Construction: Geometric Construction Involves Drawing Shapes That Satisfy Certain Requirements

CSEC Mathematics General Proficiency Geometry and Trigonometry
Part 3:
Draw and measure angles and line segments accurately
using appropriate geometrical instruments;
Construct lines, angles, and polygons using appropriate

geometrical instruments; Parallel and perpendicular lines.
Triangles, quadrilaterals, regular and irregular polygons.
Angles to be constructed include 30, 45, 60, 90, 120.
4.3: CONSTRUCTION
Geometric construction involves drawing shapes

that satisfy certain requirements.
The tools to use are a ruler and a pair of compasses.
A few points to remember when doing the types of

geometric constructions covered in these lessons:
 Do not use a protractor (unless otherwise
stated in the question)
 Use a sharp pencil.
 Do not erase the construction lines. (They
will show the examiner how the lines or
shapes were constructed).
Revision notes  Paper 2 Section I Page | 1

4.3.1: Constructing a line segment and

perpendicular bisector
A perpendicular bisector of a line segment AB is a

line that divides the line AB into two equal parts at
a right angle.
Examples
Construction
(1 Constructing a perpendicular bisector of the

) given line segment AB.
Step (3) Join the two points where the arcs intersect
Step by step solution: with a straight line. This line is the
perpendicular bisector of AB. P is the
Step (1) Stretch your compasses until it is more than
midpoint of AB.
half the length of AB. Put the sharp end at A
and mark an arc above and another arc
The diagram should look like this one below:
below line segment AB..
The above construction can also be used to construct an

isosceles triangle or a rhombus.
Step (2) Without changing the width of the

compasses, put the sharp end at B and mark
arcs above and below the line segment AB
that will intersect with the arcs drawn in
step 1.

4.3.2: Constructing angles: 30˚ and 60˚. Constructing angle of 30˚, we bisect the angle of
60˚.
30 angle is a bisector of 60. In order to construct
Use the following steps 30:
30, we must construct 60 first.
Use the following steps to construct 60: Step (1) Use the steps above to construct a 60˚ angle.
Step (2) Place the compass point at X and draw an arc

Step (1) Construct a base line. Label the end points as within the 60˚ space. Place the compass point
A and B respectively. at C and draw another arc to intersect the first
Step (2) Stretch the compasses to any length. Place the arc. Label this point as D.
compass point at A and draw an arc, from
above the line, to intersect the line. Label this
point as X.
Step (3) Place the compass point at X, construct

another arc to cut the first arc. Label this
intersection as C.
Use this same method to construct EQUILATERAL triangle.

4.3.3: Constructing angles: 45˚ and 90˚ Constructing angle of 45˚, we bisect the angle of 90˚.
1. Construct a 90˚.
45 angle is a bisector of 90. In order to construct
45, we must construct 90 first. 2. Using the intersects on the 90˚ angle, construct
two intersecting arcs inside the 90˚ angle .
Step (1) Construct a base line. Label the end points as

A and B respectively.
Step (2) Stretch the compasses to any length. Place the
compass point at A and draw a semicircle to
intersect the line. Label the end points as X.
Step (3) Using the intersects on the base line, construct

two arcs above and below the semicircle.
Step (4) Draw a straight line from the top intersect

through the point A.

Worked Examination Questions (a) CD = 6.8 cm
(b) (i)  BAC =  A = 60º

Question 1:
(ii)  ABC =  B = 60º
Using a ruler and a compass only, construct
ΔABC with sides all three sides equal to 8 cm.
(c) Area = ½ base × height
(a) Construct the line CD, the height of Δ = ½ × 8 × 6.8
ABC, intersecting the line AB at D.
= 27.2 cm² Ans.
Measure and state the length of CD, the
height of Δ ABC.
(b) Measure and state the size of: Question 2:
Using a ruler and a compass only, construct Δ

(i)  BAC
DEF with DE = 5cm, and EF = DF = 7cm.
(ii)  ABC (a) Construct the height of Δ DEF,

intersecting the line DE at G.
(c) Calculate the area of Δ ABC.
Measure and state the height of Δ DEF.
(b) Measure and state the size of:

Solution:
(i)  EDF
Your diagram should look like this:
(ii)  EFD
(c) Calculate the perimeter of  DEF.

Solution: Question 3:
Your diagram should look like this: Using a ruler and a compass only, construct
ΔPQR with PQ = 6 cm, PR = 7 cm and QR = 5.5
cm.
(a) Construct the height of Δ PQR,

intersecting the line PQ at T.
Measure and state the height of Δ PQR.
(i)  RPQ
(ii)  PRQ
(ii)  PQR
(c) Calculate the perimeter of  PQR.
(d) Determine the area of  PQR.

(a) height = FG = 6.5 cm Ans.
(b) (i)  EDF =  D = 70º Ans. Solution:

(ii)  EFD =  F = 40º Ans.
(c) Perimeter = 5 + 7 + 7
= 19 cm Ans.

(a) height = RT = 5.3 cm Ans.

Solution:
(b) (i)  RPQ = 50º Ans.
(ii)  PRQ = 75º Ans.
(iii)  PQR = 55º
(c) Perimeter = 7 + 6 + 5.5

= 18.5 cm Ans.
(d) Area = ½ × 6 × 5.3

= 15.9 cm² Ans.
Question 4:
(a) height = CT = 4.9 cm Ans.
Using a ruler and a compass only, construct
ΔABC with AB = 8 cm,  BAC = 60º and (b)  ACB = 75º Ans.
ABC = 45º.
(c) (i) AC = 5.7 cm Ans.
(a) Construct the height of Δ ABC,
intersecting the line AB at T. (ii) BC = 7 cm Ans.
Measure and state the height of ΔABC.

(d) Perimeter = 5.7 + 8 + 7
= 20.7 cm Ans.
(b) Measure and state the size of ACB
(c) Measure and state the length of the side: (e) Area = ½ × 8 × 4.9
= 19.6 cm² Ans.
(ii) AC
(ii) BC
(d) Calculate the perimeter of ABC.
(e) Determine the area of  ABC.

Question 5: (c) QR = 7.9 cm
Construct a triangle PQR given that PQ = 4 cm,

(d) Perimeter = 4 + 5 + 7.9
PR = 5 cm and  P = 120˚.
= 16.9 cm Ans.
(a) Construct the height of Δ PQR,
intersecting the line QP at T. (e) Area = ½ × 4 × 4.5
Measure and state the height. = 9 cm² Ans.

Question 6:
(ii) Q
Construct a parallelogram ABCD with sides
(ii) R AB = 4 cm and AD = 5 cm and  A = 60˚.
(c) Measure and state the length of QR (a) Draw and show the diagonal AC.
(d) Calculate the perimeter of Δ PQR.
(b) Construct the height of the parallelogram
(e) Determine the area of Δ PQR. ABCD, intersecting the line AB at T.
Measure and state the height.
(c) Measure and state the length of the

diagonal AC
Solution:
(d) Measure and state the size of  B.
Solution:
(a) height = 4.5 cm Ans.
(b) (i)  Q = 34º Ans.
(ii)  R = 26º Ans.

(a) CT = 6.8 cm Question 8:
(b) AC = 6.8 cm Using a ruler and a compass only, construct a

trapezium EFGH with sides EF = 7 cm,
(c)  B = 120˚ EFG = 60˚,  HEF = 90˚ and HE = 5 cm.
(b) Measure and state the length of HG.
Question 7: (b) By measuring the angle FGH, prove that

Using a ruler and a compass only, construct a the size is 120.
rectangle PQRS with sides PQ = 6.4 cm and
PS= 5 cm.
Solution:
(a) Draw and show the diagonal PR Your diagram should look like this:
(b) Measure and state the length of the

diagonal PR.
(c) Measure and state the size of  B.
Solution:
(a) HG = cm
(b)  FGH = 120˚
Question 9:
Using a ruler, pencil and a pair of compasses and

a protractor, draw accurately a quadrilateral
ABCD using the following measurements:
PR = 8.1 cm
AB = 8 cm  ABC = 130˚, BC = 5 cm,
DAB = 80˚ and AD = 6.5 cm
(a) Draw the height of the parallelogram

ABCD, intersecting the line AB at T.

(b) Measure and state the length of
(i) DT
(ii) AT
(iii) BD.
(iv) DC.
(c) Calculate the perimeter of quadrilateral

ABCD.
Solution:
(b) (i) DT = 6.4 cm
(ii) AT = 0.9 cm
(iii) BD = 9.6 cm
(iv) DC = 10.6 cm
(c) Perimeter = 8 + 5 + 10.6 + 6.5

= 30.1 cm Ans.
use Pythagoras’ theorem to solve problems

The hypotenuse is the longest side of the right

triangle.
Part 4:
2. Sine, Cosine and Tangent ratios
use Pythagoras’ theorem to solve problems
(SOH-CAH-TOA).
determine the trigonometric ratios of acute angles in a Sine, cosine and tangent are trigonometric
right- angled triangle functions that enable to calculate angles and lengths
use trigonometric ratios in the solution of right angled- of right-angled triangles.
triangles; Practical geometry and scale drawing,
bearing.
(1) Calculating a side, you any of these trig ratios
use trigonometric ratios to solve problems based on
measures in the physical world;
O Opposite Side
use the sine and cosine rules in the solution of problems
involving triangles; Sin θ = H (Sine angle = Hypotenuse )
represent the relative position of two points given the A Adjacent Side
bearing of one point with respect to the other;
Cos θ = H (Cosine angle = Hypotenuse
determine the bearing of one point relative to another
point given the position of the points. )
solve problems involving bearings; O
Tan θ = H (Tangent angle =
(2) Finding an angle, you can write the above as:
4.4: Trigonometry
The word ‘trigonometry’ means measurement of θ =

Sin −1 ( OH )
angle and length in triangles.
In trigonometry, triangles are classified into: θ =

Cos −1 ( )
A
H
4.4.1: Right-Triangles
θ =
Tan −1 ( OA )
3. Pythagoras’ theorem on right−angled
triangles
Pythagoras’ theorem
The square on the

hypotenuse is equal to
the sum of the squares
on the other two sides.
c2 = a2 + b2  c is the hypotenuse

(b) Determine the length of

Worked Examination Questions
(i) DF
(ii) EF
1. In the diagram, DEF is a straight line,
 DEF = 68.2º,  DFG = 90º. EF = 5 cm (iii) DE.
and DG = 8 cm.
Solution:
(a) (i) angle x
(a) Find the size of angle:
(i) x
O
Opp and Hyp are given  Sin = H
(ii) y.
x =
Sin −1 ( OH )
=
Sin −1 ( 58 )
= 38.7 º Ans.
(ii) y + 68.2 º = 180º

y = 180º ‒ 68.2 º
= 111.8º Ans.
( angles on a straight line at a point)
2 2
(b) (i) DF 2 = 8 − 5
= 46 − 25
DF = √ 64 − 25
= 6.2 cm Ans.
5 cm
Tan 68.2 ° =
(ii) EF

5 cm Sin 31 ° =
20
EF = Tan 68.2° CT
5 cm 20
2. 500 CT =
= Sin 31°
= 2 cm Ans.
20
= 0.515
(iii) DE = DF  EF
= 6.2  2 = 38.8 cm Ans.
= 4.2 cm
(b) The angle of elevation of T from A =  A

3. A, B and C are three points on horizontal
ground. BT is a vertical mast of height 20 m.
The top of the mast is joined to A and C by
θ = Tan−1 ( ) O
A
straight wires. Angle BCT = 31º.
A =
Tan−1 ( )
20
30
= Tan - 1 (0.667)
= 33.7º Ans.
4. The diagram shows the path in a park.

Calculate:
(a) the length of the wire CT
(b) the angle of elevation of T from A.
Solution:
(a) CT
ABC is straight line. Angle EAD = angle
ABD = 90 º, angle ADE = 37º and angle BDC
= 56 º. BD = 420 m and
AD = 550 m.
Calculate:
(a) AB
opp (b) BC
O is given, calculating H  hyp  Sin ratio
(c) DE
O
Sin θ = Solution:
H
2 2
(a) AB2 = 550 − 420
AB = √ 5502 − 420 2 Solution:
Using h as the height of the tree and sketching a diagram to

= √ 126100 represent the situation.
= 355.1 m Ans.
opp
Tan θ =
(b) hyp
BC
Tan 56 ° =
420
h− 2
BC = 420 × tan 56° tan 28˚ = 30
= 420 × 1.483 h – 2 = 30 tan 28˚
= 622.9 Ans.
h = (30 tan 28˚) + 2
= (15.951) + 2
A
Cos θ = = 17.951
(c) H
 The height of the tree is approximately 17.95 m.
550
cos 37 ° =
DE
6. A man, who is, 1.94 m, stands on a
550 horizontal ground 40 m from a tree.
DE =
cos 37°
The angle of elevation of the top of a tree
550
from his eyes is 33°.
= 0.799
= 688.4 m ans. Calculate an estimate of the height of the
tree.
5. A man who is 2 m tall stands on horizontal
ground 30 m from a tree. The angle of
elevation of the top of the tree from his eyes
is 28˚. Estimate the height of the tree.
Solution:
h − 1.94
tan 33˚ = 40
h – 1.94 = 40 tan 33˚
h = (40 tan 33˚) + 1.94

= (25.976) + 1.94 2
− x + 20 x + 4 = 0
= 27.92 2
x − 20x − 4 = 0
The height of the tree is approximately 27.92 m.
2
8. ABC is a triangular plot of land in which (b) x − 20x − 4 = 0
angle ACB is a right angle. The length of AB −( − 20) ± √ 202 − 4(1)(−4)
is (2x + 3) metres, the length of AC is (x  2) 2(1)
x =
metres and the length of BC is (2x  1)
metres. 20 ± √ 400 +16
= 2
20 ± √ 416
= 2
20 ± 20 .4
= 2
20 + 20 .4
(a) Use Pythagoras Theorem to form an
Either x = 2
equation involving x, and show that
2 40 .4
it reduces to x − 20x − 4 = 0. = 2
= 20.2
2
(b) Solve the equation x − 20x − 4 = 20 − 20 .4
0, giving both answers correct to one or x = 2
decimal place.
−0.4
(c) Calculate the length of each side of = 2
=  0.2
the triangular plot ABC.
(d) Calculate the area of the triangular Solution: x = 20.2 or x=  0.2 ans .
plot ABC.
(c) Obvious for this problem x cannot be negative:
Solution:
AB = 2x + 3
(a) By Pythagoras’ theorem
2 2 2
= 2(20 .2) + 3
AB = AC + BC = 43.4 m
( 2 x + 3 ) 2 = ( x − 2 )2 +
( 2 x − 1 )2 x−2
AC =
2 2 2
4 x + 12 x + 9 = x − 4 x + 4 + 4 x − 4x + 1 = 20.2 − 2
2 2 2
4x −x −4x + 12x + 4 x + 4 x +941 = 0
= 18.8 m

BC = 2x − 1 Solution:
= 2(20.2) − 1 Let x m be the distance of the object from the base of the cliff.
= 39.4 m
1
( BC ) × ( AC )
(d) Area of ∆ ABC = 2
1
( 39. 4 ) × ( 18.8 )
= 2
= 358.54
 APO = angle of depression = 34° (alternate
angle are equal)
10.1.1: Angle of Elevation / Angle of
Depression opppsite
Angle of elevation is the upward angle measured from a
tan (angle) = adjacent
horizontal line.
40
tan (34°) = x
40
x = tan 34°
40
Angle of depression measured downwards from a horizontal
line. = 0.675
= 59.3
 the object is 59.30 m from the base of the cliff.
2. A man who is 2 m tall stands on horizontal

Notes: ground 30 m from a tree. The angle of
elevation of the top of the tree from his eyes
Review the formulae used in trigonometry I.
is 28˚.
Example 10.1 Estimate the height of the tree.
1. From the top of a vertical cliff 40 m high, Solution:

the angle of depression of an object that is h is the height of the tree. Sketching a diagram to represent
level with the base of the cliff is 34º. the situation.
How far is the object from the base of the

cliff, correct your answer to 4 s.f.?

Example 10.3
1. The bearing of the point B from A is 050º.

The point C is 11.9 cm east of A and is due
south of B.
(a) Draw a diagram to represent the

information given. Show clearly the
opppsite north line in the diagram
tan (angle) = adjacent
h−2 (b) Calculate, to 1 dp, the distance from
tan 28˚ = 30
(i) A to B.
h – 2 = 30 tan 28˚
h = (30 × 0.5312) + 2 (ii) B to C.
= 17.95
Solution:
The height of the tree is approximately 17.95 m.
(a) The diagram.
10.1.3: Bearings
Bearings are angles, measured clockwise from the north

direction. In other words, the bearing of an object is the angle
measured in a clockwise direction from north to the object.
(b)
Notes:
Bearings are always written using three digits.

(i) The distance from A to B
A
Cos θ = H
11.9 cm
Cos 40° = AB
11.9 cm
AB = Cos 40°
11.9 cm
= 0.766 (b) The bearing of B from C
= 15.5 cm
 The distance from A to B is 15.5 cm ans .
(ii) The distance from B to C

1. Interior angles, at the points A and B, sum up to
180º.
BC = √ 15.52 − 11.92 2. The angles around the point A = 360º
= √ 240.25 − 141.61
= 9.9 cm
 The distance from B to C is 9.9 cm
2. A, B and C are three ships. The bearing of A

from B is 045º. The bearing of C from A is
135º. Given that AB = 8 km and AC = 6 km,
(a) draw a diagram to represent the

information given. Show clearly the
north line in the diagram
(b) and determine, to the nearest whole

number, the bearing of B from C?
Solution:
(a) The diagram.
C = tan
Tan−1 ()
8
6

= tan-1 (1.33) (c)  BAD.
= 53 º
The angles around the point C = 360º
Bearing of B from C = 360º  (53º + 45º)

= 262º ans.
Examination Questions (to do)
3.3.2: Practice questions
Attempt ALL questions.
All working must be clearly shown.
Items 1  7 refer to the information below
Show all steps in your calculation and give

reasons for your answers.
1 The diagram below, not drawn to scale,

shows a quadrilateral ABCD with AB = AD,
 BCD = 90° and  DBC = 42°. AB is
parallel to DC.
Calculate the size of:
(a)  ABC
(b)  ABD

2. In the diagram below, not drawn to scale, 4. In the triangle below, not drawn to scale,
AB is parallel to the line EDC.  AED = the point D on AC is such that BA = BD.
116°,  BDC = 72° and BD = BC. BDE is a straight line and AE is parallel to
BC.  AEB = 18° and  ACB = 48°.
Calculate:
(a) Calculate:
(a)  ABD
(i)  EAD
(b)  BDE
(ii)  EDC
(c)  BAE.
(iii)  BAC.
3. In the diagram below, not drawn to scale, (b) Explain why triangle ABC is
BDF is a straight line and BD = DE = EF. isosceles.
ABC is parallel to the line EF and BDE
=110° 5. In the pentagon PQRST, the diagonal PS is
parallel to QR and  SPT = 90,
 PQR = 6x,  QRS = 7x and  PTS =
4x .
Calculate the size of: (a) Calculate the value of x.
(a)  BED (b) Hence, determine the size of:
(b)  DEF (i)  PQR
(c)  ABE. (ii)  QRS
(iii)  PTS.

6. In the diagram shown below, ABCD and 9. Construct a triangle ABC such that AB = 7.5
DBCE are parallelograms.  ADB = 42 and cm. BC = 6 cm and CA = 5 cm.
 BAD= 54.
(a) Construct the line CX, the height of
triangle ABC intersecting AB at X.
(b) Measure and state:
(i) the length of CX.
(ii) the size of angles BAC and

Calculate the size of:
ACX.
(a)  ABD
10. Using ruler and compasses only, construct a

(b)  ADC
triangle EFG with EF = 4 cm, FG = 7.5 cm
(c)  DCE. and angle EFG = 45°.
7. Construct a triangle PQR in which QR = 8.6 Measure state:

cm, PQ = 7.2 cm and angle PQR = 60°
(a) the length of EG
(a) Construct the perpendicular bisector of
(b) the size of angle FEG.
PR to me QR at S.
(b) Measure and write down the length of 11. Using ruler and compasses only, construct, a
SR. triangle PQR with PQ = 8.0 cm, QR = 7.5
cm, PQR = 60°.
8. Using ruler and compasses only, construct a Construct the perpendicular bisector of QR.
triangle ABC with AB = 9.5 cm, AC = 7.5
cm and angle BAC= 60°.
12. Usingonly a pair of compasses, a ruler and a
(a) Locate the point D such that DB pencil, construct Δ PQR in which QR = 6.5
perpendicular to AB and CD is cm, PQ = 8 cm and angle PQR is 75°.
parallel to AB. Measure and write down the length of the
PR.
(b) Measure and state the length of BD.

13. Usingonly a pair of compasses, a ruler and a 16. Using ruler and compasses only, construct
pencil, construct Δ ABC with BC = 10 cm, the Δ DEF such that DE = 8 cm,  D = 45˚
AB = 4.5 cm and angle ABC = 120°. Bisect and  E = 60°.
angle BAC, such this angle bisector meets (a) construct the perpendicular bisector
BC at X. of DF to intersect DE at X.
Measure and state: (b) Measure and state the lengths of DF

and DX.
(a) the length of CX.
(b) the size of angle ACX. 17. Construct a triangle DAB such that AB = 8
cm, AD = 6.5 cm and angle DAB = 75°.
14. Using ruler and compasses only, construct

(a) Through D, construct DC parallel to
the Δ ABD such that BD = 7 cm,  ABD =
 ADB = 60°.
AB.
(a) construct the line segment AX which (b) Construct also the line BC
is perpendicular to BD and which perpendicular to AB.
intersects BD at X.
(c) Measure and state the length of DC.
(b) Complete the quadrilateral ABCD
such that AC = 2AX.
18. Using ruler and compasses ONLY,
(c) Measure and state the length of AC. construct the triangle FGH with FG = 7.5
cm, angle FGH = 120° and angle
(d) name of the type of quadrilateral GFH = 30°.
drawn.
(a) Locate on FG, the point M, the
midpoint of FG.
15. Without using your protractor, construct a
triangle OAB in which angle OAB = 60˚ and (b) Measure and state the size of angle
OA = AB = 4 cm. GMH.
(a) Hence, construct the rhombus 19. Using rulers and compasses only, construct
OFAB. the triangle CAB with angle CAB = 60°,
with AB = 8 cm and AC = 9 cm
(b) Determine the area of the rhombus
of AB to 2 significant figures. (a) Construct the perpendicular bisector
of AB to meet AC at X and AB at Y.
(b) Measure and state the length of XY.
(c) Measure and state the size of the

angle ABC.

(b) Form parallelogram PLQM by

joining the points P, L, Q and M.
20. Using a ruler, a pencil and a pair of compasses only,
construct the rectangle PQRS in which PQ = 8 cm
and PS = 6 cm.
angle MPL.
Measure and state the length of the diagonal.
(d) What type of parallelogram is
21. Using a ruler, a pencil, and a pair of compasses, construct
PLQM? Give a reason for your
the parallelogram KLMN, in which KL = 8 cm, KN =
answer.
6 cm, and  LKN = 60°.
26. Draw a line PR which measures 7.5 cm.
22. Using a ruler, a pencil and a pair of Construct a perpendicular bisector, QS, of
compasses, construct parallelogram WXYZ PR to meet PR at O, such that OQ and OS
in which WX = 7.0 cm, WZ = 5.5 cm and both measure 5 cm. Complete the
 XWZ = 60°.
parallelogram.
Measure and state the length of the diagonal (a) State the name of this type of
WY. parallelogram PQRS.
23. Using ruler and compasses only, construct (b) Measure and state the length of PQ.
parallelogram WXYZ where WK = 5.5 cm,
WZ = 7.0 cm and  XWZ = 60°.
angle QPS.
Draw diagonal X Z . Measure and state its
length. 27. Using ruler and compasses only, construct
the trapezium KLMN with KL parallel to
24. Usingonly a pair of compasses, a ruler and a NM, KL = 4 cm, NM = 7 cm,  KLM = 120°
pencil, construct parallelogram ABCD in and LM = 6 cm.
which AB = AD = 7 cm and the angle BAD
is 60°. (a) Show that  NKL =  MNK = 90°.
Measure and write down the length of the (b) Show, by calculation, that the
diagonal AC. distance between KL and MN is
3 √3 cm.
25. Draw a line segment, PQ, 7 cm long.
(a) Using only a ruler, a pencil and a

pair of compasses, construct a line
segment, LM, the perpendicular
bisector of PQ, such that LM cuts
PQ at O, and OL = OM = 4 cm.

28. Using ruler and compasses only, construct a construct the trapezium KLMN with KL
trapezium ABCD in which AD = 9 cm, AB parallel to NM, KL = 4 cm, NM = 7 cm.
= 6 cm. BC = 5 cm, angle BAD = 30˚and BC  KLM =120° and LM = 6 cm.
is parallel to AD.
(b) Show that  NKL =  MNK = 90°
(a) Construct the perpendicular BF from
B to meet AD at F. (c) Show, by calculation, that the
distance between KL and MN is cm.
(b) Measure and state the length of BF.
33. Using ruler and compasses only, construct
29. Draw two lines AB and AC such that AB = 8 the triangle WXY with WX = 7 cm, XY = 6 cm
cm, AC = 7.5 cm and angle BAC = 55°. and  WXY = 90°.
Measure and state the size of YWX.
(a) With ruler and compasses only,
construct the line AX which bisects 34. (a) Using ruler and compasses only,
the angle BAC. construct the parallelogram KLMN,
so that KL = 8 cm, LM = 8 cm and
(b) The point P on AX is 6 cm from A.
With rulers and compasses only,  KLM =135°.
construct PY perpendicular to AB.
(b) Draw KM.
The point Y is on AB.
(c) Measure and state the length of KM
(c) Measure and state the length of PY.
35. The figure below, not drawn to scale, shows

30. Using ruler, compass and protractor, draw a triangle LMO in which, LN = 10 cm, LM =
quadrilateral VWXY in which XY = 8cm, 26 cm, LNO = 90° and LON = 35°.
angle XYV = 80°. VY = 6 cm, XW =7 cm
and angle XYW = 35°.
Measure and state the length of VW, correct

to one decimal place.
31. Using ruler, compass and protractor, draw a

quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = 8.0 cm,
Calculate:
AD = 6.0 cm, BC =5.4 cm, angle DAB = 90°
and angle ABC = 120°. (a) the length of
(i) MN
Measure and state the size of BDC.
(ii) MO
32. (a) Using ruler and compasses only,
(b) the size of  LMO
(c) the area of triangle LMO

(d) the perimeter of triangle LMO. (c) the area and the perimeter of the entire diagram.
38. In the figure below, not drawn to scale, TF
36. A, B and C are three points on horizontal is perpendicular to FY. FX = 40 cm, angle
ground. BT is a vertical mast of height 20 m. TXF = 42° and angle TYF = 30°.
The top of the mast is joined to A and C by
straight wires. Angle BCT = 31°.
Calculate:
Calculate, stating your answer correct to 1
(a) the length of
decimal place,
(i) TF
(a) the length of the wire CT
(ii) TX
(b) the angle of elevation of T from A.
(iii) TY
(c) the perimeter and the area of triangle (iv) FY

TAC.
(b) the size of

37. The diagram below, not drawn to scale,
shows that ∆ ABT and ∆ PCT are right- (i)  TXY
angled at T. AB = 10 cm, BD = 15 cm,
(ii)  XTY
AP = 1cm and TC = 6.3 cm.
(iii)  FTY
(c) the area and the perimeter of triangle FTY.
Calculate:
(a) the lengths of PT and PC
(b) the size of  ABT

39. In the diagram below, not drawn to scale, 41. In the diagram below, not drawn to scale,
ABDC is a quadrilateral in which BD = EFGH is a rectangle. The point D on HG is
CD, BD = 28 cm, BAD = 90°, ABD = 40° such that ED = DG = 12 cm and GDF =
and CDB = 36°. 43°.
(a) the length of GF

Calculate, stating your answer correct to 1
decimal place, (b) the length of HD
(a) the length of the side AB (c) the size of the angle HDE
(b) the area of the triangle BDC.

42. In the diagram below, not drawn to scale,
(c) the area of the quadrilateral ABDC GH is a vertical pole standing on a
horizontal plane and H, J and K are points
40. In the diagram below, not drawn to scale, on the horizontal plane GH =12 metres and
W X Y is a straight line with K due east of the angles of elevation of the top of the pole
W , and V due north of W. G from J and K are 32 and 27°
respectively.
Calculate
(a) Copy the diagram and insert the
angles of elevation.
(a)  ZXV
(b)  ZVX (b) Calculate to one decimal place:

(c) the length of VZ (i) the length of HJ.
(ii) the length of JK.

43. In the diagram below, not drawn to scale, [Take  = 3.14], calculate:
KN = 6.0 cm, MN = 15.6 cm, angle MKN =
90 , angle KLN = 52 and KLM is a straight (a) the length, in cm, of DL
line.
(b) the radius of the sector OLN
(c) the area of the sector OLN.
46. not drawn to scale,

In the diagram below,
AD is perpendicular to BC. BD = 10.0

cm, DC = 6.0 cm and angle ACB = 35 .
Calculate to one decimal place:
(a) the size of angle KMN
(b) the length of LM.
44. A plane takes off at an angle of elevation of

17° to the ground. After 25 seconds the Calculate
plane has travelled a horizontal distance of
(a) the length, in cm, of AD
2400 metres.
(b) the length of AB, in cm
(a) Draw a sketch to represent the given
information. (c) the area of the triangle ABC, in cm².
(b) Calculate to 2 significant figures the

47. The diagram below, not drawn to scale,
height of the plane above the ground
shows the angles of elevation of T, the top
after 25 seconds.
of a vertical mast, from the points P and Q
on the same side of R on a horizontal plane.
45. In the diagram above, not drawn to scale, P, Q and R lie on a straight line. PQ = 25
OLN is a sector of a circle, centre O and ON metres. Angles TPQ and TQR are 53.1° and
is produced to D. Angle DLO = 90°, angle 64.6° respectively.
DOL = 30° and DO = 8.7 cm.

(a) Show that the length of QT is 100

(ii) RS
metres, to the nearest metre.
(iii) US
(b) Hence or otherwise, calculate the
(iv) UT
height of the mast.
(v) RS
48. A vertical stick of height 1.8 m casts a
shadow of length 2 m on the horizontal (c) the area and the perimeter of ∆URT.
ground as shown in the diagram, not drawn

to scale. 50. A man walks x km, due north, from point G
to point H. He then walks (x + 7) km due
east from H to point F. The distance along a
straight line from G to F is13 km.
The diagram below, not drawn to scale,

shows the relative positions G and H.
The direction of north is also shown.

Calculate to the NEAREST degree, the
angle of elevation of the sun.
49. In the diagram below, not drawn to scale,

RST is a horizontal straight line and UR
represents a vertical pole.
(a) Copy the diagram and show on the

diagram, the distances x km. (x + 7)
km and 13 km.
(b) From the information on your

diagram, write an equation in x
which satisfies Pythagoras' Theorem.
RT = 15 m,  UST = 120° and  STU = 40°.
Show that the equation can be
Calculate:
simplified to give
(a) the angle of elevation of U from S. 2
x + 7 x − 60 = 0
(b) the length of
(c) Solve the equation and find the
(i) UR
distance GH.
(d) Determine the bearing of F from G.
51. The lengths, in cm, of the sides of the right-

angled triangle shown below are a, (a  7),
and (a + 1).
(a) Using Pythagoras theorem, write an

equation in terms of a to represent
the relationship among the three
sides.
(b) Solve the equation for a.
(c) Hence, state the lengths of the

THREE sides of the triangle.


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CSEC Mathematics General Proficiency Geometry and Trigonometry

Construct lines, angles, and polygons using appropriate

Geometric construction involves drawing shapes

The tools to use are a ruler and a pair of compasses.

A few points to remember when doing the types of

Revision notes  Paper 2 Section I Page | 1

4.3.1: Constructing a line segment and

A perpendicular bisector of a line segment AB is a

(1 Constructing a perpendicular bisector of the

The above construction can also be used to construct an

Step (2) Without changing the width of the

Revision notes  Paper 2 Section I Page | 2

Step (2) Place the compass point at X and draw an arc

Step (3) Place the compass point at X, construct

The diagram should look like this one below:

Use this same method to construct EQUILATERAL triangle.

Revision notes  Paper 2 Section I Page | 3

Step (1) Construct a base line. Label the end points as

Step (3) Using the intersects on the base line, construct

Step (4) Draw a straight line from the top intersect

The diagram should look like this one below:

Revision notes  Paper 2 Section I Page | 4

Worked Examination Questions (a) CD = 6.8 cm

(b) (i)  BAC =  A = 60º

(b) Measure and state the size of: Question 2:

Using a ruler and a compass only, construct Δ

(ii)  ABC (a) Construct the height of Δ DEF,

(b) Measure and state the size of:

(c) Calculate the perimeter of  DEF.

Revision notes  Paper 2 Section I Page | 5

(a) Construct the height of Δ PQR,

Measure and state the height of Δ PQR.

(b) Measure and state the size of:

(c) Calculate the perimeter of  PQR.

(d) Determine the area of  PQR.

(b) (i)  EDF =  D = 70º Ans. Solution:

Revision notes  Paper 2 Section I Page | 6

(a) height = RT = 5.3 cm Ans.

(ii)  PRQ = 75º Ans.

(iii)  PQR = 55º

(c) Perimeter = 7 + 6 + 5.5

(d) Area = ½ × 6 × 5.3

Measure and state the height of ΔABC.

(d) Calculate the perimeter of ABC.

(e) Determine the area of  ABC.

Revision notes  Paper 2 Section I Page | 7

Question 5: (c) QR = 7.9 cm

Construct a triangle PQR given that PQ = 4 cm,

(b) Measure and state the size of:

(c) Measure and state the length of the

(a) height = 4.5 cm Ans.

(b) (i)  Q = 34º Ans.

(ii)  R = 26º Ans.

Revision notes  Paper 2 Section I Page | 8

(a) CT = 6.8 cm Question 8:

(b) AC = 6.8 cm Using a ruler and a compass only, construct a

(b) Measure and state the length of HG.

Question 7: (b) By measuring the angle FGH, prove that

(b) Measure and state the length of the

(c) Measure and state the size of  B.

(b)  FGH = 120˚

Using a ruler, pencil and a pair of compasses and