Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Endocrine Day 1 Template
Endocrine Day 1 Template
Thyroid development
What are the steps? Thyroid diverticulum arises from the floor of the primitive pharynx
and descends into the neck. Connected to the tongue by the
thyroglossal duct, which normally disappears. May persist as cyst
or the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid. Foramen cecum is a normal
remnant of the thyroglossal duct
What is a thyroglossal Persistence of the thyroglossal duct. Presents as an anterior
duct cyst and how does midline neck mass that moves with swallowing or protrusion of the
it present? tongue.
Thyroid follicular cells Endoderm.
derived from?
Regulates b1ood
pressure (V1-
receptors) and
serum osmolality
(V2-receptors).
Primary
function is serum
osmolality regulation
(ADH
serum osmolality,
urine osmolality)
via
regulation of
aquaporin channel
insertion in
principal cells of
renal collecting duct.
V2 receptor:
Location of anterior Hypothalam Hypothalamus Hypothalamu Hypothalamus
production pituitary us s
Site of action collecting
duct
Stimulated by increased
serum
osmolarity
or profound
decrease in
BP
Inhibited by dehydration GnRH
ADH level is
Clinical ↓ in chronic Also called Analog Suppressed by
decreased in
relevance central diabetes exogenous prolactin- (tesamorelin)hyperprolactinemi
insipidus (DI), steroid use inhibiting used to treata
normal or
increased in
factor HIV-associate
nephrogenic DI. d Tonic GnRH analog
Nephrogenic DI can
Dopamine lipodystrophy (eg, leuprolide)
be caused by
mutation in antagonists suppresses
V2-receptor. (eg, hypothalamic–
Desmopressin (ADH
analog) is a
antipsychotics) pituitary–gonadal
treatment for can axis.
central DI and
cause
nocturnal enuresis.
galactorrhea Pulsatile GnRH
due to leads to puberty,
hyperprolactin fertility
emia
Hormones TRH MSH Oxytocin Prolactin Somatostati
n
Function ↓ TSH, ↑ ↑ uterine Stimulates milk ↓GH, TSH
prolactin melanogene contractions production in breast;
sis by inhibits ovulation in
melanocytes females and
spermatogenesis in
males by inhibiting
GnRH synthesis and
release
2nd messenger non receptor tyrosine
kinase
Location of Hypothalam anterior pituitary
production us
Site of action mammary gland
Stimulated by - TRH
- Estrogens(eg,
OCPs,pregnan
cy)
Inhibited by Dopamine - Dopamine
- Prolactin
- Dopamine
agonists
(eg,bromocrip
tine)
Clinical ↑ TRH (eg, Causes Modulates 1) inhibits Also called
relevance in 1°/2° hyperpigme fear, anxiety, ovulation in growth
hypothyroidi ntation in social females and hormone
sm) may Cushing bonding, spermatogen inhibiting
increase disease, mood, esis in males hormone
prolactin as MSH and and by inhibiting (GHIH)
secretion → ACTH share depression GnRH Analogs used
galactorrhea the same synthesis and to treat
precursor release acromegaly
molecule, 2) Excessive
proopiomel amounts of
anocortin prolactin
associated
with
decreased
libido
3) Increased in
primary
hypothyroidis
m due to
increased TRH
Calcium homeostasis
Inc. pH Dec. pH
Describe what happens? ↓ Ionized Calcium → ↑ PTH ↑ Ionized Calcium → ↓ PTH
( In increased pH albumin (In decreased pH albumin
binds more Calcium leading binds less Calcium leading to
to Increase ionized/free decreased ionized/free
calcium = direct relationship) calcium
Appetite Regulation
Hormones Ghrelin Leptin Endocannabinoids
Function Stimulate hunger Satiety Homeostatic and
hedonic (food
pleasure in absence of
hunger) control of
food intake
2nd PLC/IP3→ PKC JAK/STAT → PI3k/PKB
messenger
Location of Stomach Adipose tissue Various cells
production throughout body
Site of action Lateral hypothalamus Arcuate Nucleus of the Hypothalamus and
Hypothalamus nucleus accumbens
Stimulated Sleep deprivation; Sleep deprivation or
by fasting starvation
Inhibited by Eating Fasting
Clinical Prader-Willi Syndrome (nonfunctional) Mutation “The munchies”
relevance of Leptin gene → Severe
obesity
Signaling pathways for endocrine hormones
cAMP ● FSH FLAT ChAMPs CHuGG
● LH
● ACTH
● TSH
● CRH
● hCG
● ADH (V2 receptor)
● MSH
● PTH
● Calcitonin
● Histamine (H2 receptor)
● Glucagon
● GHRH
cGMP ● BNP BAD GraMPa
● ANP ● vasodilation
● EDRF (NO) ● diuresis
IP3 ● GnRH GOAT HAG
● Oxytocin
● ADH (V1 receptor)
● TRH
● Histamin (H1 receptor)
● Angiotensin II
● Gastrin
Intracellular receptor ● Progesterone PET CAT in TV
● Estrogen
● Testosterone
● Cortisol
● Aldosterone
● T3/T4
● Vitamin D
Receptor tyrosine kinase ● IGF-1 MAP kinase pathway
● FGF Get Found In the MAP
● PDGF
● EGF
● Insulin
Serine/ Threonine kinase ● TGF-beta
receptor
Non Receptor tyrosine kinase ● G-CSF JAK/STAT pathway
● EPO ● acidophils
● Thrombopoietin ● cytokines
● Prolactin GET a JAKed PIG
● Immunomodulators ( Eg.
cytokines, IL-2, IL-6, IFN)
● GH
In men, increase sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) lowers free testosterone ->
gynecomastica