned, is incompetent against his remainderman or reversioner and their
associates (ANNOTATION: The Inter Alios Acta Rule respective assignees, vendor by deed of
Revisited, 331 SCRA 562, May 09, 2000). warranty and a remote vendee or assignee.
A privy in estate is one, it has been said,
The extra-judicial statements of an accused who derives his title to the property in
implicating a co-accused may not be utilized question by purchase; one who takes by
against the latter, unless these are repeated in conveyance(Constantino vs. Heirs of
open court. If the accused never had the Costantino, Jr., G.R. No. 181508, October 2,
opportunity to cross-examine his co-accused on 2013).
the extra-judicial statements, it is elementary
that the same are hearsay as against said Kinds of Privies:
accused. That is exactly the situation, and the
disadvantaged plight of appellants, in the case Those arising from
at bar (People vs. Cui, G.R. No. 121982, September
10, 1999). a) Contract;
b) Law – e.g. Succession; or
The rule that the statement of a conspirator c) Blood – e.g. Father and son
relating to the conspiracy is not admissible in
evidence unless the conspiracy is first shown by Requisites: (ADO-HI )
other independent evidence, applies only to an
admission in an extrajudicial confession or 1. Act, Declaration, or Omission is made by a
declaration. It does not apply to a testimony predecessor-in-interest;
given directly in court where the defendants 2. Act, declaration, or omission is made while
have the opportunity to cross-examine the Holding the title in relation to the property;
declarant. Provided it is sincere in itself, given and,
unhesitatingly and in a straightforward manner, 3. Act, declaration, or omission must be In
and full of details which by their nature could relation to the property.
not have been the result of deliberate
afterthought, the testimony of a co-conspirator, Exceptions:
even if uncorroborated, is sufficient (People of the
Philippines vs. Flores, G.R. No. 71980, March 18, a) Where the declarations are made in the
1991).
presence of the transferee and he acquiesce
in the statement or asserts no right where he
8.E.4.f. Admission by privies ought to speak;
Bar Operations
Commissions 673
673
b) Where there has been prima facie case of An adoptive admission is a party’s reaction to a
fraud established, as where the possession of statement or action by another person when it is
the thing after the transfer remains with the reasonable to treat the party’s reaction as an
seller or transferor; or admission of something stated or implied by the
c) Where the evidence establishes a continuing other person. Where it appears that a party
conspiracy to defraud. clearly and unambiguously assented to or
adopted the statements of another, evidence of
8.E.4.g. Admission by silence those statements is admissible against him
(Republic vs. Kenrick Development Corporation, G.R.
An act or declaration made in the presence and No. 149576, August 8, 2006).
within the hearing or observation of a party who
does or says nothing when the act or
declaration is such as naturally to call for action Adoptive admission may occur when a
or comment if not true, and when proper and party:
possible for him or her to do so, may be given in
evidence against him or her (Rule 130, Sec. 33, as a) expressly agrees to or concurs in an oral
amended). statement made by another;
b) hears a statement and later on essentially
Basis is the Latin maxim is “Qui tacet repeats it;
consentireveditur”, meaning “He who is silent c) utters an acceptance or builds upon the
appears to consent.” assertion of another;
d) replies by way of rebuttal to some specific
The natural instinct of man impels him to resist points raised by another but ignores further
an unfounded claim and defend himself. It is points which he or she has heard the other
against human nature to just remain reticent make; or
and say nothing in the face of false accusations e) reads and signs a written statement made by
(People v. Castañeda, G.R. No. 208290, Dec. 11, another (Republic vs. Kenrick Development
2013). Corporation, G.R. No. 149576, August 8, 2006).
1. The party must have heard or Observed the Confession is a categorical acknowledgement of
act or declaration of the other person; guilt made by an accused of the offense charged
2. He must have had the Opportunity to deny or any offense necessarily included therein (Rule
it; 130, Sec. 34).
3. He must have Understood the act or
declaration; The declaration of an accused
4. He must have an Interest to object as he acknowledging his guilt of the offense
would naturally have done if the act or charged, or of any offense necessarily
declaration was not true; included therein, may be given in evidence
5. The facts are within his Knowledge; and against him.
6. The fact admitted or the inference to be
drawn from his silence is Material to the A confession is an acknowledgment in
issue (Pamplona vs. Cueto, G.R. No. 204735, express terms, by a party in a criminal
February 19, 2018). case, of his guilt of the crime charged,
while an admission is a statement by the
Silence during custodial investigation is not accused, direct or implied, of facts
admission by silence as he has the right to pertinent to the issue, and tending, in
remain silent during that stage (People v. connection with proof of other facts, to
Guillen, G.R. No. 191756, Nov. 25, 2013). prove his guilt. In other words, an
admission is something less than a
Doctrine of Adoptive Admission confession, and is but an acknowledgment
of some fact or circumstance which in itself
674
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
is insufficient to authorize a conviction, and formal or informal in character. It may be
which tends only to establish the ultimate recorded on video tape, sound motion
fact of guilt (People of the Philippines vs. pictures, or tape (Id.).
Lorenzo, G.R. No. 110107, January 26, 1995
citing Wharton). Kinds of Confession:
The rationale for the admissibility of a Judicial confession is one made before a
confession is that if it is made freely and court in which the case is pending and in the
voluntarily, a confession constitutes evidence of course of legal proceedings therein, and by
a high order since it is supported by the strong itself, can sustain a conviction even in capital
presumption that no sane person or one of offenses.
normal mind will deliberately and knowingly
confess himself to be the perpetrator of a Extrajudicial confession is one made in any
crime, unless prompted by truth and other place or occasion.
conscience (People vs. Satorre, G.R. No. 133858,
August 12, 2003). General Rule: An extrajudicial confession
cannot sustain a conviction.
Note: Confessions are presumed to be
voluntary and the onus is on the defense to Exception: When it is corroborated by
prove that it was involuntary for having been evidence of the corpus delicti (Rule 133, Sec. 3).
obtained by violence, intimidation, threat,
promise of reward or leniency (People vs. Garcia, Note that what must be corroborated is the
G.R. No. L-8298, May 29, 1957).
extrajudicial confession and not the
testimony of the person to whom the
Requisites for Admissibility of confession is made, and the corroborative
Confessions: evidence required is not the testimony of
another person who heard the confession
1. Express and categorical acknowledgment of but the evidence of corpus delicti. Except
guilt; when expressly required by law, the
2. Facts admitted are constitutive of the testimony of a single person, if credible
criminal offense; and positive and if it satisfies the court as
3. Voluntarily given; to the guilt of the accused beyond
4. Intelligently made; and, reasonable doubt, is sufficient to convict.
5. There is no violation of Art. III, Sec. 3 of In determining the value and credibility of
the Constitution (Rights of the Accused) evidence, witnesses are to be weighed, not
(People vs. Racquel, G.R. No. 119005, December
2, 1996).
numbered (People of the Philippines vs.
Lorenzo, G.R. No. 110107, January 26, 1995).
The basic test for the validity of a confession is
Requisites for Admissibility of
was it voluntarily and freely made. The term
Extrajudicial Confessions: (RI-VICE)
voluntary means that the accused speaks of his
free will and accord, without inducement of any
1. Express and categorical acknowledgment of
kind, and with a full and complete knowledge
guilt;
of the nature and consequences of the
2. Facts admitted are Constitutive of the
confession, and when the speaking is so free
criminal offense;
from influences affecting the will of the
3. Voluntarily given;
accused, at the time the confession was made,
4. Intelligently made;
that it renders it admissible in evidence against
5. Any extrajudicial confession made by a
him (People vs. Satorre, G.R. No. 133858, August
12, 2003).
person arrested, detained or under
custodial investigation shall be in writing
A confession is not required to be in any and signed by such person In the presence
particular form. It may be oral or written, Barof his counsel Operations
or in the latter's
Commissions 675
675
absence, upon a valid waiver [R.A. No. 3. Where the accused admitted the facts
7438, Sec. 2(d)]; stated by the confessant after being
6. There is no violation of Art. III, Sec. 12 of apprised of such confession;
the Constitution (Rights of the accused) 4. If they are charged as co-conspirators of
(People vs. Racquel, G.R. No. 119005, December the crime which was confessed by one of
2, 1996). the accused and said confession is used
only as corroborating evidence;
Note: Even if the confession may appear to 5. Where the confession is used as
have been given voluntarily since the circumstantial evidence to show the
confessant did not file charges against his probability of participation by the
alleged intimidators for maltreatment, the conspirator;
failure to properly inform a suspect of his rights 6. When the confessant testified for his co-
during a custodial investigation renders the defendant; and
confession valueless and inadmissible (People 7. Where the co-conspirator’s extrajudicial
vs. Sayaboc, G.R. No. 147201, January 15, 2004). confession is corroborated by other
evidence of record (ANNOTATION: The Inter
In the present case, while it is undisputed Alios Acta Rule Revisited, 331 SCRA 562, May
that petitioner gave an uncounselled 09, 2000).
written statement regarding an anomaly
discovered in the branch he managed, the Note: Any confession or admission obtained in
following are clear: (1) the questioning was violation of Sections 12 and 17, Article III of
not initiated by a law enforcement the 1987 Constitution shall be inadmissible as
authority but merely by an internal affairs evidence against the confessor or admitter.
manager of the bank; and, (2) petitioner
was neither arrested nor restrained of his Illegal confessions and admissions are
liberty in any significant manner during the inadmissible against the confessant or the
questioning. Clearly, petitioner cannot be admitter but are admissible against the persons
said to be under custodial investigation and who violated the constitutional prohibition in
to have been deprived of the constitutional obtaining such illegal confessions on
prerogative during the taking of his written admissions.
statement (Tenenggee vs. People, G.R. No.
179448, June 26, 2013). 8.E.4.i. Similar Acts as Evidence
Corpus delicti refers to a particular crime and General Rule: Evidence that one did or did
signifies that the specific offense had been not do a certain thing at one time is not
actually committed by someone. admissible to prove that he or she did or did
not do the same or similar thing at another
General Rule: An extrajudicial confession is time.
admissible against the confessor only. It is
incompetent evidence against his co-accused Exception:
for being hearsay and because of the res inter
alios acta rule. It may be received to prove a specific: (I-
SKIP-SCHUL)
Exceptions: When admissible against the co-
defendants 1. Intent;
2. Knowledge;
1. If the co-defendants impliedly acquiesced in 3. Identity;
or adopted said confession; 4. Plan;
2. Interlocking confessions – if the accused 5. System;
persons voluntarily and independently 6. Scheme;
executed identical confession without 7. Habit
collusion and corroborated by other 8. Custom; or
evidence;
676
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
9. Usage; and
10.The Like (Rule 130, Sec. 35, as amended). 8.E.4.j. Admissibility of Offers of
Compromise
While lying may constitute a habit, we
believe that the falsehoods committed by Offer of Compromise
Lorielyn, assuming them for the moment to
be true, are petty and inconsequential. Civil Cases Criminal Cases
They are not as serious as charging one's General Rule: General Rule:
own father of the sordid crime of rape, The following are An offer of compromise by
with all of its serious repercussions (People neither admissions of the accused may be
of the Philippines vs. Nardo, G.R. No. 133888, guilt nor admissible in received in evidence as an
March 1, 2001). evidence: (PESO) implied admission of guilt.
1.Offer of
compromise;
Evidence is not admissible when it shows, 2.Evidence of Exceptions:
or tends to show, that the accused in a conduct; (PAWUK-AQu)
criminal case has committed a crime 3.Statements made
independent from the offense for which he in compromise 1. Those involving Quasi-
is on trial. A man may be a notorious negotiations; and offenses;
criminal, and may have committed many 4. Offer to pay or the 2. Those Allowed by law
crimes, and still be innocent of the crime Payment of to be compromised
charged on trial (People v. Pineda, G.R. No. medical, hospital (i.e. Tax Cases);
141644, May 27, 2004). or other expenses 3. Plea of guilty later
occasioned by the Withdrawn;
injury. 4. As Unaccepted offer of
Rape Shield
a plea of guilty to a
Exceptions: lesser offense;
In prosecutions for rape, evidence of (DA-PNP) 5. An offer or Payment of
complainant's past sexual conduct, opinion a) When the evidence medical, hospital or
thereof or of his/her reputation shall not be is otherwise other expenses
admitted unless, and only to the extent that Discoverable; or occasioned by an
the court finds, that such evidence is material b) When the evidence injury; and
and relevant to the case (R.A. No. 8505, Sec. 6). is offered for 6. Those covered by the
Another purpose, KatarungangPambaran
such as: gay Law.
Sexual Abuse Shield Rule in Examination
i.Proving bias or
of a Child Witness prejudice of a
witness;
General Rule: The following evidence is not ii. Negativing a
admissible in any criminal proceeding involving contention of
alleged child sexual abuse: undue delay; or
iii. Proving an
1. Evidence offered to prove that the alleged effort to
obstruct a
victim engaged in other sexual behavior;
criminal
and investigation of
2. Evidence offered to prove the sexual prosecution.
predisposition of the alleged victim [A.M. (Rule 130, Sec. 28, as amended)
NO. 004-07-SC, Sec. 30(a)].
Reason Compromise is Allowed in Civil
Exception: Evidence of specific instances of Cases: It is the policy of the law to favor the
sexual behavior by the alleged victim to prove settlement of disputes, to foster compromises
that a person other than the accused was the and to promote peace (Genato vs. Silapan, Adm.
source of semen, injury, or other physical Case. No. 4078, July 14, 2003).
evidence shall be admissible [A.M. NO. 004-07-
SC, Sec. 30(b)].
Bar Operations
Commissions 677
677
If a party denies the existence of a debt but
offers to pay the same for the purpose of buying 8.E.5.a. Meaning of Hearsay
peace and avoiding litigation, the offer of
settlement is inadmissible. If in the course Hearsay is a statement other than one made
thereof, the party making the offer admits the by the declarant while testifying at a trial or
existence of an indebtedness combined with a hearing, offered to prove the truth of the facts
proposal to settle the claim amicably, then, the asserted therein.
admission is admissible to prove such
indebtedness (Tan vs. Rodil Enterprises, G.R. No. A statement is (1) an oral or written assertion
168071, December 18, 2006). or (2) a non-verbal conduct of a person, if it is
intended by him or her as an assertion.
Note: An offer of compromise that may be
considered an implied admission need NOT be A statement is not a hearsay if the declarant
made by the accused himself, it may be made
by his lawyer or relatives, provided it is made 1. Testifies at the trial or hearing, and
with the consent of the accused or with his 2. He/she is subject to cross-examination
knowledge and he does not stop it. concerning a statement, and the statement
is:
For a compromise to amount to an implied a) inconsistent with the declarant’s
admission of guilt, the accused should have testimony, and was given under oath
been present or at least authorized the subject to the penalty of perjury at a trial,
proposed compromise (People vs. Erguiza, G.R. No. hearing, or other proceeding, or in
171348, November 26, 2008). deposition;
b) consistent with the declarant’s testimony
Good Samaritan Rule and is offered to rebut an express or
implied charge against the declarant of
An offer to pay or the payment of medical, recent fabrication or improper influence or
hospital or other expenses occasioned by an motive; or
injury is not admissible in evidence as proof of c) one of identification of a person made
civil or criminal liability for the injury (Rule 130, after perceiving him or her (Rule 130, Sec.
Sec. 28, as amended). 37, as amended). (n)
678
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
1. Hearsay – Those which are considered as General Rule: When the purpose of
hearsay and therefore inadmissible. This introducing the out-of-court statement is to
occurs when the purpose for introducing the prove the truth of the facts asserted, therein,
out-of-court statement is to prove the truth such statement shall be inadmissible as hearsay
of the facts asserted therein. evidence.
682
Purple Notes
Criminal
(Riguera)
Remedial
4. The act/declaration was made ante litem
motam or prior to the controversy (Tison vs.
ADMISSION BY DECLARATION CA, G.R. No. 121027, July 31, 1997).
PRIVIES AGAINST
INTEREST Pedigree is the state of the family as far as
One of the exceptions Exception to hearsay. regards the relationship of the different
to res inter alios acta. members, their births, marriages and deaths;
this term is applied to persons or families, who
Evidence against the Evidence against trace their origin or descent (Black’s Law
successor in interest even the declarant, Dictionary, 2nd Ed.).
of the admitter. his successor in
interest, or 3rd Pedigree includes relationship, family genealogy,
persons. birth, marriage, death, the dates when and the
Admitter need not be Declarant is dead or places where these facts occurred, the names of
dead or unable to unable to testify. the relatives, and facts of family history
testify. intimately connected with pedigree (Rule 130,
Sec. 41, as amended).
Relates to title to Relates to any
property. interest.
V. Family Reputation or Traditions
Regarding Pedigree
Admission need not Declaration must be
be against the against the interest
Requisites:
admitter’s interest. of the declarant.
1. There is a controversy in respect to the
IV. Act or Declaration About Pedigree
pedigree of any members of a family;
2. The reputation or tradition of the pedigree of
The act or declaration of a person deceased or
the person concerned existed ante litem
unable to testify, in respect to the pedigree of
motam or previous to the controversy; and
another person related to him or her by birth,
3. The witness testifying to the reputation or
adoption, or marriage, or, in the absence
tradition regarding the pedigree of the
thereof, with whose family he or she was so
person must be a member of the family of
intimately associated as to be likely to have
said person (People vs. Llanita, G.R. No. 134101,
accurate information concerning his or her
September 5, 2001).
pedigree, may be received in evidence where it
occurred before the controversy, and the The reputation or tradition existing in a family
relationship between the two persons is shown previous to the controversy, in respect to the
by evidence other than such act or declaration pedigree of any one of its members, may be
(Rule 130, Sec. 41, as amended).
received in evidence if the witness testifying
thereon be also a member of the family, either
Requisites:
by consanguinity or affinity, or adoption. Entries
in family bibles or other family books or charts,
1. The actor or declarant is dead or unable to
engravings on rings, family portraits and the
testify;
like, may be received as evidence of pedigree
2. The act or declaration is made by a person
(Rule 130, Sec. 42, as amended).
related to the subject by birth, adoption, or
marriage or, in absence thereof, with whose It is evident that this provision may be divided
family the declarant was so intimately into two (2) parts:
associated as to be likely to have accurate
information concerning his/her pedigree; 1. The portion containing the first underscored
3. The relationship between the declarant/actor clause which pertains to testimonial
and the subject is shown by evidence other evidence, under which the documents in
than such act/declaration; and Bar Operations
question may not be admitted as the
Commissions 683
683
authors thereof did not take the witness ACT OR FAMILY REPUTATION
stand; and DECLARATION OR TRADITION
2. The section containing the second ABOUT PEDIGREE REGARDING
underscored phrase. What must then be PEDIGREE
dead or unable to tradition covering
ascertained is whether the Exhibits, as
testify, has said matters of pedigree.
private documents, fall within the scope of concerning the
the clause “and the like” as qualified by the pedigree of the
preceding phrase [e]ntries in family bibles or declarant’s family.
other family books or charts, engravings on
rings [and] family portraits (Jison vs. Court of VI. Common Reputation
Appeals, G.R. No. 124853, February 24, 1998).
Common reputation existing previous to the
The scope of the enumeration contained in the controversy, as to boundaries of or customs
second portion of this provision, in light of the affecting lands in the community and reputation
rule of ejusdem generis, is limited to objects as to events of general history important to the
which are commonly known as "family community, or respecting marriage or moral
possessions," or those articles which represent, character, may be given in evidence.
in effect, a family's joint statement of its belief Monuments and inscriptions in public places may
as to the pedigree of a person. These have been be received as evidence of common reputation
described as objects "openly exhibited and well (Rule 130, Sec. 43, as amended).
known to the family," or those "which, if
preserved in a family, may be regarded as Common reputation refers to the prevailing
giving a family tradition." Other examples of belief in the community as to the existence of
these objects which are regarded as reflective of certain facts or aggregates of facts arrived at
a family's reputation or tradition regarding from the people’s observations, discussions, and
pedigree are inscriptions on tombstones, consensus. There is absent serious opposition,
monuments or coffin plates (Jison vs. Court of adverse or contrary opinion. They are not just
Appeals, G.R. No. 124853, February 24, 1998). rumors or unverified reports or say-so.
The testimony of the witness as to his age Note: The requirement of antiquity (“more than
as he had learned from his parents and 30 years old”) is removed. Instead, reliability is
relatives is admissible although hearsay and ensured because the testimony represents the
though he can have no personal knowledge consensus of the community.
of the date of his birth as all the knowledge
he has of his age is acquired from what he Common Reputation May be Admitted to
is told by his parents. His testimony in such Prove:
case is an assertion of family tradition
(People vs. Alegado, G.R. No. 93030-31, August 1. Matters relating to boundaries of lands in the
21, 1991).
community;
2. Matters relating to customs affecting lands in
the community;
3. Matters relating to events of general history
important to the community;
4. Matters respecting marriage or moral
ACT OR FAMILY REPUTATION
DECLARATION OR TRADITION character and related facts; and,
ABOUT PEDIGREE REGARDING 5. Individual moral character.
PEDIGREE
Witness need not Witness is a member of Note: Common reputation cannot establish
be a member of the the family. pedigree.
family.
Testimony is about Testimony is about Evidence of Negative Good Repute
what declarant, family reputation or
684
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Criminal
Remedial
Where the foundation proof shows that the 3. The condition of the declarant when the
witness was in such position that he would have utterance is given;
heard reports derogatory to one’s character, the 4. The presence or absence of intervening
reputation testimony may be predicated on the events between the occurrence and the
absence of reports of bad reputation or on the statement relative thereto; and
fact that the witness had heard nothing against 5. The nature and the circumstances of the
the person. statement itself (Manulat vs. People, G.R. No.
190892, August 17, 2015).
VII. Res Gestae
Rationale
Statements made by a person while a startling
occurrence is taking place or immediately prior The basis of the ante is the well-founded belief
or subsequent thereto, under the stress of that statements made instinctively at the time of
excitement caused by the occurrence with a specific transaction or event without the
respect to the circumstances thereof, may be opportunity for formulation of statements
given in evidence as part of the res gestae. So, favorable to one’s own cause are likely to cast
also, statements accompanying an equivocal act important light upon the matter at issue. As to
material to the issue, and giving it a legal such statements, the law creates a presumption
significance, may be received as part of the res of their truthfulness (20 Am. Jr. 556).
gestae (Rule 130 Sec. 44, as amended).
Types of Res Gestae
Res gestae refers to statements made by the
participants or the victims of, or the spectators a) Spontaneous Statements – Refers to the
to, a crime immediately before, during, or after first sentence of Rule 130, Sec. 44, as
its commission. These statements are a amended, viz:
spontaneous reaction or utterance inspired by
the excitement of the occasion, without any Statements made by a person while a
opportunity for the declarant to fabricate a false startling occurrence is taking place or
statement (People vs. Calungsag, G.R. No. 208749, immediately prior or subsequent thereto
November 26, 2014). under the stress of excitement caused by the
occurrence with respect to the circumstances
Test for Admissibility thereof.
1. The time that has lapsed between the The reasons for the admissibility of
occurrence of the act or transaction and the spontaneous statements are: (1)
making of the statement; trustworthiness and (2) necessity. The
2. The place where the statement is made; statements are Operations
Bar trustworthy because they are
Commissions 685
685
made instinctively, while the declarant’s VERBAL ACTS
SPONTANEOUS
mental powers for deliberation in concocting STATEMENT
matters are controlled and stilled by the contemporaneous with made prior, while or
shocking influence of a startling occurrence, or must accompany the immediately after the
equivocal act. startling occurrence.
so that all utterances at the time are the
reflex product of immediate sensual
Statements must Statements need not
impressions, unaided by retrospective mental explain the equivocal explain the principal
action. It is due to necessity because said act and give it a legal fact.
natural and spontaneous utterances are significance.
more convincing than the testimony of the
same person in the stand (ANNOTATION: Res Res Gestae and Dying Declarations,
Gestae, 74 SCRA 141, November 29, 1976).
Distinguished
b) Verbal Acts – Refers to the first sentence of RES GESTAE IN
Rule 130, Sec. 44, as amended, viz: DYING
CONNECTION WITH
DECLARATIONS
A HOMICIDAL ACT
Statements accompanying an equivocal act May be made by: Can be made only by
material to the issue, and giving it a legal a. The accused the victim.
significance. himself after or
during the killing;
Requisites: (SMAL) or
b. That of a 3rd person
May precede, Made only after the
1. Act or occurrence characterized must be
accompany or be made homicidal attacks has
Equivocal; after the homicidal been committed.
2. Such act must be Material to the issue; attacks was committed.
3. Statements must Accompany the Justification in the Trustworthiness based
equivocal act; and spontaneity of the upon its being given an
4. Statements give Legal significance to the statement. awareness of impending
equivocal act (Talidano vs. Falcon Maritime death.
and Allied Services, Inc., G.R. No. 172031, July
14, 2008). VIII. Records of Regularly Conducted
Business Activity
Reason for Admissibility
A memorandum, report, record or data
The motive character, and object of an act, compilation of acts, events, conditions, opinions,
are frequently indicated by what was said by or diagnoses, made by writing, typing,
the person engaged in the act. Such electronic, optical or other similar means at or
statements are in the nature of verbal acts near the time of or from transmission or supply
and are admissible in evidence with the of information by a person with knowledge
remainder of the transaction which they thereof, and kept in the regular course or
illustrate (ANNOTATION: Res Gestae, 74 SCRA conduct of a business activity, and such was the
141, November 29, 1976). regular practice to make the memorandum,
report, record, or data compilation by electronic,
optical or similar means, all of which are shown
by the testimony of the custodian or other
Verbal Acts and Spontaneous Statements, qualified witnesses, is excepted from the rule on
Distinguished hearsay evidence (Rule 130 Sec. 45, as amended).
SPONTANEOUS Requisites:
VERBAL ACTS
STATEMENT
The res gestae is the The res gestae is the
1. The entries may consist of a memorandum,
equivocal act. startling occurrence.
report, record or data compilation of acts,
Verbal act must be Statements may be
686
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
events, conditions, opinions, or diagnoses, official's attendance as a witness to testify to the
made by writing, typing, electronic, optical or innumerable transactions in the course of his
other similar means at or near the time of or duty. The document's trustworthiness consists in
from transmission or supply of information the presumption of regularity of performance of
2. Such entries were made by a person with official duty (Dimaguila vs. Monteiro, G.R. No.
knowledge thereof; 201011, January 27, 2014).
3. Such entries were kept in the regular course
or conduct of business activity; Although A Traffic Accident Investigation
4. Such was a regular practice to make the Report cannot be given probative weight
memorandum, report, record, or data when the investigating officer who
compilation by electronic, optical or similar prepared the same was not presented in
means; and court to testify that he had sufficient
5. The foregoing must be shown by the knowledge of the facts therein stated, and
testimony of the custodian or other qualified that he acquired them personally or
witnesses. through official information (Standard
Insurance Co., Inc. v. Cuaresma, G.R. No.
200055, September 10, 2014).
IX. Entries in the Official Records
Cadastral maps are the output of cadastral
Entries in official records made in the surveys. The DENR is the department
performance of his or her duty by a public tasked to execute, supervise and manage
officer of the Philippines, or by a person in the the conduct of cadastral surveys. It is,
performance of a duty specially enjoined by law, therefore, clear that the cadastral map and
are prima facie evidence of the facts therein the corresponding list of claimants qualify
stated (Rule 130, Sec. 46, as amended). as entries in official records as they were
prepared by the DENR, as mandated by
Requisites: law. As such, they are exceptions to the
hearsay rule and are prima facie evidence
1. The entries were made by: of the facts stated therein (Dimaguila vs.
Monteiro, G.R. No. 201011, January 27, 2014).
a) A public officer in the performance of his
duties; or,
Note: In official records, the person making the
b) A person in the performance of a duty
entry need not be deceased or unable to testify,
specially enjoined by law.
but he must be a public officer or a person in
the performance of a duty specially enjoined by
2. Entrant has personal knowledge of the facts
law. In business records, the person making the
stated by him or such facts were acquired by
entry must be deceased or unable to testify.
him from reports made by persons under a
Both official and business records are only prima
legal duty to submit the same; and
facie evidence.
3. Such entries were duly entered in a regular
manner in the official records (DST Movers
Corporation v. People’s General Insurance X. Commercial Lists and the Like
Corporation, G.R. No. 198627, January 13, 2016).
Evidence of statements of matters of interest to
Entries in police records made by a police officer persons engaged in an occupation contained in
in the performance of the duty especially a list, register, periodical, or other published
enjoined by law are prima facie evidence of the compilation is admissible as tending to prove the
fact therein stated, and their probative value truth of any relevant matter so stated if that
may be either substantiated or nullified by other compilation is published for use by persons
competent evidence (Lao vs. Standard Insurance engaged in that occupation and is generally
Co. Inc., G.R. No. 140023, August 14, 2003) . The used and relied upon by them therein (Rule 130,
necessity of this rule consists in the Sec. 47).
inconvenience and difficulty of requiring the Bar Operations
Requisites:
Commissions 687
687
The testimony or deposition of a witness
A document is a commercial list if: deceased or out of the Philippines or who
cannot, with due diligence, be found therein, or
1. It is a statement of matters of interest to is unavailable or otherwise unable to testify,
persons engaged in an occupation; given in a former case or proceeding, judicial or
2. Such statement is contained in a list, administrative, involving the same parties and
register, periodical or other published subject matter, may be given in evidence
compilation; against the adverse party who had the
3. Said compilation is published for the use of opportunity to cross-examine him or her ( Rule
persons engaged in that occupation, and 130, Sec. 49, as amended).
4. It is generally used and relied upon by
persons in the same occupation (PNOC Requisites: (W-DOCU-PSIC)
Shipping and Transport Corporation, G.R. No.
107518, October 8, 1998). 1. That the huitness whose testimony is offered
in evidence is
Statement of matters contained in a a) Dead;
periodical, may be admitted only "if that b) Out of the Philippines
compilation is published for use by persons c) In the Philippines but whose location
engaged in that occupation and is generally Cannot, with due diligence, be found
used and relied upon by them therein" therein; or
(Manila Electric Company vs. Quisumbing, G.R. d) Unavailable or unable to testify.
No. 127598, February 22, 2000).
2. His testimony or deposition was given in a
XI. Learned Treatises former case or proceeding, judicial or
administrative, between the same Parties or
How Introduced as Evidence those representing the same interests;
3. The former case involved the same Subject
a) The court takes judicial notice that the writer as that in the present case, although on
of the statement in the treatises, periodical different causes of action;
or pamphlet is recognized in his profession of 4. The issue testified to by the witness in the
calling as expert in the subject; or, former trial is the same Issue involved in
b) A witness, expert in the subject, testifies that the present case; and
the writer of the statement in the treaties, 5. The adverse party had an opportunity to
periodical or pamphlet is recognized in his Cross-examine the witness in the former
profession or calling as expert in the subject case (Manliclic vs. Calaunan, G.R. No. 150157,
(Rule 130, Sec. 48). January 25, 2007).
688
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
because the exception contemplated by law 4. The court determines that:
covers only the utilization of testimonies of a. the statement is offered as evidence of a
absent witnesses made in previous Material fact;
proceedings, and does not include b. the statement is more Probative on the
utilization of previous decisions or point for which it is offered than any
judgments (People vs. Ortiz-Miyake, G.R. Nos. other evidence which the proponent can
115338-39, September 16, 1997). procure through reasonable efforts; and
c. the general purposes of these rules and
XIII. Residual Exception the Interest of justice will be best served
by admission of the statement into
A statement not specifically covered by any of evidence (Rule 130, Sec. 50). (n)
the foregoing exceptions, having equivalent
circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness, is 8.E.5.d. Independently Relevant
admissible subject to court determination. Statements
Rather than add a number of exceptions to Note: Independently relevant statements are
the hearsay rule, the Sub-Committee opted non-hearsay.
to adopt the residual or catch-all exception
provided in Rule 807 of the Federal Rules If the purpose of placing the statement on the
of Evidence. record is merely to establish the fact that the
statement, or the tenor of such statement, was
The catch-all exception found in the FRE made, such evidence is not hearsay. Regardless
stemmed from the ruling in Dallas County of the truth or falsity of a statement, when what
v. Commercial Union Assurance Co., Ltd., is relevant is the fact that such statement has
which admitted an old newspaper article to been made, the hearsay rule does not apply and
prove that a fire occurred at the court the statement may be shown. This is known as
tower during construction. Although not the “Doctrine of Independently Relevant
falling under any of the recognized hearsay Statements” (Espineli vs. People, G.R. No.179535,
exceptions, the news article was admitted June 9, 2014).
because of “circumstantial guarantees of
trustworthiness based on the fact that the Evidence as to the making of such statements is
individual reporting the fire had no motive not secondary but primary, for in itself it:
to falsify and that a false report of a matter
so easily checked by readers of the paper a) Constitutes a fact in issue; or
would have subjected the reporter to b) Is circumstantially relevant to the existence
considerable embarrassment.” of such fact (Lea Mer Industries, Inc. vs.
Malayan Insurance Co., Inc., G.R. No. 161745,
The catch-all exception should be “used very September 30, 2005).
rarely and only in exceptional circumstances
[286 F. 2d 388 (5th Cir. 1961)].” The ban on hearsay evidence does not cover
independently relevant statements. These are
Requisites: (MaTH-MP) statements which are relevant independently of
whether they are true or not. They belong to
1. The statement is Hearsay not covered by any two (2) classes: (1) those statements which are
of the exceptions to the Hearsay Rule the very facts in issue, and (2) those statements
2. The statement has the circumstantial which are circumstantial evidence of the facts in
guarantees of Trustworthiness; issue. The second class includes the following:
3. Proponent Makes known to the adverse
party, sufficiently in advance of the hearing, 1. Statements of a person showing his state of
his intention to offer the statement and its mind; that is, his mental condition,
particulars, including the name and address knowledge, belief, intention, ill will and other
of the declarant; and Bar
emotions Operations
Commissions 689
689
2. Statements that may identify the date, place a. The Identity of a person about whom he
and condition as illness and the like has adequate knowledge (Rule 130, Sec.
3. Statements of a person from which an 53[a], as amended);
inference may be drawn as to the state of b. A Handwriting with which he has
mind of another person; i.e., the knowledge, sufficient familiarity (Rule 130, Sec. 53[b],
belief, good or bad faith noticed of the latter as amended );
4. Statements that may identify the date, place c. The Mental sanity of a person with whom
and person in question he is sufficient acquainted (Rule 130, Sec.
5. Statements showing the lack of credibility of 53[c], as amended); and
a witness (Estrada vs. Desierto, G.R. Nos. d. The witness’ Impression of the emotion,
146710-15, April 3, 2001). behavior, condition or appearance of a
person (Rule 130, Sec. 53, as amended)
The doctrine on independently relevant
statements holds that conversations 8.E.6.a. Opinion of Expert Witness; Weight
communicated to a witness by a third person Given
may be admitted as proof that, regardless of
their truth or falsity, they were actually An expert witness is one who belongs to the
made(Republic of the Philippines vs. Heirs of profession/calling to which the subject matter of
Alejaga, G.R. No. 146030, December 3, 2002). the inquiry relates and who possesses special
knowledge on questions on which he proposes
to express an opinion.
In the report of Special Investigator, Recio
supposedly admitted that he had not actually There is no definite standard of determining the
conducted an investigation and ocular degree of skill/knowledge that a witness must
inspection of the parcel of land. Cartagena’s possess in order to testify as an expert. It is
statement on Recio’s alleged admission may sufficient that the following factors are present:
be considered as "independently relevant." A
witness may testify as to the state of mind of a) Training and education;
another person -- the latter’s knowledge, b) Particular, first-hand familiarity with the facts
belief, or good or bad faith -- and the of the case; or
former’s statements may then be regarded c) Presentation of authorities or standards upon
as independently relevant without violating which his opinion is based (People vs. Abriol,
the hearsay rule (Republic of the Philippines vs. G.R. No. 123137, October 17, 2001).
Heirs of Alejaga, G.R. No. 146030, December 3,
2002). The use of the word “may” in Sec. [52], Rule
130 signifies that the use of opinion of an expert
witness is permissive and not mandatory on the
part of the courts (Tabao vs. People, G.R. No.
187246, July 20, 2011).
8.E.6. OPINION RULE
Probative Value of Expert Opinions
General Rule: The opinion of a witness is not
admissible (Rule 130, Sec. 51, as amended). Expert opinions are not ordinarily conclusive in
the sense that they must be accepted as true on
Exceptions: Admissible opinion evidence the subject of their testimony, but are generally
regarded as purely advisory in character; the
1. Opinion of Expert Witness on a matter courts may place whatever weight they choose
requiring special knowledge, skill, experience upon such testimony and may reject it, if they
or training or education, which he is shown find it is inconsistent with the facts in the case
to possess (Rule 130, Sec. 52, as amended); or otherwise unreasonable (Ceballos vs. Intestate
Estate of the Late Emigdio Mercado, G. R. No.
2. Opinion of Ordinary Witness regarding: 155856, May 28, 2004).
(IHMI)
690
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
When faced with conflicting expert can be duly established (Agraviador vs. Amparo-
opinions, courts give more weight and Agraviador, G.R. No. 170729, December 8, 2010).
credence to that which is more complete,
thorough and scientific (Eduarte vs. CA, G.R. 8.E.6.b. Opinion of Ordinary Witness
No. 105944, February 9, 1996).
The opinion of a witness for which proper basis
Probative Value of Opinions of is given, may be received in evidence regarding:
Handwriting Experts (IHMI)
The opinions of handwriting experts are not 1. The Identity of a person about whom he has
necessarily binding upon the court, the expert’s adequate knowledge (Rule 130, Sec. 53[a], as
function being to place before the court data amended);
upon which the court can form its own opinion. 2. A Handwriting with which he has sufficient
Handwriting experts are usually helpful in the familiarity (Rule 130, Sec. 53[b], as amended);
examination of forged documents because of 3. The Mental sanity of a person with whom he
the technical procedure involved in analyzing is sufficient acquainted (Rule 130, Sec. 53[c],
them. But resort to these experts is not as amended); and
mandatory or indispensable to the examination 4. The witness’ Impression of the emotion,
or the comparison of handwriting. A finding of behavior, condition or appearance of a
forgery does not depend entirely on the person (Rule 130, Sec. 53, as amended)
testimonies of handwriting experts, because the
judge must conduct an independent 8.E.7. CHARACTER EVIDENCE
examination of the questioned signature in order
to arrive at a reasonable conclusion as to its Character consists of the individual patterns of
authenticity (Lorzano vs. Tabayag, Jr., G.R. No. behavior and characteristics which make up and
189647, February 6, 2012). distinguish one person from another (People vs.
Lee, G.R. No. 139070, May 29, 2002).
Expert Testimony in Medical Negligence
Cases Reputation is the general opinion of people in
the community as to a person’s character traits,
Medical negligence cases are best proved by and is therefore evidence of character.
opinions of expert witnesses belonging in the
same general neighborhood and in the same Good moral character includes all the elements
general line of practice as defendant physician essential to make up such a character; among
or surgeon (Lucas vs. Tuaño, G.R. No. 178763, April these are common honesty and veracity,
21, 2009). especially in all professional intercourse; a
character that measures up as good among
Expert Opinion in Annulment of Marriage people of the community in which the person
Cases lives, or that is up to the standard of the
average citizen; that status which attaches to a
By the very nature of Article 36, courts, despite man of good behavior and upright conduct
having the primary task and burden of decision- (People vs. Lee, G.R. No. 139070, May 29, 2002).
making, must not discount but, instead, must
consider as decisive evidence the expert opinion Note: Common reputation is an exception to
on the psychological and mental temperaments the Hearsay Rule.
of the parties (Ngo Te vs. Yu-Te, G.R. No. 161793,
February 13, 2009). General Rule: Evidence of a person’s character
or a trait of character is not admissible for the
It is no longer necessary to introduce expert purposes of proving action in conformity
opinion in a petition under Article 36 of the therewith on a particular occasion (Rule 130, Sec.
Family Code if the totality of evidence shows 54, as amended).
that psychological incapacity exists and its Bar Operations
gravity, juridical antecedence, and incurability
Commissions 691
691
The rule is that the character or reputation of a bad character (People vs. Lee, G.R. No. 139070,
party is regarded as legally irrelevant in May 29, 2002).
determining a controversy, so that evidence
relating thereto is not admissible. Ordinarily, if 3. The character of the offended party may
the issues in the case were allowed to be be proved if it tends to establish in any
influenced by evidence of the character or reasonable degree the probability or
reputation of the parties, the trial would be apt improbability of the offense charged [Rule 130,
to have the aspects of a popularity contest Sec. 54(a)(1)].
rather than a factual inquiry into the merits of
the case. After all, the business of the court is to 4. Evidence of the good character of a witness
try the case, and not the man; and a very bad is not admissible until such character has
man may have a righteous cause (People vs. Lee, been impeached [Rule 130, Sec. 54(c)].
G.R. No. 139070, May 29, 2002).
Exceptions to the Exception:
Exceptions:
1. Proof of the bad character of the victim in a
A. In Criminal Cases: murder case is NOT admissible if the crime
was committed through treachery and
1. The Accused may prove his/her good moral premeditation (People vs. Lee, G.R. No. 139070,
character which is pertinent to the moral trait May 29, 2002).
involved in the offense charged [Rule 130,
Sec. 54(a)(2)]. 2. In prosecution for rape, evidence of
complainant’s past sexual conduct, opinion
When the accused presents proof of his good thereof or of his/her reputation shall not be
moral character, this strengthens the admitted unless, and only to the extent that
presumption of innocence, and where good the court finds that such evidence is material
character and reputation are established, an and relevant to the case (Rape Shield, R.A. No.
inference arises that the accused did not 8505, Sec. 6).
commit the crime charged. This view
proceeds from the theory that a person of B. In Civil Cases:
good character and high reputation is not
likely to have committed the act charged 1. Evidence of the moral character of a party in
against him (People vs. Lee, G.R. No. 139070, a civil case is admissible only when pertinent
May 29, 2002). to the issue of character involved in the case
[Rule 130, Sec. 54(b)].
2. The prosecution may not prove the bad
moral character of the accused except only in 2. Evidence of the good character of a witness
rebuttal and when such evidence is pertinent is not admissible until such character has
to the moral trait involved in the offense been impeached [Rule 130, Sec. 54(c)].
charged [People vs. Lee citing Rule 130, Sec.
54(a)(2)]. Manner of Proving Character
This Rule shall apply to all actions, proceedings, Only witnesses whose judicial affidavits are
and incidents requiring the reception of attached to the pleading shall be presented
evidence before: by the parties during trial. Except if a party
presents meritorious reasons as basis for the
1. The Metropolitan Trial Courts, the Municipal admission of additional witnesses, no other
Trial Courts in Cities, the Municipal Trial witness or affidavit shall be heard or
Courts, the Municipal Circuit Trial Courts, and admitted by the court; and
the Shari' a Circuit Courts;
2. The Regional Trial Courts and the Shari'a c) Documentary and object evidence in support
District Courts; of the allegations contained in the pleading
3. The Sandiganbayan, the Court of Tax (Rule 7, Sec. 6, Rules of Court, as amended). (n)
Appeals, the Court of Appeals, and the
Shari'a Appellate Courts; Should a party or a witness desire to keep the
4. The investigating officers and bodies original document or object evidence in his
authorized by the Supreme Court to receive possession, he may, after the same has been
evidence, including the Integrated Bar of the identified, marked as exhibit, and authenticated,
Philippine (IBP); and warrant in his judicial affidavit that the copy or
5. The special courts and quasi-judicial bodies reproduction attached to such affidavit is a
whose rules of procedure are subject to faithful copy or reproduction of that original
disapproval of the Supreme Court [Sec. 1(a)]. [Sec. 2(b)].
8.E.8.b. Submission In Lieu of Direct Note: The party or witness shall bring the
Testimony original document or object evidence for
comparison during the preliminary conference
In civil actions, the parties shall file with the with the attached copy, reproduction, or
court and serve on the adverse party: pictures. The evidence shall NOT be admitted if
this requirement was not complied with [Sec.
1. The judicial affidavits of their witnesses, 2(b)].
which shall take the place of such witnesses'
direct testimonies; and This is without prejudice to the introduction of
secondary
Bar evidenceOperations
in place of the original when
allowed by existing rules.
Commissions 693
693
8.E.8.c. Contents (Section 3): A false attestation shall subject the lawyer
mentioned to disciplinary action, including
A judicial affidavit shall be prepared in a disbarment [Sec. 4(b)].
language known to the witness.
Examination of the Witness on his Judicial
If NOT in English or Filipino, it must be Affidavit
accompanied by a translation in English or
Filipino, and shall contain the following: The adverse party shall have the right to cross-
examine the witness on his judicial affidavit and
1. Name, age, residence or business address, on the exhibits attached to the same. The party
and occupation of the witness; who presents the witness may also examine him
2. Name and address of the lawyer who as on re-direct.
conducts or supervises the examination of
the witness and the place where the In every case, the court shall take active part in
examination is being held; examining the witness to determine his
3. Statement that the witness is answering the credibility as well as the truth of his testimony
questions asked of him, fully conscious that and to elicit the answers that it needs for
he does so under oath, and that he may face resolving the issues (Sec. 7).
criminal liability for false testimony or
perjury; 8.E.8.d. Offer and Objection to Testimony
4. Questions asked of the witness and his in Judicial Affidavit
corresponding answers, consecutively
numbered, that: 1. Party who presents the judicial affidavit of
a. Show the circumstances under which the his witness in place of direct testimony shall
witness acquired the facts upon which he state the purpose of the testimony at the
testifies; start of the presentation of the witness.
b. Elicit from him those facts which are 2. The adverse party may move to:
relevant to the issues that the case a) disqualify the witness; or,
presents; and b) strike out his affidavit or any answers if
c. Identify the attached documentary and inadmissible under the Rules.
object evidence and establish their
authenticity in accordance with the Rules 3. The court shall promptly rule on the motion.
of Court; If granted, the court shall cause the marking
5. The signature of the witness over his printed of any excluded answer by placing it in
name; and brackets under the initials of an authorized
6. Jurat (Sec. 3). court personnel, without prejudice to tender
of excluded evidence.
Tasks and Liability of the Lawyer
Oral Offer and Objections to Exhibits
The judicial affidavit shall contain a sworn
attestation at the end, executed by the lawyer 1. Upon the termination of the testimony of his
who conducted or supervised the examination of last witness, a party shall immediately make
the witness, to the effect that: an oral offer of evidence of his documentary
or object exhibits, piece by piece, in
1. He faithfully recorded or caused to be chronological order, stating the purpose or
recorded the questions he asked and the purposes for which he offers the particular
corresponding answers that the witness exhibit.
gave; and 2. After each exhibit is offered, the adverse
2. Neither he nor any other person then present party shall state the legal ground for his
or assisting him coached the witness objection, if any, to its admission, and the
regarding the latter's answers [Sec. 4(a)].
694
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
court shall immediately make its ruling
respecting that exhibit (Sec. 8). Note: Every pleading stating a party's claims or
defenses shall, in addition to those mandated by
An Affidavit has no probative value if it is Rule 7, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Court, as
not presented formally in evidence (People amended, state the following:
vs. Amores, G.R. No. L-32996, August 21,
1974). a) Names of witnesses who will be presented to
prove a party's claim or defense;
8.E.8.e. Application in Criminal Cases b) Summary of the witnesses' intended
testimonies, provided that the judicial
The Judicial Affidavit Rule shall apply to all affidavits of said witnesses shall be attached
criminal actions: to the pleading and form an integral part
thereof.
a) Where the maximum of the imposable
penalty does not exceed six years; Only witnesses whose judicial affidavits are
b) Where the accused agrees to the use of attached to the pleading shall be presented by
judicial affidavits, irrespective of the penalty the parties during trial. Except if a party
involved; or presents meritorious reasons as basis for the
c) With respect to the civil aspect of the admission of additional witnesses, no other
actions, whatever the penalties involved are witness or affidavit shall be heard or admitted
[Sec. 9(a)]. by the court; and
Exception: Even if there was no formal offer Where the genuineness and due execution
made, marked exhibits may be admitted when of documents of an instrument attached to
the following requisites are present: it was (1) a complaint are deemed admitted by failure
duly identified by testimony; and, (2) to specifically deny it under oath, such
incorporated in the records of the case (Ramos vs instruments are considered as evidence
Dizon, G.R No. 137247, August 6, 2006). although they were not formally offered
(Philippine Bank of Commerce vs. CA, G.R. No.
Mere fact that a document is marked as an 97626 March 14, 1997).
exhibit does not that mean it has been
offered as evidence. Marking at the pre-trial Offer of testimonial evidence is the submission
was only for the purpose of identifying of the testimony of a witness for admission by
them at that time (Tabuena vs. CA, G.R. No. making a brief recital of the nature of his
85423, May 6, 1991). testimony at the time he is called to testify
(ANNOTATION: Failure to Make an Offer of Evidence:
It is basic in law of evidence that the court A Fatal Omission, 301 SCRA 408).
shall consider evidence solely for the
purpose for which it was offered (Ragudo vs 8.F.3. OBJECTION
Fabella Estate Tenants Assoc. Inc., G.R No.
146823, August 9, 2005). When Objection Must be Made
698
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
Exception: When the court desires to take a b) The question propounded is not
reasonable time to inform itself on the question objectionable, but the answer is not
presented. Responsive;
c) The witness testifies Without a question
Note: The ruling shall always be made during being posed;
trial, and at such time as will give the party d) The witness testifies Beyond limits set by
against whom it is made an opportunity to meet the court; or
the situation presented by the ruling (Rule 132, e) The witness does a Narration instead of
Sec. 38). answering the question
2. Objection is found to be Meritorious; and
Overruled Objections and Sustained 3. Court Sustains objection and orders such
Objections, Distinguished answer, testimony or narration to be stricken
off the record (Rule 132, Sec. 39, as amended).
When the court “overrules” an objection, it
refuses to recognize as sufficient an objection Note: On proper motion, the court may also
made in the course of a trial, as to the order the striking out of answers which are
introduction of particular evidence (Black’s Law incompetent, irrelevant, or otherwise improper
Dictionary, 2nd ed.). It is the refusal by a judge (Rule 132, Sec. 39, as amended).
to sustain an objection set forth by an attorney
during a trial, such as an objection to a Further, upon motion to strike may be availed
particular question posed to a witness (West's when the witness becomes unavailable for
Encyclopedia of American Law, 2nd ed.). cross-examination through no fault of the cross-
examining party, or when the testimony was
When the court “sustains” an objection, it allowed conditionally and the condition for its
agrees with the objection and disallows the admissibility was not fulfilled(RIANO, 2016).
question, testimony, or evidence.
Matters stricken off are still part of the records.
Specifying the Reason for Sustaining an It only means that they would NOT be
Objection considered for resolution.
General Rule: The reason for sustaining or 8.F.7. TENDER OF EXCLUDED EVIDENCE
overruling an objection need not be stated.
Note: This is commonly known as “Proffer of
Exception: If the objection is based on two or Evidence” or “Offer of Proof”.
more grounds, a ruling sustaining the objection
on one or some of them must specify the The rule is that evidence formally offered by a
ground or grounds relied upon (Rule 132, Sec. party may be admitted or excluded by the court.
38). If a party's offered documentary or object
evidence is excluded, he may move or request
Note: The parties may ask for the ground for that it be attached to form part of the records of
the ruling, even if the rule does not require the the case. If the excluded evidence is oral, he
judge to so state. may state for the record the name and other
personal circumstances of the witness and the
8.F.6. STRIKING OUT OF AN ANSWER substance of the proposed testimony. These
procedures are known as offer of proof or
Requisites: (BROWN-MS) tender of excluded evidence and are made for
purposes of appeal. If an adverse judgment is
1. In the course of the testimony: eventually rendered against the offeror, he may
a) The witness answers the question before in his appeal assign as error the rejection of the
the adverse party had the Opportunity to excluded evidence (Fortune Tobacco Corporation
voice fully its objection to the same; vs. CIR, G.R. No. 192024, July 1, 2015).
Bar Operations
Commissions 699
699
Purposes:
1. 1. All cases of forcible entry and unlawful
1. To allow the court to know the nature of the detainer, irrespective of the amount of
testimony or the documentary evidence and damages or unpaidrentals sought to be
convince the trial judge to permit the recovered;
evidence or testimony; and
2. To create and preserve a record for appeal.
(RIANO, 2016) 2. 2. All other cases where the total amount of
the plaintiff’s claim, exclusive of interests and
How Done: costs:
The court may dismiss the case outright on any If the court finds no cause or ground to hold the
of the grounds for the dismissal of a civil action accused for trial, it shall order the dismissal of
apparent from an examination of the allegations the case.
in the pleadings and the evidence attached If there is such ground, the court shall set the
thereto (Revised Rules on Summary Procedure, Sec. case for arraignment and trial.
4).
If the accused is in custody for the crime
Summons charged, he shall be immediately arraigned. If
he enters a plea of guilty, he shall forthwith be
If no ground for dismissal is found, the court sentenced (Rule on Summary Procedure, Sec. 13).
shall forthwith issue summons which shall state
that summary procedure applies to the case
(Revised Rules on Summary Procedure, Sec. 4). 9.B EFFECT OF FAILURE TO FILE
ANSWER
CRIMINALCASES
Answer and Counterclaims
A. Violations of traffic law, rules and
regulations; Within ten (10) days from the service of
B. Violation of the Rental Law; summons, the defendant shall file his answer to
C. All other criminal cases where the penalty the complaint and serve a copy thereof on the
prescribed is imprisonment not exceeding six plaintiff. The defenses not pleaded shall be
(6) months, or fine not exceeding Php. deemed waived EXCEPT lack of jurisdiction over
1,000, or both, irrespective of other the subject matter.
imposable penalties, accessory or otherwise,
or of the civil liability arising therefrom; Cross-claims and compulsory counterclaims not
asserted in the answer shall be considered
Note: In offenses involving damage to property barred (Revised Rules on Summary Procedure, Sec.
through criminal negligence, Rules on Summary 5).
Procedure shall govern where the imposable fine
does NOT exceed P10,000. The answer to counterclaims or cross-claims
shall be filed and served within ten (10) days
Commencement of Action from service of the answer in which they are
pleaded (Revised Rules on Summary Procedure, Sec.
The filing of criminal cases under summary 5).
procedure may either be by complaint or
information, which shall be accompanied by the Effect of failure to answer
affidavits of the complainant and his witnesses
in such number of copies as there are accused A motion to declare the defendant in default is
plus two (2) copies for the court’s files. prohibited. Instead, the court, motu proprio or
on motion of the plaintiff, shall render judgment
In Metro Manila and other charted cities, the as may be warranted by the facts alleged in the
filing shall be by information EXCEPT when the complaint
Bar (RevisedOperations
Rules on Summary Procedure,
Sec. 6).
Commissions 701
701
If the plaintiff does not appear in the preliminary
Note: The judgment rendered by the court in conference while the defendant appears, it shall
such case shall be limited to what is prayed for be a cause for dismissal of the complaint. The
in the complaint. defendant, however, shall be entitled to
judgment on his counterclaim.
Q: Are the provisions of the Rules on If there is only one defendant and he fails to
Summary Procedure on the period of appear, the plaintiff shall be entitled to
pleadings to be applied STRICTLY or judgment as may be warranted by the facts
LIBERALLY? alleged in the complaint.
A. The use of the word "shall" in the Rule Exception: When other defendants who are
on Summary Procedure underscores the sued under a common cause of action and have
mandatory character of the challenged pleaded a common defense appear at the
provisions. Giving the provisions a directory preliminary conference (Revised Rules on Summary
Procedure, Sec. 7).
application would subvert the nature of the
Rule on Summary Procedure and defeat its
objective of expediting the adjudication of
suits. Indeed, to admit a late answer, as
petitioners suggest, is to put premium on
Record of Preliminary Conference
dilatory maneuvers — the very mischief that
the Rule seeks to redress (Gachon vs Hon.
The court shall issue an Order stating the
Norberto Devera Jr. GR No. 116695 June 20,
1997). matters taken up in the preliminary conference,
within five (5) days after the termination of the
same.
Q: Are there any exceptions to the strict
application of Rules of Procedure on
Within ten (10) days from the receipt of the
Summary Procedure?
Order, the parties shall submit the affidavits of
their witnesses and other evidence on the
A: The liberality in the interpretation and factual issues defined in the order (Revised Rules
application of the rules applies only in proper on Summary Procedure, Sec. 9).
cases and under justifiable causes and
circumstances (Don Tino Realty and Development Failure of the Plaintiff to Appear in the
Corp. vs Julian Florentino GR No. 134222 September Preliminary Conference for Civil Cases
10,1999).
1) Plaintiff- cause of dismissal of his complaint
2) Defendant- entitled to judgment on his
Q: Are there any exceptions to the strict application of Rules of Procedure on Summary Procedure?
counterclaim. All cross-claims shall be
dismissed (Revised Rule on Summary Procedure,
A. The liberality in the interpre tation and application of the rules applies only in proper cases and under justifiable causes and circums tances (Don Tino Realty and Development Corp. vs Julian Florentino GR No. 134222 September 10,1999).
Within thirty (30) days after receipt of the last Note: If the accused is arrested, he may be
affidavits and position papers, or the expiration released on bail or on recognizance.
of the period for filing the same, the court shall
render judgment (Revised Rules on Summary Judgment
Procedure, Sec. 10).
Where a trial has been conducted, the court
shall promulgate the judgment not later than 30
Preliminary Conference in Criminal Cases days after the termination of the trial (Rule on
Summary Procedure, Sec. 17).
Before trial, the court shall call the parties to a
Preliminary Conference for:
9.D. PROHIBITED PLEADINGS AND
1) Entering into a stipulation of facts; MOTIONS
2) Considering the propriety of allowing the
accused to enter a plea of guilty to a lesser The following pleadings, motions or
offense; or, petitions shall not be allowed in the cases
3) Taking up such other matters to clarify the covered by the Rules on Summary
issues and to ensure a speedy disposition of Procedure:
the case (Rule on Summary Procedure, Sec. 14).
1. Motion to dismiss the complaint or to
Note: Any admission of the accused during the quash the complaint or information except on
preliminary conference must be reduced in the ground of lack of jurisdiction over the
writing and signed by the accused and his subject matter, or failure to comply with the
counsel. Otherwise, such admission shall not be preceding section;
used against the accused (Rule on Summary
Procedure, Sec. 14). 2. Motion for a bill of particulars;
Trial (Revised Rule on Summary Procedure, Sec. 15) 3. Motion for new trial, or for reconsideration
of a judgment, or for opening of trial;
An actual direct examination of the witnesses is
NOT required because the affidavits submitted
by the parties constitute their direct testimonies. Q: What kind of Motion for
Reconsideration is prohibited?
However, the witnesses may be subjected to a
cross-examination, re-direct examination or re- A: The Court ruled that "The motion
cross examination. prohibited by this Section is that which
seeks reconsideration of the judgment
If the affiant fails to testify, his affidavit shall not rendered by the court after trial on the
be considered as competent evidence for the merits of the case." Here, the order of
party presenting the same. The adverse party, dismissal issued by respondent judge
on the other hand, may utilize such affidavit for due to failure of a party to appear
any admissible purpose. during the preliminary conference is
obviously not a judgment on the merits
Arrest of the Accused (Rule on Summary after trial of the case. Hence, a motion
Procedure, Sec. 16). for the reconsideration of such order is
not the prohibited pleading
General Rule: The court is NOT mandated to contemplated under Section 19 (c) of
order the arrest of the accused. the present Rule on Summary Procedure
Bar Operations
Commissions 703
703
(Gloria Lucas vs. Judge Amelia A. Fabros of 1991). Most of its provisions, however, were
A.M. No. MTJ-99-1226. January 31, 2000). incorporated (with some modifications) under
Book III, Title I, Chapter VII of R.A. No. 7160.
4. Petition for relief from judgment;
5. Motion for extension of time to file The primordial aim of the
pleadings, affidavits or any other paper; KatarungangPambarangay Law is to reduce
the number of court litigations and prevent
6. Memoranda; the deterioration of the quality of justice
which has been brought about by the
7.Petition for certiorari, mandamus, or indiscriminate filing of cases in the
prohibition against any interlocutory order courts(Zamora vs. Heirs of Izquierdo, G.R. No.
issued by the court; 146195, November 18, 2004).
8. Motion to declare the defendant in
default;
10.A. CASES COVERED
9. Dilatory motions for postponement;
The Local Government Code or Republic Act
(R.A.) No. 7160 does not enumerate cases that
10. Reply;
can be brought before the Barangay, but it
enumerates cases which are exempted from the
11. Third party complaints;
Barangay conciliation proceedings and these
(Substantive Exceptions) are the following:
12. Interventions (Revised Rules on Summary
Procedure, Sec. 19).
1. One party is the government or any
9.E Appeal (Revised Rules on Summary Procedure,
subdivision or instrumentality;
Sec. 21)
2. One party is a public officer or employee,
The judgment or final order shall be appealable and the dispute relates to the performance of
to the appropriate regional trial court which shall his official functions;
decide the same in accordance with Section 22 3. Offenses punishable by imprisonment
of Batas Pambansa Blg. 129. exceeding 1 year or fine exceeding Php.
5,000;
The decision of the regional trial court in civil 4. Offenses with no private offended party;
cases governed by this Rule, including forcible 5. Dispute involves real properties located in
entry and unlawful detainer, shall be different cities or municipalities UNLESS the
immediately executory, without prejudice to a parties agree to submit dispute to amicable
further appeal that may be taken therefrom. settlement by an appropriate lupon;
Section 10 of Rule 70 shall be deemed repealed. 6. Disputes involving parties who reside in
barangays of different cities or municipalities
The decision of the Regional Trial Court shall be EXCEPT when such barangay units adjoin
appealable to the Court of Appeals by petition each other and parties thereto agree to
for review on an error of fact or law (Sec. 22, B.P. submit their differences to amicable
129, as amended) under Rule 42 of the Rules of
settlement by an appropriate lupon;
Court. 7. Classes of dispute which the President may
determine in the interest of justice; or,
10. KATARUNGANG PAMBARANGAY LAW 8. One of the parties is a juridical entity.
(Presidential Decree No. 1508) 8.
1. One
It established a system of amicably settling party is the
disputes at the barangay level. It was expressly government
repealed by R.A. No. 7160(Local Government Code or any
704
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
subdivision e. Labor disputes;
or f. As determined by the President in the interest
instrumenta of justice;
lity; g. CARL disputes;
h. Those involving the traditions of indigenous
2. One party is a public officer or employee, and
cultural community.
the dispute relates to the performance of his
official functions;
10.B. SUBJECT MATTER FOR AMICABLE
3. 3. Offenses punishable by imprisonment SETTLEMENT
exceeding 1 year or fine exceeding Php. 5,000;
4. 4. Offenses with no private offended party; Disputes between or among parties who are
5. 5. Dispute involves real properties located in ACTUALLY RESIDING in the SAME CITY OR
different cities or municipalities UNLESS the MUNICIPALITY may be brought for amicable
parties agree to submit dispute to amicable settlement before the lupon. (Sec. 408, R.A. No.
settlement by an appropriate lupon; 7160)
6. 6. Disputes involving parties who reside in
barangays of different cities or municipalities
EXCEPT when such barangay units adjoin each The fact that the petitioner and private
other and parties thereto agree to submit their respondent reside in the same municipality
differences to amicable settlement by an does not justify compulsory conciliation
appropriate lupon; where the other co-defendants reside in
7. 7. Classes of dispute which the President may barangays of different cities and
determine in the interest of justice; or, (Sec. municipalities (Candido vs. Macapagal, G.R. No.
408, R.A. No. 7160) 101328, April 07, 1993).
8. 8. One of the parties is a juridical entity.
Note: The prescriptive period for offenses and 10.C. VENUE (Sec. 409, R.A. No. 7160)
cause of action shall be interrupted upon filing
of complaint with the punong barangay, but this Disputes Venue
must not exceed 60 days. Between persons Barangay where the
actually residing in persons reside
the same barangay
Other Cases (Procedural Exceptions) Involving actual Barangay where the
residents of different respondent or any of
1.) Accused is under police custody; barangays within the the respondents
same city or actually resides, at the
2.) Person has been deprived of personal liberty
municipality election of the
thus calling for a habeas corpus proceeding; complainant
3.) Actions coupled with provisional remedies; Involving real Barangay where the
4.) Action barred by prescription; property or any real property or the
5.) Labor disputes; interest therein larger portion thereof is
6.) As determined by the President in the situated
interest of justice; Arising at the Barangay where such
7.) CARL disputes; workplace where the workplace or institution
contending parties is located
8.) Those involving the traditions of indigenous
are employed or at
cultural community. the institution where
such parties are
enrolled for study
a. Accused is under police custody;
b. Person has been deprived of personal liberty
10.D. WHEN PARTIES MAY DIRECTLY GO
thus calling for a habeas corpus proceeding;
TO COURT
c. Actions coupled with provisional remedies;
d. Action barred by prescription; Bar Operations
Commissions 705
705
i. 1. Where the accused is under detention; their willingness to abide by any arbitral award
ii. 2. Where a person has otherwise been given by the lupon or the pangkat(Sec. 411 and
deprived of personal liberty calling for habeas 413, R.A. No. 7160).
corpus proceedings;
iii. 3. Actions coupled with provisional remedies As a Pre-Condition for Filing a Complaint
such as preliminary injunction, attachment, in Court
delivery of personal property and support
pendente lite; and No complaint, petition, action or proceeding
iv. 4. Where the action may otherwise be barred involving any matter within the authority of the
by the Statute of Limitations . (Sec. 412, R.A. lupon shall be filed or instituted directly in court
No. 7160) or any government office for adjudication
UNLESS:
Parties to Barangay Conciliation
1)
Proceedings
D.) 1. There has been a confrontation between
Only individuals shall be parties, either as the parties before the lupon chairman or
complainants or respondents. No complaint by pangkat; and,
or against corporations, partnerships or other 1)
juridical entities shall be filed, received or acted 2) 2. No conciliation or settlement has been
upon (A.M. Circular No. 14-93, effective July 15, reached or if one has been repudiated by the
1993). parties thereto (Sec. 412, R.A. No. 7160).
General Rule: The parties must appear in 1. Upon payment of the appropriate filing
person in all katarungang pambarangay fee, any individual, who has a cause of
proceedings and without the assistance of action against another individual, involving
counsel or representatives. any matter within the authority of the Lupon
may complain, orall,y or in writing, to the
Exception: Minors and incompetents may be Punong Barangay chairman of the Lupon(Sec.
assisted by their next-of-kin who are not lawyers 410[a] and 399, R.A. No. 7160).
(Sec. 415, R.A. No. 7160).
2. Upon receipt of the complaint, the
Brgy. Conciliation is not in the nature of a chairman shall summon the respondents
Judicial Proceeding within the next working day to appear.
Legally, there is no barangay court. It is not If the chairman fails in his mediation efforts
mentioned as one of the courts created by law within fifteen (15) days from the first
in B.P. 129, as amended, and other pertinent meeting, he shall set a date to constitute the
laws on jurisdiction (Riano, Civil Procedure, Vol. I, Pangkat ng Tagapagkasundo(Sec. 410[b], R.A.
p. 182, 2014 ed.) No. 7160).
Effect of Amicable Settlement and Award 11. REVISED RULES OF PROCEDURE FOR
SMALL CLAIMS CASES
An amicable settlement reached after barangay
conciliation proceedings has the force and effect 11.A. SCOPE AND APPLICABILITY OF THE
of a final judgment of a court if not repudiated RULE
or if no petition to nullify the same is filed
before the proper city or municipal court within Scope
ten (10) days from its date (Chavez vs. CA, G.R.
No. 159411, March 18, 2005). The Revised Rule of Procedure for Small Claims
Cases shall govern the procedure in actions
The court in which non-criminal cases not falling before the Metropolitan Trial Courts (MeTCs),
within the authority of the Luponare filed may, Municipal Trial Courts in Cities (MTCCs),
at any time before trial, motu proprio refer the Municipal Trial Courts (MTCs) and Municipal
case to the Luponconcerned for amicable Circuit Trial Courts (MCTCs) for payment of
settlement (Sec. 408, R.A. No. 7160). money where the value of the claim does not
exceed Four Hundred Thousand Pesos
Actions to Annul Judgment Upon a (P400,000.00) for the MeTCs and Three
Compromise Hundred Thousand Pesos (P300,000.00)
for the MTCCs, MTCs, and MCTCs), exclusive
Parties may, at any stage of the proceedings, of interest and costs(Sec.2, A.M. No. 08-8-7-SC, as
agree in writing to have the matter in dispute amended by OCA Circular No. 45-2019).
decided by arbitration by either the Punong
Barangay or the Pangkat. Then, arbitrational Notes:
hearings shall follow the order of adjudicative
trials. Bar Operations
Commissions 707
707
Plaintiff may join in a single statement of 11.B. COMMENCEMENT OF SMALL CLAIMS
claim one or more separate small claims ACTION; RESPONSE
against a defendant provided that the total
amount claimed, exclusive of interest and Commencement of the Action
costs, does not exceed the jurisdictional
amount Four Hundred Thousand a) Filling up and filing a form called Statement
Pesos(P400,000.00) for the MeTCs and of Claim (Form 1-SCC) in duplicate.
Three Hundred Thousand Pesos b) The form should be verified.
(P300,000.00) for the MTCCs, MTCs, c) Accompanied by:
and MCTCs) (Sec.8, A.M. No. 08-8-7-SC, as
amended by OCA Circular No. 45-2019). 1. Certification against Forum Shopping,
Effective1 April 2019, the SC increased Splitting a Single Cause of Action and
the amount covered by Small Claims cases Multiplicity of Suits (Form-I-A-SCC);
to: 2. Two (2) duly certified photocopies of the
actionable document/s subject of the
1. Php. 400,000 within Metro Manila; and, claim; and
2. Php. 300,000 outside Metro Manila (OCA 3. Affidavits of witnesses and other evidence
Circular No. 45-2019, effective April 1, 2019). to support the claim (Sec.6, A.M. No. 08-8-
7-SC)
Actions Covered
No formal pleading other than the Statement of
All actions that are purely civil in nature where Claim is necessary to initiate a small claims
the claim or relief prayed for by the plaintiff is action (Sec. 6, A.M. No. 08-8-7-SC).
solely for payment or reimbursement of sum of
money (Sec. 5, A.M. No. 08-8-7-SC). Notes:
708
Purple Notes
Criminal
Remedial
The court may, by itself, dismiss the case on i) Dilatory motions for postponement;
any ground for the dismissal of a civil action j) Reply and rejoinder;
apparent from (i) the allegations of the k) Third-party complaints; and
Claim; and, (ii) such evidence attached l) Interventions (Sec. 19, A.M. No. 08-8-7-SC).
thereto (Sec. 11, A.M. No. 08-8-7-SC).
11.D. APPEARANCES
2. If no ground for dismissal is found, the court
shall issue the Summons (Form 2-SCC) The parties shall then appear at the hearing
directing the defendant to file a verified personally.
Response.
Appearance through a representative is allowed
Notice (Form 4-SCC) must also be issued only when a valid cause is shown. The
directing both parties to appear before the representative of an individual-party must not
court on a specific date and time for hearing. be a lawyer and must be related to or next-of-
(Sec. 12, A.M. No. 08-8-7-SC). kin of the individual-party. Juridical entities shall
not be represented by a lawyer in any capacity.
3. The defendant shall file his verified Response (Sec. 18, A.M. No. 08-8-7-SC).
with the court and serve the same on the
plaintiff within a non-extendible period of ten Note: No attorney shall appear in behalf of a
(10) days from receipt of the Summons. (Sec. party or represent a party at the hearing, unless
13, A.M. No. 08-8-7-SC).The defendant may he is the plaintiff or defendant (Sec. 19, A.M. No.
also file a counterclaim in the Response. The 08-8-7-SC).
defendant shall be barred from suit on the
counterclaim if the same is not filed.(Sec. 15, Effect of Non-Appearance of Parties(Sec. 20,
A.M. No. 08-8-7-SC). A.M. No. 08-8-7-SC).
If the defendant (i) fails to file his Plaintiff is absent. The non-appearance of the
Response within the required period; AND, plaintiff shall be cause for the dismissal of the
(ii) fails to appear at the date set for claim WITHOUT prejudice. Also, the defendant
hearing, the court shall render judgment on who appears shall be entitled to judgment on a
the same day as may be warranted by the permissive counterclaim.
facts alleged in the Statement of Claim/s.
(Sec. 14, A.M. No. 08-8-7-SC). Defendant is absent. Failure of the defendant to
appear shall have the same effect as a failure to
11.C. PROHIBITED PLEADINGS AND file a Response.
MOTIONS
Exception: When other defendants who are
The following pleadings, motions, or petitions sued under a common cause of action and have
shall not be allowed in the cases covered by the pleaded a common defense appear at the
Rules of Procedure in Small Claims Cases: hearing (Sec. 18, A.M. No. 08-8-7-SC).
a) Motion to dismiss the Statement of Claim/s; Both parties are absent. Failure of both parties
b) Motion for a bill of particulars; to appear shall cause the dismissal of both the
c) Motion for new trial, or for reconsideration of claim and counterclaim WITH prejudice (Sec. 18,
a judgment, or for reopening of trial; A.M. No. 08-8-7-SC).
d) Petition for relief from judgment;
e) Motion for extension of time to file pleadings, 11.E. HEARING; DUTY OF THE JUDGE
affidavits, or any other paper;
f) Memoranda; At the hearing, the judge shall exert efforts to
g) Petition for certiorari, mandamus, or bring the parties to an amicable settlementof
prohibition against any interlocutory order their dispute. If efforts at settlement fail, the
issued by the court; hearing
Bar shall proceed and be conducted in an
Operations
h) Motion to declare the defendant in default;
Commissions 709
709
informal and expeditious manner and shall be Law Description
terminated within the same day PD 705 Revised Forestry Code;
PD 856 Sanitation Code;
Any settlement (Form 8-SCC) or resolution of PD 979 Marine Pollution Decree;
the dispute shall be reduced into writing, signed PD 1067 Water Code;
by the parties and submitted to the court for PD1151 Philippine Environmental Policy of
approval (Form 9-SCC and Form 10-SCC). (Sec. 1977;
23, A.M. No. 08-8-7-SC). PD 1433 Plant Quarantine Law of 1978;
PD 1586 Establishing an Environmental Impact
11.F. FINALITY OF JUDGMENT Statement System Including Other
Environmental Management Related
After the hearing, the court shall render its Measures and for Other Purposes;
decision on the same day, based on the facts RA 3571 Prohibition Against the Cutting,
Destroying or Injuring of Planted or
established by the evidence (Form 11-SCC).
Growing Trees, Flowering Plants and
Shrubs or Plants of Scenic Value
The Clerk of Court shall immediately enter the along Public Roads, in Plazas, Parks,
decision in the court docket for civil cases and a School Premises or in any Other
copy thereof forthwith served on the parties Public Ground;
(Sec. 24, A.M. No. 08-8-7-SC). RA 4850 Laguna Lake Development Authority
Act;
RA 6969 Toxic Substances and Hazardous
No appeal Waste Act;
RA 7076 People‘s Small-Scale Mining Act;
The decision of the ourt shall be FINAL, RA 7586 National Integrated Protected Areas
EXECUTORY AND UNAPPEALABLE.(Sec. 24, A.M. System Act including all laws,
No. 08-8-7-SC). decrees, orders, proclamations and
issuances establishing protected
areas;
Execution
RA 7611 Strategic Environmental Plan for
Palawan Act;
When the decision is rendered, execution shall RA 7942 Philippine Mining Act;
issue upon motion (Form 12-SCC) of the
RA 8371 Indigenous Peoples Rights Act;
winning party.(Sec. 25, A.M. No. 08-8-7-SC)
RA 8550 Philippine Fisheries Code;
12. RULES OF PROCEDURE FOR RA 8749 Clean Air Act;
ENVIRONMENTAL CASES RA 9003 Ecological Solid Waste Management
(A.M. No. 09-6-8-SC, effective April 13, 2010) Act;
RA 9072 National Caves and Cave Resource
12.A.SCOPE AND APPLICABILITY OF THE Management Act
RULE RA 9147 Wildlife Conservation and Protection
Act
These Rules shall govern the procedure in civil, RA 9175 Chainsaw Act
criminal and special civil actions before the RA 9275 Clean Water Act
Regional Trial Courts, Metropolitan Trial Courts, RA 9483 Oil Spill Compensation Act of 2007
Municipal Trial Courts in Cities, Municipal Trial
CA 141 The Public Land Act (some
Courts and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts provisions)
involving enforcement or violations of R.A. 6657 Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law
environmental and other related laws, rules and of 1988
regulations such as, but not limited to, the RA 7160 Local Government Code of 1991
following: RA 7161 Tax Laws Incorporated in the Revised
Forestry Code and Other
Law Description Environmental Laws (Amending the
Act 3572 Prohibition Against Cutting of Tindalo, NIRC);
Akli, and Molave Trees; RA 7308 Seed Industry Development Act of
710
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Law Description any agency or instrumentality of the
1992; government or officer thereof to perform an
RA 7900 High-Value Crops Development Act act or series of acts decreed by final
RA 8048 Coconut Preservation Act judgment which shall remain effective until
RA 8435 Agriculture and Fisheries judgment is fully satisfied.
Modernization Act of 1997 (m)
RA 9522 The Philippine Archipelagic Baselines (n) Environmental protection order (EPO)
Law refers to an order issued by the court
RA 9593 Renewable Energy Act of 2008 directing or enjoining any person or
RA 9637 Philippine Biofuels Act; and Other government agency to perform or desist
existing laws that relate to the from performing an act in order to protect,
conservation, development, preserve or rehabilitate the environment.
preservation, protection and (o)
utilization of the environment and
(p) Mineral refers to all naturally occurring
natural resources.
inorganic substance in solid, gas, liquid, or
any intermediate state excluding energy
Objectives of the Rules (Sec. 3, Rule 1, Rules of
materials such as coal, petroleum, natural
Procedure for Environmental Cases)
gas, radioactive materials and geothermal
energy.
e) To protect and advance the constitutional (q)
right of the people to a balanced and (r) Precautionary principle states that when
healthful ecology; human activities may lead to threats of
f) To provide a simplified, speedy and serious and irreversible damage to the
inexpensive procedure for the enforcement environment that is scientifically plausible but
of environmental rights and duties uncertain, actions shall be taken to avoid or
recognized under the Constitution, existing diminish that threat.
laws, rules and regulations, and international (s)
agreements; (t) Strategic lawsuit against public
g) To introduce and adopt innovations and best participation (SLAPP) refers to an action
practices ensuring the effective enforcement whether civil, criminal or administrative,
of remedies and redress for violation of brought against any person, institution or
environmental laws; and any government agency or local government
h) To enable the courts to monitor and exact unit or its officials and employees, with the
compliance with orders and judgments in intent to harass, vex, exert undue pressure
environmental cases. or stifle any legal recourse that such person,
institution or government agency has taken
Definition of Terms (Sec. 4, Rule 1, Rules of or may take in the enforcement of
Procedure for Environmental Cases) environmental laws, protection of the
environment or assertion of environmental
(h) By-product or derivatives means any rights.
part taken or substance extracted from (u)
wildlife, in raw or in processed form including (v) (h) Wildlife means wild forms and varieties
stuffed animals and herbarium specimens. of flora and fauna, in all developmental
(i) stages including those which are in captivity
(j) Consent decree refers to a judicially- or are being bred or propagated.
approved settlement between concerned
parties based on public interest and public 12.B. CIVIL PROCEDURE(Part 2)
policy to protect and preserve the
environment. Who may file (Sec. 4, Rule 2, Part 2)
(k)
(l) Continuing mandamus is a writ issued by Any real party in interest, including the
a court in an environmental case directing Bar
government Operations
and juridical entities
Commissions 711
711
authorized by law, may file a civil action The following pleadings or motions shall not be
involving the enforcement or violation of any allowed:
environmental law.
7) Motion for a bill of particulars;
Citizen suit (Sec. 5, Rule 2, Part 2) 8) Motion for extension of time to file pleadings,
except to file answer, the extension not to
Any Filipino citizen in representation of others, exceed fifteen (15) days;
including minors or generations yet unborn, may 9) Motion to dismiss the complaint;
file an action to enforce rights or obligations 10) Motion to declare the defendant in
under environmental laws. default;
11) Reply and rejoinder; and
Upon the filing of a citizen suit, the court shall 12) 3rd party complaint.
issue an order which shall contain a brief
description of the cause of action and the reliefs While the enumeration have been adopted in
prayed for, requiring all interested parties to part from the Rule on Summary Procedure in
manifest their interest to intervene in the case response to the question of delay which often
within fifteen (15) days from notice thereof. accompanies regular cases, summary procedure
is not adopted in its entirety given the complex
The plaintiff may publish the order once in a and wide range of environmental cases. ( Sec. 19,
newspaper of a general circulation in the Revised Rules on Summary Procedure)
Philippines or furnish all affected barangays
copies of said order. Procedural safeguards have been introduced for
truly complex cases which may necessitate
Contents of the Verified Complaint (Sec. 3, further evaluation from the court. Among these
Rule 2, Part 2) is the exclusion of the motions for
postponement, new trial and reconsideration, as
a. names and addresses of the parties; well as the petition for relief from the
b. the cause of action; prohibition.
c. the reliefs prayed for;
d. a statement that it is an environmental case; Motion for postponement, motion for new trial
e. the law involved; and, and petition for relief from judgment shall only
f. the complaint shall include a certification be allowed in certain conditions of highly
against forum shopping. meritorious cases or to prevent a manifest
miscarriage of justice. The satisfaction of these
conditions is required since these motions are
The plaintiff shall attach to the verified
prone to abuse during litigation.
complaint all evidence proving or supporting the
cause of action consisting of the affidavits of
Motion for intervention is permitted in order to
witnesses, documentary evidence and if
allow the public to participate in the filing and
possible, object evidence.
prosecution of environmental cases, which are
imbued with public interest. Petitions for
The affidavits shall be in question and answer certiorari are likewise permitted since these
form and shall comply with the rules of raise fundamentally questions of jurisdiction.
admissibility of evidence. Under the Constitution, the SC may not be
deprived of its certiorari jurisdiction (Annotation
If the complaint is not an environmental to the Rules of Procedure for Environmental Cases,
complaint, the presiding judge shall refer it to pp. 108)
the executive judge for re-raffle.
Service of the complaint upon the
Prohibited Pleadings and Motions government or its agencies (Sec. 6, Rule 2,
Part 2)
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Upon the filing of the complaint, the plaintiff is Should personal and substituted service fail,
required to furnish the government or the summons by publication shall be allowed.
appropriate agency, although not a party, a In the case of juridical entities, summons by
copy of the complaint. Proof of service upon publication shall be done by indicating the
the government or the appropriate agency shall names of the officers or their duly authorized
be attached to the complaint. representatives.
Note: For a citizen suit, the court shall defer the Within two (2) days from the filing of the
payment of filing and other legal fees that shall answer to the counterclaim or cross-claim, if
serve as first lien on the judgment award. any, the branch clerk of court shall issue a
notice of the pre-trial.
Service of Summons, Orders and Other
Court Processes (Rule 2, Part 2, Sec. 13,) The pre-trial shall be held not later than one (1)
month from the filing of the last pleading.
The summons shall be served on the
defendant, together with a copy of an order The court shall schedule the pre-trial and set as
informing all parties that they have fifteen many pre-trial conferences as may be necessary
(15) days from the filing of an answer, within
which to avail of the modes of discovery.
Bar Operations
Commissions 713
713
within a period of two (2) months counted from 14. The number and names of the witnesses
the date of the first pre-trial conference. and the substance of their affidavits;
15. Clarificatory questions from the parties; and,
The judge shall put the parties and their 16. List of cases arising out of the same facts
counsels under oath, and they shall remain pending before other courts or
under oath in all pre-trial conferences. administrative agencies. Failure to comply
with the required contents of a pre-trial brief
The judge shall exert best efforts to persuade may be a ground for contempt.
the parties to arrive at a settlement of the
dispute. The judge may issue a consent decree Note: Failure to file the pre-trial brief shall have
approving the agreement between the parties in the same effect as failure to appear at the pre-
accordance with law, morals, public order and trial.
public policy to protect the right of the people to
a balanced and healthful ecology.
General Rule: Evidence not presented during Referral to Mediation (Rule 3, Part 2,Sec. 3)
the pre-trial shall be deemed waived.
At the start of the pre-trial conference, the court
Exception: Newly-discovered evidence
shall inquire from the parties if they have settled
the dispute; otherwise, the court shall
Sec. 5, Rule 3 encourages parties to reach an
immediately refer the parties or their counsel, if
agreement regarding settlement through a
authorized by their clients, to the Philippine
consent decree, which gives emphasis to the
Mediation Center (PMC) unit for purposes of
public interest aspect in the assertion of the
mediation.
right to a balances and healthful ecology.
Contents of the Pre-Trial Brief If not available, the court shall refer the case to
the clerk of court or legal researcher for
mediation.
9. A statement of their willingness to enter into
an amicable settlement indicating the
desired terms thereof or to submit the case Mediation must be conducted within a non-
to any of the alternative modes of dispute extendible period of thirty (30) days from
resolution; receipt of notice of referral to mediation.
10. A summary of admitted facts and proposed
stipulation of facts; The mediation report must be submitted within
11. The legal and factual issues to be tried or ten (10) days from the expiration of the 30-day
resolved. For each factual issue, the parties period.
shall state all evidence to support their
positions thereon. For each legal issue, If mediation fails, the court will schedule the
parties shall state the applicable law and continuance of the pre-trial.
jurisprudence supporting their respective
positions thereon; Before the scheduled date of continuance, the
12. The documents or exhibits to be presented, court may refer the case to the branch clerk of
including depositions, answers to court for a preliminary conference.
interrogatories and answers to written
request for admission by adverse party, Purposes of Preliminary Conference
stating the purpose thereof;
13. A manifestation of their having availed of j) To assist the parties in reaching a
discovery procedures or their intention to settlement;
avail themselves of referral to a k) To mark the documents or exhibits to be
commissioner or panel of experts; presented by the parties and copies thereof
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to be attached to the records after and pre-marked during pre-trial in
comparison with the originals; determining further admissions;
l) To ascertain from the parties the undisputed (t) Obtain admissions based on the affidavits of
facts and admissions on the genuineness and witnesses and evidence attached to the
due execution of the documents marked as pleadings or submitted during pre-trial;
exhibits; (u) Define and simplify the factual and legal
m) To require the parties to submit the issues arising from the pleadings and
depositions taken under Rule 23 of the Rules evidence. Uncontroverted issues and
of Court, the answers to written frivolous claims or defenses should be
interrogatories under Rule 25, and the eliminated;
answers to request for admissions by the (v) Discuss the propriety of rendering a
adverse party under Rule 26; summary judgment or a judgment based on
n) To require the production of documents or the pleadings, evidence and admissions
things requested by a party under Rule 27 made during pre-trial;
and the results of the physical and mental (w) Observe the Most Important Witness
examination of persons under Rule 28; Rule in limiting the number of witnesses,
o) To consider such other matters as may aid in determining the facts to be proved by each
its prompt disposition; witness and fixing the approximate number
p) To record the proceedings in the "Minutes of of hours per witness;
Preliminary Conference" to be signed by both (x) Encourage referral of the case to a trial by
parties or their counsels; commissioner under Rule 32 of the Rules of
Court or to a mediator or arbitrator under
q) To mark the affidavits of witnesses which any of the alternative modes of dispute
shall be in question and answer form and resolution governed by the Special Rules of
shall constitute the direct examination of the Court on Alternative Dispute Resolution;
witnesses; and, (y) Determine the necessity of engaging the
r) To attach the minutes together with the services of a qualified expert as a friend of
marked exhibits before the pre-trial proper. the court (amicus curiae); and
(z) Ask parties to agree on the specific trial
When there is NO full settlement (Rule 3, dates for continuous trial, comply with the
Part 2,Sec. 6) one-day examination of witness rule, adhere
to the case flow chart determined by the
The judge shall: court which shall contain the different stages
of the proceedings up to the promulgation of
(n) Adopt the minutes of the preliminary the decision and use the time frame for each
conference as part of the pre-trial stage in setting the trial dates.
proceedings and confirm the markings of
exhibits or substituted photocopies and Trial (Rule 3, Part 2)
admissions on the genuineness and due
execution of documents; The judge shall conduct continuous trial and
(o) Determine if there are cases arising out of may ask the Supreme Court for the extension
the same facts pending before other courts of the trial period for justifiable cause.
and order its consolidation if warranted; In lieu of direct examination, affidavits
(p) Determine if the pleadings are in order and if marked during the pre-trial shall be
not, order the amendments if necessary; presented as direct examination of affiants
(q) Determine if interlocutory issues are involved subject to cross-examination by the adverse
and resolve the same; party.
(r) Consider the adding or dropping of parties;
(s) Scrutinize every single allegation of the After the presentation of the last witness,
complaint, answer and other pleadings and only oral offer of evidence shall be allowed,
attachments thereto, and the contents of and the opposing party shall immediately
documents and all other evidence identified Bar Operations
interpose his objections. The judge
Commissions 715
715
shall forthwith rule on the offer of evidence 6) Within said period, the court where the case
in open court. is assigned, shall conduct a summary hearing
to determine whether the TEPO may be
After the last party has rested its case, the extended until the termination of the case.
court shall issue an order submitting the case 7) The court where the case is assigned shall
for decision. The court may require the periodically monitor the existence of acts that
parties to submit their respective are the subject matter of the TEPO even if
memoranda, if possible in electronic form, issued by the executive judge, and may lift
within a non-extendible period of thirty (30) the same at any time as circumstances may
days from the date the case is submitted for warrant.
decision. 8) The applicant shall be exempted from the
The court shall have a period of sixty (60) posting of a bond for the issuance of a TEPO.
days to decide the case from the date the
case is submitted for decision. The Rules provide that an applicant who files for
the issuance of a TEPO is exempt from the
The court shall have a period of one (1) year posting of a bond, but the Rules also provide for
from the filing of the complaint to try and safeguards for the possible pernicious effects
decide the case. Before the expiration of the upon the party or person sought to be enjoined
one-year period, the court may petition the by the TEPO:
Supreme Court for the extension of the
period for justifiable cause. 4) A TEPO may only be issued in matters of
extreme urgency and the applicant will suffer
The court shall prioritize the adjudication of grave injustice and irreparable injury,
environmental cases. 5) the TEPO is effective for only 72 hours; and
One-day Examination of Witness Rule (, 6) The court should periodically monitor the
Rule 4, Part 2,Sec. 3) existence of acts which are the subject
matter of the TEPO. The TEPO can also be
A witness has to be fully examined in one (1) lifted anytime as the circumstances may
day, subject to the court’s discretion of warrant.
extending the examination for justifiable reason.
The court shall strictly adhere to this rule. Note: While the TEPO may be issued ex parte,
this is more of the exception. The general rule
TEMPORARY ENVIRONMENTAL on the conduct of a hearing pursuant to due
PROTECTION ORDER (TEPO) (Rule 2, Sec. 8) process remains.
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application for a TRO, a petition for certiorari comments or observations on the execution
under Rule 65 can be brought before the of the judgment.
Supreme Court. 6) In this provision, continuing mandamus is
made available as a final relief. As a remedy,
The court may, motuproprio, or upon motion continuing mandamus is decidedly an
of the prevailing party, order that the attractive relief. Nevertheless, the monitoring
enforcement of the judgment or order be function attached to the writ is decidedly
referred to a commissioner to be appointed taxing upon the court. Thus, it is meant to be
by the court. The commissioner shall file with an exceptional remedy.
the court written progress reports on a 12.C. SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS
quarterly basis or more frequently when
necessary.
WRIT OF CONTINUING MANDAMUS
The process of execution shall terminate
upon a sufficient showing that the decision Continuing mandamus is a writ issued by a
or order has been implemented to the court in an environmental case directing any
satisfaction of the court in accordance with agency or instrumentality of the government or
Section 14, Rule 39 of the Rules of Court. officer thereof to perform an act or series of
acts decreed by final judgment which shall
Reliefs in a Citizen’s Suit (Rule 5,Sec. 1) remain effective until judgment is fully satisfied
(Sec. 4[c], Rule 1, Part 1).
If warranted, the court may grant to the plaintiff The concept of continuing mandamus was
proper reliefs which shall include the protection, originally enunciated in the case of Concerned
preservation or rehabilitation of the environment Residents of Manila Bay vs. MMDA (G.R. No.
and the payment of attorney’s fees, costs of suit 171947-98, December 18, 2008).
and other litigation expenses.
The Rules now codify the Writ of Continuing
It may also require the violator to submit a Mandamus as one of the principal remedies
program of rehabilitation or restoration of the which may be availed of in environmental cases.
environment, the costs of which shall be borne
by the violator, or to contribute to a special trust Availability
fund for that purpose subject to the control of
the court. 7. When any agency or instrumentality of the
government or officer thereof:
Permanent Environmental Protection
Order; Writ of Continuing Mandamus (, Rule a. unlawfully neglects the performance of an
5, Part 2,Sec. 3) act which the law specifically enjoins as a
duty resulting from an office, trust or
4) In the judgment, the court may convert the station in connection with the
TEPO to a permanent EPO or issue a writ of enforcement or violation of an
continuing mandamus directing the environmental law rule or regulation or a
performance of acts which shall be effective right therein; or,
until the judgment is fully satisfied. b. unlawfully excludes another from the use
5) The court may, by itself or through the or enjoyment of such right; and
appropriate government agency, monitor the
execution of the judgment and require the 8. There is no other plain, speedy and adequate
party concerned to submit written reports on remedy in the ordinary course of law.
a quarterly basis or sooner as may be
necessary, detailing the progress of the How to Avail
execution and satisfaction of the judgment.
The other party may, at its option, submit its The person aggrieved may file a verified petition
inBar
the proper court.Operations
Commissions 717
717
Proceedings after the comment is filed
Contents and Form of Verified Petition
After the comment is filed or the time for the
The petition must: filing thereof has expired, the court may hear
the case which shall be summary in nature or
Allege the facts with certainty; require the parties to submit memoranda.
Be supported by evidence attached thereto;
Specify that the petition concerns an The petition shall be resolved without delay
environmental law, rule or regulation; within sixty (60) days from the date of the
Contain a prayer that judgment be rendered submission of the petition for resolution.
commanding the respondent to do an act or
series of acts until the judgment is fully Judgment
satisfied and to pay damages sustained by
the petitioner by reason of the malicious If warranted, the court shall grant the privilege
neglect to perform the duties of the of the writ of continuing mandamus requiring
respondent, under the law, rules or respondent to perform an act or series of acts
regulations; and, until the judgment is fully satisfied and to grant
Contain a sworn certification of non-forum such other reliefs as may be warranted
shopping. resulting from the wrongful or illegal acts of the
respondent.
Where to File the Petition
The court shall require the respondent to
The petition shall be filed with the Regional Trial submit periodic reports detailing the progress
Court exercising jurisdiction over the territory and execution of the judgment, and may, by
where the actionable neglect or omission itself or through a commissioner or the
occurred or with the Court of Appeals or the appropriate government agency, evaluate and
Supreme Court. monitor compliance.
The petitioner shall be exempt from the The petitioner may submit its comments or
payment of docket fees. observations on the execution of the judgment.
Order to Comment
Return of the Writ
If the petition is sufficient in form and
substance, the court shall issue the writ and Partial returns. The periodic reports
require the respondent to comment on the submitted by the respondent detailing
petition within ten (10) days from receipt of a compliance with the judgment shall be
copy thereof. contained in partial returns of the writ.
Final return. Upon full satisfaction of the
Such order shall be served on the respondents judgment, a final return of the writ shall be
in such manner as the court may direct, made to the court by the respondent. If the
together with a copy of the petition and any court finds that the judgment has been fully
annexes thereto. implemented, the satisfaction of judgment
shall be entered in the court docket.
Expediting Proceedings
Notes:
The court in which the petition is filed may issue
such orders to expedite the proceedings, and it Procedurally, the filing before the courts of a
may also grant a TEPO for the preservation of petition for the issuance of a writ of
the rights of the parties pending such continuing madamus is similar to the filing
proceedings. of an ordinary writ of mandamus. However,
the issuance of a TEPO is made available as
718
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an auxiliary remedy prior to the issuance of answer along with other defenses that may
the writ itself. be raised in the case alleged to be a SLAPP.
As a special civil action, the Writ of
Continuing Mandamus may be availed of to Opposition. The court shall direct the
compel the performance of an act specifically plaintiff or adverse party to file an
enjoined by law. It permits the court to opposition showing the suit is not a SLAPP,
retain jurisdiction after judgment, in order to attaching evidence in support thereof,
ensure the successful implementation of the within a non-extendible period of five (5)
reliefs mandated under the court’s decision. days from receipt of notice that an answer
For this purpose, the court may compel the has been filed.
submission of compliance reports from the
respondent government agencies as well as Hearing; summary in nature. The
avail of other means to monitor compliance defense of a SLAPP shall be set for hearing
with its decision. Its availability as a special by the court after issuance of the order to
civil action likewise complements its role as a file an opposition within fifteen (15) days
final relief in environmental civil cases and in from filing of the comment or the lapse of
the Writ of Kalikasan, where continuing the period.
mandamus may likewise be issued should
the facts merit such relief. Evidence. The parties must submit all
available evidence in support of their
Strategic Lawsuit Against Public respective positions. The party seeking the
Participation or SLAPP (Rule 6, Part 2) dismissal of the case must prove by
substantial evidence that his acts for the
Definition enforcement of environmental law is a
legitimate action for the protection,
SLAPP refers to an action, whether civil, criminal preservation and rehabilitation of the
or administrative, brought against any person, environment. The party filing the action
institution or any government agency or local assailed as a SLAPP shall prove by
government unit or its officials and employees, preponderance of evidence that the action is
with the intent to harass, vex, exert undue not a SLAPP and is a valid claim.
pressure or stifle any legal recourse that such
person, institution or government agency has Court action. The defense of a SLAPP shall
taken or may take in the enforcement of be resolved within thirty (30) days after the
environmental laws, protection of the summary hearing. If the court dismisses the
environment or assertion of environmental action, the court may award damages,
rights (Sec. 4[g], Rule 1). attorney‘s fees and costs of suit under a
counterclaim if such has been filed. The
How alleged as a defense. In a SLAPP dismissal shall be with prejudice. If the
filed against a person involved in the court rejects the defense of a SLAPP, the
enforcement of environmental laws, evidence adduced during the summary
protection of the environment, or assertion hearing shall be treated as evidence of the
of environmental rights, the defendant may parties on the merits of the case. The action
file an answer interposing as a defense that shall proceed in accordance with the Rules
the case is a SLAPP and shall be supported of Court.
by documents, affidavits, papers and other
evidence; and, by way of counterclaim, pray WRIT OF KALIKASAN (Rule 7, Part 3)
for damages, attorney‘s fees and costs of
suit. The Writ of Kalikasan is a remedy.
When alleged. Since a motion to dismiss is Who may avail of the writ
a prohibited pleading, SLAPP as an
affirmative defense should be raised in an h)Bar
natural or juridical person;
Operations
Commissions 719
719
i) entity authorized by law; Issuance of the Writ (Rule 7, Sec. 5
j) people’s organization;
k) non-governmental organization; or, Within three (3) days from the date of filing of
l) any public interest group accredited by or the petition, if the petition is sufficient in form
registered with any government agency and substance, the court shall give an order:
For whose behalf: on behalf of persons whose e) issuing the writ; and,
constitutional right to a balanced and healthful f) requiring the respondent to file a verified
ecology is violated, or threatened with violation. return as provided in Section 8 of this Rule.
The clerk of court shall forthwith issue the writ
Threat or violation, how committed: by an under the seal of the court including the
unlawful act or omission involving environmental issuance of a cease and desist order and other
damage of such magnitude as to prejudice the temporary reliefs effective until further order.
life, health or property of inhabitants in two or
more cities or provinces. The writ shall be served upon the respondent by
a court officer or any person deputized by the
Where to file: To the SC or any stations of the court, who shall retain a copy on which to make
CA. (Sec. 3, Rule 7) a return of service. In case the writ cannot be
served personally, the rule on substituted
Writ of Kalikasan, an extraordinary service shall apply (Rule 7, Sec. 6).
remedy
A clerk of court who unduly delays or refuses to
The underlying emphasis in the Writ of issue the writ after its allowance, or a court
Kalikasan is magnitude as it deals with damage officer or deputized person who unduly delays
that transcends political and territorial or refuses to serve the same shall be punished
boundaries. by the court for contempt without prejudice to
other civil, criminal or administrative actions
Magnitude is thus measured according to the (Rule 7, Sec. 7).
qualification set forth in this Rule—when there is
environmental damage that prejudices the life, Return of the Respondent (Rule 7, Sec. 8)
health or property of inhabitants in two or more
cities or provinces. Within a non-extendible period of ten (10)
days after service of the writ, the respondent
Those who may file for this remedy must shall file a verified return.
represent the inhabitants prejudiced by the
environmental damage subject of the writ. The The return shall contain all defenses to show
requirement of accreditation of a group or that respondent did NOT:
organization is for the purpose of verifying its g) violate or threaten to violate, or allow the
existence. The accreditation is a mechanism to violation of any environmental law, rule or
prevent fly by night groups from abusing the regulation; or,
writ.
h) commit any act resulting to environmental
Exemption from Payment of Docket Fees damage of such magnitude as to
(Rule 7,Sec. 4,) prejudice the life, health or property of
inhabitants in two or more cities or
The exemption from payment of docket fees is provinces.
consistent with the character of the reliefs
available under the writ, which excludes All defenses not raised in the return shall be
damages for personal injuries. This exemption deemed waived.
also encourages public participation in availing The return shall include affidavits of
of the remedy. witnesses, documentary evidence, scientific
or other expert studies, and if possible,
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object evidence, in support of the defense of It shall state in detail the place or places
the respondent. to be inspected and shall be supported by
affidavits of witnesses having personal
Note: A general denial of allegations in the knowledge of the violation or threatened
petition shall be considered as an admission violation of environmental law.
thereof.
Effect of Failure to File Return (Rule 7, Sec. Order for Ocular Inspection
10)
After hearing, the court may order any
The court shall proceed to hear the petition ex
person in possession or control of a
parte.
designated land or other property to permit
entry for the purpose of inspecting or
Hearing (Rule 7, Sec. 11)
photographing the property or any relevant
object or operation thereon.
Upon receipt of the return of the respondent,
The order shall:
the court may call a preliminary conference to
simplify the issues, determine the possibility of
i) specify the person or persons authorized
obtaining stipulations or admissions from the
to make the inspection;
parties, and set the petition for hearing.
j) specify the date, time, place and manner
After hearing, the court may punish the
of making the inspection;
respondent who refuses or unduly delays the
k) it may prescribe other conditions to
filing of a return, or who makes a false return,
protect the constitutional rights of all
or any person who disobeys or resists a lawful
parties.
process or order of the court for indirect
contempt under Rule 71 of the Rules of Court
4. Production or Inspection of documents
(Rule 7, Sec. 13).
or things
Prohibited Pleadings and Motions (Rule 7,
The motion must show that a production
Sec. 9)
order is necessary to establish the
magnitude of the violation or the threat
9) Motion to dismiss
as to prejudice the life, health or property
10) Motion for extension of time to file
of inhabitants in two or more cities or
return
provinces.
11) Motion for postponement
12) Motion for a bill of particulars
Production Order
13) Counterclaim or cross-claim
14) Third-party complaint
After hearing, the court may order any
15) Reply; and
person in possession, custody or control of
16) Motion to declare respondent in default.
any designated documents, papers, books,
accounts, letters, photographs, objects or
Discovery Measures (Rule 7, Sec. 12,)
tangible things, or objects in digitized or
electronic form, which constitute or contain
3. Ocular Inspection
evidence relevant to the petition or the
return, to produce and permit their
A party may file a verified motion that
inspection, copying or photographing by or
must show that an ocular inspection order
on behalf of the movant.
is necessary to establish the magnitude of
The order shall:
the violation or the threat as to prejudice
the life, health or property of inhabitants
k) specify the person or persons authorized
in two or more cities or provinces.
to make the production;
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l) specify the date, time, place and manner
of making the inspection or production;
m) it may prescribe other conditions to (b) Directing the respondent public official,
protect the constitutional rights of all government agency, private person or entity
parties. to protect, preserve, rehabilitate or restore
the environment;
It is claimed that the Environmental
Compliance Certificate (ECC) was issued in (c) Directing the respondent public official,
violation of rules. The Court ruled that the government agency, private person or entity
allegation cannot come within the coverage to monitor strict compliance with the decision
of the writ of kalikasan because no causal and orders of the court;
link or reasonable connection was shown
between the defects in the issuances of ECC
(d) Directing the respondent public official,
and the actual violation of constitutional
government agency, or private person or
right to balanced and healthful ecology (Paje
entity to make periodic reports on the
vs. Casiño, G.R. No. 207257, February 3, 2015).
execution of the final judgment; and,
Petitioners sought directive from Court in
connection with the grounding of the USS (e) Such other reliefs which relate to the right of
Guardian on Tubbataha Reefs. The Court the people to a balanced and healthful
ruled that since the US were sued in their ecology or to the protection, preservation,
official capacity, the principle of state rehabilitation or restoration of the
immunity bars the exercise of jurisdiction by environment, EXCEPT the award of damages
Court. For recovery of damages, it should to individual petitioners.
not be raised in a writ of kalikasan petition
but through a separate civil suit (Arigo vs. Appeal (Rule 7,Sec. 16)
Swift, G.R. No. 206510, September 16, 2014).
To the Supreme Court under Rule 45 of the
Court ordered to cease and desist from Rules of Court, within fifteen (15) days from the
operating the leaking pipeline until further date of notice of the adverse judgment or denial
orders of the court. TEPO was based on a of motion for reconsideration. The appeal may
petition filed by the residents who claimed raise questions of fact.
to have suffered health and environmental
hazards (West Tower Condominium Corp. vs. Institution of Separate Actions (Rule 7, Sec.
First Phil. Industrial Corp., G.R. No. 194239, June 17,)
16, 2015).
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damage of committing or is attempting to commit an
such offense; or,
magnitude as j) When an offense has just been committed,
to prejudice and he has probable cause to believe based
the life, health
on personal knowledge of facts or
or property of
inhabitants in circumstances that the person to be arrested
two or more has committed it.
cities or k)
provinces. The CFI ordered the seizure of two vessels
Who Aggrieved party. Broad range . in connection with illegal fishing. The Court
may file ruled that the seizure is valid because the
Respond Government and Even private vessel can be quickly moved out of the
ent its officers. individual may locality or jurisdiction in which the search
be made
warrant must be sought before such
respondent.
warrant could be secured (Roldan, Jr. vs.
Venue RTC/CA/SC SC/CA
Arca, G.R. No. L-25434, July 25, 1975).
Discover No provision. With specific
y provision.
measure Strategic Lawsuit Against Public
s Participation (SLAPP)
Payment Allowed Not allowed
of A motion to dismiss may be filed on the ground
damages that the criminal action is a SLAPP. There must
be a Summary Hearing before the resolution of
the motion.
12.D. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE (Part 4)
Action of the court upon the motion to
Who may file (Rule 9,Sec. 1) dismiss
Any offended party, peace officer or any c) Grant the motion if the accused establishes
public officer charged with the enforcement of in the summary hearing that the criminal
an environmental law case is a SLAPP.
d) If the court denies the motion, the court shall
Institution of Criminal and Civil actions immediately proceed with the arraignment of
(Rule 10,Sec. 1) the accused.
When a criminal action is instituted, the civil Procedure in Custody and Disposition of
action for the recovery of civil liability arising Seized Items (Rule 12,Sec. 2)
from the offense charged, shall be deemed
instituted with the criminal action unless the In the absence of applicable laws or rules
complainant waives the civil action, reserves the promulgated by the concerned government
right to institute it separately or institutes the agency, the following procedure shall be
civil action prior to the criminal action. observed:
Arrest Without Warrant; When Lawful (Rule 7) The apprehending officer having initial
11, Sec. 1) custody and control of the seized items,
equipment, paraphernalia, conveyances and
A peace officer or an individual deputized by the instruments shall physically inventory and
proper government agency may, without a whenever practicable, photograph the same
warrant, arrest a person: in the presence of the person from whom
such items were seized.
i) When, in his presence, the person to be 8)
arrested has committed, is actually Bar Operations
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9) Thereafter, the apprehending officer shall
submit to the issuing court the return of the Duties of the court before granting the
search warrant within five (5) days from date application for bail (Rule 14, Sec. 2,)
of seizure or in case of warrantless arrest,
submit within five (5) days from date of 1. Judge must read the information in a
seizure, the inventory report, compliance language known to and understood by the
report, photographs, representative samples accused; and,
and other pertinent documents to the public 2. Require the accused to sign a written
prosecutor for appropriate action. undertaking, as follows:
10)
11) Upon motion by any interested party, d) To appear before the court that issued
the court may direct the auction sale of the warrant of arrest for arraignment
seized items, equipment, paraphernalia, tools purposes on the date scheduled, and if
or instruments of the crime. The court shall, the accused fails to appear without
after hearing, fix the minimum bid price justification on the date of arraignment,
based on the recommendation of the accused waives the reading of the
concerned government agency. The sheriff information and authorizes the court to
shall conduct the auction. enter a plea of not guilty on his behalf
12) and to set the case for trial;
13) The auction sale shall be with notice to e) To appear whenever required by the court
the accused, the person from whom the where the case is pending; and,
items were seized, or the owner thereof and f) To waive the right of the accused to be
the concerned government agency. present at the trial, and upon failure of
14) the accused to appear without
15) The notice of auction shall be posted in justification and despite due notice, the
three conspicuous places in the city or trial may proceed in absentia.
municipality where the items, equipment,
paraphernalia, tools or instruments of the Arraignment (Rule 15, Sec. 1)
crime were seized.
16) The court shall set the arraignment of the
17) The proceeds shall be held in trust and accused within fifteen (15) days from the time it
deposited with the government depository acquires jurisdiction over the accused, with
bank for disposition according to the notice to the public prosecutor and offended
judgment. party or concerned government agency that it
will entertain plea-bargaining on the date of the
Bail (Rule 14, Part 4) arraignment.
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Pre-Trial (Rule 16,Sec. 1,) documents, and list object and testimonial
evidence;
After the arraignment, the court shall set the 11)
pre-trial conference within thirty (30) days. 12) Scrutinize the information and the
statements in the affidavits and other
It may refer the case to the branch clerk of documents which form part of the record of
court, if warranted, for a preliminary conference the preliminary investigation together with
to be set at least three (3) days prior to the pre- other documents identified and marked as
trial. exhibits to determine further admissions of
facts as to:
f) the actions taken during the pre-trial 3. Photographic, video and similar
conference; evidence - Admissible when authenticated
g) the facts stipulated; by the person who took the same, by some
h) the admissions made; other person present when said evidence
i) the evidence marked; was taken, or by any other person
j) the number of witnesses to be presented; competent to testify on the accuracy thereof
and, the schedule of trial. (Sec. 1, Rule 21).
4. Entries in official records made in the
The order shall bind the parties and control the performance of his duty by a public officer of
course of action during the trial. the Philippines, or by a person in
performance of a duty specially enjoined by
Subsidiary liability (Rule 18, Sec. ) law, are prima facie evidence of the facts
therein stated (Sec. 2, Rule 21).
In case of conviction of the accused and
subsidiary liability is allowed by law, the court Illustrative Cases
may, by motion of the person entitled to recover
under judgment, enforce such subsidiary liability An appeal against the granting of license to
against a person or corporation subsidiary liable take and kill endangered fauna from an area
under Article 102 and Article 103 of the Revised where a road was proposed to be
Penal Code. constructed is involved. Under precautionary
principle, consideration of the state of
12.E. EVIDENCE (Part 5) knowledge or uncertainty regarding a
specie, the potential for serious or
Precautionary Principle (Rule 20, Part 5) irreversible harm is clearly consistent with
subject matter, scope, and purpose.
Precautionary principle states that when human Precautionary principle is most apt in a
activities may lead to threats of serious and situation where there is a scarcity of
irreversible damage to the environment that is scientific knowledge of species population,
scientifically plausible but uncertain, actions habitat and impact (Leatch vs. Director-General
shall be taken to avoid or diminish that threat. of National Parks and Wildlife Service, NSWLEC
191, No. 10376 of 1993, November 23, 1993).
Applicability (Rule 20, Sec. 1)
Greenpeace asserted that air emissions from
When there is a lack of full scientific certainty in the power station would exacerbate the
establishing a causal link between human greenhouse effect. Applying the
activity and environmental effect. precautionary principle, Greenpeace argued
that the court should refuse development
Note: The constitutional right of the people to a consent for the project. The Court held that
balanced and healthful ecology shall be given although application of the precautionary
the benefit of the doubt. principle dictates a cautious approach in
determining whether or not development
Standards for Application (Rule 20, Sec. 2) consent should be granted, the principle
does not require that the greenhouse gas
d) Threats to human life or health; issue outweigh all other issues (Greeanpeace
e) Inequity to present or future generations; Australia, Ltd. vs. Redbank Power Co., Land and
Environment Court of New South Wales, NSWLEC
and,
178, ILDC 985, November 10, 1994).
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Due to the contrasting findings in hundreds
of scientific studies, the Court held that the 3. Conciliation
current scientific research indicates that the
biotech industry has not sufficiently Adjustment and settlement of a dispute in a
addressed the uncertainties over the safety friendly and non-antagonistic manner.
of genetically-modified foods and crops. The
uncertainty, possibility of irreversible harm 4. Neutral and early neutral evaluation
and possibility of serious harm warrant the
application of precautionary principle (Int’l Parties and their lawyers are brought
Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech together to present summaries of their
Applications, Inc. vs. Greenpeace Southeast Asia
cases and receive a non-binding assessment
(Phils.), G.R. No. 209271, July 26, 2016).
by an experienced neutral person with
expertise in the subject or in the substance
13. ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION
of a dispute.
13.A. TYPES OF PROCESSES AND
Note:Early neutral evaluation is availed of
PROCEDURES IN ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE
early in the pre-trial phase.
RESOLUTION; COMPARISON WITH
COURT-ANNEXED MEDIATION
5. Mini-trial
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
A structured dispute resolution method in
which the merits of a case are argued before
Any process or procedure used to resolve a
a panel comprising senior decision makers
dispute or controversy, other than by
with or without the presence of a neutral
adjudication of a presiding judge of a court or
third person after which the parties seek a
an officer of a government agency, as defined in
negotiated settlement (Sec.3u, RA 9285).
this Act, in which a neutral third party
participates to assist in the resolution of issues,
6. Any combination of the foregoing
which includes arbitration, mediation,
conciliation, early neutral evaluation, mini-trial,
7. Any other ADR form
or any combination thereof (Sec.3a, RA 9285).
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Hearing by court(Sec. 6, R.A. No. 876) Exception: The Court of First Instance shall
appoint an arbitrator or arbitrators.
A party aggrieved by the failure, neglect or
refusal of another to perform under an Instances when CFI shall appoint an arbitrator/s
agreement in writing providing for arbitration
may petition the court for an order directing that 1) If the parties to the contract or submission
such arbitration proceed in the manner provided are unable to agree upon a single arbitrator;
for in such agreement. or
2) If an arbitrator appointed by the parties is
Five days notice in writing of the hearing of such unwilling or unable to serve, and his
application shall be served either personally or successor has not been appointed in the
by registered mail upon the party in default. manner in which he was appointed; or
3) If either party to the contract fails or refuses
• If the making of the agreement or such to name his arbitrator within fifteen days
failure to comply therewith is not in issue, after receipt of the demand for arbitration; or
the court shall make an order directing the 4) If the arbitrators appointed by each party to
parties to proceed to arbitration in the contract, or appointed by one party to
accordance with the terms of the agreement; the contract and by the proper Court, shall
• If the making of the agreement or default be fail to agree upon or to select the third
in issue the court shall proceed to summarily arbitrator.
hear such issue; 5) The court shall, in its discretion appoint one
• If the Court finds that there is no agreement or three arbitrators, according to the
in writing providing for arbitration or that importance of the controversy involved in
there is no default in the proceeding any of the preceding cases in which the
thereunder, the proceeding shall be agreement is silent as to the number of
dismissed; arbitrators.
• If the Court finds that a written provision for 6) Arbitrators appointed under this section shall
arbitration was made and there is a default either accept or decline their appointments
in proceeding thereunder, an order shall be within seven days of the receipt of their
made summarily directing the parties to appointments. In case of declination or the
proceed with the arbitration in accordance failure of an arbitrator or arbitrators to duly
with the terms thereof. accept their appointments the parties or the
court, as the case may be, shall proceed to
Stay of civil action appoint a substitute or substitutes for the
arbitrator or arbitrators who decline or failed
If any suit or proceeding be brought upon an to accept his or their appointments (Sec. 8,
issue arising out of an agreement providing for R.A. No. 876).
the arbitration thereof, the court in which such
suit or proceeding is pending, upon being Qualifications of Arbitrators
satisfied that the issue involved in such suit or
proceeding is referable to arbitration, shall stay 1. Must be of legal age;
the action or proceeding until an arbitration has 2. In full-enjoyment of his civil rights and know
been had in accordance with the terms of the how to read and write;
agreement: Provided, That the applicant, for the 3. Not related by blood or marriage within the
stay is not in default in proceeding with such sixth degree to either party to the
arbitration (Sec. 7, R.A. No. 876). controversy;
4. No financial, fiduciary or other interest in the
Appointment of Arbitrators controversy or cause to be decided or in the
result of the proceeding, or has any personal
GR: Agreement of the Parties bias, which might prejudice the right of any
party to a fair and impartial award;
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729
5. No party shall select as an arbitrator any conform to the Rules of Court pertaining to
person to act as his champion or to advocate evidence (Sec. 15, R.A. No. 876).
his cause (Sec. 10, R.A. No. 876).
Time for rendering award
Note:
GR: the written award of the arbitrators shall be
• The arbitrators may be challenged only for rendered within thirty days after the closing of
the reasons mentioned which may have the hearings or if the oral hearings shall have
arisen after the arbitration agreement or been waived, within thirty days after the
were unknown at the time of arbitration arbitrators shall have declared such proceedings
(Sec.11, R.A. No. 876). in lieu of hearing closed;
• If they do not yield to the challenge, the
challenging party may renew the challenge Exceptions:
before the Court of First Instance of the
province or city in which the challenged a) The parties have stipulated by written
arbitrator, or, any of them, if there be more agreement the time within which the
than one, resides (Sec. 11, R.A. No. 876). arbitrators must render their award; or
b) The period may be extended by mutual
Subpoena and subpoena duces tecum consent of the parties (Sec. 19, R.A. No. 876).
1. Arbitrators shall have the power to require Form and contents of award
any person to attend a hearing as a witness;
2. They shall have the power to subpoena 1. Award must be made in writing and signed
witnesses and documents when the and acknowledged by a majority of the
relevancy of the testimony and the arbitrators, if more than one; and by the sole
materiality thereof has been demonstrated to arbitrator, if there is only one;
the arbitrators; 2. Each party shall be furnished with a copy of
3. Arbitrators may also require the retirement of the award
any witness during the testimony of any 3. Arbitrators in their award may grant any
other witness. remedy or relief which they deem just and
4. All of the arbitrators appointed in any equitable and within the scope of the
controversy must attend all the hearings in agreement of the parties, which shall include,
that matter and hear all the allegations and but not be limited to, the specific
proofs of the parties; performance of a contract.
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• The arbitrators shall have the power to • direct a new hearing either before the same
assess in their award the expenses of any arbitrators or before a new arbitrator or
party against another party, when such arbitrators to be chosen in the manner; or
assessment shall be deemed necessary • Provided in the submission or contract for
(Sec.20, R.A. No. 876). the selection of the original arbitrator or
arbitrators, and any provision limiting the
Confirmation of award time in which the arbitrators may make a
decision shall be deemed applicable to the
At any time within one month after the award is new arbitration and to commence from the
made, any party to the controversy which date of the court's order (Sec. 24, R.A. No.
wasarbitrated may apply to the court having 876).
jurisdiction, as provided in section twenty-eight,
for an order confirming the award; and Grounds for modifying or correcting award
thereupon the court must grant such order
unless the award is vacated, modified or 1) Where there was an evident miscalculation of
corrected, as prescribed herein. Notice of such figures, or an evident mistake in the
motion must be served upon the adverse party description of any person, thing or property
or his attorney as prescribed by law for the referred to in the award; or
service of such notice upon an attorney in action 2) Where the arbitrators have awarded upon a
in the same court (Sec. 23, R.A. No. 876). matter not submitted to them, not affecting
the merits of the decision upon the matter
Grounds for vacating award submitted; or
3) Where the award is imperfect in a matter of
1) The award was procured by corruption, form not affecting the merits of the
fraud, or other undue means; or controversy, and if it had been a
2) That there was evident partiality or commissioner's report, the defect could have
corruption in the arbitrators or any of them; been amended or disregarded by the court
or (Sec. 25, R.A. No. 876).
3) That the arbitrators were guilty of
misconduct in refusing to postpone the Motion to vacate, modify or correct award:
hearing upon sufficient cause shown, or in When made
refusing to hear evidence pertinent and
material to the controversy; that one or more Notice of a motion to vacate, modify or correct
of the arbitrators was disqualified to act as the award must be served upon the adverse
such under section nine hereof, and party or his counsel within thirty days after
wilfullyrefrained from disclosing such award is filed or delivered, as prescribed by law
disqualifications or of any other misbehavior for the service upon an attorney in an action
by which the rights of any party have been (Sec. 26, R.A. No. 876).
materially prejudiced; or
4) That the arbitrators exceeded their powers, Judgment
or so imperfectly executed them, that a
mutual, final and definite award upon the Upon the granting of an order confirming,
subject matter submitted to them was not modifying or correcting an award, judgment
made (Sec. 24, R.A. No. 876). may be entered in conformity therewith in the
court wherein said application was filed (Sec. 27,
Note: R.A. No. 876).
Where an award is vacated, the court, in its Papers to accompany motion to confirm,
discretion, may: modify, correct, or vacate award
Note: Where a person capable of entering into In the event that one party defaults in
a submission or contract has knowingly entered answering the demand, the aggrieved party
into the same with a person incapable of so may file with the Clerk of the Court of First
doing, the objection on the ground of incapacity Instance having jurisdiction over the parties,
a copy of the demand for arbitration under
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the contract to arbitrate, with a notice that in proceeding thereunder, an order shall be
the original demand was sent by registered made summarily directing the parties to
mail or delivered in person to the party proceed with the arbitration in accordance
against whom the claim is asserted. Such with the terms thereof.
demand shall set forth the nature of the
controversy, the amount involved, if any, Stay of civil action
and the relief sought, and shall be
accompanied by a true copy of the contract If any suit or proceeding be brought upon an
providing for arbitration. issue arising out of an agreement providing for
the arbitration thereof, the court in which such
In the case of the submission of an existing suit or proceeding is pending, upon being
controversy by the filing with the Clerk of satisfied that the issue involved in such suit or
the Court of First Instance having proceeding is referable to arbitration, shall stay
jurisdiction, of the submission agreement, the action or proceeding until an arbitration has
setting forth the nature of the controversy, been had in accordance with the terms of the
and the amount involved, if any. Such agreement: Provided, That the applicant, for the
submission may be filed by any party and stay is not in default in proceeding with such
shall be duly executed by both parties. arbitration (Sec. 7, R.A. No. 876).
Arbitrators shall have the power to require any Form and contents of award
person to attend a hearing as a witness;
They shall have the power to subpoena Award must be made in writing and signed and
witnesses and documents when the acknowledged by a majority of the
relevancy of the testimony and the arbitrators, if more than one; and by the
materiality thereof has been demonstrated sole arbitrator, if there is only one;
to the arbitrators; Each party shall be furnished with a copy of the
Arbitrators may also require the retirement of award
any witness during the testimony of any Arbitrators in their award may grant any remedy
other witness. or relief which they deem just and equitable
and within the scope of the agreement of
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the parties, which shall include, but not be arbitrators was disqualified to act as such
limited to, the specific performance of a under section nine hereof, and wilfully
contract. refrained from disclosing such
disqualifications or of any other misbehavior
Notes: by which the rights of any party have been
In the event that the parties to an arbitration materially prejudiced; or
have, during the course of such arbitration, That the arbitrators exceeded their powers, or
settled their dispute, they may request of so imperfectly executed them, that a
the arbitrators that such settlement be mutual, final and definite award upon the
embodied in an award which shall be signed subject matter submitted to them was not
by the arbitrators. made (Sec. 24, R.A. No. 876).
No arbitrator shall act as a mediator in any
proceeding in which he is acting as Note:
arbitrator; and all negotiations towards Where an award is vacated, the court, in its
settlement of the dispute must take place discretion, may:
without the presence of the arbitrators. direct a new hearing either before the same
The arbitrators shall have the power to decide arbitrators or before a new arbitrator or
only those matters which have been arbitrators to be chosen in the manner; or
submitted to them. The terms of the award Provided in the submission or contract for the
shall be confined to such disputes; selection of the original arbitrator or
The arbitrators shall have the power to assess in arbitrators, and any provision limiting the
their award the expenses of any party time in which the arbitrators may make a
against another party, when such decision shall be deemed applicable to the
assessment shall be deemed necessary new arbitration and to commence from the
(Sec.20, R.A. No. 876). date of the court's order (Sec. 24, R.A. No.
876).
Confirmation of award
Grounds for modifying or correcting award
At any time within one month after the award is
made, any party to the controversy which was Where there was an evident miscalculation of
arbitrated may apply to the court having figures, or an evident mistake in the
jurisdiction, as provided in section twenty-eight, description of any person, thing or property
for an order confirming the award; and referred to in the award; or
thereupon the court must grant such order Where the arbitrators have awarded upon a
unless the award is vacated, modified or matter not submitted to them, not affecting
corrected, as prescribed herein. Notice of such the merits of the decision upon the matter
motion must be served upon the adverse party submitted; or
or his attorney as prescribed by law for the Where the award is imperfect in a matter of
service of such notice upon an attorney in action form not affecting the merits of the
in the same court (Sec. 23, R.A. No. 876). controversy, and if it had been a
commissioner's report, the defect could
Grounds for vacating award have been amended or disregarded by the
court (Sec. 25, R.A. No. 876).
The award was procured by corruption, fraud, or
other undue means; or Motion to vacate, modify or correct award:
That there was evident partiality or corruption in When made
the arbitrators or any of them; or
That the arbitrators were guilty of misconduct in Notice of a motion to vacate, modify or correct
refusing to postpone the hearing upon the award must be served upon the adverse
sufficient cause shown, or in refusing to party or his counsel within thirty days after
hear evidence pertinent and material to the award is filed or delivered, as prescribed by law
controversy; that one or more of the Bar Operations
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735
for the service upon an attorney in an action the general guardian or guardian ad litem of the
(Sec. 26, R.A. No. 876). infant or of the incompetent.
Note: Where a person capable of entering into
Judgment
a submission or contract has knowingly entered
into the same with a person incapable of so
Upon the granting of an order confirming,
doing, the objection on the ground of incapacity
modifying or correcting an award, judgment
can be taken only in behalf of the person so
may be entered in conformity therewith in the
incapacitated.
court wherein said application was filed (Sec. 27,
R.A. No. 876).
Limitation
Papers to accompany motion to confirm,
modify, correct, or vacate award This Act shall not apply to controversies and to
cases which are subject to the jurisdiction of the
The submission, or contract to arbitrate; the Court of Industrial Relations or which have been
appointment of the arbitrator or arbitrators; submitted to it as provided by Commonwealth
and each written extension of the time, if Act Numbered One hundred and three, as
any, within which to make the award. amended (Sec. 3, R.A. No. 876).
A verified of the award.
Each notice, affidavit, or other paper used upon Form of Arbitration Agreement
the application to confirm, modify, correct or
vacate such award, and a copy of each of A contract to arbitrate a controversy thereafter
the court upon such application (Sec. 28, R.A. arising between the parties, as well as a
No. 876). submission to arbitrate an existing controversy
shall be in writing and subscribed by the party
Note: The judgment so entered shall have the sought to be charged, or by his lawful agent
same force and effect in all respects, as, and be (Sec. 4, R.A. No. 876).
subject to all the provisions relating to, a
judgment in an action; and it may be enforced Jurisdiction and Venue
as if it had been rendered in the court in which
it is entered (Sec. 28, R.A. No. 876). The making of a contract or submission for
arbitration, providing for arbitration of any
Appeals controversy, shall be deemed a consent of the
parties to the jurisdiction of the Court of First
An appeal may be taken from an order made in Instance of the province or city where any of
a proceeding under this Act, or from a judgment the parties resides, to enforce such contract or
entered upon an award through certiorari submission (Sec. 4, R.A. No. 876).
proceedings, but such appeals shall be limited to
questions of law. The proceedings upon such an Prelliminary Procedure (Sec. 5, R.A. No. 876)
appeal, including the judgment thereon shall be
governed by the Rules of Court in so far as they File demand for arbitration in accordance with
are applicable (Sec. 29, R.A. No. 876). the contract.Such demand shall be set forth
the nature of the controversy, the amount
involved, if any, and the relief sought,
GR: A controversy cannot be arbitrated where together with a true copy of the contract
one of the parties to the controversy is an providing for arbitration.
infant, or a person judicially declared to be
incompetent, Contents of Demand to Arbitrate
Exception: The appropriate court having the nature of the controversy;
jurisdiction approve a petition for permission to the amount involved, if any;
submit such controversy to arbitration made by the relief sought, together; and
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A true copy of the contract providing for If the making of the agreement or default be in
arbitration. issue the court shall proceed to summarily
hear such issue;
In the event that one party defaults in If the Court finds that there is no agreement in
answering the demand, the aggrieved party writing providing for arbitration or that there
may file with the Clerk of the Court of First is no default in the proceeding thereunder,
Instance having jurisdiction over the parties, the proceeding shall be dismissed;
a copy of the demand for arbitration under If the Court finds that a written provision for
the contract to arbitrate, with a notice that arbitration was made and there is a default
the original demand was sent by registered in proceeding thereunder, an order shall be
mail or delivered in person to the party made summarily directing the parties to
against whom the claim is asserted. Such proceed with the arbitration in accordance
demand shall set forth the nature of the with the terms thereof.
controversy, the amount involved, if any,
and the relief sought, and shall be Stay of civil action
accompanied by a true copy of the contract
providing for arbitration. If any suit or proceeding be brought upon an
issue arising out of an agreement providing for
In the case of the submission of an existing the arbitration thereof, the court in which such
controversy by the filing with the Clerk of suit or proceeding is pending, upon being
the Court of First Instance having satisfied that the issue involved in such suit or
jurisdiction, of the submission agreement, proceeding is referable to arbitration, shall stay
setting forth the nature of the controversy, the action or proceeding until an arbitration has
and the amount involved, if any. Such been had in accordance with the terms of the
submission may be filed by any party and agreement: Provided, That the applicant, for the
shall be duly executed by both parties. stay is not in default in proceeding with such
arbitration (Sec. 7, R.A. No. 876).
Note:
In the event that one party neglects, fails or Appointment of Arbitrators
refuses to arbitrate under a submission
agreement, the aggrieved party shall follow the GR: Agreement of the Parties
procedure prescribed in (1) and (2).
Exception: The Court of First Instance shall
Hearing by court (Sec. 6, R.A. No. 876) appoint an arbitrator or arbitrators.
A party aggrieved by the failure, neglect or Instances when CFI shall appoint an
refusal of another to perform under an arbitrator/s
agreement in writing providing for arbitration
may petition the court for an order directing that If the parties to the contract or submission are
such arbitration proceed in the manner provided unable to agree upon a single arbitrator; or
for in such agreement. If an arbitrator appointed by the parties is
unwilling or unable to serve, and his
Five days notice in writing of the hearing of such successor has not been appointed in the
application shall be served either personally or manner in which he was appointed; or
by registered mail upon the party in default. If either party to the contract fails or refuses to
name his arbitrator within fifteen days after
If the making of the agreement or such failure receipt of the demand for arbitration; or
to comply therewith is not in issue, the court If the arbitrators appointed by each party to the
shall make an order directing the parties to contract, or appointed by one party to the
proceed to arbitration in accordance with contract and by the proper Court, shall fail
the terms of the agreement; to agree upon or to select the third
Bararbitrator. Operations
Commissions 737
737
The court shall, in its discretion appoint one or They shall have the power to subpoena
three arbitrators, according to the witnesses and documents when the
importance of the controversy involved in relevancy of the testimony and the
any of the preceding cases in which the materiality thereof has been demonstrated
agreement is silent as to the number of to the arbitrators;
arbitrators. Arbitrators may also require the retirement of
Arbitrators appointed under this section shall any witness during the testimony of any
either accept or decline their appointments other witness.
within seven days of the receipt of their All of the arbitrators appointed in any
appointments. In case of declination or the controversy must attend all the hearings in
failure of an arbitrator or arbitrators to duly that matter and hear all the allegations and
accept their appointments the parties or the proofs of the parties;
court, as the case may be, shall proceed to
appoint a substitute or substitutes for the Note: An award by the majority of them is
arbitrator or arbitrators who decline or failed valid unless the concurrence of all of them is
to accept his or their appointments (Sec. 8, expressly required in the submission or
R.A. No. 876).. contract to arbitrate.
The arbitrator or arbitrators shall have the
Qualifications of Arbitrators power at any time, before rendering the
award, without prejudice to the rights of any
must be of legal age; party to petition the court to take measures
In full-enjoyment of his civil rights and know to safeguard and/or conserve any matter
how to read and write; which is the subject of the dispute in
Not related by blood or marriage within the sixth arbitration (Sec. 14, R.A. No. 876).
degree to either party to the controversy;
No financial, fiduciary or other interest in the Hearing by Arbitrators
controversy or cause to be decided or in the
result of the proceeding, or has any The arbitrators shall be the sole judge of the
personal bias, which might prejudice the relevancy and materiality of the evidence
right of any party to a fair and impartial offered or produced, and shall not be bound to
award; conform to the Rules of Court pertaining to
No party shall select as an arbitrator any person evidence (Sec. 15, R.A. No. 876).
to act as his champion or to advocate his
cause (Sec. 10, R.A. No. 876).. Time for rendering award
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Award must be made in writing and signed and The award was procured by corruption, fraud, or
acknowledged by a majority of the other undue means; or
arbitrators, if more than one; and by the That there was evident partiality or corruption in
sole arbitrator, if there is only one; the arbitrators or any of them; or
Each party shall be furnished with a copy of the That the arbitrators were guilty of misconduct in
award refusing to postpone the hearing upon
Arbitrators in their award may grant any remedy sufficient cause shown, or in refusing to
or relief which they deem just and equitable hear evidence pertinent and material to the
and within the scope of the agreement of controversy; that one or more of the
the parties, which shall include, but not be arbitrators was disqualified to act as such
limited to, the specific performance of a under section nine hereof, and wilfully
contract. refrained from disclosing such
disqualifications or of any other misbehavior
Notes: by which the rights of any party have been
In the event that the parties to an arbitration materially prejudiced; or
have, during the course of such arbitration, That the arbitrators exceeded their powers, or
settled their dispute, they may request of so imperfectly executed them, that a
the arbitrators that such settlement be mutual, final and definite award upon the
embodied in an award which shall be signed subject matter submitted to them was not
by the arbitrators. made (Sec. 24, R.A. No. 876).
No arbitrator shall act as a mediator in any
proceeding in which he is acting as Note:
arbitrator; and all negotiations towards Where an award is vacated, the court, in its
settlement of the dispute must take place discretion, may:
without the presence of the arbitrators. direct a new hearing either before the same
The arbitrators shall have the power to decide arbitrators or before a new arbitrator or
only those matters which have been arbitrators to be chosen in the manner; or
submitted to them. The terms of the award Provided in the submission or contract for the
shall be confined to such disputes; selection of the original arbitrator or
The arbitrators shall have the power to assess in arbitrators, and any provision limiting the
their award the expenses of any party time in which the arbitrators may make a
against another party, when such decision shall be deemed applicable to the
assessment shall be deemed necessary new arbitration and to commence from the
(Sec.20, R.A. No. 876). date of the court's order (Sec. 24, R.A. No.
876).
Confirmation of award
Grounds for modifying or correcting award
At any time within one month after the award is
made, any party to the controversy which was Where there was an evident miscalculation of
arbitrated may apply to the court having figures, or an evident mistake in the
jurisdiction, as provided in section twenty-eight, description of any person, thing or property
for an order confirming the award; and referred to in the award; or
thereupon the court must grant such order Where the arbitrators have awarded upon a
unless the award is vacated, modified or matter not submitted to them, not affecting
corrected, as prescribed herein. Notice of such the merits of the decision upon the matter
motion must be served upon the adverse party submitted; or
or his attorney as prescribed by law for the Where the award is imperfect in a matter of
service of such notice upon an attorney in action form not affecting the merits of the
in the same court (Sec. 23, R.A. No. 876). controversy, and if it had been a
commissioner's report, the defect could
Grounds for vacating award have been amended or disregarded by the
Bar
court (Sec. 25, Operations
R.A. No. 876).
Commissions 739
739
13.CB. JUDICIAL REVIEW OF ARBITRAL
Motion to vacate, modify or correct award: AWARDS
When made
Domestic Arbitral Awards
Notice of a motion to vacate, modify or correct
the award must be served upon the adverse Nature of Proceedings
party or his counsel within thirty days after
award is filed or delivered, as prescribed by law Nature of the proceedings for recognition and
for the service upon an attorney in an action enforcement of an arbitration agreement or for
(Sec. 26, R.A. No. 876). vacation, setting aside, correction or
modification of an arbitral award, and any
Judgment application with a court for arbitration assistance
and supervision shall be deemed as Special
Upon the granting of an order confirming, Proceedings.
modifying or correcting an award, judgment
may be entered in conformity therewith in the Where to file- Regional Trial Court
court wherein said application was filed (Sec. 27,
R.A. No. 876). a) Where arbitration proceedings are conducted;
The submission, or contract to arbitrate; the c) Where any of the parties to the dispute
appointment of the arbitrator or arbitrators; resides or has his place of business; or
and each written extension of the time, if
any, within which to make the award. d) In the National Judicial Capital Region, at the
A verified of the award. option of the applicant.
Each notice, affidavit, or other paper used upon
the application to confirm, modify, correct or Notice of Proceedings to Parties
vacate such award, and a copy of each of
the court upon such application (Sec. 28, R.A. In a special proceeding for recognition and
No. 876). enforcement of an arbitral award, the Court
shall send notice to the parties at their address
Note: The judgment so entered shall have the of record in the arbitration, or if any party
same force and effect in all respects, as, and be cannot be served notice at such address, at
subject to all the provisions relating to, a such party's last known address. The notice
judgment in an action; and it may be enforced shall be sent at least fifteen (15) days before
as if it had been rendered in the court in which the date set for the initial hearing of the
it is entered (Sec. 28, R.A. No. 876). application (Sec.48, RA 9285).
Appeals
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jurisdiction, as provided in section twenty-eight, 1. Where there was an evident miscalculation
for an order confirming the award; and of figures, or an evident mistake in the
thereupon the court must grant such order description of any person, thing or property
unless the award is vacated, modified or referred to in the award; or
corrected, as prescribed herein. Notice of such 2. Where the arbitrators have awarded upon a
motion must be served upon the adverse party matter not submitted to them, not affecting
or his attorney as prescribed by law for the the merits of the decision upon the matter
service of such notice upon an attorney in action submitted; or
in the same court (Sec.23, RA 876). 3. Where the award is imperfect in a matter of
form not affecting the merits of the
Note: A CIAC arbitral award need not be controversy, and if it had been a
confirmed by the Regional Trial Court to be commissioner's report, the defect could have
executory as provided under E.O. No. 1008 (Sec. been amended or disregarded by the court.
40, RA 9285).
Note: The order may modify and correct the
Q. Did R.A. 9285 and the Special Rules on award so as to effect the intent thereof and
Alternative Dispute Resolution have promote justice between the parties (Sec.25, RA
stripped the Court of Appeals of jurisdiction 876).
to review arbitral awards?
Foreign Arbitral Awards
A. The Supreme Court holds that R.A. 9285 New York Convention
did not confer on Regional Trial Courts
jurisdiction to review awards or decisions of The New York Convention shall govern the
the CIAC in construction disputes. On the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards
contrary, Section 40 thereof expressly covered by the said Convention (Sec. 42, RA
declares that confirmation by the RTC is not 9285).
required. (J Plus Asia Development Corporation
vs. Utility Assurance Corporation, GR No. 199650, Where to File Recognition and
June 26, 2013). Enforcement
Q. Whether or not the stipulation in the This Special Rule of Court took effect on
arbitration clause that foreign arbitral award October 30, 2009.
shall be final and binding ousts the courts of
jurisdiction? What is the nature of proceedings under
these Rules?
A. No. R.A. 9285 provides on how to enforce a All proceedings under the Special ADR rules are
foreign arbitral award in this jurisdiction. These special proceedings(Rule 1.2., Rule 1, Special ADR
are as follows: a. The RTC must refer to Rules).
arbitration in proper cases; b. Foreign Arbitral
awards must be confirmed by the RTC. When 13.FE.1. SUBJECT MATTER
confirmed by the RTC, it is deemed not as a
judgment of the foreign court but as a foreign This rule shall apply to and govern the following
arbitral award and enforced as final and cases:
executory decisions of our courts of law; c. RTC
has jurisdiction to review foreign arbitral A. 1. Relief on the issue of Existence,
awards; d. Grounds for judicial review different Validity, or Enforceability of the
in domestic and foreign arbitral awards; e. RTC Arbitration Agreement
decision of assailed foreign arbitral award
appealable. (Korea Technologies Co., Ltd. v. Lerma, This is a judicial relief in Rule 3 of Special ADR,
GR No. 143581, January 7, 2008). a petition for judicial determination of existence,
validity and/or enforceability of an arbitration
13.DC. APPEAL FROM COURT DECISIONS agreement. This judicial relief is applicable only
ON ARBITRAL AWARDS to arbitration proceedings conducted in the
Philippines (p. 161-162, Alternative Dispute
A decision of the regional trial court confirming, Resolution, 2015 Revised Edition, Justice Gabriel T.
vacating, setting aside, modifying or correcting Robeniol).
an arbitral award may be appealed to the Court
of Appeals in accordance with the rules of B. 2. Referral to Alternative Dispute
procedure to be promulgated by the Supreme Resolution ("ADR")
Court (Sec. 46, RA 9285).
This actually pertains to the referral of a
13.ED. VENUE AND JURISDICTION
pending court action to arbitration rather than
any other form of ADR. The situation
The parties are free to agree on the place of
contemplated by this Rule is where:
arbitration. Failing such agreement, the place of
arbitration shall be in Metro Manila, unless the
i. There is already a pending action
arbitral tribunal, having regard to the
circumstances of the case, including the
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ii. There is either a pre-action arbitration
agreement or a present-action arbitration This classification of arbitration agreement is
agreement; and based on the time of execution relative to the
existence of dispute. A pre-causal arbitration
iii. One or both parties desire to undergo
agreement, also known as an agreement to
arbitration (p. 170, Alternative Dispute
submit to arbitration, are those entered into
Resolution, 2015 Revised Edition, Justice
prior to existence of dispute. On the otherhand,
Gabriel T. Robeniol).
present-causal arbitration agreement, known as
ii. There is either a pre-action arbitration submission agreement, are those entered into
agreement or a present-action arbitration while there is already an existing dispute (p. 170,
Alternative Dispute Resolution, 2015 Revised Edition,
agreement; and Justice Gabriel T. Robeniol).
iii. One or both parties desire to undergo
arbitration (p. 170, Alternative Dispute Importance of Distinguishing Arbitration
Resolution, 2015 Revised Edition, Justice Gabriel Agreements
T. Robeniol).
The timing of referral to ADR depends on the
Form of Request for Referral nature of the agreement.
The request for referral shall be in the form of a For a pre-action arbitration agreement, either
motion, which shall state that the dispute is agreement to submit or submission agreement ,
covered by an arbitration agreement. the request for referral to arbitration may be
made by any one of the parties not later than
The movant shall attach to his motion an the pre-trial conference. Requests made after
authentic copy of the arbitration agreement pre-trial must be with agreement of both
(Rule 4.3, Rule 4, Special ADR Rules). parties.
The court shall act as Appointing Authority only The petition for appointment of arbitrator may
in the following instances: be filed, at the option of the petitioner, in the
Regional Trial Court:
a. Where any of the parties in an institutional
arbitration failed or refused to appoint an a) where the principal place of business of any
arbitrator or when the parties have failed to of the parties is located,
reach an agreement on the sole arbitrator (in an b) if any of the parties are individuals, where
arbitration before a sole arbitrator) or when the those individuals reside, or
two designated arbitrators have failed to reach c) in the National Capital Region (Rule 6.3, Rule
an agreement on the third or presiding 6, Special ADR Rules).
arbitrator (in an arbitration before a panel of
three arbitrators), and the institution under When Dismissed
whose rules arbitration is to be conducted fails
or is unable to perform its duty as appointing When there is a pending petition in another
authority within a reasonable time from receipt court to declare the arbitration agreement
of the request for appointment; inexistent, invalid, unenforceable, on account of
which the respondent failed or refused to
b. In all instances where arbitration is ad hoc participate in the selection and appointment of a
and the parties failed to provide a method for sole arbitrator or to appoint a party-nominated
appointing or replacing an arbitrator, or arbitrator, the petition filed under this rule shall
substitute arbitrator, or the method agreed upon be dismissed (Rule 6.8, Rule 6, Special ADR Rules).
is ineffective, and the National President of the
Integrated Bar of the Philippines (IBP) or his No reconsideration, appeal or certiorari
duly authorized representative fails or refuses to
act within such period as may be allowed under
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If the court appoints an arbitrator, the order
appointing an arbitrator shall be immediately Unless the bad faith of the challenged arbitrator
executory and shall not be the subject of a is established with reasonable certainty by
motion for reconsideration, appeal or certiorari. concealing or failing to disclose a ground for his
disqualification, the challenged arbitrator shall
An order of the court denying the petition for be entitled to reimbursement of all reasonable
appointment of an arbitrator may, however, be expenses he may have incurred in attending to
the subject of a motion for reconsideration, the arbitration and to a reasonable
appeal or certiorari (Rule 6.9, Rule 6, Special ADR compensation for his work on the arbitration
Rules). (Rule 7.9, Rule 7, Special ADR Rules).
When Challenge May be Raised b) The arbitrator, upon request of any party,
fails or refuses to withdraw from his office.
The rules of procedure on the judicial challenge
to the appointment of arbitrators apply to the c) The appointing authority fails or refuses to
following situation: decide on the termination of the mandate of
the arbitrator within such period of time as
a1. The challenge to the appointment of an may be allowed under the applicable rule or,
arbitrator before the arbitral tribunal is not in the absence thereof, within thirty (30)
successful, and the appointing authority fails days from the time the request is brought
or refuses to act on the challenge within such before him; and
period of time as may be allowed under the
applicable rule or, in the absence thereof, d) Any party seeks judicial action in terminating
within thirty (30) days from receipt of the mandate of the arbitrator (p. 183,
request; and Alternative Dispute Resolution, 2015 Revised
Edition, Justice Gabriel T. Robeniol).
b2. The aggrieved party wants to secure judicial
action on the challenge (p. 181, Alternative Venue
Dispute Resolution, 2015 Revised Edition, Justice
Gabriel T. Robeniol). The same as Appointment if Arbitrator.
The same as Appointment if Arbitrator.No Any order of the court resolving the petition
reconsideration, appeal or certiorari. shall be immediately executory and shall not be
the subject of a motion for reconsideration,
Any order of the court resolving the petition appeal, or certiorari (Rule 8, Special ADR Rules).
shall be immediately executory and shall not be
the subject of a motion for reconsideration, Appointment of substitute arbitrator
appeal, or certiorari (Rule 7, Special ADR Rules).
Where the mandate of an arbitrator is
Reimbursement of expenses and terminated, or he withdraws from office for any
reasonable compensation to challenged other reason, or because of his mandate is
arbitrator revoked
Bar by agreement of the parties or is
Operations
terminated for any other reason, a
Commissions 745
745
substitute arbitrator shall be appointed c) where the evidence may be found (Rule 9.3,
according to the rules that were applicable to Rule 9, Special ADR Rules)
the appointment of the arbitrator being replaced
(Rule 8.8, Rule 8, Special ADR Rules). Type of Assistance
If the court finds the petition or motion After a summary hearing, if the court finds that
meritorious, it shall issue an order enjoining a the agreement is a valid mediated settlement
person or persons from divulging confidential agreement, that there is no merit in any of the
information. affirmative or negative defenses raised, and the
respondent has breached that agreement, in
Relief whole or in part, the court shall order the
enforcement thereof; otherwise, it shall dismiss
The order enjoining a person or persons from the petition (Rule 15.8, Rule 15, Special ADR Rules).
divulging confidential information shall be
immediately executory and may not be enjoined 13.FE.2. SUMMARY PROCEEDINGS IN
while the order is being questioned with the CERTAIN CASES
appellate courts.
The proceedings in the following instances are
If the court declines to enjoin a person or summary in nature and shall be governed by
persons from divulging confidential information, this provision:
the petitioner may file a motion for
reconsideration or appeal (Rule 10.9, Rule 10, a. Judicial Relief Involving the Issue of
Special ADR Rules). Existence, Validity or Enforceability of the
Arbitration Agreement;
12. Deposit and Enforcement of Mediated b. Referral to ADR;
Settlement Agreements c. Interim Measures of Protection;
d. Appointment of Arbitrator;
Who make deposit e. Challenge to Appointment of Arbitrator;
f. Termination of Mandate of Arbitrator;
Any party to a mediation that is not court- g. Assistance in Taking Evidence;
annexed may deposit with the court the written h. Confidentiality/Protective Orders; and
settlement agreement, which resulted from that i. Deposit and Enforcement of Mediated
mediation (Rule 15.1, Rule 15, Special ADR Rules). Settlement Agreements (Rule 1.3, Rule 1,
Special ADR Rules).
When made
Summary Hearing
At any time after an agreement is reached, the
written settlement agreement may be deposited In all cases, as far as practicable, the summary
(Rule 15.2, Rule 15, Special ADR Rules). hearing shall be conducted in one (1) day and
only for purposes of clarifying facts.
Venue
Except in cases involving Referral to ADR or
The written settlement agreement may be Confidentiality/Protective Orders made through
jointly deposited by the parties or deposited by motions, it shall be the court that sets the
one party with prior notice to the other party/ies petition for hearing within five (5) days from the
with the Clerk of Court of the Regional Trial lapse of the period for filing the opposition or
Court: comment (Rule 1.3 ( c ), Rule 1, Special ADR
Rules) .
1) where the principal place of business in the
Philippines of any of the parties is located
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Note: The court shall motu proprio order a
Resolution pleading/motion that it has determined to be
dilatory in nature be expunged from the records
The court shall resolve the matter within a (Rule 1.6, Rule 1, Special ADR Rules).
period of thirty (30) days from the day of the
hearing (Rule 1.3 ( d ), Rule 1, Special ADR Rules) 13.FE.4. JUDICIAL RELIEF INVOLVING
THE ISSUE OF EXISTENCE, VALIDITY AND
Note: The pleadings must be verified and ENFORCEABILITY OF ARBITRATION
attached with Certification Against Forum AGREEMENTS
Shopping (Rule 1.4-1.5, Rule 1, Special ADR Rules)
The issue involved in these proceedings are:
(EVE)
Q. What is the extent of court authority in
ADR cases?(where court stressed that the 1. Existence of the arbitration agreement-
proceedings are summary in nature) whether or not there is an arbitration
agreement;
2.
1. Existence of the arbitration agreement- whether or
A. RA 876 explicitly confines the court’s not there is an arbitration agreement;
authority only to the determination of
whether or not there is an agreement in 3. 2. Validity of arbitration agreement-
writing providing for arbitration. In whether or not the arbitration agreement
affirmative, the statute ordains that the complies with all the essential requisites for a
court shall issue an order “summarily valid contract;
directing the parties to proceed with the 4.
arbitration in accordance with the terms 5. 3.Enforceability of the arbitration
thereof”. If the court upon the otherhand, agreement- whether or not the arbitration
finds that no such agreement exists, the agreement is enforceable in accordance with
“proceedings shall be dismissed” (La Naval Art. 1403 of the Civil Code (p. 161,
Drug Corporation v. Court of Appeals, GR No. Alternative Dispute Resolution, 2015 Revised
103200, August 31, 1994) Edition, Justice Gabriel T. Robeniol).
The following pleadings, motions, or petitions The judicial relief provided in Rule 3, whether
shall not be allowed in the cases governed by resorted to before or after commencement of
the Special ADR Rules and shall not be accepted arbitration, shall apply only when the place of
for filing by the Clerk of Court: arbitration is in the Philippines.
Regional Trial Court of the place where any of 1. The arbitration proceeding has already
the petitioners or respondents has his principal commenced, the arbitral tribunal has been
place of business or residence (Rule 3.4, Rule 3, constituted and has rendered a preliminary
Special ADR Rules). ruling in its jurisdiction;
Such prima facie determination will not, 1. Period for resolving petition- within thirty
however, prejudice the right of any party to (30) days from time petition submitted for
raise the issue of the existence, validity and resolution.
enforceability of the arbitration agreement
before the arbitral tribunal or the court in an 1. Period for resolving petition- within thirty
action to vacate or set aside the arbitral award. (30) days from time petition submitted for
In the latter case, the court’s review of shall be resolution.
a full review of such issue or issues with due
regard, however, to the standard for review for
arbitral awards prescribed in these Special ADR 2. 2. No injunction of arbitral proceedings-
Rules (Rule 3.11, Rule 3, Special ADR Rules). Court shall not enjoin the arbitration
proceedings during the pendency of the
B. After Arbitration Commences petition. Judicial recourse to the court shall
not prevent the arbitral tribunal from
After the commencement of the arbitration and continuing the proceedings and rendering its
constitution of arbitral tribunal, and after the award.
arbitral tribunal has rendered a preliminary
ruling on its jurisdiction, the proper issue for 3. 3. When dismissal appropriate-The court
judicial relief is whether or not the arbitral shall dismiss the petition if:
tribunal has jurisdiction over the arbitral
proceedings. Subsumed to the said issue is the
existence, validity or enforceability of the
arbitration agreement upon which emanates the a. it fails to comply with the contents of
jurisdiction and authority of the arbitral tribunal the petition or
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Grounds
b. b. if upon consideration of the grounds
alleged and the legal briefs submitted by 1. 1) The need to prevent irreparable loss or
the parties, the petition does not appear injury;
to be prima facie meritorious (Rule 3.18, 2. 2) The need to provide security for the
Rule 3, Special ADR Rules). performance of any obligation;
3. 3) The need to produce or preserve
When petition not allowed evidence; or
4.
Where the arbitral tribunal defers its ruling on 5. 4) The need to compel any other appropriate
preliminary question regarding its jurisdiction act or omission (Rule 5.4 Rule 5, Special ADR
until its final award, the aggrieved party cannot Rules).
seek judicial relief to question the deferral and 6.
must await the final arbitral award before
seeking appropriate judicial recourse(Rule 3.20, Types of Interim Measure of Protection
Rule 3, Special ADR Rules).
1) 1) Preliminary injunction directed against a
party to arbitration;
2) 2) Preliminary attachment against property
Reliefs Allowed or garnishment of funds in the custody of a
bank or a third person;
1) The aggrieved party may file a motion for
3) 3) Appointment of a receiver;
reconsideration of the order of the court but
the court decision if not subject to appeal. 4)
2) The ruling of the court that the arbitral
5) 4) Detention, preservation, delivery or
tribunal has no jurisdiction may be the
inspection of property; or,e. Assistance in the
subject of a petition for certiorari. However,
enforcement of an interim measure of
ruling of the court affirming the arbitral
protection granted by the arbitral tribunal,
tribunal shall not be subject to a petition for
which the latter cannot enforce effectively
certiorari (Rule 3.19, Rule 3, Special ADR Rules). (Rule 5.6, Rule 5, Special ADR Rules).
1) Where the principal place of business of any Note: Any court order granting or denying
of the parties to arbitration is located; interim measure/s of protection is issued
2) Where any of the parties who are individuals without prejudice to subsequent grant,
resides; modification, amendment, revision or revocation
3) Where any of the acts sought to be enjoined by the arbitral tribunal as may be warranted
are being performed, threatened to be (Rule 5.13, Rule 3, Special ADR Rules).
performed or not being performed; ord.
13.FE.6. ENFORCEMENT AND
Where the real property subject of
RECOGNITION OR SETTING ASIDE OF AN
arbitration, or a portion thereof is situated
(Rule 5.3, Rule 5, Special ADR Rules).
INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRAL
AWARD
Bar Operations
Commissions 751
751
When to File (decisions on matters not submitted to
arbitration may be set aside or decisions
The petition for enforcement and recognition of on matters submitted to arbitration may
an be enforced;) or
arbitral award may be filed anytime from receipt
of the award. If, however, a timely petition to d. The composition of the arbitral tribunal or
set aside an arbitral award is filed, the opposing the arbitral procedure was not in
party must file therein and in opposition thereto accordance with the agreement of the
the petition for recognition and enforcement of parties, unless such agreement was in
the same award within the period for filing an conflict with a provision of Philippine law
opposition. from which the parties cannot derogate,
or, failing such agreement, was not in
The petition to set aside an arbitral award may accordance with Philippine law;
only be filed within three (3) months from the
time the petitioner receives a copy thereof (Rule 2. Court finds that
12.2, Rule 12, Special ADR Rules).
a. The subject-matter of the dispute is not
Venue capable of settlement by arbitration under
the law of the Philippines; or
A petition to recognize and enforce or set aside
an arbitral award may, at the option of the b. The recognition or enforcement of the
petitioner, be filed with the Regional Trial Court: award would be contrary to public policy
(a) where arbitration proceedings were (Rule 12.4, Rule 12, Special ADR Rules).
conducted; (b) where any of the assets to be
attached or levied upon is located; (c) where the Exclusive recourse against arbitral award
act to be enjoined will be or is being performed;
(d) where any of the parties to arbitration Recourse to a court against an arbitral award
resides or has its place of business; or (e) in the shall be made only through a petition to set
National Capital Judicial Region (Rule 12.3, Rule aside the arbitral award and on grounds
12, Special ADR Rules). prescribed by the law that governs international
commercial arbitration. Any other recourse from
Grounds the arbitral award, such as by appeal or petition
for review or petition for certiorari or otherwise,
1. 1. Party making application furnished shall be dismissed by the court (Rule 12.5, Rule
proof that: 12, Special ADR Rules).
The following, while neither controlling nor fully Grounds for Dismissal
measuring the court's discretion, indicate the
serious and compelling, and necessarily, The failure of the petitioner to comply with:
restrictive nature of the grounds that will
warrant the exercise of the Supreme Court’s 1. 1. The payment of the docket and other
discretionary powers, when the Court of lawful fees, deposit for costs
Appeals: 2. 2. Proof of service of the petition, and
3. 3. The contents of and the documents which
1. 1. Failed to apply the applicable standard or should accompany the petition shall be
test for judicial review prescribed in these sufficient ground for the dismissal thereof.
Special ADR Rules in arriving at its decision
resulting in substantial prejudice to the The Supreme Court may on its own initiative
aggrieved party; deny the petition on the ground that the appeal
2. 2. Erred in upholding a final order or decision is without merit, or is prosecuted manifestly for
despite the lack of jurisdiction of the court delay, or that the questions raised therein are
that rendered such final order or decision; too insubstantial to require consideration.
3. 3. Failed to apply any provision, principle,
policy or rule contained in these Special ADR
Rules resulting in substantial prejudice to the
aggrieved party; and
4. 4. Committed an error so egregious and HAIL TO THE CHIEFS!
harmful to a party as to amount to an
undeniable excess of jurisdiction (Rule19.36,
Rules 19, Special ADR Rules).
How Made