OFFICIAL BASEBALL RULES

2021 Edition
 Official Baseball Rules
2021 Edition

OFFICIAL PLAYING RULES COMMITTEE

Alex Anthopoulos Jerry Dipoto Michael Hill, Chair

Chris Antonetti Joe Finley John Mozeliak
Jon Daniels Brian Gorman David Stearns

Amateur Baseball Advisory Member

Mike Gaski

Committee Secretary
Paul V. Mifsud, Jr.

Copyright © 2021
by the Office of the Commissioner of Baseball
All rights reserved.
No part of the Official Baseball Rules may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system
now known or to be invented, without permission in writing from
the Office of the Commissioner of Baseball.

The Major League Baseball silhouetted batter logo is a

registered trademark of Major League Baseball Properties, Inc.

Cover photo by Alex Trautwig/MLB Photos.

ISBN 978-1-62937-893-0

Printed in the United States of America

ii
 OFFICIAL BASEBALL RULES
Recodified, amended and adopted by the Professional Baseball Playing
Rules Committee at New York, N.Y., December 21, 1949; amended at
New York, N.Y., February 5, 1951; Tampa, Fla., March 14, 1951; Chicago,
Ill., March 3, 1952; New York, N.Y., November 4, 1953; New York, N.Y.,
December 8, 1954; Chicago, Ill., November 20, 1956; Tampa, Fla., March
30-31, 1961; Tampa, Fla., November 26, 1961; New York, N.Y., January
26, 1963; San Diego, Calif., December 2, 1963; Houston, Tex., December
1, 1964; Columbus, Ohio, November 28, 1966; Pittsburgh, Pa., December
1, 1966; Mexico City, Mexico, November 27, 1967; San Francisco, Calif.,
December 3, 1968; New York, N.Y., January 31, 1969; Fort Lauderdale,
Fla., December 1, 1969; Los Angeles, Calif., November 30, 1970; Phoenix,
Ariz., November 29, 1971; St. Petersburg, Fla., March 23, 1972; Honolulu,
Hawaii, November 27, 1972; Houston, Tex., December 3 and 7, 1973; New
Orleans, La., December 2, 1974; Hollywood, Fla., December 8, 1975; Los
Angeles, Calif., December 6, 1976; Honolulu, Hawaii, December 5, 1977;
Orlando, Fla., December 4, 1978; Toronto, Ontario, Canada, December
3, 1979; Dallas, Tex., December 8, 1980; Hollywood, Fla., December 7,
1981; Honolulu, Hawaii, December 5, 1982; Nashville, Tenn., December 5,
1983; New York, N.Y., January 8, 1985; New York, N.Y., March 27, 1986;
Hollywood, Fla., December 9, 1986; New York, N.Y., November 23, 1987;
New York, N.Y., January 26, 1989; Chicago, Ill., December 3, 1990; Miami,
Fla., December 5, 1991; Louisville, Ky., December 4, 1992; Atlanta, Ga.,
December 12, 1993; New York, N.Y., January 30, 1996; Mail vote, January
2006; Teleconference, December 20, 2006; Teleconference, February 5,
2008; Las Vegas, Nev., December 9, 2008; Teleconference, May 26, 2009;
Teleconference, January 25, 2010; Lake Buena Vista, Fla., December 8,
2010; Teleconference, February 16, 2011; Dallas, Tex., December 7, 2011;
Nashville, Tenn., December 5, 2012; Orlando, Fla., December 11, 2013;
Recodified, amended and adopted at San Diego, Calif., December 10, 2014;
Amended at Nashville, Tenn., December 9, 2015; Teleconference, January
11, 2017; Lake Buena Vista, Fla., December 13, 2017; Mail vote, February
2018; Las Vegas, Nev., December 12, 2018; San Diego, Calif., December 10,
2019; Virtual Meeting, February 11, 2021.

iii
 FOREWORD

This code of rules governs the playing of baseball games by professional

teams of Major League Baseball and any league within the professional
development league system operated by Major League Baseball in which
Minor League Clubs are assigned to compete.
We recognize that many amateur and non-professional organizations play
their games under professional rules and we are happy to make our rules
available as widely as possible. It is well to remember that specifications as
to fields, equipment, etc., may be modified to meet the needs of each group.
Money fines, long-term suspensions and similar penalties imposed by this
code are not practicable for amateur groups, but officers and umpires of such
organizations should insist on strict observance of all the rules governing the
playing of the game.
Baseball not only has maintained its position as the National Game of the
United States, but also has become an International Game being played in
more than 100 countries. The popularity of the game will grow only so long
as its players, managers, coaches, umpires and administrative officers respect
the discipline of its code of rules.

iv
 IMPORTANT NOTES

(1) The 2021 Official Baseball Rules do not include any of the rules that
were adopted exclusively for the 2021 Major League season, which are
contained in Section 5.1 of the MLB 2021 Operations Manual. To the
extent of a conflict between the Official Baseball Rules and Section
5.1 of the Operations Manual, the Operations Manual shall control for
Major League play.
(2) The Playing Rules Committee, at its December 2014 meeting, voted to
reorganize and recodify the Official Baseball Rules into a more logical
and organized manner. No wording or language was changed (other
than the amendments made for that year); only the order and placement
of the rules were modified. In this edition Comments to the Official
Rules are highlighted in a shaded box rather than being printed in
smaller typeface as had been the case in prior to 2015.
(3) The Playing Rules Committee, at its December 1977 meeting, voted to
incorporate the Notes/Case Book/Comments section directly into the
Official Baseball Rules at the appropriate places. Basically, the Case
Book interprets or elaborates on the basic rules and in essence have the
same effect as rules when applied to particular sections for which they
are intended.
This arrangement is designed to give quicker access to any written lan-
guage pertaining to an Official Rule and does not require a reader to
refer to different sections of the Official Baseball Rules book in consid-
ering the application of a particular rule.
Case Book material in this edition are in shaded boxes and are labeled
as “Comment.”

v
 Summary of Rule Changes for 2021

The Official Playing Rules Committee made the following changes that will
be in effect for the 2021 season:

• Amended Rule 6.01(a)(1) to include situations where a dropped pitch

(not on a third strike) is inadvertently deflected.

Additional Changes for 2021

All references to the National Association, Minor League Presidents, and any
associated terms have been changed to reflect the new relationship between
Major League Baseball and any league within the professional development
league system operated by Major League Baseball in which Minor League
Clubs are assigned to compete.

vi
 Table of Contents
2021 Official Baseball Rules

1.00 —OBJECTIVES OF THE GAME ....................................... 1

2.00 —THE PLAYING FIELD

2.01 Layout of the Field ........................................................ 2
2.02 Home Base. ....................................................................... 3
2.03 The Bases .......................................................................... 3
2.04 The Pitcher’s Plate ......................................................... 4
2.05 Benches .............................................................................. 4

3.00 —EQUIPMENT AND UNIFORMS

3.01 The Ball .............................................................................. 5
3.02 The Bat ............................................................................... 5
3.03 Player Uniforms . ............................................................ 6
3.04 Catcher’s Mitt . ................................................................ 7
3.05 First Baseman’s Glove ................................................. 7
3.06 Fielding Gloves . ............................................................. 8
3.07 Pitcher’s Glove . .............................................................. 9
3.08 Helmets .............................................................................. 9
3.09 Undue Commercialization. ....................................... 10
3.10 Equipment on the Field ............................................. 10

4.00 —GAME PRELIMINARIES

4.01 Umpire Duties ............................................................... 11
4.02 Field Manager .............................................................. 12
4.03 Exchange of Lineup Cards........................................ 12
4.04 Weather and Field Conditions . ............................... 15
4.05 Special Ground Rules ................................................ 15
4.06 No Fraternization ........................................................ 16
4.07 Security............................................................................ 16
4.08 Doubleheaders . ............................................................ 16

vii
5.00—PLAYING THE GAME
5.01 Starting the Game (“Play Ball!”) ........................... 18
5.02 Fielding Positions . ...................................................... 18
5.03 Base Coaches . .............................................................. 18
5.04 Batting.............................................................................. 19
(a) Batting Order......................................................... 19
(b) The Batter’s Box ................................................. 19
(c) Completing Time at Bat .................................... 22
5.05 When the Batter Becomes a Runner ..................... 22
5.06 Running the Bases ...................................................... 26
(a) Occupying the Base ........................................... 26
( b) Advancing Bases ................................................ 26
(c) Dead Balls ............................................................. 31
5.07 Pitching ......................................................................... 33
(a) Legal Pitching Delivery . .................................. 33
(1) The Windup Position .................................. 34
( 2) The Set Position ........................................... 35
( b) Warm-Up Pitches ................................................ 36
(c) Pitcher Delays ...................................................... 36
(d) Throwing to the Bases ...................................... 36
(e) Effect of Removing Pivot
Foot From Plate ......................................... 37
(f) Ambidextrous Pitchers . .................................... 37
5.08 How a Team Scores .................................................... 37
5.09 Making an Out ............................................................. 40
(a) Retiring the Batter .............................................. 40
(b) Retiring a Runner . .............................................. 44
(c) Appeal Plays . ....................................................... 49
(d) Effect of Preceding Runner’s
Failure to Touch a Base ........................... 51

viii
 (e) Retiring the Side ................................................. 51
5.10 Substitutions and Pitching Changes
(Including Visits to the Mound ) . ...................... 51
5.11 Designated Hitter Rule .............................................. 59
5.12 Calling “Time” and Dead Balls .............................. 62

6.00—IMPROPER PLAY, ILLEGAL ACTION,

AND MISCONDUCT
6.01 Interference, Obstruction, and Catcher
Collisions .................................................................. 64
(a) Batter or Runner Interference ......................... 64
( b) Fielder Right of Way ......................................... 67
(c) Catcher Interference . ......................................... 68
(d) Unintentional Interference ............................... 69
(e) Spectator Interference ....................................... 70
(f ) Coach and Umpire Interference ..................... 71
(g) Interference With Squeeze Play or
Steal of Home .................................................. 71
(h) Obstruction ........................................................... 71
( i) Collisions at Home Plate .................................. 73
(j) Sliding to Bases on
Double Play Attempts . ................................. 74
6.02 Pitcher Illegal Action ................................................. 75
(a) Balks ....................................................................... 75
( b) Illegal Pitches With Bases Unoccupied ...... 78
(c) Pitching Prohibitions ......................................... 78
6.03 Batter Illegal Action ................................................... 81
(a) Batter Out for Illegal Action ........................... 81
(b) Batting Out of Turn . .......................................... 82
6.04 Unsportsmanlike Conduct ........................................ 85

7.00—ENDING THE GAME

7.01 Regulation Games ....................................................... 88

ix
 7.02 Suspended, Postponed, and Tie Games ............... 89
7.03 Forfeited Games .......................................................... 93
7.04 Protesting Games ........................................................ 94

8.00—THE UMPIRE
8.01 Umpire Qualifications and Authority.................... 95
8.02 Appeal of Umpire Decisions.................................... 95
8.03 Umpire Position............................................................ 98
8.04 Reporting. ....................................................................... 99

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS TO UMPIRES ..................... 100

9.00—THE OFFICIAL SCORER

9.01 Official Scorer (General Rules) ............................ 102
9.02 Official Scorer Report . ............................................ 105
9.03 Official Scorer Report (Additional Rules) ........ 108
9.04 Runs Batted In . .......................................................... 111
9.05 Base Hits ...................................................................... 111
9.06 Determining Value of Base Hits . ......................... 113
9.07 Stolen Bases and Caught Stealing ....................... 116
9.08 Sacrifices ...................................................................... 118
9.09 Putouts . ......................................................................... 120
9.10 Assists ........................................................................... 122
9.11 Double and Triple Plays . ........................................ 123
9.12 Errors . ........................................................................... 123
9.13 Wild Pitches and Passed Balls .............................. 127
9.14 Base on Balls .............................................................. 128
9.15 Strikeouts ..................................................................... 129
9.16 Earned Runs and Runs Allowed . ......................... 129
9.17 Winning and Losing Pitcher .................................. 135
9.18 Shutouts ........................................................................ 137
9.19 Saves for Relief Pitchers . ....................................... 137

x
 9.20 Statistics ....................................................................... 138
9.21 Determining Percentage Records ........................ 139
9.22 Minimum Standards for Individual
Championships . .................................................... 140
9.23 Guidelines for Cumulative
Performance Records. ......................................... 142
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS ......................................................... 143

APPENDICES ..................................................................................... 157

1 Diagram of the Playing Field ................................ 158
2 Layout at Home Plate, 1st, 2nd,
and 3rd Bases ........................................................ 159
3 Layout of Pitching Mound ..................................... 160
4 Dimensions of Fielder’s Glove . ........................... 161
5 The Strike Zone ......................................................... 162
INDEX .................................................................................................... 163

xi
 Rule 1.01 to 1.06

1.00 – OBJECTIVES OF THE GAME

1.01  Baseball is a game between two teams of nine players each, under
direction of a manager, played on an enclosed field in accordance
with these rules, under jurisdiction of one or more umpires.
1.02  The offensive team’s objective is to have its batter become a runner,
and its runners advance.
1.03  The defensive team’s objective is to prevent offensive players from
becoming runners, and to prevent their advance around the bases.
1.04  When a batter becomes a runner and touches all bases legally he
shall score one run for his team.
1.05  The objective of each team is to win by scoring more runs than the
opponent.
1.06  The winner of the game shall be that team which shall have scored,
in accordance with these rules, the greater number of runs at the
conclusion of a regulation game.

1
 Rule 2.01

2.00 – THE PLAYING FIELD

2.01  Layout of the Field
The field shall be laid out according to the instructions below,
supplemented by the diagrams in Appendices 1, 2, and 3.
The infield shall be a 90-foot square. The outfield shall be the area
between two foul lines formed by extending two sides of the square,
as in diagram in Appendix 1 (page 158). The distance from home
base to the nearest fence, stand or other obstruction on fair territory
shall be 250 feet or more. A distance of 320 feet or more along
the foul lines, and 400 feet or more to center field is preferable.
The infield shall be graded so that the base lines and home plate
are level. The pitcher’s plate shall be 10 inches above the level of
home plate. The degree of slope from a point 6 inches in front of the
pitcher’s plate to a point 6 feet toward home plate shall be 1 inch to
1 foot, and such degree of slope shall be uniform. The infield and
outfield, including the boundary lines, are fair territory and all other
area is foul territory.
It is desirable that the line from home base through the pitcher’s
plate to second base shall run East-Northeast.
It is recommended that the distance from home base to the backstop,
and from the base lines to the nearest fence, stand or other obstruction
on foul territory shall be 60 feet or more. See Appendix 1.
When location of home base is determined, with a steel tape
measure 127 feet, 33⁄8 inches in desired direction to establish second
base. From home base, measure 90 feet toward first base; from
second base, measure 90 feet toward first base; the intersection
of these lines establishes first base. From home base, measure 90
feet toward third base; from second base, measure 90 feet toward
third base; the intersection of these lines establishes third base. The
distance between first base and third base is 127 feet, 33⁄8 inches. All
measurements from home base shall be taken from the point where
the first and third base lines intersect.
The catcher’s box, the batters’ boxes, the coaches’ boxes, the three-
foot first base lines and the next batter’s boxes shall be laid out as
shown in the diagrams in Appendices 1 and 2.

2
 Rule 2.01 to 2.03

The foul lines and all other playing lines indicated in the diagrams
by solid black lines shall be marked with paint or non-toxic and
non-burning chalk or other white material.
The grass lines and dimensions shown on the diagrams are those
used in many fields, but they are not mandatory and each Club shall
determine the size and shape of the grassed and bare areas of its
playing field.
NOTE: (a) Any Playing Field constructed by a professional
Club after June 1, 1958, shall provide a minimum distance of
325 feet from home base to the nearest fence, stand or other
obstruction on the right and left field foul lines, and a minimum
distance of 400 feet to the center field fence.
(b) No existing playing field shall be remodeled after
June 1, 1958, in such manner as to reduce the distance from
home base to the foul poles and to the center field fence below
the minimum specified in paragraph (a) above.

2.02  Home Base

Home base shall be marked by a five-sided slab of whitened rubber.
It shall be a 17-inch square with two of the corners removed so that
one edge is 17 inches long, two adjacent sides are 8½ inches and
the remaining two sides are 12 inches and set at an angle to make a
point. It shall be set in the ground with the point at the intersection
of the lines extending from home base to first base and to third base;
with the 17-inch edge facing the pitcher’s plate, and the two 12-inch
edges coinciding with the first and third base lines. The top edges of
home base shall be beveled and the base shall be fixed in the ground
level with the ground surface. (See drawing D in Appendix 2.)

2.03  The Bases

First, second and third bases shall be marked by white canvas or
rubber-covered bags, securely attached to the ground as indicated in
Diagram 2. The first and third base bags shall be entirely within the
infield. The second base bag shall be centered on second base. The
bags shall be 15 inches square, not less than three nor more than five
inches thick, and filled with soft material.

3
 Rule 2.04 to 2.05

2.04  The Pitcher’s Plate

The pitcher’s plate shall be a rectangular slab of whitened rubber,
24 inches by 6 inches. It shall be set in the ground as shown in
Diagrams 1 and 2, so that the distance between the pitcher’s plate
and home base (the rear point of home plate) shall be 60 feet, 6
inches.

2.05  Benches
The home Club shall furnish players’ benches, one each for the
home and visiting teams. Such benches shall not be less than
twenty-five feet from the base lines. They shall be roofed and shall
be enclosed at the back and ends.

4
 Rule 3.01 to 3.02(c)

3.00–EQUIPMENT AND UNIFORMS

3.01  The Ball
The ball shall be a sphere formed by yarn wound around a small
core of cork, rubber or similar material, covered with two strips of
white horsehide or cowhide, tightly stitched together. It shall weigh
not less than five nor more than 5¼ ounces avoirdupois and measure
not less than nine nor more than 9¼ inches in circumference.
No player shall intentionally discolor or damage the ball by
rubbing it with soil, rosin, paraffin, licorice, sand-paper, emery-
paper or other foreign substance.
PENALTY: The umpire shall demand the ball and remove
the offender from the game. In addition, the offender shall be
suspended automatically for 10 games. For rules in regard to
a pitcher defacing the ball, see Rules 6.02(c)(2) through (6).
Rule 3.01 Comment: Should a ball come par­tially apart in a
game, it is in play until the play is completed.

3.02  The Bat

(a) The bat shall be a smooth, round stick not more than 2.61 inches
in diameter at the thickest part and not more than 42 inches in
length. The bat shall be one piece of solid wood.

NOTE: No laminated or experimental bats shall be used in a

professional game (either championship season or exhibition
games) until the manufacturer has secured approval from the
Rules Committee of his design and methods of manufacture.
(b) Cupped Bats. An indentation in the end of the bat up to 1¼
inches in depth is permitted and may be no wider than two
inches and no less than one inch in diameter. The indentation
must be curved with no foreign substance added.
(c) The bat handle, for not more than 18 inches from its end, may
be covered or treated with any material or substance to improve
the grip. Any such material or substance that extends past the
18-inch limitation shall cause the bat to be removed from the
game.

5
 Rule 3.02(c) to 3.03(f)

NOTE: If the umpire discovers that the bat does not

conform to (c) above until a time during or after which
the bat has been used in play, it shall not be grounds for
declaring the batter out, or ejected from the game.
Rule 3.02(c) Comment:  If pine tar extends past the 18-inch
limitation, then the umpire, on his own initiative or if alerted
by the opposing team, shall order the batter to use a different
bat. The batter may use the bat later in the game only if the
excess substance is removed. If no objections are raised prior
to a bat’s use, then a violation of Rule 3.02 (c) on that play does
not nullify any action or play on the field.
(d) No colored bat may be used in a professional game unless
approved by the Rules Committee.

3.03 Player Uniforms

(a) All players on a team shall wear uniforms identical in color,
trim and style, and all players’ uniforms shall include minimal
six-inch numbers on their backs.
(b) Any part of an undershirt exposed to view shall be of a uniform
solid color for all players on a team. Any player other than the
pitcher may have numbers, and /or letters, insignia attached to
the sleeve of the undershirt.
(c) No player whose uniform does not conform to that of his team-
mates shall be permitted to participate in a game.
(d) A league may provide that each team shall wear a distinctive
uniform at all times, or that each team shall have two sets of
uniforms, white for home games and a different color for road
games.
(e)  Sleeve lengths may vary for individual players, but the sleeves
of each individual player shall be approximately the same
length; no player shall wear ragged, frayed or slit sleeves; and
no pitcher shall wear sleeves that are white, gray, nor, in the
judgment of an umpire, distracting in any manner.
(f ) No player shall attach to his uniform tape or other material of
different color from his uniform.

6
 Rule 3.03(g) to 3.05

(g) No part of the uniform shall include a pattern that imitates or

suggests the shape of a baseball.
(h) Glass buttons and polished metal shall not be used on a uniform.
(i) No player shall attach anything to the heel or toe of his shoe
other than the ordinary shoe plate or toe plate. Shoes with
pointed spikes similar to golf or track shoes shall not be worn.
( j) No part of the uniform shall include patches or designs relating
to commercial advertisements.
(k) A league may provide that the uniforms of its member teams
include the names of its players on their backs. Any name
other than the last name of the player must be approved by the
Office of the Commissioner. If adopted, all uniforms for a team
must have the names of its players.

3.04 Catcher’s Mitt

The catcher may wear a leather mitt not more than thirty-eight inches
in circumference, nor more than fifteen and one-half inches from top
to bottom. Such limits shall include all lacing and any leather band
or facing attached to the outer edge of the mitt. The space between
the thumb section and the finger section of the mitt shall not exceed
six inches at the top of the mitt and four inches at the base of the
thumb crotch. The web shall measure not more than seven inches
across the top or more than six inches from its top to the base of the
thumb crotch. The web may be either a lacing, lacing through leather
tunnels, or a center piece of leather which may be an extension of the
palm, connected to the mitt with lacing and constructed so that it will
not exceed any of the above mentioned measurements.

3.05 First Baseman’s Glove

The first baseman may wear a leather glove or mitt not more than
thirteen inches long from top to bottom and not more than eight
inches wide across the palm, measured from the base of the thumb
crotch to the outer edge of the mitt. The space between the thumb
section and the finger section of the mitt shall not exceed four inches
at the top of the mitt and three and one-half inches at the base of
the thumb crotch. The mitt shall be constructed so that this space is

7
 Rule 3.05 to 3.06

permanently fixed and cannot be enlarged, extended, widened, or

deepened by the use of any materials or process whatsoever. The
web of the mitt shall measure not more than five inches from its top
to the base of the thumb crotch. The web may be either a lacing,
lacing through leather tunnels, or a center piece of leather which
may be an extension of the palm connected to the mitt with lacing
and constructed so that it will not exceed the above mentioned
measurements. The webbing shall not be constructed of wound or
wrapped lacing or deepened to make a net type of trap. The glove
may be of any weight.

3.06  Fielding Gloves

Each fielder, other than the catcher, may use or wear a leather
glove. The measurements covering size of glove shall be made by
measuring front side or ball receiving side of glove. The tool or
measuring tape shall be placed to contact the surface or feature of
item being measured and follow all contours in the process. The
glove shall not measure more than 13 inches from the tip of any
one of the 4 fingers, through the ball pocket to the bottom edge or
heel of glove. The glove shall not measure more than 7 ¾ inches
wide, measured from the inside seam at base of first finger, along
base of other fingers, to the outside edge of little finger edge of
glove. The space or area between the thumb and first finger, called
crotch, may be filled with leather webbing or back stop. The
webbing may be constructed of two plies of standard leather to
close the crotch area entirely, or it may be constructed of a series of
tunnels made of leather, or a series of panels of leather, or of lacing
leather thongs. The webbing may not be constructed of wound or
wrapped lacing to make a net type of trap. When webbing is made
to cover entire crotch area, the webbing can be constructed so as to
be flexible. When constructed of a series of sections, they must be
joined together. These sections may not be so constructed to allow
depression to be developed by curvatures in the section sides. The
webbing shall be made to control the size of the crotch opening. The
crotch opening shall measure not more than 4 ½ inches at the top,
not more than 5 ¾ inches deep, and shall be 3 ½ inches wide at its
bottom. The opening of the crotch shall not be more than 4 ½ inches
at any point below its top. The webbing shall be secured at each

8
 Rule 3.06 to 3.08(f)

side, and at top and bottom of crotch. The attachment is to be made

with leather lacing, these connections to be secured. If they stretch
or become loose, they shall be adjusted to their proper condition.
The glove can be of any weight. See Appendix 4 for diagram of
glove dimensions.

3.07  Pitcher’s Glove

(a) The pitcher’s glove may not, exclusive of piping, be white,
gray, nor, in the judgment of an umpire, distracting in any
manner. No fielder, regardless of position, may use a fielding
glove that falls within a PANTONE® color set lighter than the
current 14-series.
(b) No pitcher shall attach to his glove any foreign material of a
color different from the glove.
(c) The umpire-in-chief shall cause a glove that violates Rules
3.07(a) or (b) to be removed from the game, either on his own
initiative, at the recommendation of another umpire or upon
complaint of the opposing manager that the umpire-in-chief
agrees has merit.

3.08 Helmets
A Professional League shall adopt the following rule pertaining to
the use of helmets:
(a) All players shall use some type of protective helmet while at bat
and while running the bases.
(b) All players in the Minor Leagues shall wear a double ear-flap
helmet while at bat.
(c) All Major League players must wear a single ear-flap helmet (or
at the player’s option, a double ear-flap helmet).
(d) All catchers shall wear a catcher’s protective helmet and face
mask while receiving a pitch.
(e) All base coaches shall wear a protective helmet while
performing their duties.
(f ) All bat/ball boys or girls shall wear a double ear-flap protective
helmet while performing their duties.

9
 Rule 3.08 to 3.10(b)

Rule 3.08 Comment: If the umpire observes any violation

of these rules, he shall direct the violation to be corrected.
If the violation is not corrected within a reasonable time, in
the umpire’s judgment, the umpire shall eject the offender
from the game, and disciplinary action, as appropriate, will be
recommended.

3.09  Undue Commercialization

Playing equipment including but not limited to the bases, pitcher’s
plate, baseball, bats, uniforms, catcher’s mitts, first baseman’s
gloves, infielders’ and outfielders’ gloves and protective helmets,
as detailed in the provisions of this rule, shall not contain any
undue commercialization of the product. Designations by the
manufacturer on any such equipment must be in good taste as to the
size and content of the manufacturer’s logo or the brand name of the
item. The provisions of this Rule 3.09 shall apply to professional
leagues only.
NOTE: Manufacturers who plan innovative changes in baseball
equipment for professional baseball leagues should submit same to
the Official Playing Rules Committee prior to production.

3.10  Equipment on the Field

(a) Members of the offensive team shall carry all gloves and other
equipment off the field and to the dugout while their team is at
bat. No equipment shall be left lying on the field, either in fair
or foul territory.
(b) The use of any markers on the field that create a tangible
reference system on the field is prohibited.

10
 Rule 4.01 to 4.01(e)

4.00 – GAME PRELIMINARIES

4.01  Umpire Duties
Before the game begins the umpire shall:
(a) Require strict observance of all rules governing implements of
play and equipment of players;
(b) Be sure that all playing lines (heavy lines on Appendices No. 1
and No. 2) are marked with lime, chalk or other white material
easily distinguishable from the ground or grass;
(c) Receive from the home Club a supply of regulation baseballs, the
number and make to be certified to the home Club by the Office
of the Commissioner. The umpire shall inspect the baseballs and
ensure they are regulation baseballs and that they are properly
rubbed so that the gloss is removed. The umpire shall be the sole
judge of the fitness of the balls to be used in the game;
(d) Be assured by the home Club that at least one dozen regulation
reserve balls are immediately available for use if required;
(e) Have in his possession at least two alternate balls and shall
require replenishment of such supply of alternate balls as
needed throughout the game. Such alternate balls shall be put
in play when:
(1) A ball has been batted out of the playing field or into the
spectator area;
(2) A ball has become discolored or unfit for further use;
(3) The pitcher requests such alternate ball.

Rule 4.01(e) Comment: The umpire shall not give an alternate

ball to the pitcher until play has ended and the previously used
ball is dead. After a thrown or batted ball goes out of the play-
ing field, play shall not be resumed with an alternate ball until
the runners have reached the bases to which they are entitled.
After a home run is hit out of the playing grounds, the umpire
shall not deliver a new ball to the pitcher or the catcher until the
batter hitting the home run has crossed the plate.

11
 Rule 4.01(f) to 4.03(c)

(f ) Ensure that an official rosin bag is placed on the ground behind

the pitcher’s plate prior to the start of each game.
(g) The umpire-in-chief shall order the playing field lights turned
on whenever in his opinion darkness makes further play in
daylight hazardous.

4.02  Field Manager

(a) The Club shall designate the manager to the Office of the
Commissioner or the umpire-in-chief not less than thirty
minutes before the scheduled starting time of the game.
(b) The manager may advise the umpire-in-chief that he has
delegated specific duties prescribed by the rules to a player or
coach, and any action of such designated representative shall be
official. The manager shall always be responsible for his team’s
conduct, observance of the official rules, and deference to the
umpires.
(c) If a manager leaves the field, he shall designate a player or
coach as his substitute, and such substitute manager shall have
the duties, rights and responsibilities of the manager. If the man-
ager fails or refuses to designate his substitute before leaving,
the umpire-in-chief shall designate a team member as substitute
manager.

4.03  Exchange of Lineup Cards

Unless the home Club shall have given previous notice that
the game has been postponed or will be delayed in starting, the
umpire, or umpires, shall enter the playing field five minutes before
the hour set for the game to begin and proceed directly to home base
where they shall be met by the managers of the opposing teams. In
sequence:
(a) First, the home manager, or his designee, shall give his batting
order to the umpire-in-chief, in duplicate.
(b) Next, the visiting manager, or his designee, shall give his
batting order to the umpire-in-chief, in duplicate.
(c) As a courtesy, each lineup card presented to the umpire-in-chief

12
 Rule 4.03(c) to 4.03(d)

should list the fielding positions to be played by each player in

the batting order. If a designated hitter is to be used, the lineup
card shall designate which hitter is to be the designated hitter.
See Rule 5.11(a). As a courtesy, potential substitute players
should also be listed, but the failure to list a potential substitute
player shall not make such potential substitute player ineligible
to enter the game.
In accordance with Major League Rule 2(b)(2), each Major
League Club must designate on its lineup card in advance of
that game each player eligible to play in the game as a pitcher, a
position player, or a “Two-Way Player”, as follows:
(1) From Opening Day through August 31 of the
championship season and during postseason games,
Major League Clubs may designate a maximum of 13
pitchers for a game.
(2) From September 1 through the end of the championship
season (including any tiebreaker games), Major League
Clubs may designate a maximum of 14 pitchers for a
game.
(3) Players who qualify as “Two-Way Players” under Major
League Rule 2(b)(2) may appear as pitchers during a game
without counting toward a Club’s pitcher limitations.
(4) No player on the lineup card other than those designated
as Two-Way players or pitchers by the Club may appear
in a championship season or postseason game as a
pitcher, except that any player may appear as a pitcher
following the 9th inning of an extra inning game, or in
any game in which his team is losing or winning by equal
to or more than 6 runs when the player enters as a pitcher;
provided, however, that any player added to the Active
List as a 27th Player prior to September 1 shall not count
toward the maximum of 13 pitchers.
(d) The umpire-in-chief shall make certain that the original and
copies of the respective batting orders are identical, and then
tender a copy of each batting order to the opposing manager.
The copy retained by the umpire shall be the official batting

13
 Rule 4.03(d) to 4.03(e)

order. The tender of the batting order by the umpire shall

establish the batting orders. Thereafter, no substitutions shall be
made by either manager, except as provided in the rules.
(e) As soon as the home team’s batting order is handed to the
umpire-in-chief the umpires are in charge of the playing field
and from that moment the umpire-in-chief shall have sole
authority to determine when a game shall be called, suspended
or resumed on account of weather or the condition of the playing
field. The umpire-in-chief shall not call the game until at least
30 minutes after he has suspended play. The umpire-in-chief
may continue the suspension so long as he believes there is any
chance to resume play. Nothing in this Rule is intended to
affect a Club’s ability to suspend or resume any game pursuant
to a policy governing severe weather, significant weather threats,
and lightning safety that has been filed with the league office
prior to the championship season.

Rule 4.03 Comment: Obvious errors in the batting order, which

are noticed by the umpire-in-chief before he calls “Play” for
the start of the game, should be called to the attention of the
manager or captain of the team in error, so the correction can
be made before the game starts. For example, if a manager
has inadvertently listed only eight men in the batting order,
or has listed two players with the same last name but without
an identifying initial and the errors are noticed by the umpire
before he calls “play,” he shall cause such error or errors to be
corrected before he calls “play” to start the game. Teams should
not be “trapped” later by some mistake that obviously was
inadvertent and which can be corrected before the game starts.
The umpire-in-chief shall at all times try to complete a
game. His authority to resume play following one or more
suspensions of as much as 30 minutes each shall be absolute
and he shall terminate a game only when there appears to be no
possibility of completing it.
The Major Leagues have determined that Rule 4.03(e) does not
apply to any Wild Card, Division Series, League Championship
Series or World Series games or for any additional Major
League championship season game played to break a tie.

14
 Rule 4.04 to 4.05

4.04  Weather and Field Conditions

(a) The home team shall be the sole judge as to whether a game shall
not be started because of unsuitable weather conditions or the
unfit condition of the playing field, except for the second game
of a conventional or split doubleheader. Nothing in this Rule
is intended to affect a Club’s ability to suspend or resume any
game pursuant to a policy governing severe weather, significant
weather threats, and lightning safety that has been filed with the
league office prior to the championship season.
EXCEPTION: The Office of the Commissioner may suspend
the application of this rule as to a League or Leagues during
the closing weeks of the championship season in order to
assure that the championship is decided each year on its
merits. When the postponement of, and possible failure to
play, a game in the final series of a championship season
between any two teams might affect the final standing of
any Club in the league, the Office of the Commissioner,
on appeal from any league Club, may assume the authority
granted the home team by this rule.
(b) The umpire-in-chief of the first game shall be the sole judge
as to whether the second game of a conventional or split
doubleheader shall not be started because of unsuitable weather
conditions or the unfit condition of the playing field.
(c) A postponed game shall be a “No Game” and shall be treated
in the same manner as a game called before it has become a
regulation game within the meaning of Rule 7.01(e).

4.05  Special Ground Rules

The manager of the home team shall present to the umpire-in-chief
and the opposing manager any ground rules he thinks necessary
covering the overflow of spectators upon the playing field, batted or
thrown balls into such overflow, or any other contingencies. If these
rules are acceptable to the opposing manager they shall be legal. If
these rules are unacceptable to the opposing manager, the umpire-
in-chief shall make and enforce any special ground rules he thinks
are made necessary by ground conditions, which shall not conflict
with the official playing rules.

15
 Rule 4.06 to 4.08(c)

4.06  No Fraternization
Players in uniform shall not address or mingle with spectators,
nor sit in the stands before, during, or after a game. No manager,
coach or player shall address any spectator before or during a game.
Players of opposing teams shall not fraternize at any time while in
uniform.

4.07  Security
(a) No person shall be allowed on the playing field during a game
except players and coaches in uniform, managers, news photog-
raphers authorized by the home team, umpires, officers of the
law in uniform and watchmen or other employees of the home
Club.
(b) The home team shall provide police protection sufficient to
preserve order. If a person, or persons, enter the playing field
during a game and interfere in any way with the play, the
visiting team may refuse to play until the field is cleared.
PENALTY: If the field is not cleared in a reasonable length
of time, which shall in no case be less than 15 minutes after
the visiting team’s refusal to play, the umpire-in-chief may
forfeit the game to the visiting team.

4.08 Doubleheaders
(a) (1) Only two championship games shall be played on one date.
Completion of a suspended game shall not violate this rule,
except for games in the Minor Leagues. See Rule 7.02(b)
Comment.
(a)   (2) If two games are scheduled to be played for one admission
on one date, the first game shall be the regularly scheduled
game for that date.
(b) After the start of the first game of a conventional or split double-
header, that game shall be completed before the second game of
the doubleheader shall begin.
(c) The second game of a doubleheader shall start thirty minutes
after the first game is completed, unless a longer interval (not

16
 Rule 4.08(c) to 4.08(g)

to exceed forty-five minutes) is declared by the umpire-in-chief

and announced to the opposing managers at the end of the first
game.
EXCEPTION: If the Office of the Commissioner has
approved a request of the home Club for a longer interval
between games for some special event, the umpire-in-chief
shall declare such longer interval and announce it to the
opposing managers. The umpire-in-chief of the first game
shall be the timekeeper controlling the interval between
games.
(d) The umpire shall start the second game of a doubleheader,
if at all possible, and play shall continue as long as ground
conditions, local time restrictions, or weather permit.
(e) When a regularly scheduled doubleheader is delayed in starting
for any cause, any game that is started is the first game of the
doubleheader.
(f ) When a rescheduled game is part of a doubleheader the
rescheduled game shall be the second game, and the first game
shall be the regularly scheduled game for that date.
(g) Between games of a doubleheader, or whenever a game is
suspended because of the unfitness of the playing field, the
umpire-in-chief shall have control of ground-keepers and
assistants for the purpose of making the playing field fit for play.
PENALTY: For violation, the umpire-in-chief may forfeit the
game to the visiting team.

17
 Rule 5.01 to 5.03(c)

5.00 –PLAYING THE GAME

5.01  Starting the Game (“Play Ball!”)

(a) At the time set for beginning the game the players of the home
team shall take their defensive positions, the first batter of the
visiting team shall take his position in the batter’s box, the
umpire-in-chief shall call “Play,” and the game shall start.
(b) After the umpire calls “Play” the ball is alive and in play and
remains alive and in play until for legal cause, or at the umpire’s
call of “Time” suspending play, the ball becomes dead.
(c) The pitcher shall deliver the pitch to the batter who may elect to
strike the ball, or who may not offer at it, as he chooses.

5.02  Fielding Positions

When the ball is put in play at the start of, or during a game, all
fielders other than the catcher shall be on fair territory.
(a) The catcher shall station himself directly back of the plate. He
may leave his position at any time to catch a pitch or make a
play except that when the batter is being given an intentional
base on balls, the catcher must stand with both feet within the
lines of the catcher’s box until the ball leaves the pitcher’s hand.
PENALTY: Balk.
(b) The pitcher, while in the act of delivering the ball to the batter,
shall take his legal position;
(c) Except the pitcher and the catcher, any fielder may station
himself anywhere in fair territory.

5.03  Base Coaches

(a) The team at bat shall station two base coaches on the field
during its time at bat, one near first base and one near third base.
(b) Base coaches shall be limited to two in number and shall be in
team uniform.
(c) Base coaches must remain within the coach’s box consistent

18
 Rule 5.03(c) to 5.04(b)(2)

with this Rule, except that a coach who has a play at his base
may leave the coach’s box to signal the player to slide, advance
or return to a base if the coach does not interfere with the play
in any manner. Other than exchanging equipment, all base
coaches shall refrain from physically touching base runners,
especially when signs are being given.
PENALTY: If a coach has positioned himself closer to home plate
than the coach’s box or closer to fair territory than the coach’s
box before a batted ball passes the coach, the umpire shall, upon
complaint by the opposing manager, strictly enforce the rule. The
umpire shall warn the coach and instruct him to return to the box.
If the coach does not return to the box he shall be removed from
the game. In addition, coaches who violate this Rule may be sub-
ject to discipline by the Office of the Commissioner.

5.04 Batting
(a) Batting Order
(1) Each player of the offensive team shall bat in the order
that his name appears in his team’s batting order.
(2) The batting order shall be followed throughout the game
unless a player is substituted for another. In that case the
substitute shall take the place of the replaced player in the
batting order.
(3) The first batter in each inning after the first inning shall be
the player whose name follows that of the last player who
legally completed his time at bat in the preceding inning.
(b)  The Batter’s Box
(1) The batter shall take his position in the batter’s box
promptly when it is his time at bat.
(2) The batter shall not leave his position in the batter’s
box after the pitcher comes to Set Position, or starts his
windup.
PENALTY: If the pitcher pitches, the umpire shall call “Ball”
or “Strike,” as the case may be.

19
 Rule 5.04(b)(2)

Rule 5.04(b)(2) Comment: The batter leaves the batter’s box

at the risk of having a strike delivered and called, unless he
requests the umpire to call “Time.” The batter is not at liberty
to step in and out of the batter’s box at will.
Once a batter has taken his position in the batter’s box, he shall
not be permitted to step out of the batter’s box in order to use
the rosin or the pine tar rag, unless there is a delay in the game
action or, in the judgment of the umpires, weather conditions
warrant an exception.
Umpires will not call “Time” at the request of the batter or any
member of his team once the pitcher has started his windup or
has come to a set position even though the batter claims “dust
in his eyes,” “steamed glasses,” “didn’t get the sign” or for any
other cause.
Umpires may grant a hitter’s request for “Time” once he is
in the batter’s box, but the umpire should eliminate hitters
walking out of the batter’s box without reason. If umpires are
not lenient, batters will understand that they are in the batter’s
box and they must remain there until the ball is pitched. See
Rule 5.04(b)(4).
If pitcher delays once the batter is in his box and the umpire
feels that the delay is not justified he may allow the batter to
step out of the box momentarily.
If after the pitcher starts his windup or comes to a “set position”
with a runner on, he does not go through with his pitch because
the batter has inadvertently caused the pitcher to interrupt his
delivery, it shall not be called a balk. Both the pitcher and batter
have violated a rule and the umpire shall call time and both the
batter and pitcher start over from “scratch.”
The following paragraph is additional material for Rule
5.04(b)(2) Comment, for Minor League play:
If after the pitcher starts his windup or comes to a “set position”
with a runner on, he does not go through with his pitch because
the batter has stepped out of the box, the umpire shall not call a
balk. Such action by the batter shall be treated as a violation of
the Batter’s Box Rule and shall subject a batter to the penalties
set forth in Rule 5.04(b)(4)(A).

20
 Rule 5.04(b)(3) to 5.04(b)(4)

(3) If the batter refuses to take his position in the batter’s box
during his time at bat, the umpire shall call a strike on
the batter. The ball is dead, and no runners may advance.
After the penalty, the batter may take his proper position
and the regular ball and strike count shall continue. If
the batter does not take his proper position before three
strikes have been called, the batter shall be declared out.

Rule 5.04(b)(3) Comment: The umpire shall give the batter

a reasonable opportunity to take his proper position in the
batter’s box after the umpire has called a strike pursuant to Rule
5.04(b)(3) and before the umpire calls a successive strike
pursuant to Rule 5.04(b)(3).

(4) The Batter’s Box Rule

(A) The batter shall keep at least one foot in the batter’s
box throughout the batter’s time at bat, unless one
of the following exceptions applies, in which case
the batter may leave the batter’s box but not the dirt
area surrounding home plate:
(i) The batter swings at a pitch;
(ii) An attempted check swing is appealed to
a base umpire;
(iii) The batter is forced off balance or out of
the batter’s box by a pitch;
(iv) A member of either team requests and is
granted “Time”;
(v) A defensive player attempts a play on a
runner at any base;
(vi) The batter feints a bunt;
(vii) A wild pitch or passed ball occurs;
(viii) The pitcher leaves the dirt area of the
pitching mound after receiving the ball;
or
(ix) The catcher leaves the catcher’s box to
give defensive signals.

21
 Rule 5.04(b)(4) to 5.05(a)(2)

If the batter intentionally leaves the batter’s box and delays

play, and none of the exceptions listed in Rule 5.04(b)(4)
(A)(i) through (ix) applies, the umpire shall issue a warn-
ing to the batter for the batter’s first violation of this Rule
in a game. For a batter’s second or subsequent violations
of this Rule in a game, the Office of the Commissioner may
issue an appropriate discipline. In Minor League play, for
a batter’s second or subsequent violations of this Rule in a
game, the umpire shall award a strike without the pitcher
having to deliver the pitch. The ball is dead, and no run-
ners may advance.
(B) The batter may leave the batter’s box and the dirt
area surrounding home plate when “Time” is called
for the purpose or as a result of
(i) an injury or potential injury;
(ii) making a substitution; or
(iii) a conference by either team.
Rule 5.04(b)(4)(B) Comment: Umpires shall encourage the on-
deck batter to take a position in the batter’s box quickly after
the previous batter reaches base or is put out.
(5) The batter’s legal position shall be with both feet within
the batter’s box.
APPROVED RULING: The lines defining the box are within
the batter’s box.
(c)  Completing Time at Bat
A batter has legally completed his time at bat when he is put out or
becomes a runner.

5.05  When the Batter Becomes a Runner

(a)  The batter becomes a runner when:
(1) He hits a fair ball;
Rule 5.05(a) Comment: If the batter hits a pitch that touches
the ground first, the ensuing action shall be the same as if he hit
the ball in flight.
(2) The third strike called by the umpire is not caught,
providing (1) first base is unoccupied, or (2) first base
is occupied with two out;

22
 Rule 5.05(a)(2) to 5.05(a)(8)

Rule 5.05(a)(2) Comment: A batter who does not realize his

situation on a third strike not caught, and who is not in the
process of running to first base, shall be declared out once he
leaves the dirt circle surrounding home plate.
(3) If the pitch touches the ground and bounces through
the strike zone it is a “ball.” If such a pitch touches the
batter, he shall be awarded first base. If the batter swings
at such a pitch after two strikes, the ball cannot be caught,
for the purposes of Rule 5.05(b) and 5.09(a)(3).
(4) A fair ball, after having passed a fielder other than the
pitcher, or after having been touched by a fielder,
including the pitcher, shall touch an umpire or runner on
fair territory;
(5) A fair ball passes over a fence or into the stands at a distance
from home base of 250 feet or more. Such hit entitles the
batter to a home run when he shall have touched all bases
legally. A fair fly ball that passes out of the playing field
at a point less than 250 feet from home base shall entitle
the batter to advance to second base only;
(6) A fair ball, after touching the ground, bounds into the
stands, or passes through, over or under a fence, or
through or under a scoreboard, or through or under
shrubbery, or vines on the fence, in which case the batter
and the runners shall be entitled to advance two bases;
(7) Any fair ball which, either before or after touching the
ground, passes through or under a fence, or through or
under a scoreboard, or through any opening in the fence
or scoreboard, or through or under shrubbery, or vines
on the fence, or which sticks in a fence or scoreboard, in
which case the batter and the runners shall be entitled to
two bases;
(8) Any bounding fair ball is deflected by the fielder into the
stands, or over or under a fence on fair or foul territory, in
which case the batter and all runners shall be entitled to
advance two bases;

23
 Rule 5.05(a)(9) to 5.05(b)(2)

(9) Any fair fly ball is deflected by the fielder into the stands,
or over the fence into foul territory, in which case the batter
shall be entitled to advance to second base; but if deflected
into the stands or over the fence in fair territory, the batter
shall be entitled to a home run. However, should such a
fair fly be deflected at a point less than 250 feet from home
plate, the batter shall be entitled to two bases only.
(b) The batter becomes a runner and is entitled to first base
without liability to be put out (provided he advances to and
touches first base) when:
(1) Four “balls” have been called by the umpire;

Rule 5.05(b)(1) Comment: A batter who is entitled to first base

because of a base on balls, including an award of first base to
a batter by an umpire following a signal from a manager, must
go to first base and touch the base before other base runners are
forced to advance. This applies when bases are full and applies
when a substitute runner is put into the game.
If, in advancing, the base runner thinks there is a play and he
slides past the base before or after touching it he may be put out
by the fielder tagging him. If he fails to touch the base to which
he is entitled and attempts to advance beyond that base he may
be put out by tagging him or the base he missed.

(2) He is touched by a pitched ball which he is not attempting

to hit unless (A) The ball is in the strike zone when it
touches the batter, or (B) The batter makes no attempt to
avoid being touched by the ball;
I f the ball is in the strike zone when it touches the batter, it shall be
called a strike, whether or not the batter tries to avoid the ball. If the
ball is outside the strike zone when it touches the batter, it shall be
called a ball if he makes no attempt to avoid being touched.

APPROVED RULING: When the batter is touched by a

pitched ball which does not entitle him to first base, the ball
is dead and no runner may advance.

24
 Rule 5.05(b)(2) to 5.05(b)(3)

Rule 5.05(b)(2) Comment: A batter shall not be considered

touched by a pitched ball if the ball only touches any jewelry
being worn by a player (e.g., necklaces, bracelets, etc.).
(3) The catcher or any fielder interferes with him. If a play
follows the interference, the manager of the offense
may advise the plate umpire that he elects to decline the
interference penalty and accept the play. Such election
shall be made immediately at the end of the play.
However, if the batter reaches first base on a hit, an error,
a base on balls, a hit batsman, or otherwise, and all other
runners advance at least one base, the play proceeds
without reference to the interference.

Rule 5.05(b)(3) Comment: If catcher’s interference is called

with a play in progress the umpire will allow the play to
continue because the manager may elect to take the play. If the
batter-runner missed first base, or a runner misses his next base,
he shall be considered as having reached the base, as stated in
Note of Rule 5.06(b)(3)(D).
Examples of plays the manager might elect to take:
1. Runner on third, one out, batter hits fly ball to the outfield
on which the runner scores but catcher’s interference was
called. The offensive manager may elect to take the run
and have batter called out or have runner remain at third
and batter awarded first base.
2. Runner on second base. Catcher interferes with batter
as he bunts ball fairly sending runner to third base. The
manager may rather have runner on third base with an
out on the play than have runners on second and first.
If a runner is trying to score by a steal or squeeze from third
base, note the additional penalty set forth in Rule 6.01(g).
If the catcher interferes with the batter before the pitcher
delivers the ball, it shall not be considered interference on the
batter under Rule 5.05(b)(3). In such cases, the umpire shall
call “Time” and the pitcher and batter start over from “scratch.”

25
 Rule 5.05(b)(4) to 5.06(b)(3)

(4) A fair ball touches an umpire or a runner on fair territory

before touching a fielder.
(d)  If a fair ball touches an umpire after having passed a
fielder other than the pitcher, or having touched a fielder,
including the pitcher, the ball is in play.

5.06  Running the Bases

(a)  Occupying the Base
(1) A runner acquires the right to an unoccupied base when
he touches it before he is out. He is then entitled to it
until he is put out, or forced to vacate it for another runner
legally entitled to that base.
Rule 5.06(a)/5.06 (c) Comment: If a runner legally acquires
title to a base, and the pitcher assumes his pitching position, the
runner may not return to a previously occupied base.
(2) Two runners may not occupy a base, but if, while the ball
is alive, two runners are touching a base, the following
runner shall be out when tagged and the preceding runner
is entitled to the base, unless Rule 5.06(b)(2) applies.

(b)  Advancing Bases

(1) In advancing, a runner shall touch first, second, third and
home base in order. If forced to return, he shall retouch
all bases in reverse order, unless the ball is dead under any
provision of Rule 5.06(c). In such cases, the runner may
go directly to his original base.
(2) If a runner is forced to advance by reason of the batter
becoming a runner and two runners are touching a base
to which the following runner is forced, the following
runner is entitled to the base and the preceding runner
shall be out when tagged or when a fielder possesses the
ball and touches the base to which such preceding runner
is forced.
(3) Each runner, other than the batter, may without liability to
be put out, advance one base when:

26
 Rule 5.06(b)(3)

(A) There is a balk;
(B) The batter’s advance without liability to be put out
forces the runner to vacate his base, or when the
batter hits a fair ball that touches another runner or
the umpire before such ball has been touched by, or
has passed a fielder, if the runner is forced to advance;
Rule 5.06(b)(3)(B) Comment: A runner forced to advance with-
out liability to be put out may advance past the base to which he
is entitled only at his peril. If such a runner, forced to advance,
is put out for the third out before a preceding runner, also forced
to advance, touches home plate, the run shall score.
Play. Two out, bases full, batter walks but runner from second is
overzealous and runs past third base toward home and is tagged
out on a throw by the catcher. Even though two are out, the run
would score on the theory that the run was forced home by the
base on balls and that all the runners needed to do was proceed
and touch the next base.

(C) A fielder, after catching a fly ball, steps or falls into

any out-of-play area;

Rule 5.06(b)(3)(C) Comment: If a fielder, after having made

a legal catch, should step or fall into any out-of-play area, the
ball is dead and each runner shall advance one base, without
liability to be put out, from his last legally touched base at the
time the fielder entered such out-of-play area.

(D) While he is attempting to steal a base, the batter is

interfered with by the catcher or any other fielder.
NOTE: When a runner is entitled to a base without liability
to be put out, while the ball is in play, or under any rule in
which the ball is in play after the runner reaches the base to
which he is entitled, and the runner fails to touch the base to
which he is entitled before attempting to advance to the next
base, the runner shall forfeit his exemption from liability to
be put out, and he may be put out by tagging the base or by
tagging the runner before he returns to the missed base;

27
 Rule 5.06(b)(3) to 5.06(b)(4)

(E) A fielder deliberately touches a pitched ball with his

cap, mask or any part of his uniform detached from
its proper place on his person. The ball is in play, and
the award is made from the position of the runner at
the time the ball was touched.
(4) Each runner including the batter-runner may, without
liability to be put out, advance:
(A) To home base, scoring a run, if a fair ball goes out
of the playing field in flight and he touched all bases
legally; or if a fair ball which, in the umpire’s judg-
ment, would have gone out of the playing field in
flight, is deflected by the act of a fielder in throwing
his glove, cap, or any article of his apparel;
(B) Three bases, if a fielder deliberately touches a fair
ball with his cap, mask or any part of his uniform
detached from its proper place on his person. The
ball is in play and the batter may advance to home
base at his peril;
(C) Three bases, if a fielder deliberately throws his glove
at and touches a fair ball. The ball is in play and the
batter may advance to home base at his peril;
(D) Two bases, if a fielder deliberately touches a thrown
ball with his cap, mask or any part of his uniform
detached from its proper place on his person. The
ball is in play;
(E) Two bases, if a fielder deliberately throws his glove at
and touches a thrown ball. The ball is in play;
Rule 5.06(b)(4)(B) through (E) Comment: In applying (B-C-
D-E) the umpire must rule that the thrown glove or detached
cap or mask has touched the ball. There is no penalty if the ball
is not touched.
Under (C-E) this penalty shall not be invoked against a fielder
whose glove is carried off his hand by the force of a batted or
thrown ball, or when his glove flies off his hand as he makes an
obvious effort to make a legitimate catch.

28
 Rule 5.06(b)(4)

(F) Two bases, if a fair ball bounces or is deflected into

the stands outside the first or third base foul lines; or
if it goes through or under a field fence, or through
or under a scoreboard, or through or under shrubbery
or vines on the fence; or if it sticks in such fence,
scoreboard, shrubbery or vines;
(G) Two bases when, with no spectators on the playing
field, a thrown ball goes into the stands, or into a
bench (whether or not the ball rebounds into the
field), or over or under or through a field fence, or
on a slanting part of the screen above the backstop,
or remains in the meshes of a wire screen protecting
spectators. The ball is dead. When such wild throw is
the first play by an infielder, the umpire, in awarding
such bases, shall be governed by the position of the
runners at the time the ball was pitched; in all other
cases the umpire shall be governed by the position
of the runners at the time the wild throw was made;
APPROVED RULING: If all runners, including the batter-
runner, have advanced at least one base when an infielder
makes a wild throw on the first play after the pitch, the
award shall be governed by the position of the runners when
the wild throw was made.
Rule 5.06(b)(4)(G) Comment: In certain circumstances it is
impossible to award a runner two bases. Example: Runner on
first. Batter hits fly to short right. Runner holds up between
first and second and batter comes around first and pulls up
behind him. Ball falls safely. Outfielder, in throwing to first,
throws ball into stands.
APPROVED RULING: Since no runner, when the ball is dead,
may advance beyond the base to which he is entitled, the runner
originally on first base goes to third base and the batter is held
at second base.

The term “when the wild throw was made” means when the
throw actually left the player’s hand and not when the thrown

29
 Rule 5.06(b)(4)

ball hit the ground, passes a receiving fielder or goes out of play
into the stands.

The position of the batter-runner at the time the wild throw left
the thrower’s hand is the key in deciding the award of bases.
If the batter-runner has not reached first base, the award is
two bases at the time the pitch was made for all runners. The
decision as to whether the batter-runner has reached first base
before the throw is a judgment call.

If an unusual play arises where a first throw by an infielder goes

into stands or dugout but the batter did not become a runner
(such as catcher throwing ball into stands in attempt to get
runner from third trying to score on passed ball or wild pitch)
award of two bases shall be from the position of the runners at
the time of the throw. (For the purpose of Rule 5.06(b)(4)(G) a
catcher is considered an infielder.)

PLAY—Runner on first base, batter hits a ball to the shortstop,

who throws to second base too late to get runner at second,
and second baseman throws toward first base after batter has
crossed first base.

RULING: Runner at second scores. (On this play, only if

batter-runner is past first base when throw is made is he awarded
third base.)
(H) One base, if a ball, pitched to the batter, or thrown by
the pitcher from his position on the pitcher’s plate to
a base to catch a runner, goes into a stand or a bench,
or over or through a field fence or backstop. The ball
is dead;
APPROVED RULING: When a wild pitch or passed ball
goes through or by the catcher, or deflects off the catcher,
and goes directly into the dugout, stands, above the break, or
any area where the ball is dead, the awarding of bases shall
be one base. One base shall also be awarded if the pitcher
while in contact with the rubber, throws to a base, and the
throw goes directly into the stands or into any area where
the ball is dead.

30
 Rule 5.06(b)(4) to 5.06(c)(2)

If, however, the pitched or thrown ball goes through or by

the catcher or through the fielder, and remains on the playing
field, and is subsequently kicked or deflected into the dugout,
stands or other area where the ball is dead, the awarding of
bases shall be two bases from position of runners at the time
of the pitch or throw.
(I) One base, if the batter becomes a runner on Ball Four
or Strike Three, when the pitch passes the catcher and
lodges in the umpire’s mask or paraphernalia.
(I) If the batter becomes a runner on a wild pitch
which entitles the runners to advance one base, the
batter-runner shall be entitled to first base only.

Rule 5.06(b)(4)(I) Comment: The fact a runner is awarded a

base or bases without liability to be put out does not relieve
him of the responsibility to touch the base he is awarded and all
intervening bases. For example: Batter hits a ground ball which
an infielder throws into the stands but the batter-runner missed
first base. He may be called out on appeal for missing first
base after the ball is put in play even though he was “awarded”
second base.

If a runner is forced to return to a base after a catch, he must

retouch his original base even though, because of some ground
rule or other rule, he is awarded additional bases. He may
retouch while the ball is dead and the award is then made from
his original base.

(c)  Dead Balls

The ball becomes dead and runners advance one base, or return to
their bases, without liability to be put out, when:

(1) A pitched ball touches a batter, or his clothing, while in

his legal batting position; runners, if forced, advance;

(2) The plate umpire interferes with the catcher’s throw

attempting to prevent a stolen base or retire a runner on a
pick-off play; runners may not advance.

31
 Rule 5.06(c)(2) to 5.06(c)(6)

NOTE: The interference shall be disregarded if the catcher’s

throw retires the runner.
While the ball is dead no player may be put out, no bases may be run
and no runs may be scored, except that runners may advance one or
more bases as the result of acts which occurred while the ball was
alive (such as, but not limited to a balk, an overthrow, interference,
or a home run or other fair ball hit out of the playing field).
Rule 5.06(c)(2) Comment: Umpire interference may also occur
when an umpire interferes with a catcher returning the ball to
the pitcher.

(3) A balk is committed; runners advance; (See Penalty

6.02(a).)
(4) A ball is illegally batted; runners return;
(5) A foul ball is not caught, in which case runners return to
their bases. The umpire-in-chief shall not put the ball in
play until all runners have retouched their bases;
(6) A fair ball touches a runner or an umpire on fair territory
before it touches an infielder including the pitcher, or
touches an umpire before it has passed an infielder other
than the pitcher; runners advance, if forced.
(6) If a fair ball goes through, or by, an infielder, no other
infielder has a chance to make a play on the ball and the
ball touches a runner immediately behind the infielder
that the ball went through, or by, the ball is in play and
the umpire shall not declare the runner out. If a fair ball
touches a runner after being deflected by an infielder, the
ball is in play and the umpire shall not declare the runner
out;
Rule 5.06(c)(6) Comment: If a fair ball touches an umpire
working in the infield after it has bounded past, or over, the
pitcher, it is a dead ball. If a batted ball is deflected by a fielder
in fair territory and hits a runner or an umpire while still in
flight and then caught by an infielder it shall not be a catch, but
the ball shall remain in play.

32
 Rule 5.06(c)(7) to 5.07(a)

(7) A pitched ball lodges in the catcher’s mask or para-

phernalia, or in or against the umpire’s body, mask or
paraphernalia, and remains out of play, runners advance
one base;
Rule 5.06(c)(7) Comment: If a foul tip hits the umpire and is
caught by a fielder on the rebound, the ball is “dead” and the
batsman cannot be called out. The same shall apply where such
foul tip lodges in the umpire’s mask or other paraphernalia.

If a third strike (not a foul tip) passes the catcher and hits an
umpire, the ball is in play. If such ball rebounds and is caught
by a fielder before it touches the ground, the batsman is not out
on such a catch, but the ball remains in play and the batsman
may be retired at first base, or touched with the ball for the out.

If a pitched ball lodges in the umpire’s or catcher’s mask or

paraphernalia, and remains out of play, on the third strike or
fourth ball, then the batter is entitled to first base and all runners
advance one base. If the count on the batter is less than three
balls, runners advance one base.

If a ball is intentionally placed inside a player’s uniform (e.g.,

a pants pocket) for the purpose of deceiving a base runner, the
umpire shall call “Time.” The umpire will place all runners at
least one base (or more if warranted, in the umpire’s judgment,
in order to nullify the action of the ball being put out of play),
from the base they originally occupied.

(8) Any legal pitch touches a runner trying to score; runners

advance.
5.07  Pitching
(a) Legal Pitching Delivery
There are two legal pitching positions, the Windup Position and the
Set Position, and either position may be used at any time.
 itchers shall take signs from the catcher while in contact with the
P
pitcher’s plate.
Rule 5.07(a) Comment: Pitchers may disengage the rubber after
taking their signs but may not step quickly onto the rubber and
pitch. This may be judged a quick pitch by the umpire. When

33
 Rule 5.07(a) to 5.07(a)(1)

the pitcher disengages the rubber, he must drop his hands to

his sides.
Pitchers will not be allowed to disengage the rubber after taking
each sign.
The pitcher may not take a second step toward home plate with
either foot or otherwise reset his pivot foot in his delivery of the
pitch. If there is a runner, or runners, on base it is a balk under
Rule 6.02(a); if the bases are unoccupied it should be treated as
an illegal pitch under Rule 6.02(b).

(1)  The Windup Position

The pitcher shall stand facing the batter, his pivot foot in
contact with the pitcher’s plate and the other foot free. From
this position any natural movement associated with his
delivery of the ball to the batter commits him to the pitch
without interruption or alteration. He shall not raise either foot
from the ground, except that in his actual delivery of the ball
to the batter, he may take one step backward, and one step
forward with his free foot.

When a pitcher holds the ball with both hands in front of his
body, with his pivot foot in contact with the pitcher’s plate
and his other foot free, he will be considered in the Windup
Position.
Rule 5.07(a)(1) Comment: In the Windup Position, a pitcher is
permitted to have his “free” foot on the rubber, in front of the
rubber, behind the rubber or off the side of the rubber.
 From the Windup Position, the pitcher may:
(A) deliver the ball to the batter, or
(B) step and throw to a base in an attempt to pick-off a
runner, or
(C) disengage the rubber (if he does he must drop his
hand to his sides).
In disengaging the rubber the pitcher must step off with his
pivot foot and not his free foot first. He may not go into a set or
stretch position—if he does it is a balk.

34
 Rule 5.07(a)(2)

(2)  The Set Position

Set Position shall be indicated by the pitcher when he stands
facing the batter with his pivot foot in contact with, and his
other foot in front of, the pitcher’s plate, holding the ball in
both hands in front of his body and coming to a complete
stop. From such Set Position he may deliver the ball to the
batter, throw to a base or step backward off the pitcher’s plate
with his pivot foot. Before assuming Set Position, the pitcher
may elect to make any natural preliminary motion such as
that known as “the stretch.” But if he so elects, he shall come
to Set Position before delivering the ball to the batter. After
assuming Set Position, any natural motion associated with
his delivery of the ball to the batter commits him to the pitch
without alteration or interruption.
 reparatory to coming to a set position, the pitcher shall have
P
one hand on his side; from this position he shall go to his set
position as defined in Rule 5.07(a)(2) without interruption
and in one continuous motion.
 he pitcher, following his stretch, must (a) hold the ball in
T
both hands in front of his body and (b) come to a complete
stop. This must be enforced. Umpires should watch this
closely. Pitchers are constantly attempting to “beat the rule”
in their efforts to hold runners on bases and in cases where
the pitcher fails to make a complete “stop” called for in the
rules, the umpire should immediately call a “Balk.”
Rule 5.07(a)(2) Comment: With no runners on base, the pitcher
is not required to come to a complete stop when using the Set
Position. If, however, in the umpire’s judgment, a pitcher
delivers the ball in a deliberate effort to catch the batter off
guard, this delivery shall be deemed a quick pitch, for which the
penalty is a ball. See Rule 6.02(a)(5) Comment.

With a runner or runners on base, a pitcher will be presumed to

be pitching from the Set Position if he stands with his pivot foot
in contact with and parallel to the pitcher’s plate, and his other
foot in front of the pitcher’s plate, unless he notifies the umpire
that he will be pitching from the Windup Position under such

35
 Rule 5.07(a)(2) to 5.07(d)

circumstances prior to the beginning of an at-bat. A pitcher

will be permitted to notify the umpire that he is pitching from
the Windup Position within an at-bat only in the event of (i) a
substitution by the offensive team; or (ii) immediately upon the
advancement of one or more runners (i.e., after one or more
base runners advance but before the delivery of the next pitch).
(b)  Warm-Up Pitches
When a pitcher takes his position at the beginning of each inning,
or when he relieves another pitcher, he shall be permitted to
pitch preparatory pitches to his catcher during which play shall
be suspended. A league by its own action may limit the number
of preparatory pitches and/or may limit the amount of time such
preparatory pitches may consume. If a sudden emergency causes a
pitcher to be summoned into the game without any opportunity to
warm up, the umpire-in-chief shall allow him as many pitches as the
umpire deems necessary.
(c)  Pitcher Delays
When the bases are unoccupied, the pitcher shall deliver the ball to
the batter within 12 seconds after he receives the ball. Each time
the pitcher delays the game by violating this rule, the umpire shall
call “Ball.”

The 12-second timing starts when the pitcher is in possession of the

ball and the batter is in the box, alert to the pitcher. The timing stops
when the pitcher releases the ball.

The intent of this rule is to avoid unnecessary delays. The umpire

shall insist that the catcher return the ball promptly to the pitcher, and
that the pitcher take his position on the rubber promptly. Obvious
delay by the pitcher should instantly be penalized by the umpire.

(d)  Throwing to the Bases

At any time during the pitcher’s preliminary movements and
until his natural pitching motion commits him to the pitch, he
may throw to any base provided he steps directly toward such
base before making the throw.

36
 Rule 5.07(d) to 5.08(a)

Rule 5.07(d) Comment: The pitcher shall step “ahead of the

throw.” A snap throw followed by the step directly toward the
base is a balk.
(e)  Effect of Removing Pivot Foot From Plate
If the pitcher removes his pivot foot from contact with the pitcher’s
plate by stepping backward with that foot, he thereby becomes an
infielder and if he makes a wild throw from that position, it shall be
considered the same as a wild throw by any other infielder.

Rule 5.07(e) Comment: The pitcher, while off the rubber, may
throw to any base. If he makes a wild throw, such throw is the
throw of an infielder and what follows is governed by the rules
covering a ball thrown by a fielder.
(f)  Ambidextrous Pitchers
A pitcher must indicate visually to the umpire-in-chief, the batter
and any runners the hand with which he intends to pitch, which may
be done by wearing his glove on the other hand while touching the
pitcher’s plate. The pitcher is not permitted to pitch with the other
hand until the batter is retired, the batter becomes a runner, the inning
ends, the batter is substituted for by a pinch-hitter or the pitcher incurs
an injury. In the event a pitcher switches pitching hands during an
at-bat because he has suffered an injury, the pitcher may not, for
the remainder of the game, pitch with the hand from which he has
switched. The pitcher shall not be given the opportunity to throw
any preparatory pitches after switching pitching hands. Any change
of pitching hands must be indicated clearly to the umpire-in-chief.

5.08  How a Team Scores

(a) One run shall be scored each time a runner legally advances to
and touches first, second, third and home base before three men
are put out to end the inning.
EXCEPTION: A run is not scored if the runner ad­vances to
home base during a play in which the third out is made (1)
by the batter-runner before he touches first base; (2) by any
runner being forced out; or (3) by a preceding runner who
is declared out because he failed to touch one of the bases.

37
 Rule 5.08(a) to 5.08(b)

Rule 5.08(a) Comment: A run legally scored cannot be nullified

by subsequent action of the runner, such as but not limited to
an effort to return to third base in the belief that he had left the
base before a caught fly ball.

(b) When the winning run is scored in the last half-inning of a reg-

ulation game, or in the last half of an extra inning, as the result
of a base on balls, hit batter or any other play with the bases full
which forces the batter and all other runners to advance without
liability of being put out, the umpire shall not declare the game
ended until the runner forced to advance from third has touched
home base and the batter-runner has touched first base.
Rule 5.08(b) Comment: An exception will be if fans rush onto
the field and physically prevent the runner from touching home
plate or the batter from touching first base. In such cases,
the umpires shall award the runner the base because of the
obstruction by the fans.
PENALTY: If the runner on third refuses to advance to
and touch home base in a reasonable time, the umpire shall
disallow the run, call out the offending player and order the
game resumed. If, with two out, the batter-runner refuses to
advance to and touch first base, the umpire shall disallow
the run, call out the offending player, and order the game
resumed. If, before two are out, the batter-runner refuses to
advance to and touch first base, the run shall count, but the
offending player shall be called out.
Rule 5.08 Comment:
APPROVED RULING: No run shall score during a
play in which the third out is made by the batter-runner
before he touches first base. Example: One out, Jones
on second, Smith on first. The batter, Brown, hits safely.
Jones scores. Smith is out on the throw to the plate. Two
outs. But Brown missed first base. The ball is thrown to
first, an appeal is made, and Brown is out. Three outs.
Since Jones crossed the plate during a play in which

38
 Rule 5.08(b)

the third out was made by the batter-runner before he

touched first base, Jones’ run does not count.
APPROVED RULING: Following runners are not
affected by an act of a preceding runner unless two are
out.
EXAMPLE: One out, Jones on second, Smith on first,
and batter, Brown, hits home run inside the park. Jones
fails to touch third on his way to the plate. Smith and
Brown score. The defense holds the ball on third,
appeals to umpire, and Jones is out. Smith’s and
Brown’s runs count.
APPROVED RULING: Two out, Jones on second,
Smith on first and batter, Brown, hits home run inside
the park. All three runs cross the plate. But Jones missed
third base, and on appeal is declared out. Three outs.
Smith’s and Brown’s runs are voided. No score on the
play.
APPROVED RULING: One out, Jones on third, Smith
on second. Batter Brown flies out to center. Two out.
Jones scores after catch and Smith scores on bad throw
to plate. But Jones, on appeal, is adjudged to have left
third before the catch and is out. Three outs. No runs.
APPROVED RULING: Two out, bases full, batter hits
home run over fence. Batter, on appeal, is declared out
for missing first base. Three outs. No run counts.
Here is a general statement that covers:
When a runner misses a base and a fielder holds the ball
on a missed base, or on the base originally occupied
by the runner if a fly ball is caught, and appeals for the
umpire’s decision, the runner is out when the umpire
sustains the appeal; all runners may score if possible,
except that with two out the runner is out at the moment
he misses the bag, if an appeal is sustained as applied to
the following runners.

39
 Rule 5.08(b) to 5.09(a)(1)

APPROVED RULING: One out, Jones on third, Smith

on first, and Brown flies out to right field. Two outs.
Jones tags up and scores after the catch. Smith attempted
to return to first but the right fielder’s throw beat him to
the base. Three outs. But Jones scored before the throw
to catch Smith reached first base, hence Jones’ run
counts. It was not a force play.

5.09  Making an Out

(a)  Retiring the Batter
A batter is out when:
(1) His fair or foul fly ball (other than a foul tip) is legally
caught by a fielder;
Rule 5.09(a)(1) Comment: A fielder may reach into, but not
step into, a dugout to make a catch, and if he holds the ball, the
catch shall be allowed. A fielder, in order to make a catch on
a foul ball nearing a dugout or other out-of-play area (such as
the stands), must have one or both feet on or over the playing
surface (including the lip of the dugout) and neither foot on the
ground inside the dugout or in any other out-of-play area. Ball
is in play, unless the fielder, after making a legal catch, steps
or falls into a dugout or other out-of-play area, in which case
the ball is dead. Status of runners shall be as described in Rule
5.06(b)(3)(C) Comment.
A catch is the act of a fielder in getting secure possession in his
hand or glove of a ball in flight and firmly holding it; providing
he does not use his cap, protector, pocket or any other part of
his uniform in getting possession. It is not a catch, however,
if simultaneously or immediately following his contact with
the ball, he collides with a player, or with a wall, or if he falls
down, and as a result of such collision or falling, drops the ball.
It is not a catch if a fielder touches a fly ball which then hits a
member of the offensive team or an umpire and then is caught
by another defensive player. In establishing the validity of the
catch, the fielder shall hold the ball long enough to prove that
he has complete control of the ball and that his release of the
ball is voluntary and intentional. If the fielder has made the

40
 Rule 5.09(a)(1) to 5.09(a)(7)

catch and drops the ball while in the act of making a throw
following the catch, the ball shall be adjudged to have been
caught.
Catch Comment: A catch is legal if the ball is finally held by
any fielder, even though juggled, or held by another fielder
before it touches the ground. Runners may leave their bases
the instant the first fielder touches the ball. A fielder may reach
over a fence, railing, rope or other line of demarcation to make
a catch. He may jump on top of a railing, or canvas that may
be in foul ground. No interference should be allowed when a
fielder reaches over a fence, railing, rope or into a stand to catch
a ball. He does so at his own risk.
If a fielder, attempting a catch at the edge of the dugout, is “held
up” and kept from an apparent fall by a player or players of
either team and the catch is made, it shall be allowed.
(2) A third strike is legally caught by the catcher;
Rule 5.09(a )(2) Comment: “Legally caught” means in the
catcher’s glove before the ball touches the ground. It is not
legal if the ball lodges in his clothing or paraphernalia; or if it
touches the umpire and is caught by the catcher on the rebound.
If a foul tip first strikes any part of the catcher’s body or
paraphernalia and is caught by hand or glove against his body
or protector, before the ball touches the ground, it is a strike,
and if third strike, batter is out.
(3) A third strike is not caught by the catcher when first base
is occupied before two are out;
(4)  He bunts foul on third strike;
(5)  An Infield Fly is declared;
(6) He attempts to hit a third strike and the ball touches him;
(7) His fair ball touches him before touching a fielder. If the
batter is in a legal position in the batter’s box, see Rule
5.04(b)(5), and, in the umpire’s judgment, there was no in-
tention to interfere with the course of the ball, a batted ball
that strikes the batter or his bat shall be ruled a foul ball;

41
 Rule 5.09(a)(8) to 5.09(a)(10)

(8) After hitting or bunting a fair ball, his bat hits the ball
a second time in fair territory. The ball is dead and no
runners may advance. If the batter-runner drops his bat
and the ball rolls against the bat in fair territory and,
in the umpire’s judgment, there was no intention to
interfere with the course of the ball, the ball is alive and
in play. If the batter is in a legal position in the batter’s
box, see Rule 5.04(b)(5), and, in the umpire’s judgment,
there was no intention to interfere with the course of the
ball, a batted ball that strikes the batter or his bat shall be
ruled a foul ball;

Rule 5.09(a )(8) Comment: If a bat breaks and part of it is in

fair territory and is hit by a batted ball or part of it hits a runner
or fielder, play shall continue and no interference called. If a
batted ball hits part of a broken bat in foul territory, it is a foul
ball.
If a whole bat is thrown into fair or foul territory and interferes
with a defensive player attempting to make a play, interference
shall be called, whether intentional or not.
In cases where the batting helmet is accidentally hit with a
batted ball on or over fair territory or a thrown ball, the ball
remains in play the same as if it has not hit the helmet.
If a batted ball strikes a batting helmet or any other object
foreign to the natural ground while on foul territory, it is a foul
ball and the ball is dead.
If, in the umpire’s judgment, there is intent on the part of a base
runner to interfere with a batted or thrown ball by dropping
the helmet or throwing it at the ball, then the runner would be
out, the ball dead and runners would return to last base legally
touched.
(9) After hitting or bunting a ball that continues to move
over foul territory, he intentionally deflects the course of
the ball in any manner while running to first base. The
ball is dead and no runners may advance;
(10) After a third strike or after he hits a fair ball, he or first

42
 Rule 5.09(a)(10) to 5.09(a)(13)

base is tagged before he touches first base;

(11) In running the last half of the distance from home base
to first base, while the ball is being fielded to first base,
he runs outside (to the right of) the three-foot line, or
inside (to the left of) the foul line, and in the umpire’s
judgment in so doing interferes with the fielder taking
the throw at first base, in which case the ball is dead;
except that he may run outside (to the right of) the three-
foot line or inside (to the left of) the foul line to avoid a
fielder attempting to field a batted ball;
Rule 5.09(a)(11) Comment: The lines marking the three-foot
lane are a part of that lane and a batter-runner is required to
have both feet within the three-foot lane or on the lines marking
the lane. The batter-runner is permitted to exit the three-foot
lane by means of a step, stride, reach or slide in the immediate
vicinity of first base for the sole purpose of touching first base.
(12) An infielder intentionally drops a fair fly ball or line
drive, with first, first and second, first and third, or first,
second and third base occupied before two are out. The
ball is dead and runner or runners shall return to their
original base or bases;
APPROVED RULING: In this situation, the batter is not
out if the infielder permits the ball to drop untouched to the
ground, except when the Infield Fly rule applies.
(13) A preceding runner shall, in the umpire’s judgment,
intentionally interfere with a fielder who is attempting
to catch a thrown ball or to throw a ball in an attempt to
complete any play;
Rule 5.09(a )(13) Comment: The objective of this rule is to
penalize the offensive team for deliberate, unwarranted,
un­sportsmanlike action by the runner in leaving the baseline
for the obvious purpose of crashing the pivot man on a double
play, rather than trying to reach the base. Obviously this is an
umpire’s judgment play. (See Rule 6.01(j).)

43
 Rule 5.09(a)(14) to 5.09(b)(2)

(14) With two out, a runner on third base, and two strikes on

the batter, the runner attempts to steal home base on a
legal pitch and the ball touches the runner in the batter’s
strike zone. The umpire shall call “Strike Three,” the
batter is out and the run shall not count; before two are
out, the umpire shall call “Strike Three,” the ball is dead,
and the run counts;
(15) A member of his team (other than a runner) hinders
a fielder’s attempt to catch or field a batted ball. See
Rule 6.01(b). For interference by a runner, see Rule
5.09(b)(3).
(b)  Retiring a Runner
Any runner is out when:
(1) He runs more than three feet away from his base path
to avoid being tagged unless his action is to avoid
interference with a fielder fielding a batted ball. A
runner’s base path is established when the tag attempt
occurs and is a straight line from the runner to the base he
is attempting to reach safely; or
(2) After touching first base, he leaves the base path,
obviously abandoning his effort to touch the next base;

Rule 5.09(b)(1) and (2) Comment: Any runner after reaching

first base who leaves the base path heading for his dugout or his
position believing that there is no further play, may be declared
out if the umpire judges the act of the runner to be considered
abandoning his efforts to run the bases. Even though an out is
called, the ball remains in play in regard to any other runner.
This rule also covers the following and similar plays: Less than
two out, score tied last of ninth inning, runner on first, batter
hits a ball out of park for winning run, the runner on first passes
second and thinking the home run automatically wins the game,
cuts across diamond toward his bench as batter-runner circles
bases. In this case, the base runner would be called out “for
abandoning his effort to touch the next base” and batter-runner
permitted to continue around bases to make his home run

44
 Rule 5.09(b)(2) to 5.09(b)(5)

valid. If there are two out, home run would not count. See Rule
5.09(d). This is not an appeal play.
PLAY—Runner believing he is called out on a tag at first or
third base starts for the dugout and progresses a reasonable
distance still indicating by his actions that he is out, shall be
declared out for abandoning the bases.
(3) He intentionally interferes with a thrown ball; or hinders
a fielder attempting to make a play on a batted ball (see
Rule 6.01(j));

PENALTY: For penalties applying to a runner’s intentional

interference with a thrown ball or his hindrance of a fielder’s
attempt to make a play on a batted ball, see Rule 6.01(a)
Penalty for Interference Com­ment.
(4) He is tagged, when the ball is alive, while off his base.

EXCEPTION:  A batter-runner cannot be tagged out

after overrunning or oversliding first base if he returns
immediately to the base;

APPROVED RULING:  (A) If the impact of a runner breaks

a base loose from its position, no play can be made on that
runner at that base if he had reached the base safely.

APPROVED RULING: (B) If a base is dislodged from its

position during a play, any following runner on the same
play shall be considered as touching or occupying the base
if, in the umpire’s judgment, he touches or occupies the point
marked by the dislodged bag.

(5) He fails to retouch his base after a fair or foul ball is

legally caught before he, or his base, is tagged by a fielder.
He shall not be called out for failure to retouch his base
after the first following pitch, or any play or attempted
play. This is an appeal play;

Rule 5.09(b)(5) Comment: Runners need not “tag up” on a foul

tip. They may steal on a foul tip. If a so-called tip is not caught,
it becomes an ordinary foul. Runners then return to their bases.

45
 Rule 5.09(b)(6) to 5.09(b)(7)

(6) He or the next base is tagged before he touches the next

base, after he has been forced to advance by reason of
the batter becoming a runner. However, if a following
runner is put out on a force play, the force is removed
and the runner must be tagged to be put out. The force
is re­moved as soon as the runner touches the base to
which he is forced to advance, and if he overslides or
overruns the base, the runner must be tagged to be put
out. However, if the forced runner, after touching the
next base, retreats for any reason towards the base he
had last occupied, the force play is reinstated, and he can
again be put out if the defense tags the base to which he
is forced;
Rule 5.09(b)(6) Comment:
PLAY—Runner on first and three balls on batter: Runner
steals on the next pitch, which is fourth ball, but after
having touched second he overslides or overruns that
base. Catcher’s throw catches him before he can return.
Ruling is that runner is out. (Force out is removed.)
Oversliding and overrunning situations arise at bases
other than first base. For instance, before two are out, and
runners on first and second, or first, second and third, the
ball is hit to an infielder who tries for the double play. The
runner on first beats the throw to second base but over-
slides the base. The relay is made to first base and the
batter-runner is out. The first baseman, seeing the runner
at second base off the bag, makes the return throw to
second and the runner is tagged off the base. Meanwhile
runners have crossed the plate. The question is: Is this
a force play? Was the force removed when the batter-
runner was out at first base? Do the runs that crossed the
plate during this play and before the third out was made
when the runner was tagged at second, count? Answer:
The runs score. It is not a force play. It is a tag play.
(7) He is touched by a fair ball in fair territory before the
ball has gone through, or by, an infielder and no other
in­fielder has a chance to make a play on the ball. The ball

46
 Rule 5.09(b)(7) to 5.09(b)(9)

is dead and no runner may score, nor runners advance,

except runners forced to advance. EXCEPTION: If a
runner is touching his base when touched by an Infield
Fly, he is not out, although the batter is out;
Rule 5.09(b)(7) Comment: If two runners are touched by
the same fair ball, only the first one is out because the ball is
instantly dead.
If a runner is touched by an Infield Fly when he is not
touching his base, and before the ball has gone through,
or by, an infielder, and no other infielder has a chance to
make a play on the ball, both the runner and batter are
out. Regardless of whether a runner is touching his base
or not when touched by an Infield Fly before the ball has
gone through, or by, an infielder and no other infielder
has a chance to make a play on the ball, the ball is dead
and no runner may score, nor runners advance, except
runners forced to advance.
(8) He attempts to score on a play in which the batter interferes
with the play at home base before two are out. With two
out, the interference puts the batter out and no score counts;
(9) He passes a preceding runner before such runner is out;
Rule 5.09(b)(9) Comment: A runner may be deemed to have
passed a preceding (i.e., lead) runner based on his actions or the
actions of a preceding runner.
PLAY—Runners on second base and third base with one
out. The runner from third base (i.e., the lead runner)
makes an advance toward home and is caught in a
rundown between third base and home plate. Believing
the lead runner will be tagged out, the runner at second
base (i.e., the trailing runner) advances to third base.
Before being tagged, the lead runner runs back to and
beyond third base toward left field. At this time, the
trailing runner has passed the lead runner as a result of
the lead runner’s actions. As a result, the trailing runner
is out and third base is unoccupied. The lead runner is
entitled to third base if he returns to touch it before he

47
 Rule 5.09(b)(9) to 5.09(b)(13)

is out, see Rule 5.06(a)(1), unless he is declared out for

abandoning the bases.
(10) After he has acquired legal possession of a base, he runs
the bases in reverse order for the purpose of confusing
the defense or making a travesty of the game. The umpire
shall immediately call “Time” and declare the runner out;
Rule 5.09(b)(10) Comment: If a runner touches an unoccupied
base and then thinks the ball was caught or is decoyed into
returning to the base he last touched, he may be put out running
back to that base, but if he reaches the previously occupied base
safely he cannot be put out while in contact with that base.

(11) He fails to return at once to first base after overrunning or

oversliding that base. If he attempts to run to second he
is out when tagged. If, after overrunning or oversliding
first base he starts toward the dugout, or toward his
position, and fails to return to first base at once, he is
out, on appeal, when he or the base is tagged;
Rule 5.09(b)(11) Comment: Runner who touches first base
in overrunning and is declared safe by the umpire has, within
the intent of Rule 5.08(a) “reached first base” and any run
which scores on such a play counts, even though the runner
subsequently becomes the third out for failure to return “at
once,” as covered in Rule 5.09(b)(11).
(12) In running or sliding for home base, he fails to touch
home base and makes no attempt to return to the base,
when a fielder holds the ball in his hand, while touching
home base, and appeals to the umpire for the decision;
Rule 5.09(b)(12) Comment: This rule applies only where
runner is on his way to the bench and the catcher would be
required to chase him. It does not apply to the ordinary play
where the runner misses the plate and then immediately makes
an effort to touch the plate before being tagged. In that case,
runner must be tagged.
(13) A play on him is being made and a member of his team

48
 Rule 5.09(b)(13) to 5.09(c)(3)

(other than a runner) hinders a fielder’s attempt to field a

thrown ball. See Rule 5.09(b)(3). For interference by a
runner, see Rule 5.09(b)(3).
(c)  Appeal Plays
Any runner shall be called out, on appeal, when:
 (1) After a fly ball is caught, he fails to retouch his original
base before he or his original base is tagged;
Rule 5.09(c)(1) Comment: “Retouch,” in this rule, means to tag
up and start from a contact with the base after the ball is caught.
A runner is not permitted to take a flying start from a position
in back of his base. Such runner shall be called out on appeal.
  (2) With the ball in play, while advancing or returning to a
base, he fails to touch each base in order before he, or a
missed base, is tagged;
APPROVED RULING:  (A) No runner may return to touch
a missed base after a following runner has scored. (B) When
the ball is dead, no runner may return to touch a missed base
or one he has left after he has advanced to and touched a base
beyond the missed base.

Rule 5.09(c)(2) Comment:

PLAY— (A) Batter hits ball out of park or ground rule
double and misses first base (ball is dead)—he may return
to first base to correct his mistake before he touches second
but if he touches second he may not return to first and if
defensive team appeals he is declared out at first.
PLAY— (B) Batter hits ball to shortstop who throws
wild into stand (ball is dead)—batter-runner misses first
base but is awarded second base on the overthrow. Even
though the umpire has awarded the runner second base on
the overthrow, the runner must touch first base before he
proceeds to second base.
These are appeal plays.
(3) He overruns or overslides first base and fails to return to
the base immediately, and he or the base is tagged prior to
the runner returning to first base;

49
 Rule 5.09(c)(4) to 5.09(c)

(4) He fails to touch home base and makes no attempt to

return to that base, and home base is tagged.
Any appeal under this rule must be made before the next pitch, or
any play or attempted play. If the violation occurs during a play
which ends a half-inning, the appeal must be made before the
defensive team leaves the field.

An appeal is not to be interpreted as a play or an attempted play.

Successive appeals may not be made on a runner at the same base.

If the defensive team on its first appeal errs, a request for a second
appeal on the same runner at the same base shall not be allowed
by the umpire. (Intended meaning of the word “err” is that the
defensive team in making an appeal threw the ball out of play. For
example, if the pitcher threw to first base to appeal and threw the
ball into the stands, no second appeal would be allowed.)

Appeal plays may require an umpire to recognize an apparent

“fourth out.” If the third out is made during a play in which an
appeal play is sustained on another runner, the appeal play decision
takes precedence in determining the out. If there is more than one
appeal during a play that ends a half-inning, the defense may elect
to take the out that gives it the advantage. For the purpose of this
rule, the defensive team has “left the field” when the pitcher and
all infielders have left fair territory on their way to the bench or
Clubhouse.

Rule 5.09(c) Comment: If two runners arrive at home base

about the same time and the first runner misses home plate but a
second runner legally touches the plate, the runner is tagged out
on his attempt to come back and touch the base or is called out,
on appeal, then he shall be considered as having been put out
before the second runner scored and being the third out. Second
runner’s run shall not count, as provided in Rule 5.09(d).

If a pitcher balks when making an appeal, such act shall be a

play. An appeal should be clearly intended as an appeal, either
by a verbal request by the player or an act that unmistakably
indicates an appeal to the umpire. A player, inadvertently
stepping on the base with a ball in his hand, would not constitute

50
 Rule 5.09(c) to 5.10(b)

an appeal. Time is not out when an appeal is being made.

(d) Effect of Preceding Runner’s Failure to Touch a Base
Unless two are out, the status of a following runner is not affected
by a preceding runner’s failure to touch or retouch a base. If, upon
appeal, the preceding runner is the third out, no runners following
him shall score. If such third out is the result of a force play, neither
preceding nor following runners shall score.
(e)  Retiring the Side
When three offensive players are legally put out, that team takes the
field and the opposing team becomes the offensive team.

5.10 Substitutions and Pitching Changes

(Including Visits to the Mound)
(a) A player, or players, may be substituted during a game at
any time the ball is dead. A substitute player shall bat in the
replaced player’s position in the team’s batting order.
(b) The manager shall immediately notify the umpire-in-chief
of any substitution and shall state to the umpire-in-chief the
substitute’s place in the batting order.
Rule 5.10(b) Comment: To avoid any confusion, the manager
should give the name of the substitute, his position in the
batting order and his position on the field. When two or more
substitute players of the defensive team enter the game at the
same time, the manager shall, immediately before they take
their positions as fielders, designate to the umpire-in-chief such
players’ positions in the team’s batting order, and the umpire-
in-chief shall so notify the Official Scorer. If this information
is not immediately given to the umpire-in-chief, the umpire-
in-chief shall have authority to designate the substitutes’ places
in the batting order.
If a double-switch is being made, the manager or coach shall
first notify the plate umpire. The umpire-in-chief must be
informed of the multiple substitutions and interchanged batting
order before the manager calls for a new pitcher (regardless
of whether the manager or coach announces the double-switch

51
 Rule 5.10(b) to 5.10(d)

before crossing the foul line). Signaling or motioning to the

bullpen is to be considered an official substitution for the
new pitcher. It is not permissible for the manager to go to the
mound, call for a new pitcher, and then inform the umpire of
multiple substitutions with the intention of interchanging the
batting order.
Players for whom substitutions have been made may remain
with their team on the bench or may “warm-up” pitchers. If a
manager substitutes another player for himself, he may continue
to direct his team from the bench or the coach’s box. Umpires
should not permit players for whom substitutes have been made,
and who are permitted to remain on the bench, to address any
remarks to any opposing player or manager, or to the umpires.

(c) The umpire-in-chief, after having been notified, shall

immediately announce, or cause to be announced, each
substitution.

(d) A player once removed from a game shall not re-enter that game.
If a player who has been substituted for attempts to re-enter, or
re-enters, the game in any capacity, the umpire-in-chief shall
direct the player’s manager to remove such player from the
game immediately upon noticing the player’s presence or upon
being informed of the player’s improper presence by another
umpire or by either manager. If such direction to remove the
substituted for player occurs before play commences with the
player improperly in the game, then the substitute player may
enter the game. If such direction to remove the substituted-for
player occurs after play has commenced with the substituted-
for player in the game, then the substitute player shall be
deemed to have been removed from the game (in addition to
the removal of the substituted-for player) and shall not enter
the game. If a substitute enters the game in place of a player-
manager, the manager may thereafter go to the coaching lines
at his discretion. When two or more substitute players of the
defensive team enter the game at the same time, the manager
shall, immediately before they take their positions as fielders,
designate to the umpire-in-chief such players’ positions in the
team’s batting order and the umpire-in-chief shall so notify the

52
 Rule 5.10(d) to 5.10(g)

Official Scorer. If this information is not immediately given

to the umpire-in-chief, he shall have authority to designate the
substitutes’ places in the batting order.
Rule 5.10(d ) Comment: A pitcher may change to another
position only once during the same inning; e.g. the pitcher will
not be allowed to assume a position other than a pitcher more
than once in the same inning.
Any player other than a pitcher substituted for an injured player
shall be allowed five warm-up throws. (See Rule 5.07(b) for
pitchers.)
Any play that occurs while a player appears in a game after
having been substituted for shall count. If, in an umpire’s
judgment, the player re-entered the game knowing that he had
been removed, the umpire may eject the manager.
(e) A player whose name is on his team’s batting order may not
become a substitute runner for another member of his team.
Rule 5.10(e) Comment: This rule is intended to eliminate the
practice of using so-called courtesy runners. No player in the
game shall be permitted to act as a courtesy runner for a team-
mate. No player who has been in the game and has been taken
out for a substitute shall return as a courtesy runner. Any player
not in the lineup, if used as a runner, shall be considered as a
substitute player.

(f) The pitcher named in the batting order handed the umpire-in-

chief, as provided in Rules 4.02(a) and 4.02(b), shall pitch to
the first batter or any substitute batter until such batter is put out
or reaches first base, unless the pitcher sustains injury or illness
which, in the judgment of the umpire-in-chief, incapacitates him
from pitching.

(g) The starting pitcher or any substitute pitcher is required to pitch

to a minimum of three consecutive batters, including the batter
then at bat (or any substitute batter), until such batters are put
out or reach first base, or until the offensive team is put out,
unless the starting pitcher or substitute pitcher sustains injury or
illness which, in the umpire-in-chief’s judgment, incapacitates
him from further play as a pitcher.

53
 Rule 5.10(g) to 5.10(i)

Rule 5.10(g) Comment: To qualify as one of three consecutive

batters, the batter must complete his plate appearance, which
ends only when the batter is put out or becomes a runner. If
the offensive team is put out prior to any substitute pitcher
completing his first three consecutive batters, the pitcher
may be removed from the game between innings; but, if he
returns for the subsequent inning, he must complete pitching
to as many batters as necessary to satisfy the three consecutive
batters requirement, which total would include any batters that
completed a plate appearance with that pitcher the prior inning
(i.e., if he completed 0 PA in inning 1, he must complete 3 PA
in inning 2; if he completed 1 PA in inning 1, he must complete
2 PA in inning 2; if he completed 2 PA in inning 1, he must
complete 1 PA in inning 2). An intentional walk counts toward
fulfilling the number of required batters. Picking off a runner
does not fulfill the minimum batter requirement, but would
permit the early removal of the pitcher if the out recorded by
the pickoff ends the inning.

(h) If an improper substitution is made for the pitcher, the umpire

shall direct the proper pitcher to return to the game until the
provisions of this rule are fulfilled. If the improper pitcher is
permitted to pitch, any play that results is legal. The improper
pitcher becomes the proper pitcher as soon as he makes his first
pitch to the batter, or as soon as any runner is put out.
Rule 5.10(h ) Comment: If a manager attempts to remove a
pitcher in violation of Rule 5.10(h) the umpire shall notify the
manager of the offending Club that it cannot be done. If, by
chance, the umpire-in-chief has, through oversight, announced
the incoming improper pitcher, he should still correct the
situation before the improper pitcher pitches. Once the improper
pitcher delivers a pitch he becomes the proper pitcher.
(i) If a pitcher who is already in the game crosses the foul line
on his way to take his place on the pitcher’s plate to start an
inning, he shall pitch to the first batter until such batter is put out
or reaches first base, unless the batter is substituted for, or the
pitcher sustains an injury or illness which, in the judgment of the
umpire-in-chief, incapacitates him from pitching. If the pitcher

54
 Rule 5.10(i) to 5.10(k)

ends the previous inning on base or at bat and does not return
to the dugout after the inning is completed, the pitcher is not
required to pitch to the first batter of the inning until he makes
contact with the pitcher’s plate to begin his warm-up pitches.
NOTE: The substitute batter exception to the requirement that a
pitcher already in the game must face the first batter to start an
inning contained in Rule 5.10(i) does not apply to a substitute
pitcher who returns for a subsequent inning without having
satisfied the three batter requirement contained in Rule 5.10(g).
Thus, if a pitcher who has not completed his three batter
requirement at the end of an inning returns for the subsequent
inning, the obligation to satisfy the balance of this requirement
shall continue even if the opposing team elects to pinch hit for
the first hitter to start a subsequent inning.
(j) If no announcement of a substitution is made, the substitute
shall be considered as having entered the game when:
(1) If a pitcher, he takes his place on the pitcher’s plate;
(2) If a batter, he takes his place in the batter’s box;
(3) If a fielder, he reaches the position usually occupied by
the fielder he has replaced, and play commences;
(4) If a runner, he takes the place of the runner he has
replaced.
Any play made by, or on, any of the above mentioned
unannounced substitutes shall be legal.
(k) Players and substitutes of both teams shall confine themselves
to their team’s benches unless actually participating in the play
or preparing to enter the game, or coaching at first or third base.
No one except players, substitutes, managers, coaches, trainers
and bat boys shall occupy a bench during a game.
PENALTY: For violation the umpire may, after warning,
remove the offender from the field.
Rule 5.10(k) Comment: Players on the injured list are permitted
to participate in pre-game activity and sit on the bench during a
game but may not take part in any activity during the game such

55
 Rule 5.10(k) to Rule 5.10(l)

as warming up a pitcher, bench-jockeying, etc. Injured players

are not allowed to enter the playing surface at any time or for
any purpose during the game.
(l)  Visits to the Mound Requiring a Pitcher’s Removal From
the Game
A professional league shall adopt the following rule pertaining to
the visit of the manager or coach to the pitcher:
(1) This rule limits the number of trips a manager or coach
may make to any one pitcher in any one inning;
(2) A second trip to the same pitcher in the same inning will
cause this pitcher’s automatic removal from the game;
(3) The manager or coach is prohibited from making a second
visit to the mound while the same batter is at bat, but
(4) if a pinch-hitter is substituted for this batter, the manager
or coach may make a second visit to the mound, but must
remove the pitcher from the game.
A manager or coach is considered to have concluded his visit to the
mound when he leaves the 18-foot circle surrounding the pitcher’s
rubber.
Rule 5.10(l) Comment: If the manager or coach goes to the
catcher or infielder and that player then goes to the mound or
the pitcher comes to him at his position before there is an inter-
vening play (a pitch or other play) that will be the same as the
manager or coach going to the mound.
Any attempt to evade or circumvent this rule by the manager or
coach going to the catcher or an infielder and then that player
going to the mound to confer with the pitcher shall constitute a
trip to the mound.
If the coach goes to the mound and removes a pitcher and then
the manager goes to the mound to talk with the new pitcher, that
will constitute one trip to that new pitcher that inning.
A manager or coach shall not be considered to have concluded
his visit to the mound if he temporarily leaves the 18-foot circle

56
 Rule 5.10(l) to 5.10(m)(2)

surrounding the pitcher’s rubber for purposes of notifying the

umpire that a double-switch or substitution is being made.
In a case where a manager has made his first trip to the mound
and then returns the second time to the mound in the same inning
with the same pitcher in the game and the same batter at bat,
after being warned by the umpire that he cannot return to the
mound, the manager shall be removed from the game and the
pitcher required to pitch to the batter until he is retired or gets
on base. After the batter is retired, or becomes a base runner,
then this pitcher must be removed from the game. The manager
should be notified that his pitcher will be removed from the
game after he pitches to one hitter, so he can have a substitute
pitcher warmed up. In such circumstance, the substitute pitcher
will be allowed as much time to throw preparatory pitches as in
the umpire’s judgment circumstances justify.
For purposes of this Rule 5.10(l), replacing the pitcher shall
constitute one trip to that pitcher that inning, regardless of
whether the manager or coach chooses to go to the mound, or
whether the pitcher remains in the game at a different position
on defense.
(m)  Limitation on the Number of Mound Visits Per Game
The following rule shall apply in Major League games. The Minor
Leagues may adopt a rule providing for a different limitation on the
number of mound visits permitted in a game or no limitation on the
number of mound visits.
(1) Mound visits without a pitching change shall be limited
to five per team, per nine innings. For any extra-innings
played, each team shall be entitled to one additional
non-pitching change mound visit per inning.
(2) For purposes of this Rule 5.10(m), a manager or coach
trip to the mound to meet with the pitcher shall constitute
a visit. A player leaving his position to confer with the
pitcher, including a pitcher leaving the mound to confer
with another player, shall also constitute a visit, regard-
less of where the visit occurs or the length of the visit.
Visits by a manager, coach or player to join a mound visit

57
 Rule 5.10(m)(2) to 5.10(m)(3)

already in progress shall not constitute an independent

visit. In addition, the following shall not constitute visits:
(A) Discussions between pitchers and position player(s)
that occur between batters in the normal course of
play and do not require either the position player(s)
or the pitcher to relocate;
(B) Visits by position players to the mound solely to
clean spikes, provided the player does not confer
with the pitcher;
(C) Visits to the mound due to an injury or potential
injury of the pitcher;
(D) Visits by position players to the mound after the
announcement of an offensive substitution but prior
to a subsequent pitch or play;
(E) Visits to the mound by position players that occur
during a suspension of play pursuant to an umpire’s
call of “Time” (e.g., following an injury to an umpire
or player; the presence of a spectator, object, or a
member of the grounds crew on the field; a manager’s
initiation of Replay Review, etc.), provided that the
mound visit does not otherwise delay a return to
game action;
(F) Visits to the mound by position players after a home
run, provided that the player returns to his position
before the runner crosses home plate; and
(G) Visits to the mound by position players during an
inning break or pitching change, provided that
the mound visit does not prevent the pitcher from
complying with any applicable inning break or
pitching change time limits.

(3) Cross Up in Signs. In the event a team has exhausted

its allotment of mound visits in a game (or extra inning)
and the home plate umpire determines that the catcher
and pitcher did not have a shared understanding of the
location or type of pitch that had been signaled by the

58
 Rule 5.10(m)(3) to 5.11

catcher (otherwise referred to as a “cross up”), the home

plate umpire may, upon request of the catcher, allow
the catcher to make a brief mound visit. However, any
mound visit resulting from a “cross up” prior to a team
exhausting its allotted number of visits shall count against
a team’s total number of allotted mound visits.

(4) Enforcement of Mound Visit Limits. A manager or coach

who crosses the foul line on his way to the mound after his
team has exhausted its mound visits must make a pitching
change, unless the pitcher has not pitched to a minimum
of three consecutive batters in accordance with Rule
5.10(g), in which case the pitcher shall continue to pitch
only to complete pitching to his first three consecutive
batters (or the end of the inning, whichever comes first)
in accordance with Rule 5.10(g). If a manager or coach
believes an exception to the mound visit rule applies, he
must confer with the umpire prior to crossing the foul
line. In circumstances in which a team is forced to make
an unintended pitching change by operation of this Rule,
and there is no relief pitcher warming up in the bullpen,
the manager or coach who violated the Rule by exceeding
his team’s allotted number of mound visits shall be
subject to ejection from the game. The umpire may allow
the substitute pitcher additional time to prepare to enter
the game.

If a position player makes a visit after his team has
exhausted its allotted number of mound visits he may be
subject to ejection for failing to return to his position when
instructed by the umpire; however, an impermissible visit
by a position player shall not require the removal of the
pitcher.

5.11  Designated Hitter Rule

Any League may elect to use Rule 5.11(a), which shall be called the
Designated Hitter Rule.

59
 Rule 5.11(a)(1) to 5.11(a)(5)

(a) The Designated Hitter Rule provides as follows:

(1) A hitter may be designated to bat for the starting
pitcher and all subsequent pitchers in any game without
otherwise affecting the status of the pitcher(s) in the
game. A Designated Hitter for the pitcher, if any, must
be selected prior to the game and must be included in
the lineup cards presented to the umpire-in-chief. If a
manager lists 10 players in his team’s lineup card, but
fails to indicate one as the Designated Hitter, and an
umpire or either manager (or designee of either manager
who presents his team’s lineup card) notices the error
before the umpire-in-chief calls “Play” to start the game,
the umpire-in-chief shall direct the manager who had
made the omission to designate which of the nine players,
other than the pitcher, will be the Designated Hitter.
Rule 5.11(a)(1) Comment: A correction of a failure to indicate
a Designated Hitter when 10 players are listed in a batting order
is an “obvious” error that may be corrected before a game starts.
See Rule 4.03 Comment.
(2) The Designated Hitter named in the starting lineup must
come to bat at least one time, unless the opposing Club
changes pitchers.
(3) It is not mandatory that a Club designate a hitter for the
pitcher, but failure to do so prior to the game precludes
the use of a Designated Hitter for that Club for that
game.
(4) Pinch-hitters for a Designated Hitter may be used. Any
substitute hitter for a Designated Hitter becomes the
Designated Hitter. A replaced Designated Hitter shall not
re-enter the game in any capacity.
(5) The Designated Hitter may be used on defense, continu-
ing to bat in the same position in the batting order, but the
pitcher must then bat in the place of the substituted de-
fensive player, unless more than one substitution is made,
and the manager then must designate their spots in the
batting order.

60
 Rule 5.11(a)(6) to 5.11(a)(11)

(6) A runner may be substituted for the Designated Hitter

and the runner assumes the role of Designated Hitter. A
Designated Hitter may not pinch-run.
(7) A Designated Hitter is “locked” into the batting order.
No multiple substitutions may be made that will alter the
batting rotation of the Designated Hitter.
(8) Once the game pitcher is switched from the mound to
a position on defense, such move shall terminate the
Designated Hitter role for that Club for the remainder of the
game.
(9) Once a pinch-hitter bats for any player in the batting
order and then enters the game to pitch, such move shall
terminate the Designated Hitter role for that Club for the
remainder of the game.
(10) Once the game pitcher bats or runs for the Designated
Hitter, such move shall terminate the Designated Hitter
role for that Club for the remainder of the game. The
game pitcher may pinch-hit or pinch-run only for the
Designated Hitter.
(11) If a manager lists 10 players in his team’s lineup card,
but fails to indicate one as the Designated Hitter, and the
opposing manager brings the failure to list a Designated
Hitter to the attention of the umpire-in-chief after the
game starts, then
(A) the pitcher will be required to bat in the batting order
in the place of the listed player who has not assumed
a position on defense, if the team has taken the field
on defense, or
(B) if the team has not yet taken the field on defense, the
pitcher will be placed in the batting order in place of
any player, as chosen by the manager of that team.
In either case, the player whom the pitcher replaces
in the batting order shall be considered to have been
substituted for and is removed from the game and
the Designated Hitter role for that Club shall be
terminated for the remainder of the game. Any play

61
 Rule 5.11(a)(11) to 5.12(b)(1)

that occurred before the violation is brought to the

attention of the umpire-in-chief shall count, subject
to Rule 6.03(b).

(12) Once a Designated Hitter assumes a position on defense,

such move shall terminate the Designated Hitter role for
that Club for the remainder of the game.

(13) A substitute for the Designated Hitter need not be

announced until it is the Designated Hitter’s turn to bat.

(14) If a player on defense goes to the mound (i.e., replaces

the pitcher), this move shall terminate the Designated
Hitter’s role for that Club for the remainder of the
game.

(15) The Designated Hitter may not sit in the bullpen unless

serving as a catcher in the bullpen.
(b) In the event of inter-league competition between Clubs of
leagues using the Designated Hitter Rule and Clubs of leagues
not using the Designated Hitter Rule, the rule will be used as
follows:
(1) In World Series or exhibition games, the rule will be used
or not used as is the practice of the league of the home
team.
(2) In All-Star games, the rule will only be used if both teams
and both Leagues so agree.

5.12  Calling “Time” and Dead Balls

(a) When an umpire suspends play, he shall call “Time.” At the
umpire-in-chief’s call of “Play,” the suspension is lifted and
play resumes. Between the call of “Time” and the call of “Play”
the ball is dead.
(b) The ball becomes dead when an umpire calls “Time.” The
umpire-in-chief shall call “Time:
(1) When in his judgment weather, darkness or similar
conditions make immediate further play impossible;

62
 Rule 5.12(b)(2) to 5.12(b)(8)

(2) When light failure makes it difficult or impossible for the

umpires to follow the play;
NOTE: A league may adopt its own regulations governing
games interrupted by light failure.
(3) When an accident incapacitates a player or an umpire;
(A) If an accident to a runner is such as to prevent him
from proceeding to a base to which he is entitled,
as on a home run hit out of the playing field, or an
award of one or more bases, a substitute runner shall
be permitted to complete the play.
(4) When a manager requests “Time” for a substitution, or
for a conference with one of his players.
(5) When the umpire wishes to examine the ball, to consult
with either manager, or for any similar cause.
(6) When a fielder, after catching a fly ball, steps or falls into
any out-of-play area. All other runners shall advance one
base, without liability to be put out, from his last legally
touched base at the time the fielder entered such out-of-
play area.

(7) When an umpire orders a player or any other person

removed from the playing field.
(8) Except in the cases stated in paragraphs (2) and (3)(A) of
this rule, no umpire shall call “Time” while a play is in
progress.
After the ball is dead, play shall be resumed when the pitcher takes
his place on the pitcher’s plate with a new ball or the same ball in
his possession and the plate umpire calls “Play.” The plate umpire
shall call “Play” as soon as the pitcher takes his place on his plate
with the ball in his possession.

63
 Rule 6.01(a) to 6.01(a)(5)

6.00–IMPROPER PLAY, ILLEGAL ACTION,

AND MISCONDUCT
6.01  Interference, Obstruction, and Catcher Collisions
(a) Batter or Runner Interference
It is interference by a batter or a runner when:
(1) After a third strike that is not caught by the catcher, the
batter-runner clearly hinders the catcher in his attempt to
field the ball. Such batter-runner is out, the ball is dead,
and all other runners return to the bases they occupied at
the time of the pitch. If a pitch that is not caught remains
in the vicinity of home plate and it is inadvertently
deflected by the batter or umpire, that ball is a dead ball
and the runners should return to the bases they occupied
at the time of the pitch (but if the pitch was strike three,
the batter is out).
Rule 6.01(a)(1) Comment: If the pitched ball deflects off the
catcher or umpire and subsequently touches the batter-runner,
it is not considered interference unless, in the judgment of the
umpire, the batter-runner clearly hinders the catcher in his
attempt to field the ball.

(2) He intentionally deflects the course of a foul ball in any

manner;
(3) Before two are out and a runner on third base, the batter
hinders a fielder in making a play at home base; the
runner is out;
(4) Any member or members of the offensive team stand or
gather around any base to which a runner is advancing,
to confuse, hinder or add to the difficulty of the fielders.
Such runner shall be declared out for the interference of
his teammate or teammates;
(5) Any batter or runner who has just been put out, or any
runner who has just scored, hinders or impedes any
following play being made on a runner. Such runner
shall be declared out for the interference of his teammate
(see Rule 6.01(j));

64
 Rule 6.01(a)(5) to 6.01(a)(10)

Rule 6.01(a )(5) Comment: If the batter or a runner continues

to advance or returns or attempts to return to his last legally
touched base after he has been put out, he shall not by that act
alone be considered as confusing, hindering or impeding the
fielders.
(6) If, in the judgment of the umpire, a base runner willfully
and deliberately interferes with a batted ball or a fielder
in the act of fielding a batted ball with the obvious intent
to break up a double play, the ball is dead. The umpire
shall call the runner out for interference and also call out
the batter-runner because of the action of his teammate.
In no event may bases be run or runs scored because of
such action by a runner (see Rule 6.01(j));
(7) If, in the judgment of the umpire, a batter-runner willfully
and deliberately interferes with a batted ball or a fielder
in the act of fielding a batted ball, with the obvious intent
to break up a double play, the ball is dead; the umpire
shall call the batter-runner out for interference and shall
call out the runner who had advanced closest to the home
plate regardless where the double play might have been
possible. In no event shall bases be run because of such
interference (see Rule 6.01(j));
(8) In the judgment of the umpire, the base coach at third
base, or first base, by touching or holding the runner,
physically assists him in returning to or leaving third base
or first base;
(9) With a runner on third base, the base coach leaves his box
and acts in any manner to draw a throw by a fielder;
(10) He fails to avoid a fielder who is attempting to field a
batted ball, or intentionally interferes with a thrown ball,
provided that if two or more fielders attempt to field a
batted ball, and the runner comes in contact with one or
more of them, the umpire shall determine which fielder is
entitled to the benefit of this rule, and shall not declare the
runner out for coming in contact with a fielder other than
the one the umpire determines to be entitled to field such

65
 Rule 6.01(a)(10) to 6.01(a)(11)

a ball. The umpire shall call the runner out in accordance

with Rule 5.09(b)(3). If the third out occurs because a
runner is declared out for interference on a foul batted
ball, the batter-runner is considered to have completed his
at bat, and the first batter up the following inning will be
the player who follows him in the batting order (if there
are less than two outs, the batter will complete his at-bat).
If the batter-runner is adjudged not to have hindered a
fielder attempting to make a play on a batted ball, and
if the base runner’s interference is adjudged not to be
intentional, the batter-runner shall be awarded first base;
Rule 6.01(a )(10) Comment: When a catcher and batter-runner
going to first base have contact when the catcher is fielding the
ball, there is generally no violation and nothing should be called.
“Obstruction” by a fielder attempting to field a ball should be called
only in very flagrant and violent cases because the rules give him
the right of way, but of course such “right of way” is not a license
to, for example, intentionally trip a runner even though fielding the
ball. If the catcher is fielding the ball and any fielder, including the
pitcher, obstructs a runner going to first base, “obstruction” shall
be called and the base runner awarded first base.
(11) A fair ball touches him on fair territory before touching a
fielder. If a fair ball goes through, or by, an infielder, and
touches a runner immediately back of him, or touches
the runner after having been deflected by a fielder, the
umpire shall not declare the runner out for being touched
by a batted ball. In making such decision the umpire
must be convinced that the ball passed through, or by,
the fielder, and that no other infielder had the chance
to make a play on the ball. If, in the judgment of the
umpire, the runner deliberately and intentionally kicks
such a batted ball on which the infielder has missed a
play, then the runner shall be called out for interference.
PENALTY FOR INTERFERENCE:
The runner is out and the ball is dead.
If the umpire declares the batter, batter-runner, or a runner out
for interference, all other runners shall return to the last base that

66
 Rule 6.01(a)(11) to 6.01(b)

was in the judgment of the umpire, legally touched at the time of

the interference, unless otherwise provided by these rules.
In the event the batter-runner has not reached first base, all
runners shall return to the base last occupied at the time of the
pitch; provided, however, if during an intervening play at the
plate with less than two outs a runner scores, and then the batter-
runner is called out for interference outside the three-foot lane,
the runner is safe and the run shall count.

Rule 6.01(a) Penalty for Interference Comment: A runner who

is adjudged to have hindered a fielder who is attempting to make
a play on a batted ball is out whether it was intentional or not.
If, however, the runner has contact with a legally occupied base
when he hinders the fielder, he shall not be called out unless,
in the umpire’s judgment, such hindrance, whether it occurs on
fair or foul territory, is intentional. If the umpire declares the
hindrance intentional, the following penalty shall apply: With
less than two out, the umpire shall declare both the runner and
batter out. With two out, the umpire shall declare the batter out.
If, in a run-down between third base and home plate, the
succeeding runner has advanced and is standing on third base
when the runner in a run-down is called out for offensive
interference, the umpire shall send the runner standing on third
base back to second base.
This same principle applies if there is a run-down between
second and third base and succeeding runner has reached
second (the reasoning is that no runner shall advance on an
interference play and a runner is considered to occupy a base
until he legally has reached the next succeeding base).
(b)  Fielder Right of Way
The players, coaches or any member of a team at bat shall vacate
any space (including both dugouts or bullpens) needed by a fielder
who is attempting to field a batted or thrown ball. If a member of the
team at bat (other than a runner) hinders a fielder’s attempt to catch
or field a batted ball, the ball is dead, the batter is declared out and
all runners return to the bases occupied at the time of the pitch. If a

67
 Rule 6.01(b) to 6.01(c)

member of the team at bat (other than a runner) hinders a fielder’s

attempt to field a thrown ball, the ball is dead, the runner on whom
the play is being made shall be declared out and all runners return to
the last legally occupied base at the time of the interference.
Rule 6.01(b) Comment: Defensive interference is an act by a
fielder that hinders or prevents a batter from hitting a pitch.
(c)  Catcher Interference
The batter becomes a runner and is entitled to first base without
liability to be put out (provided he advances to and touches first
base) when the catcher or any fielder interferes with him. If a play
follows the interference, the manager of the offense may advise
the plate umpire that he elects to decline the interference penalty
and accept the play. Such election shall be made immediately at
the end of the play. However, if the batter reaches first base on a
hit, an error, a base on balls, a hit batsman, or otherwise, and all
other runners advance at least one base, the play proceeds without
reference to the interference.

Rule 6.01(c) Comment: If catcher’s interference is called with

a play in progress the umpire will allow the play to continue
because the manager may elect to take the play. If the batter-
runner missed first base, or a runner misses his next base, he
shall be considered as having reached the base, as stated in
Note of Rule 5.06(b)(3)(D).
Examples of plays the manager might elect to take:
   1. Runner on third, one out, batter hits fly ball to the outfield
on which the runner scores but catcher’s interference was
called. The offensive manager may elect to take the run
and have batter called out or have runner remain at third
and batter awarded first base.
   2. Runner on second base. Catcher interferes with batter.
As he bunts ball fairly sending runner to third base. The
manager may rather have runner on third base with an out
on the play than have runners on second and first.
    If a runner is trying to score by a steal or squeeze from

68
 Rule 6.01(c) to 6.01(d)

third base, note the additional penalty set forth in Rule

6.01(g).
     If the catcher interferes with the batter before the pitcher
delivers the ball, it shall not be considered interference
on the batter under Rule 5.05 (b) (3). In such cases, the
umpire shall call “Time” and the pitcher and batter start
over from “scratch.”
(d)  Unintentional Interference
In case of unintentional interference with play by any person herein
authorized to be on the playing field (except members of the team
at bat who are participating in the game, or a base coach, any of
whom interfere with a fielder attempting to field a batted or thrown
ball; or an umpire) the ball is alive and in play. If the interference is
intentional, the ball shall be dead at the moment of the interference
and the umpire shall impose such penalties as in his opinion will
nullify the act of interference.
Rule 6.01(d) Comment: For interference with a fielder attempt-
ing to field a batted or thrown ball by members of the team at
bat or base coaches, who are excepted in Rule 6.01(d), see Rule
6.01(b). See also Rules 5.06(c)(2), 5.06(c)(6) and 5.05(b)(4),
which cover interference by an umpire, and Rule 5.09(b)(3),
which covers interference by a runner.
The question of intentional or unintentional interference shall
be decided on the basis of the person’s action. For example:
a bat boy, ball attendant, policeman, etc., who tries to avoid
being touched by a thrown or batted ball but still is touched
by the ball would be involved in unintentional interference. If,
however, he picks up the ball, catches it, or touches the ball
by intentionally pushing or kicking at the ball, this act would
constitute intentional interference.
PLAY: Batter hits ball to shortstop, who fields ball but throws
wild past the first baseman. The coach at first base, to avoid
being hit by the ball, falls to the ground and the first baseman
on his way to retrieve the wild thrown ball, runs into the coach.
The batter-runner finally ends up on third base. Whether the
umpire should call interference on the part of the coach is up

69
 Rule 6.01(d) to 6.01(e)

to the judgment of the umpire and if the umpire felt that the
coach did all he could to avoid interfering with the play, no
interference need be called. If, in the judgment of the umpire,
the coach was attempting to make it appear that he was trying
not to interfere, the umpire should rule interference.
(e)  Spectator Interference
When there is spectator interference with any thrown or batted ball,
the ball shall be dead at the moment of interference and the umpire
shall impose such penalties as in his opinion will nullify the act of
interference.

APPROVED RULING: If spectator interference clearly

prevents a fielder from catching a fly ball, the umpire shall
declare the batter out.
Rule 6.01(e) Comment: There is a difference between a ball
which has been thrown or batted into the stands, touching a
spectator thereby being out of play even though it rebounds
onto the field and a spectator going onto the field or reaching
over, under or through a barrier and touching a ball in play or
touching or otherwise interfering with a player. In the latter
case it is clearly intentional and shall be dealt with as intentional
interference as in Rule 6.01 (d). Batter and runners shall be
placed where in the umpire’s judgment they would have been
had the interference not occurred.
No interference shall be allowed when a fielder reaches over a
fence, railing, rope or into a stand to catch a ball. He does so
at his own risk. However, should a spectator reach out on the
playing field side of such fence, railing or rope, and plainly
prevent the fielder from catching the ball, then the batsman
should be called out for the spectator’s interference.
EXAMPLE: Runner on third base, one out and a batter hits
a fly ball deep to the outfield (fair or foul). Spectator clearly
interferes with the outfielder attempting to catch the fly ball.
Umpire calls the batter out for spectator interference. Ball is
dead at the time of the call. Umpire decides that because of the
distance the ball was hit, the runner on third base would have

70
 Rule 6.01(e) to 6.01(h)(1)

scored after the catch if the fielder had caught the ball which
was interfered with, therefore, the runner is permitted to score.
This might not be the case if such fly ball was interfered with a
short distance from home plate.
(f) Coach and Umpire Interference
If a thrown ball accidentally touches a base coach, or a pitched or
thrown ball touches an umpire, the ball is alive and in play. However,
if the coach interferes with a thrown ball, the runner is out.
Rule 6.01(f ) Comment: Umpire’s interference occurs (1) when
a plate umpire hinders, impedes or prevents a catcher’s throw
attempting to prevent a stolen base or retire a runner on a
pick-off play; or (2) when a fair ball touches an umpire on fair
territory before passing a fielder. Umpire interference may also
occur when an umpire interferes with a catcher returning the
ball to the pitcher.
(g)  Interference With Squeeze Play or Steal of Home
If, with a runner on third base and trying to score by means of
a squeeze play or a steal, the catcher or any other fielder steps
on, or in front of home base without possession of the ball, or
touches the batter or his bat, the pitcher shall be charged with a
balk, the batter shall be awarded first base on the interference
and the ball is dead.
(h)  Obstruction
When obstruction occurs, the umpire shall call or signal “Obstruc­tion.”
(1) If a play is being made on the obstructed runner, or if
the batter-runner is obstructed before he touches first
base, the ball is dead and all runners shall advance,
without liability to be put out, to the bases they would
have reached, in the umpire’s judgment, if there had been
no obstruction. The obstructed runner shall be awarded
at least one base beyond the base he had last legally
touched before the obstruction. Any preceding runners,
forced to advance by the award of bases as the penalty for
obstruction, shall advance without liability to be put out.

71
 Rule 6.01(h)(1) to 6.01(h)(2)

Rule 6.01(h )(1) Comment: When a play is being made on an

obstructed runner, the umpire shall signal obstruction in the
same manner that he calls “Time,” with both hands overhead.
The ball is immediately dead when this signal is given; however,
should a thrown ball be in flight before the obstruction is called
by the umpire, the runners are to be awarded such bases on wild
throws as they would have been awarded had not obstruction
occurred. On a play where a runner was trapped between
second and third and obstructed by the third baseman going
into third base while the throw is in flight from the shortstop, if
such throw goes into the dugout the obstructed runner is to be
awarded home base. Any other runners on base in this situation
would also be awarded two bases from the base they last legally
touched before obstruction was called.
(2) If no play is being made on the obstructed runner, the
play shall proceed until no further action is possible. The
umpire shall then call “Time” and impose such penalties,
if any, as in his judgment will nullify the act of obstruction.
Rule 6.01(h)(2) Comment: Under Rule 6.01(h)(2), when the
ball is not dead on obstruction and an obstructed runner advances
beyond the base which, in the umpire’s judgment, he would have
been awarded because of being obstructed, he does so at his own
peril and may be tagged out. This is a judgment call.
NOTE: The catcher, without the ball in his possession, has no
right to block the pathway of the runner attempting to score.
The base line belongs to the runner and the catcher should be
there only when he is fielding a ball or when he already has the
ball in his hand.

Rule 6.01(h ) Comment: If a fielder is about to receive a thrown

ball and if the ball is in flight directly toward and near enough to
the fielder so he must occupy his position to receive the ball he
may be considered “in the act of fielding a ball.” It is entirely up
to the judgment of the umpire as to whether a fielder is in the act
of fielding a ball. After a fielder has made an attempt to field a
ball and missed, he can no longer be in the “act of fielding” the
ball. For example: An infielder dives at a ground ball and the ball
passes him and he continues to lie on the ground and delays the
progress of the runner, he very likely has obstructed the runner.

72
 Rule 6.01(i)(1) to 6.01(i)(2)

(i)  Collisions at Home Plate

(1) A runner attempting to score may not deviate from his
direct pathway to the plate in order to initiate contact with
the catcher, or otherwise initiate an avoidable collision.
If, in the judgment of the umpire, a runner attempting to
score initiates contact with the catcher in such a manner,
the umpire shall declare the runner out (regardless of
whether the catcher maintains possession of the ball). In
such circumstances, the umpire shall call the ball dead,
and all other base runners shall return to the last base
touched at the time of the collision. If the runner slides
into the plate in an appropriate manner, he shall not be
adjudged to have violated Rule 6.01(i).

Rule 6.01(i)(1) Comment: The failure by the runner to make an

effort to touch the plate, the runner’s lowering of the shoulder,
or the runner’s pushing through with his hands, elbows or
arms, would support a determination that the runner deviated
from the pathway in order to initiate contact with the catcher in
violation of Rule 6.01(i), or otherwise initiated a collision that
could have been avoided. A slide shall be deemed appropriate,
in the case of a feet first slide, if the runner’s buttocks and legs
should hit the ground before contact with the catcher. In the
case of a head first slide, a runner shall be deemed to have slid
appropriately if his body should hit the ground before contact
with the catcher. If a catcher blocks the pathway of the runner,
the umpire shall not find that the runner initiated an avoidable
collision in violation of this Rule 6.01(i)(1).

(2) Unless the catcher is in possession of the ball, the catcher

cannot block the pathway of the runner as he is attempting
to score. If, in the judgment of the umpire, the catcher
without possession of the ball blocks the pathway of the
runner, the umpire shall call or signal the runner safe.
Not withstanding the above, it shall not be considered
a violation of this Rule 6.01(i)(2) if the catcher blocks
the pathway of the runner in a legitimate attempt to field
the throw (e.g., in reaction to the direction, trajectory or
the hop of the incoming throw, or in reaction to a throw
that originates from a pitcher or drawn-in infielder). In

73
 Rule 6.01(i)(2) to 6.01(j)

addition, a catcher without possession of the ball shall not

be adjudged to violate this Rule 6.01(i)(2) if the runner
could have avoided the collision with the catcher (or
other player covering home plate) by sliding.
Rule 6.01(i)(2) Comment: A catcher shall not be deemed to
have violated Rule 6.01(i)(2) unless he has both blocked the
plate without possession the ball (or when not in a legitimate
attempt to field the throw), and also hindered or impeded the
progress of the runner attempting to score. A catcher shall not
be deemed to have hindered or impeded the progress of the
runner if, in the judgment of the umpire, the runner would have
been called out notwithstanding the catcher having blocked
the plate. In addition, a catcher should use best efforts to
avoid unnecessary and forcible contact while tagging a runner
attempting to slide. Catchers who routinely make unnecessary
and forcible contact with a runner attempting to slide (e.g., by
initiating contact using a knee, shin guard, elbow or forearm)
may be subject to discipline by the Office of the Commissioner.
All references to “the catcher” in this Rule 6.01(i) shall apply
equally to other players covering home plate. In addition, Rule
6.01(i)(2) shall not apply to force plays at home plate.

(j)  Sliding to Bases on Double Play Attempts

If a runner does not engage in a bona fide slide, and initiates (or
attempts to make) contact with the fielder for the purpose of breaking
up a double play, he should be called for interference under this
Rule 6.01. A “bona fide slide” for purposes of Rule 6.01 occurs
when the runner:
(1) begins his slide (i.e., makes contact with the ground)
before reaching the base;
(2) is able and attempts to reach the base with his hand or
foot;
(3) is able and attempts to remain on the base (except home
plate) after completion of the slide; and
(4) slides within reach of the base without changing his path-
way for the purpose of initiating contact with a fielder.

74
 Rule 6.01(j) to 6.02(a)(3)

A runner who engages in a “bona fide slide” shall not be called

for interference under this Rule 6.01, even in cases where the
runner makes contact with the fielder as a consequence of a
permissible slide. In addition, interference shall not be called
where a runner’s contact with the fielder was caused by the
fielder being positioned in (or moving into) the runner’s legal
pathway to the base.
Notwithstanding the above, a slide shall not be a “bona fide slide”
if a runner engages in a “roll block,” or intentionally initiates
(or attempts to initiate) contact with the fielder by elevating and
kicking his leg above the fielder’s knee or throwing his arm or his
upper body.
If the umpire determines that the runner violated this Rule 6.01(j),
the umpire shall declare both the runner and batter-runner out.
Note, however, that if the runner has already been put out then the
runner on whom the defense was attempting to make a play shall
be declared out.

6.02 Pitcher Illegal Action

(a) Balks
If there is a runner, or runners, it is a balk when:
(1) The pitcher, while touching his plate, makes any motion
naturally associated with his pitch and fails to make such
delivery;
Rule 6.02(a)(1) Comment: If a left-handed or right-handed
pitcher swings his free foot past the back edge of the pitcher’s
rubber, he is required to pitch to the batter except to throw to
second base on a pick-off play.
(2) The pitcher, while touching his plate, feints a throw to
first or third base and fails to complete the throw;
(3) The pitcher, while touching his plate, fails to step directly
toward a base before throwing to that base;
Rule 6.02(a)(3) Comment: Requires the pitcher, while touching
his plate, to step directly toward a base before throwing to that
base. If a pitcher turns or spins off of his free foot without

75
 Rule 6.02(a)(3) to 6.02(a)(8)

actually stepping or if he turns his body and throws before

stepping, it is a balk.
A pitcher is to step directly toward a base before throwing
to that base and is required to throw (except to second base)
because he steps. It is a balk if, with runners on first and third,
the pitcher steps toward third and does not throw, merely to
bluff the runner back to third; then seeing the runner on first
start for second, turn and step toward and throw to first base. It
is legal for a pitcher to feint a throw to second base.
(4) The pitcher, while touching his plate, throws, or feints a
throw to an unoccupied base, except for the purpose of
making a play;
Rule 6.02(a)(4) Comment: When determining whether the
pitcher throws or feints a throw to an unoccupied base for the
purpose of making a play, the umpire should consider whether
a runner on the previous base demonstrates or otherwise creates
an impression of his intent to advance to such unoccupied base.
(5) The pitcher makes an illegal pitch;
Rule 6.02(a)(5) Comment: A quick pitch is an illegal pitch.
Umpires will judge a quick pitch as one delivered before the
batter is reasonably set in the batter’s box. With runners on base
the penalty is a balk; with no runners on base, it is a ball. The
quick pitch is dangerous and should not be permitted.
(6) The pitcher delivers the ball to the batter while he is not
facing the batter;
(7) The pitcher makes any motion naturally associated with
his pitch while he is not touching the pitcher’s plate;
(8) The pitcher unnecessarily delays the game;
Rule 6.02(a)(8) Comment: Rule 6.02(a)(8) shall not apply
when a warning is given pursuant to Rule 6.02(c)(8) (which
prohibits intentional delay of a game by throwing to fielders
not in an attempt to put a runner out). If a pitcher is ejected
pursuant to Rule 6.02(c)(8) for continuing to delay the game,
the penalty in Rule 6.02(a)(8) shall also apply. Rule 5.07(c)
(which sets a time limit for a pitcher to deliver the ball when

76
 Rule 6.02(a)(8) to 6.02(a)(13)

the bases are unoccupied) applies only when there are no

runners on base.
(9) The pitcher, without having the ball, stands on or astride
the pitcher’s plate or while off the plate, he feints a pitch;
(10) The pitcher, after coming to a legal pitching position,
removes one hand from the ball other than in an actual
pitch, or in throwing to a base;
(11) The pitcher, while touching his plate, accidentally or
intentionally has the ball slip or fall out of his hand or
glove;
(12) The pitcher, while giving an intentional base on balls,
pitches when the catcher is not in the catcher’s box;
(13) The pitcher delivers the pitch from Set Position without
coming to a stop.
PENALTY: The ball is dead, and each runner shall advance
one base without liability to be put out, unless the batter
reaches first on a hit, an error, a base on balls, a hit batter, or
otherwise, and all other runners advance at least one base, in
which case the play proceeds without reference to the balk.
APPROVED RULING: In cases where a pitcher balks and
throws wild, either to a base or to home plate, a runner or
runners may advance beyond the base to which he is entitled
at his own risk.
APPROVED RULING: A runner who misses the first base to
which he is advancing and who is called out on appeal shall
be considered as having advanced one base for the purpose
of this rule.
Rule 6.02(a) Comment: Umpires should bear in mind that
the purpose of the balk rule is to prevent the pitcher from
deliberately deceiving the base runner. If there is doubt in
the umpire’s mind, the “intent” of the pitcher should govern.
However, certain specifics should be borne in mind:
(A) Straddling the pitcher’s rubber without the ball is to
be interpreted as intent to deceive and ruled a balk.

77
 Rule 6.02(a) to 6.02(c)(4)

(B) With a runner on first base the pitcher may make a

complete turn, without hesitating toward first, and
throw to second. This is not to be interpreted as
throwing to an unoccupied base.
(b) Illegal Pitches With Bases Unoccupied
If the pitcher makes an illegal pitch with the bases unoccupied, it
shall be called a ball unless the batter reaches first base on a hit, an
error, a base on balls, a hit batter or otherwise.
Rule 6.02(b) Comment: A ball which slips out of a pitcher’s
hand and crosses the foul line shall be called a ball; otherwise it
will be called no pitch. This would be a balk with men on base.
(c) Pitching Prohibitions
The pitcher shall not:
(1) While in the 18-foot circle surrounding the pitcher’s plate,
touch the ball after touching his mouth or lips, or touch
his mouth or lips while he is in contact with the pitcher’s
plate. The pitcher must clearly wipe the fingers of his
pitching hand dry before touching the ball or the pitcher’s
plate.
EXCEPTION: Provided it is agreed to by both managers, the
umpire prior to the start of a game played in cold weather,
may permit the pitcher to blow on his hand.
PENALTY: For violation of this part of this rule the
umpires shall immediately remove the ball from play and
issue a warning to the pitcher. Any subsequent violation
shall be called a ball. However, if the pitch is made and a
batter reaches first base on a hit, an error, a hit batsman or
otherwise, and no other runner is put out before advancing
at least one base, the play shall proceed without reference to
the violation. Repeat offenders shall be subject to a fine by
the Office of the Commissioner.
(2) expectorate on the ball, either hand or his glove;
(3) rub the ball on his glove, person or clothing;
(4) apply a foreign substance of any kind to the ball;

78
 Rule 6.02(c)(5) to 6.02(c)(9)

(5) deface the ball in any manner; or

(6) deliver a ball altered in a manner prescribed by Rule
6.02(c)(2) through (5) or what is called the “shine” ball,
“spit” ball, “mud” ball or “emery” ball. The pitcher is
allowed to rub the ball between his bare hands.
(7) Have on his person, or in his possession, any foreign
substance.
Rule 6.02(c)(7) Comment: The pitcher may not attach anything
to either hand, any finger or either wrist (e.g., Band-Aid, tape,
Super Glue, bracelet, etc.). The umpire shall determine if such
attachment is indeed a foreign substance for the purpose of
Rule 6.02(c)(7), but in no case may the pitcher be allowed to
pitch with such attachment to his hand, finger or wrist.
(8) Intentionally delay the game by throwing the ball to
players other than the catcher, when the batter is in
position, except in an attempt to retire a runner.
PENALTY: If, after warning by the umpire, such delaying
action is repeated, the pitcher shall be removed from the game.
(9) Intentionally Pitch at the Batter.
(1)  If, in the umpire’s judgment, such a violation occurs, the
umpire may elect either to:
(A) Expel the pitcher, or the manager and the pitcher,
from the game, or
(B) may warn the pitcher and the manager of both teams
that another such pitch will result in the immediate
expulsion of that pitcher (or a replacement) and the
manager.
If, in the umpire’s judgment, circumstances warrant, both
teams may be officially “warned” prior to the game or at
any time during the game.
(The Office of the Commissioner may take additional
action under authority provided in Rule 8.04.)
Rule 6.02(c)(9) Comment: Team personnel may not come
onto the playing surface to argue or dispute a warning issued

79
 Rule 6.02(c)(9) to 6.02(d)(5)

under Rule 6.02(c)(9). If a manager, coach or player leaves

the dugout or his position to dispute a warning, he should be
warned to stop. If he continues, he is subject to ejection.
To pitch at a batter’s head is unsportsmanlike and highly
dangerous. It should be—and is—condemned by everybody.
Umpires should act without hesitation in enforcement of this
rule.
(d) PENALTY: For violation of any part of (c)(2) through (7):
(1) The pitcher shall be ejected immediately from the game
and shall be suspended automatically. In the Minor
Leagues, the automatic suspension shall be for 10 games.
(2) If a play follows the violation called by the umpire, the
manager of the team at bat may advise the umpire-in-
chief that he elects to accept the play. Such election shall
be made immediately at the end of the play. However, if
the batter reaches first base on a hit, an error, a base on
balls, a hit batsman, or otherwise, and no other runner is
put out before advancing at least one base, the play shall
proceed without reference to the violation.
(3) Even though the team at bat elects to take the play,
the violation shall be recognized and the penalties in
subsection 1 will still be in effect.
(4) If the manager of the team at bat does not elect to accept
the play, the umpire-in-chief shall call an automatic ball
or, if there are any runners on base, a balk.
(5) The umpire shall be sole judge on whether any portion of
this rule has been violated.
Rule 6.02(d)(1) through 6.02(d)(5) Comment: If a pitcher
violates either Rule 6.02(c)(2) or Rule 6.02(c)(3) and, in the
judgment of the umpire, the pitcher did not intend, by his act,
to alter the characteristics of a pitched ball, then the umpire
may, in his discretion, warn the pitcher in lieu of applying the
penalty set forth for violations of Rules 6.02(c)(2) through
6.02(c)(6). If the pitcher persists in violating either of those
Rules, however, the umpire should then apply the penalty.

80
 Rule 6.02(d) to 6.03(a)(4)

Rule 6.02(d) Comment: If at any time the ball hits the rosin
bag it is in play. In the case of rain or wet field, the umpire may
instruct the pitcher to carry the rosin bag in his hip pocket. A
pitcher may use the rosin bag for the purpose of applying rosin
to his bare hand or hands. Neither the pitcher nor any other
player shall dust the ball with the rosin bag; neither shall the
pitcher nor any other player be permitted to apply rosin from
the bag to his glove or dust any part of his uniform with the
rosin bag.
6.03  Batter Illegal Action
(a)  A batter is out for illegal action when:
(1) He hits a ball with one or both feet on the ground entirely
outside the batter’s box.
Rule 6.03(a )(1) Comment: If a batter hits a ball fair or foul
while out of the batter’s box, he shall be called out. Umpires
should pay particular attention to the position of the batter’s
feet if he attempts to hit the ball while he is being intentionally
passed. A batter cannot jump or step out of the batter’s box and
hit the ball.
(2) He steps from one batter’s box to the other while the
pitcher is in position ready to pitch;
(3) He interferes with the catcher’s fielding or throwing by
stepping out of the batter’s box or making any other
movement that hinders the catcher’s play at home base.
(4) He throws his bat into fair or foul territory and hits a
catcher (including the catcher’s glove) and the catcher
was attempting to catch a pitch with a runner(s) on base
and/or the pitch was a third strike.
EXCEPTION to Rules 6.03(a)(3) and (4): Batter is not out
if any runner attempting to advance is put out, or if runner
trying to score is called out for batter’s interference.
Rules 6.03(a )(3) and (4) Comment: If the batter interferes
with the catcher, the plate umpire shall call “interference.” The
batter is out and the ball dead. No player may advance on such
interference (offensive interference) and all runners must return

81
 Rule 6.03(a)(4) to 6.03(b)(2)

to the last base that was, in the judgment of the umpire, legally
touched at the time of the interference.
If, however, the catcher makes a play and the runner attempting
to advance is put out, it is to be assumed there was no actual
interference and that runner is out—not the batter. Any other
runners on the base at the time may advance as the ruling is that
there is no actual interference if a runner is retired. In that case
play proceeds just as if no violation had been called.
If a batter strikes at a ball and misses and swings so hard he
carries the bat all the way around and, in the umpire’s judgment,
unintentionally hits the catcher or the ball in back of him on the
backswing, it shall be called a strike only (not interference).
The ball will be dead, however, and no runner shall advance
on the play.
(5) He uses or attempts to use a bat that, in the umpire’s
judgment, has been altered or tampered with in such a
way to improve the distance factor or cause an unusual
reaction on the baseball. This includes bats that are filled,
flat-surfaced, nailed, hollowed, grooved or covered with
a substance such as paraffin, wax, etc.
(1)  No advancement on the bases will be allowed (except
advancements that are not caused by the use of an illegal
bat, e,g., stolen base, balk, wild pitch, passed ball),
and any out or outs made during a play shall stand. In
addition to being called out, the player shall be ejected
from the game and may be subject to additional penalties
as determined by the Office of the Commissioner.
Rule 6.03(a)(5) Comment: A batter shall be deemed to have
used or attempted to use an illegal bat if he brings such a bat
into the batter’s box.
(b)  Batting Out of Turn
(1) A batter shall be called out, on appeal, when he fails to bat
in his proper turn, and another batter completes a time at
bat in his place.
(2) The proper batter may take his place in the batter’s box
at any time before the improper batter becomes a runner

82
 Rule 6.03(b)(2) to 6.03(b)(7)

or is put out, and any balls and strikes shall be counted in

the proper batter’s time at bat.
(3) When an improper batter becomes a runner or is put out,
and the defensive team appeals to the umpire before the
first pitch to the next batter of either team, or before any
play or attempted play, the umpire shall (1) declare the
proper batter out; and (2) nullify any advance or score
made because of a ball batted by the improper batter or
because of the improper batter’s advance to first base on
a hit, an error, a base on balls, a hit batter or otherwise.
(4) If a runner advances, while the improper batter is at bat,
on a stolen base, balk, wild pitch or passed ball, such
advance is legal.
(5) When an improper batter becomes a runner or is put
out, and a pitch is made to the next batter of either team
before an appeal is made, the improper batter thereby
becomes the proper batter, and the results of his time at
bat become legal.
(6) When the proper batter is called out because he has failed
to bat in turn, the next batter shall be the batter whose
name follows that of the proper batter thus called out.
(7) When an improper batter becomes a proper batter because
no appeal is made before the next pitch, the next batter shall
be the batter whose name follows that of such legalized
improper batter. The instant an improper batter’s actions
are legalized, the batting order picks up with the name
following that of the legalized improper batter.

Rule 6.03(b )(7) Comment: The umpire shall not direct the
attention of any person to the presence in the batter’s box of
an improper batter. This rule is designed to require constant
vigilance by the players and managers of both teams.
There are two fundamentals to keep in mind: When a player
bats out of turn, the proper batter is the player called out. If an
improper batter bats and reaches base or is out and no appeal
is made before a pitch to the next batter, or before any play
or attempted play, that improper batter is considered to have

83
 Rule 6.03(b)(7)

batted in proper turn and establishes the order that is to follow.

APPROVED RULING: To illustrate various situations arising
from batting out of turn, assume a first-inning batting order as
follows:
Abel-Baker-Charles-Daniel-Edward-Frank-George-
Hooker-Irwin.
PLAY (1) — Baker bats. With the count 2 balls and 1
strike, (a) the offensive team discovers the error or (b)
the defensive team appeals. Ruling—In either case, Abel
replaces Baker, with the count on him 2 balls and 1 strike.
PLAY (2) — Baker bats and doubles. The defensive team
appeals (a) immediately or (b) after a pitch to Charles.
RULING: (a) Abel is called out and Baker is the proper
batter; (b) Baker stays on second and Charles is the proper
batter.
PLAY (3) — Abel walks. Baker walks. Charles forces
Baker. Edward bats in Daniel’s turn. While Edward is
at bat, Abel scores and Charles goes to second on a wild
pitch. Edward grounds out, sending Charles to third.
The defensive team appeals (a) immediately or (b) after
a pitch to Daniel.
RULING: (a) Abel’s run counts and Charles is entitled to
second base since these advances were not made because
of the improper batter batting a ball or advancing to first
base. Charles must return to second base because his
advance to third resulted from the improper batter batting
a ball. Daniel is called out, and Edward is the proper
batter; (b) Abel’s run counts and Charles stays on third.
The proper batter is Frank.
PLAY (4) —With the bases full and two out. Hooker
bats in Frank’s turn, and triples, scoring three runs. The
defensive team appeals (a) immediately, or (b) after a
pitch to George.
RULING: (a) Frank is called out and no runs score.
George is the proper batter to lead off the second inning;

84
 Rule 6.03(b)(7) to 6.04(a)

(b) Hooker stays on third and three runs score. Irwin is

the proper batter.
PLAY (5) — After Play (4)(b) above, George continues at
bat. (a) Hooker is picked off third base for the third out,
or (b) George flies out, and no appeal is made. Who is
the proper leadoff batter in the second inning?
RULING: (a) Irwin. He became the proper batter as soon
as the first pitch to George legalized Hooker’s triple; (b)
Hooker. When no appeal was made, the first pitch to the
leadoff batter of the opposing team legalized George’s
time at bat.
PLAY (6 ) — Daniel walks and Abel comes to bat. Daniel
was an improper batter, and if an appeal is made before
the first pitch to Abel, Abel is out, Daniel is removed
from base, and Baker is the proper batter. There is no
appeal, and a pitch is made to Abel. Daniel’s walk is
now legalized, and Edward thereby becomes the proper
batter. Edward can replace Abel at any time before Abel
is put out or becomes a runner. He does not do so. Abel
flies out, and Baker comes to bat. Abel was an improper
batter, and if an appeal is made before the first pitch to
Baker, Edward is out, and the proper batter is Frank.
There is no appeal, and a pitch is made to Baker. Abel’s
out is now legalized, and the proper batter is Baker.
Baker walks. Charles is the proper batter. Charles flies
out. Now Daniel is the proper batter, but he is on second
base. Who is the proper batter?
RULING: The proper batter is Edward. When the proper
batter is on base, he is passed over, and the following
batter becomes the proper batter.

6.04  Unsportsmanlike Conduct

(a) No manager, player, substitute, coach, trainer or batboy shall
at any time, whether from the bench, the coach’s box or on the
playing field, or elsewhere:

85
 Rule 6.04(a)(1) to 6.04(d)

(1) Incite, or try to incite, by word or sign a demonstration

by spectators;
(2) Use language which will in any manner refer to or reflect
upon opposing players, an umpire, or any spectator;
(3) Call “Time,” or employ any other word or phrase or
commit any act while the ball is alive and in play for the
obvious purpose of trying to make the pitcher commit a
balk.
(4) Make intentional contact with the umpire in any manner.
(b) Players in uniform shall not address or mingle with spectator,
nor sit in the stands before, during, or after a game. No manager,
coach or player shall address any spectator before or during a
game. Players of opposing teams shall not fraternize at any time
while in uniform.
(c) No fielder shall take a position in the batter’s line of vision,
and with deliberate unsportsmanlike intent, act in a manner to
distract the batter.
PENALTY: The offender shall be removed from the game
and shall leave the playing field, and, if a balk is made, it
shall be nullified.
(d) When a manager, player, coach or trainer is ejected from a
game, he shall leave the field immediately and take no further
part in that game. He shall remain in the clubhouse or change
to street clothes and either leave the park or take a seat in the
grandstand well removed from the vicinity of his team’s bench
or bullpen.
Rule 6.04(d) Comment: If a manager, coach or player is under
suspension he may be in uniform and may participate in the
regular pre-game routines of the Club. At game time, however,
suspended personnel must be out of uniform, may not be in
the dugout, and must be away from areas where players are
expected to be during a game. Suspended personnel also are
not permitted in the press box or any broadcast areas during the
course of a game, but are permitted to watch the game from the
stands or suite level.

86
 Rule 6.04(e)

(e) When the occupants of a player’s bench show violent disapproval

of an umpire’s decision, the umpire shall first give warning that
such disapproval shall cease.
PENALTY: [If such action continues] The umpire shall order
the offenders from the bench to the clubhouse. If he is unable
to detect the offender, or offenders, he may clear the bench
of all substitute players. The manager of the offending team
shall have the privilege of recalling to the playing field only
those players needed for substitution in the game.

87
 Rule 7.01 to 7.01(f)

7.00–ENDING THE GAME

7.01  Regulation Games
(a) A regulation game consists of nine innings, unless extended
because of a tie score, or shortened (1) because the home team
needs none of its half of the ninth inning or only a fraction of it,
or (2) because the umpire-in-chief calls the game.
EXCEPTION: The Minor Leagues may adopt a rule provid-
ing that one or both games of a doubleheader shall be seven
innings in length. In such games, any of these rules applying
to the ninth inning shall apply to the seventh inning.

(b) If the score is tied after nine completed innings play

shall continue until (1) the visiting team has scored more total
runs than the home team at the end of a completed inning, or
(2) the home team scores the winning run in an uncompleted
inning.

(c) If a game is called, it is a regulation game:

(1) If five innings have been completed;

(2) If the home team has scored more runs in four or four and
a fraction half-innings than the visiting team has scored
in five completed half-innings;
(3) If the home team scores one or more runs in its half of the
fifth inning to tie the score.
(d) If a regulation game is called with the score tied, it shall
become a suspended game. See Rule 7.02.
(e) If a game is postponed or otherwise called before it has become
a regulation game, the umpire-in-chief shall declare it “No
Game,” unless the game is called pursuant to Rules 7.02(a)(3)
or 7.02(a)(4), which shall be a suspended game at any time after
it starts.
(f) The Office of the Commissioner may determine whether rain
checks will be honored for any regulation or suspended game
that has progressed to or beyond a point of play described in
Rule 7.01(c).

88
 Rule 7.01(f) to 7.02(a)

Rule 7.01 Comment: The Major Leagues have determined

that Rules 7.01(c) and 7.01(e) do not apply to any Wild Card,
Division Series, League Champion­ship Series or World Series
games or for any additional Major League championship
season game played to break a tie.
(g) The score of a regulation game is the total number of runs
scored by each team at the moment the game ends.
(1) The game ends when the visiting team completes its half
of the ninth inning if the home team is ahead.
(2) The game ends when the ninth inning is completed, if the
visiting team is ahead.
(3) If the home team scores the winning run in its half of the
ninth inning (or its half of an extra inning after a tie), the
game ends immediately when the winning run is scored.
EXCEPTION: If the last batter in a game hits a home run out
of the playing field, the batter-runner and all runners on base
are permitted to score, in accordance with the base-running
rules, and the game ends when the batter-runner touches
home plate.
APPROVED RULING: The batter hits a home run out of the
playing field to win the game in the last half of the ninth
or an extra inning, but is called out for passing a preceding
runner. The game ends immediately when the winning run is
scored, unless there are two out and the winning run has not
yet reached home plate when the runner passes another, in
which case the inning is over and only those runs that scored
before the runner passes another shall count.
(4) A called game ends at the moment the umpire terminates
play, unless it becomes a suspended game pursuant to
Rule 7.02(a).

7.02  Suspended, Postponed, and Tie Games

(a)  A game shall become a suspended game that must be completed
at a future date if the game is terminated for any of the following
reasons:

89
 Rule 7.02(a)(1) to 7.02(a)(9)

(1) A curfew imposed by law;

(2) A time limit permissible under league rules;
(3) Light failure, malfunction of, or unintentional operator
error in employing, a mechanical or field device or equip-
ment under the control of the home Club (e.g., a retract-
able roof, a tarpaulin, or other water removal equipment);
(4) Darkness, when a law prevents the lights from being
turned on;
(5) Weather, if a regulation game is called while an inning
is in progress and before the inning is completed, and
the visiting team has scored one or more runs to take
the lead, and the home team has not retaken the lead; or
(6) It is a regulation game that is called with the score tied;
The Minor Leagues may also adopt the following rules for suspend-
ed games. (If adopted by a Minor League, Rule 7.01(e) would not
apply to their games.);
(7) The game has not become a regulation game (4½ innings
with the home team ahead, or 5 innings with the visiting
Club ahead or tied);
(8) If a game is suspended before it becomes a regulation
game, and is continued prior to another regularly
scheduled game, the regularly scheduled game shall be
seven innings in length. See the exception described in
Rule 7.01(a);
(9) If a game is suspended after it is a regulation game, and is
continued prior to another regularly scheduled game, the
regularly scheduled game shall be a nine-inning game.
EXCEPTION: Optional Rules 7.02(a)(7), 7.02(a)(8), and
7.02(a)(9) for the Minor Leagues shall not apply to the last
scheduled game between the two teams during the cham-
pionship season. A Minor League may adopt any of Rules
7.02(a)(7), 7.02(a)(8), and 7.02(a)(9) for its post-season
games.
No game called because of a curfew (Rule 7.02(a)(1)), weather

90
 Rule 7.02(a)(9) to 7.02(b)(4)

(Rule 7.02(a)(5)), a time limit (Rule 7.02(a)(2)), or with a tied

score (Rule 7.02(a)(6)) shall be a suspended game unless it has
progressed far enough to have been a regulation game pursuant
to Rule 7.01(c). A game called pursuant to Rules 7.02(a)(3) or
7.02(a)(4) shall be a suspended game at any time after it starts.
NOTE: Weather and similar conditions—Rules 7.02(a)(1)
through 7.02(a)(5)—shall take precedence in determining
whether a called game shall be a suspended game. If a
game is halted by weather, and subsequent light failure or an
intervening curfew or time limit prevents its resumption, the
game shall not be a suspended game. If a game is halted
by light failure, and weather or field conditions prevent its
resumption, the game shall not be a suspended game. A
game can only be considered a suspended game if stopped
for any of the six reasons specified in Rule 7.02(a).
Rule 7.02(a ) Comment: The Major Leagues have determined
that Rule 7.02(a) does not apply to any Wild Card, Division
Series, League Championship Series or World Series games or
for any additional Major League championship season game
played to break a tie.
(b) A suspended game shall be resumed and completed as follows:
(1) Immediately preceding the next scheduled single game
between the two Clubs on the same grounds; or
(2) Immediately preceding the next scheduled doubleheader
between the two Clubs on the same grounds, if no single
game remains on the schedule; or
(3) If suspended on the last scheduled date between the two
Clubs in that city, transferred and played on the grounds
of the opposing Club, if possible;
  (A) Immediately preceding the next scheduled single
game, or
  (B) Immediately preceding the next scheduled double-
header, if no single game remains on the schedule.
(4) Any suspended game that has progressed far enough

91
 Rule 7.02(b)(4) to 7.02(b)(5)

to become a regulation game, but which has not been

completed prior to the last scheduled game between the
two teams during the championship season shall become
a called game, as follows:
  (A) If one team is ahead, the team that is ahead shall
be declared the winner (unless the game is called
while an inning is in progress and before the inning
is completed, and the visiting team has scored one
or more runs to take the lead, and the home team
has not retaken the lead, in which case the score
upon the completion of the last full inning shall
stand for purposes of this Rule 7.02(b)(4); or
  (B) If the score is tied, the game shall be declared a “tie
game” (unless the game is called while an inning is
in progress and before the inning is completed, and
the visiting team has scored one or more runs to
tie the game, and the home team has not retied the
game, in which case the score upon the completion
of the last full inning shall stand for purposes of this
Rule 7.02(b)(4).
(5) Any postponed game, suspended game (that has not
progressed far enough to become a regulation game), or tie
game that has not been rescheduled and completed prior to
the last scheduled game between the two teams during the
championship season must be played (or continued, in the
case of a suspended or tie game) to a completed regulation
game, if the Office of the Commissioner determines that
not playing such game might affect eligibility for the post-
season and/or home-field advantage for any Wild Card or
Division Series game.
Rule 7.02(b) Comment: The Major Leagues have determined
that Rule 7.02(b) does not apply to any Wild Card, Division
Series, League Championship Series or World Series games or
for any additional Major League championship season game
played to break a tie.
Minor League games shall not be rescheduled and played to a

92
 Rule 7.02(b)(5) to 7.03(a)(1)

completed regulation game in accordance with Rule 7.02(b)(5)

for the purpose of determining eligibility or home-field advan-
tage for the post-season.
If a suspended Minor League game is to resume and no single
game remains on the schedule, only a single game will be played
after completing the suspended game.

(c) A suspended game shall be resumed at the exact point of

suspension of the original game. The completion of a suspended
game is a continuation of the original game. The lineup and
batting order of both teams shall be exactly the same as the
lineup and batting order at the moment of suspension, subject to
the rules governing substitution. Any player may be replaced by
a player who had not been in the game prior to the suspension.
No player removed before the suspension may be returned to
the lineup.
(a)  A player who was not with the Club when the game was
suspended may be used as a substitute, even if he has taken the
place of a player no longer with the Club who would not have
been eligible because he had been removed from the lineup
before the game was suspended.
Rule 7.02(c) Comment: If immediately prior to the call of a
suspended game, a pitcher has not pitched to a minimum of
three consecutive batters in accordance with Rule 5.10(g), such
pitcher, when the suspended game is later resumed may, but is
not required to start the resumed portion of the game. However,
if he does start the resumed portion of the game, he shall have
to complete pitching to his first three consecutive batters in
accordance with Rule 5.10(g); and, if he does not start upon
resumption of the game, he will be considered as having been
substituted for and may not be used again in that game.
7.03  Forfeited Games
(a) A game may be forfeited to the opposing team when a team:
(1) Fails to appear upon the field, or being upon the field,
refuses to start play within five minutes after the umpire-
in-chief has called “Play” at the appointed hour for

93
 Rule 7.03(a)(1) to 7.04

beginning the game, unless such delayed appearance is,

in the umpire-in-chief’s judgment, unavoidable;
(2) Employs tactics palpably designed to delay or shorten the
game;
(3) Refuses to continue play during a game unless the game
has been suspended or terminated by the umpire-in-chief;
(4) Fails to resume play, after a suspension, within one
minute after the umpire-in-chief has called “Play;”
(5) After warning by the umpire, willfully and persistently
violates any rules of the game;
(6) Fails to obey within a reasonable time the umpire’s order
for removal of a player from the game;
(7) Fails to appear for the second game of a doubleheader
within thirty minutes after the close of the first game
unless the umpire-in-chief of the first game shall have
extended the time of the intermission.
(b) A game shall be forfeited to the opposing team when a team is
unable or refuses to place nine players on the field.
(c) A game shall be forfeited to the visiting team if, after it has been
suspended, the order of the umpire to groundskeepers respecting
preparation of the field for resumption of play intentionally or
willfully is not complied with.
(d) If the umpire-in-chief declares a game forfeited he shall transmit
a written report to the Office of the Commissioner within 24
hours thereafter, but failure of such transmittal shall not affect
the forfeiture.

7.04  Protesting Games

Protesting a game shall never be permitted, regardless of
whether such complaint is based on judgment decisions by the
umpire or an allegation that an umpire misapplied these rules or
otherwise rendered a decision in violation of these rules.

94
 Rule 8.01 to 8.02(a)

8.00–THE UMPIRE
8.01  Umpire Qualifications and Authority
(a) The Office of the Commissioner shall appoint one or more
umpires to officiate at each league championship game. The
umpires shall be responsible for the conduct of the game in ac-
cordance with these official rules and for maintaining discipline
and order on the playing field during the game.
(b) Each umpire is the representative of the league and of
professional baseball, and is authorized and required to enforce
all of these rules. Each umpire has authority to order a player,
coach, manager or Club officer or employee to do or refrain
from doing anything which affects the administering of these
rules, and to enforce the prescribed penalties.
(c) Each umpire has authority to rule on any point not specifically
covered in these rules.
(d) Each umpire has authority to disqualify any player, coach,
manager or substitute for objecting to decisions or for unsports-
manlike conduct or language, and to eject such disqualified
person from the playing field. If an umpire disqualifies a player
while a play is in progress, the disqualification shall not take
effect until no further action is possible in that play.
(e) Each umpire has authority at his discretion to eject from the
playing field (1) any person whose duties permit his presence on
the field, such as ground crew members, ushers, photographers,
newsmen, broadcasting crew members, etc., and (2) any spectator
or other person not authorized to be on the playing field.

8.02  Appeal of Umpire Decisions

(a) Any umpire’s decision which involves judgment, such as, but
not limited to, whether a batted ball is fair or foul, whether a
pitch is a strike or a ball, or whether a runner is safe or out, is
final. No player, manager, coach or substitute shall object to any
such judgment decisions.
Rule 8.02(a ) Comment: Players leaving their position in the
field or on base, or managers or coaches leaving the bench or

95
 Rule 8.02(a) to 8.02(c)

coaches box, to argue on BALLS AND STRIKES will not be

permitted. They should be warned if they start for the plate to
protest the call. If they continue, they will be ejected from the
game.
(b) If there is reasonable doubt that any umpire’s decision may be
in conflict with the rules, the manager may appeal the decision
and ask that a correct ruling be made. Such appeal shall be
made only to the umpire who made the protested decision.

(c) If a decision is appealed, the umpire making the decision may

ask another umpire for information before making a final
decision. No umpire shall criticize, seek to reverse or interfere
with another umpire’s decision unless asked to do so by the
umpire making it. If the umpires consult after a play and change
a call that had been made, then they have the authority to take
all steps that they may deem necessary, in their discretion, to
eliminate the results and consequences of the earlier call that
they are reversing, including placing runners where they think
those runners would have been after the play, had the ultimate
call been made as the initial call, disregarding interference
or obstruction that may have occurred on the play; failures
of runners to tag up based upon the initial call on the field;
runners passing other runners or missing bases; etc., all in the
discretion of the umpires. No player, manager or coach shall
be permitted to argue the exercise of the umpires’ discretion in
resolving the play and any person so arguing shall be subject to
ejection. Notwithstanding the foregoing, correction of a missed
ball-strike count shall not be permitted after a pitch is thrown
to a subsequent batter, or in the case of the final batter of an
inning or game, after all infielders of the defensive team leave
fair territory.

Rule 8.02(c) Comment: A manager is permitted to ask the

umpires for an explanation of the play and how the umpires
have exercised their discretion to eliminate the results and
consequences of the earlier call that the umpires are reversing.
Once the umpires explain the result of the play, however, no
one is permitted to argue that the umpires should have exercised
their discretion in a different manner.

96
 Rule 8.02(c) to 8.02(e)

The manager or the catcher may request the plate umpire to ask
his partner for help on a half swing when the plate umpire calls
the pitch a ball, but not when the pitch is called a strike. The
manager may not complain that the umpire made an improper
call, but only that he did not ask his partner for help. Field
umpires must be alerted to the request from the plate umpire
and quickly respond. Managers may not protest the call of a
ball or strike on the pretense they are asking for information
about a half swing.
Appeals on a half swing may be made only on the call of ball
and when asked to appeal, the home plate umpire must refer to
a base umpire for his judgment on the half swing. Should the
base umpire call the pitch a strike, the strike call shall prevail.
Appeals on a half swing must be made before the next pitch,
or any play or attempted play. If the half swing occurs during a
play which ends a half-inning, the appeal must be made before
all infielders of the defensive team leave fair territory.
Baserunners must be alert to the possibility that the base umpire
on appeal from the plate umpire may reverse the call of a ball to
the call of a strike, in which event the runner is in jeopardy of
being out by the catcher’s throw. Also, a catcher must be alert
in a base stealing situation if a ball call is reversed to a strike by
the base umpire upon appeal from the plate umpire.
The ball is in play on appeal on a half swing.
On a half swing, if the manager comes out to argue with first or
third base umpire and if after being warned he persists in arguing,
he can be ejected as he is now arguing over a called ball or strike.
(d) No umpire may be replaced during a game unless he is injured
or becomes ill.
(d)  If there is only one umpire, he shall have complete jurisdiction
in administering the rules. He may take any position on the
playing field which will enable him to discharge his duties
(usually behind the catcher, but sometimes behind the pitcher
if there are runners). He shall be considered umpire-in-chief.
(e) If there are two or more umpires, one shall be designated
umpire-in-chief and the others field umpires.

97
 Rule 8.03 to 8.03(c)

8.03  Umpire Position

(a) The umpire-in-chief shall stand behind the catcher. (He usually
is called the plate umpire.) His duties shall be to:
(1) Take full charge of, and be responsible for, the proper
conduct of the game;
(2) Call and count balls and strikes;
(3) Call and declare fair balls and fouls except those
commonly called by field umpires;
(4) Make all decisions on the batter;
(5) Make all decisions except those commonly reserved for
the field umpires;
(6) Decide when a game shall be forfeited;
(7) If a time limit has been set, announce the fact and the time
set before the game starts;
(8) Inform the Official Scorer of the official batting order, and
any changes in the lineups and batting order, on request;
(9) Announce any special ground rules, at his discretion.
(b) A field umpire may take any position on the playing field he
thinks best suited to make impending decisions on the bases.
His duties shall be to:
(1) Make all decisions on the bases except those specifically
reserved to the umpire-in-chief;
(2) Take concurrent jurisdiction with the umpire-in-chief in
calling “Time,” balks, illegal pitches, or defacement or
discoloration of the ball by any player.
(3) Aid the umpire-in-chief in every manner in enforcing
the rules, and excepting the power to forfeit the game,
shall have equal authority with the umpire-in-chief in
administering and enforcing the rules and maintaining
discipline.
(c) If different decisions should be made on one play by different
umpires, the umpire-in-chief shall call all the umpires into

98
 Rule 8.03(c) to 8.04

consultation, with no manager or player present. After

consultation, the umpire-in-chief (unless another umpire may
have been designated by the Office of the Commissioner) shall
determine which decision shall prevail, based on which umpire
was in best position and which decision was most likely correct.
Play shall proceed as if only the final decision had been made.

8.04 Reporting
(a) The umpire shall report to the Office of the Commissioner with-
in twelve hours after the end of a game all violations of rules
and other incidents worthy of comment, including the disqual-
ification of any trainer, manager, coach or player, and the rea-
sons therefor.
(b) When any trainer, manager, coach or player is disqualified for a
flagrant offense such as the use of obscene or indecent language,
or an assault upon an umpire, trainer, manager, coach or player,
the umpire shall forward full particulars to the Office of the
Commissioner within four hours after the end of the game.
(c) After receiving the umpire’s report that a trainer, manager, coach
or player has been disqualified, the Office of the Commissioner
shall impose such penalty as he deems justified, and shall notify
the person penalized and the manager of the Club of which the
penalized person is a member. If the penalty in­cludes a fine, the
penalized person shall pay the amount of the fine to the league
within five days after receiving notice of the fine. Failure to
pay such fine within five days shall result in the offender being
debarred from participation in any game and from sitting on the
players’ bench during any game, until the fine is paid.

99
 General Instructions to Umpires

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS TO UMPIRES

Umpires, on the field, should not indulge in conversation with

players. Keep out of the coaching box and do not talk to the coach
on duty.
Keep your uniform in good condition. Be active and alert on
the field.
Be courteous, always, to Club officials; avoid visiting in Club
offices and thoughtless familiarity with officers or employees of
contesting Clubs.
When you enter a ball park your sole duty is to umpire a ball
game as the representative of baseball.
Do not allow criticism to keep you from studying out bad
situations. Carry your rule book. It is better to consult the rules and
hold up the game ten minutes to decide a knotty problem than to
inadvertently misapply these rules.
Keep the game moving. A ball game is often helped by
energetic and earnest work of the umpires.
You are the only official representative of baseball on the
ball field. It is often a trying position which requires the exercise
of much patience and good judgment, but do not forget that the
first essential in working out of a bad situation is to keep your own
temper and self-control.
You no doubt are going to make mistakes, but never attempt
to “even up” after having made one. Make all decisions as you see
them and forget which is the home or visiting Club.
Keep your eye everlastingly on the ball while it is in play.
It is more vital to know just where a fly ball fell, or a thrown ball
finished up, than whether or not a runner missed a base. Do not
call the plays too quickly, or turn away too fast when a fielder is
throwing to complete a double play. Watch out for dropped balls
after you have called a man out.
Do not come running with your arm up or down, denoting
“out” or “safe.” Wait until the play is completed before making any
arm motion.

100
 General Instructions to Umpires

Each umpire team should work out a simple set of signals,

so the proper umpire can always right a manifestly wrong decision
when convinced he has made an error. If sure you got the play
correctly, do not be stampeded by players’ appeals to “ask the other
man.” If not sure, ask one of your associates. Do not carry this to
extremes, be alert and get your own plays. But remember! The first
requisite is to get decisions correctly. If in doubt don’t hesitate to
consult your associate. Umpire dignity is important but never as
important as “being right.”
Most important rule for umpires is always “BE IN POSITION
TO SEE EVERY PLAY.” Even though your decision may be 100%
right, players still question it if they feel you were not in a spot to
see the play clearly and definitely.
Finally, be courteous, impartial and firm, and so compel
respect from all.

101
 Rule 9.01(a)

THE RULES OF SCORING

Index
Appeal of scoring decision: 9.01(a) Ordinary effort: Definitions of Terms
Assists: 9.10 Oversliding: Definitions of Terms
Base hits: 9.05, 9.06 Passed balls: 9.13
Bases on balls: 9.14 Percentages, how determined: 9.21
Batting out of turn: 9.01(b)(4), 9.03(d) Protested game: 9.01(b)(3)
Box scores: 9.02, 9.03(b) Putouts: 9.09
Box scores: how to prove, 9.03(c) Report: 9.02, 9.03
Called game: 9.03(e) Runs allowed: 9.16
Caught stealing: 9.07(h) Runs batted in: 9.04
Cumulative performance records Sacrifices: 9.08
guidelines: 9.23
Saves for relief pitchers: 9.19
Defensive indifference: 9.07(g)
Shutouts: 9.18
Determining value of base hits: 9.06
Statistics: 9.20
Double plays: 9.11
Earned runs: 9.16 Stolen bases: 9.07
Errors: 9.12 Streaks, how determined: 9.22
Fielder’s choice: Definitions, 9.12(f)(2) Strikeouts: 9.15
Forfeited game: 9.03(e) Substitutes: 9.03(b)
Game-ending hits: 9.06(f), 9.06(g) Suspended game: 9.01(b)(3), 9.23(d)
Individual championships, how Triple plays: 9.11
determined: 9.22 Wild pitches: 9.13
Official scorer: 9.01 Winning and losing pitcher: 9.17

9.00—THE OFFICIAL SCORER

9.01  Official Scorer (General Rules)

(a) The Office of the Commissioner, with respect to Major League

games, and the Commissioner’s designee, with respect to
Minor League games, shall appoint an Official Scorer for
each league championship, post-season or all-star game. The
Official Scorer shall observe the game from a position in
the press box, in permanent assigned seating as designated
by the home Club, in a seat adjacent to league Official Data
Collection staff. The Official Scorer shall have sole authority
to make all decisions concerning application of Rule 9 that
involve judgment, such as whether a batter’s advance to first

102
 Rule 9.01(a)

base is the result of a hit or an error. The Official Scorer

shall communicate such decisions first to league Official Data
Collection staff, and second to staff and media personnel in
the press box and broadcasting booths by hand signals or
over the press box loudspeaker system and shall advise the
public address announcer of such decisions, if requested. All
persons, including Club officials and players, are prohibited
from protesting to the Official Scorer or league Official Data
Collection staff regarding any such decisions.
(a)  The Official Scorer shall make all decisions concerning
judgment calls. Upon conclusion of an event in the field
requiring a scorer’s judgment, the Official Scorer will first
make a “preliminary” judgment call, generally using best
efforts to do so in a timely fashion in line with the general pace
of play, and no later than the start of the next plate appearance.
Within 24 hours after a game concludes or is suspended, the
Official Scorer will, at his or her discretion, render such
preliminary judgments as “final,” or revise the initial judgment
call to become a final judgment. A Major League player or
Club may request that the Commissioner’s designee review
a final judgment call of an Official Scorer made in a game in
which such player or Club participated, by notifying the Office
of the Commissioner in writing or by approved electronic
means within 72 hours of a judgment becoming final. The
Commissioner’s designee shall have access to all relevant and
available video and, after considering any evidence he wishes
to consider, may order a change in a final judgment call if he
determines that the final judgment of the Official Scorer was
clearly erroneous. No judgment decision shall be changed
thereafter. If the Commissioner’s designee determines that a
player or Club has abused the appeals process by repeatedly
filing frivolous appeals, or acting in bad faith, he may, after
providing a warning, impose reasonable sanctions on the Club
or player. A Minor League player or Club may request that
the Office of the Commissioner review a judgment call of an
Official Scorer in accordance with league rules.
(a)  After each game, including forfeited and called games, the
Official Scorer shall prepare a report, on a form prescribed by
the Office of the Commissioner, with respect to Major League

103
 Rule 9.01(a) to Rule 9.01(b)(3)

games, and the Commissioner’s designee, with respect to

Minor League games, listing the date of the game, where it was
played, the names of the competing Clubs and the umpires, the
full score of the game and all records of individual players
compiled according to the system specified in this Rule 9.
The Official Scorer shall forward this report to the Office of
the Commissioner, with respect to Major League and Minor
League games, as soon as practicable after the game ends. The
Official Scorer shall forward the report of any suspended game
as soon as practicable after the game has been completed, or
after it becomes a called game because it cannot be completed,
as provided by the Rule 7.02.
Rule 9.01(a) Comment: The Official Scorer shall forward the
official score report to the league statistician instead of to the
league office, if requested to do so by the league. In the event of
any discrepancy in records maintained by a league statistician
and the rulings by an Official Scorer, the report of such Official
Scorer shall control. League statisticians and Official Scorers
should consult cooperatively to resolve any discrepancies.
(b)  (1) In all cases, the Official Scorer shall not make a scor-
ing decision that is in conflict with Rule 9 or any other
Official Baseball Rule. The Official Scorer shall conform
strictly to the rules of scoring set forth in this Rule 9. The
Official Scorer shall not make any decision that conflicts
with an umpire’s decision. The Official Scorer shall have
authority to rule on any point not specifically covered in
these rules. The Office of the Commissioner, with respect
to Major League and Minor League scorers shall order
changed any decision of an Official Scorer that contra-
dicts the rules of scoring set forth in this Rule 9 and shall
take whatever remedial actions as may be necessary to
correct any statistics that need correction as a result of
such mistaken scoring decision.
(2) If the teams change sides before three men are put out,
the Official Scorer shall immediately inform the umpire-
in-chief of the mistake.
(3) If the game is suspended, the Official Scorer shall make
a note of the exact situation at the time of the suspension,

104
 Rule 9.01(b)(3) to 9.02(a)

including the score, the number of outs, the position of

any runners, the ball-and-strike count on the batter, the
lineups of both teams and the players who have been
removed from the game for each team.

Rule 9.01(b)(3) Comment: It is important that a suspended

game resume with exactly the same situation as existed at the
time of suspension.
(4) The Official Scorer shall not call the attention of any
umpire or of any member of either team to the fact that a
player is batting out of turn.
(c) The Official Scorer for Major League and Minor League games
is an official representative who is entitled to the respect and
dignity of his office and shall be accorded full protection by
the Office of the Commissioner. The Official Scorer shall report
to the appropriate league official any indignity expressed by
any manager, player, Club employee, Club officer, or media
personnel in the course of, or as the result of, the discharge of
Official Scorer duties.

9.02  Official Scorer Report

The official score report prepared by the Official Scorer shall be in
a form prescribed by the league and shall include:
(a)  The following records for each batter and runner:
(1) Number of times batted, except that no time at bat shall be
charged when a player
(A) hits a sacrifice bunt or sacrifice fly;
(B) is awarded first base on four called balls;
(C) is hit by a pitched ball; or
(D) is awarded first base because of interference or
obstruction;
(2) Number of runs scored;
(3) Number of safe hits;

105
 Rule 9.02(a) to 9.02(c)

(4) Number of runs batted in;

(5) Two-base hits;
(6) Three-base hits;
(7) Home runs;
(8) Total bases on safe hits;
(9) Stolen bases;
(10) Sacrifice bunts;
(11) Sacrifice flies;
(12) Total number of bases on balls;
(13) Separate listing of any intentional bases on balls;
(14) Number of times hit by a pitched ball;
(15) Number of times awarded first base for interference or
obstruction;
(16) Strikeouts;
(17) Number of force double plays and reverse-force double
plays grounded into; and
Rule 9.02(a)(17) Comment: The Official Scorer should
not charge a batter with grounding into a double play if the
batter-runner is called out due to interference by a preceding
runner.
(18) Number of times caught stealing.
(b)  The following records for each fielder:
(1) Number of putouts;
(2) Number of assists;
(3) Number of errors;
(4) Number of double plays participated in; and
(5) Number of triple plays participated in.
(c)  The following records for each pitcher:
(1) Number of innings pitched;

106
 Rule 9.02(c) to 9.02(d)

Rule 9.02(c)(1) Comment: In computing innings pitched, the

Official Scorer shall count each putout as ⅓ of an inning. For
example, if a starting pitcher is replaced with one out in the
sixth inning, the Official Scorer shall credit that pitcher with
5⅓ innings. If a starting pitcher is replaced with none out in the
sixth inning, the Official Scorer shall credit that pitcher with 5
innings and make the notation that that pitcher faced _____ bat-
ters in the sixth, noting the number of batters faced. If a relief
pitcher retires two batters and is replaced, the Official Scorer
shall credit that pitcher with ⅔ of an inning pitched. If a relief
pitcher enters a game and his team initiates a successful appeal
play that results in one out, the officer scorer shall credit such
relief pitcher with ⅓ of an inning pitched.
(2) Total number of batters faced;
(3) Number of batters officially at bat against pitcher,
computed according to Rule 9.02(a)(1);
(4) Number of hits allowed;
(5) Number of runs allowed;
(6) Number of earned runs allowed;
(7) Number of home runs allowed;
(8) Number of sacrifice hits allowed;
(9) Number of sacrifice flies allowed;
(10) Total number of bases on balls allowed;
(11) Separate listing of any intentional bases on balls
allowed;
(12) Number of batters hit by pitched balls;
(13) Number of strikeouts;
(14) Number of wild pitches; and
(15) Number of balks.
(d) The following additional data:
(1) Name of the winning pitcher;

107
 Rule 9.02(d) to 9.03(a)

(2) Name of the losing pitcher;

(3) Names of the starting pitcher and the finishing pitcher for
each team; and
(4) Name of pitcher credited with a save, if any.
(e)  Number of passed balls allowed by each catcher.
(f)  Name of players participating in double plays and triple plays.

Rule 9.02( f ) Comment: For example, an Official Scorer would

note: “Double Plays —Jones, Roberts and Smith (2). Triple
Play—Jones and Smith.”
(g) Number of runners left on base by each team. This total shall
include all runners who get on base by any means and who do
not score and are not put out. The Official Scorer shall include
in this total a batter-runner whose batted ball results in another
runner being retired for the third out.
(h)  Names of batters who hit home runs with the bases full.
(i) Number of outs when winning run scored, if the game was won
in the last half-inning.
(j)  The score by innings for each team.
(k) Names of umpires, listed in this order: plate umpire, first-
base umpire, second-base umpire, third-base umpire, left-field
umpire (if any) and right-field umpire (if any).
(l) Time required to play the game, with delays deducted for
weather, light failure or technological failure not related to game
action.
Rule 9.02(l) Comment: A delay to attend to the injury of a
player, manager, coach or umpire shall be counted in computing
time of game.
(m)  Official attendance, as provided by the home Club.

9.03  Official Score Report (Additional Rules)

(a) In compiling the official score report, the Official Scorer shall
list each player’s name and fielding position, or positions, in

108
 Rule 9.03(a) to 9.03(c)

the order in which the player batted, or would have batted if the
game ended before the player came to bat.
Rule 9.03(a ) Comment: When a player does not exchange
positions with another fielder but is merely placed in a different
spot for a particular batter (for example, if a second baseman goes
to the outfield to form a four-man outfield, or if a third baseman
moves to a position between the shortstop and second baseman),
the Official Scorer should not list this as a new position.

(b) The Official Scorer shall identify in the official score report any
player who enters the game as a substitute batter or substitute
runner, whether or not such player continues in the game
thereafter, in the batting order by a special symbol that shall refer
to a separate record of substitute batters and runners. The record
of substitute batters shall describe what the substitute batter did.
The record of substitute batters and runners shall include the
name of any such substitute whose name is announced, but
who is removed for another substitute before he actually gets
into the game. Any such second substitute shall be recorded as
batting or running for the first announced substitute.
Rule 9.03(b) Comment: Lower case letters are recommended as
symbols for substitute batters and numerals are recommended
as symbols for substitute runners. For example, an official
score report may note as follows: “a-Singled for Abel in third
inning; b-Flied out for Baker in sixth inning; c-Hit into force
for Charles in seventh inning; d-Grounded out for Daniel in
ninth inning; 1-Ran for Edward in ninth inning.” If a substitute’s
name is announced but the substitute is removed for another
substitute before he actually gets into the game, the Official
Scorer report shall record the substitute, for example, as follows:
“e-Announced as substitute for Frank in seventh inning.”
(c) How to Prove a Box Score
(c) A box score shall balance (or is proven) when the total of the
team’s times at bat, bases on balls received, hit batters, sacrifice
bunts, sacrifice flies and batters awarded first base because of
interference or obstruction equals the total of that team’s runs,
players left on base and the opposing team’s putouts.

109
 Rule 9.03(d) to 9.03(e)

(d) When Player Bats Out of Turn

(d)  When a player bats out of turn and is put out, and the proper
batter is called out before the ball is pitched to the next batter,
the Official Scorer shall charge the proper batter with a time at
bat and score the putout and any assists the same as if the correct
batting order had been followed. If an improper batter becomes
a runner and the proper batter is called out for having missed
his turn at bat, the Official Scorer shall charge the proper batter
with a time at bat, credit the putout to the catcher and ignore
everything entering into the improper batter’s safe arrival on
base. If more than one batter bats out of turn in succession, the
Official Scorer shall score all plays just as they occur, skipping
the turn at bat of the player or players who first missed batting
in the proper order.

(e) Called and Forfeited Games

(1) If a regulation game is called, the Official Scorer shall
include the record of all individual and team actions up
to the moment the game ends, as defined in Rule 7.01.
If the game is a tie game, the Official Scorer shall not
enter a winning or losing pitcher.
(2) If a regulation game is forfeited, the Official Scorer shall
include the record of all individual and team actions up to
the time of forfeit. If the winning team by forfeit is ahead
at the time of forfeit, the Official Scorer shall enter as
winning and losing pitchers the players who would have
qualified as the winning and losing pitchers if the game
had been called at the time of forfeit. If the winning team
by forfeit is behind or if the score is tied at the time of
forfeit, the Official Scorer shall not enter a winning or
losing pitcher. If a game is forfeited before it becomes
a regulation game, the Official Scorer shall include no
records and shall report only the fact of the forfeit.

Rule 9.03(e) Comment: The Official Scorer shall not consider

that, by rule, the score of a forfeited game is 9 to 0 (see Definition
of Terms (Forfeited Game)), notwithstanding the results on the
field at the point the game is forfeited.

110
 Rule 9.04 to 9.05(a)(1)

9.04  Runs Batted In

A run batted in is a statistic credited to a batter whose action at bat
causes one or more runs to score, as set forth in this Rule 9.04.
(a) The Official Scorer shall credit the batter with a run batted in for
every run that scores
(1) unaided by an error and as part of a play begun by the
batter’s safe hit (including the batter’s home run),
sacrifice bunt, sacrifice fly, infield out or fielder’s choice,
unless Rule 9.04(b) applies;
(2) by reason of the batter becoming a runner with the bases
full (because of a base on balls, an award of first base
for being touched by a pitched ball or for interference or
obstruction); or
(3) when, before two are out, an error is made on a play on
which a runner from third base ordinarily would score.
(b)  The Official Scorer shall not credit a run batted in
(1) when the batter grounds into a force double play or a
reverse-force double play; or
(2) when a fielder is charged with an error because the fielder
muffs a throw at first base that would have completed a
force double play.
(c) The Official Scorer’s judgment must determine whether a run
batted in shall be credited for a run that scores when a fielder
holds the ball or throws to a wrong base. Ordinarily, if the runner
keeps going, the Official Scorer should credit a run batted in;
if the runner stops and takes off again when the runner notices
the misplay, the Official Scorer should credit the run as scored
on a fielder’s choice.

9.05  Base Hits

A base hit is a statistic credited to a batter when such batter reaches
base safely, as set forth in this Rule 9.05.
(a) The Official Scorer shall credit a batter with a base hit when:
(1)  the batter reaches first base (or any succeeding base)

111
 Rule 9.05(a)(1) to 9.05(b)

safely on a fair ball that settles on the ground, that touches

a fence before being touched by a fielder or that clears a
fence;
(2)  the batter reaches first base safely on a fair ball hit with
such force, or so slowly, that any fielder attempting to
make a play with the ball has no opportunity to do so;
Rule 9.05(a)(2) Comment: The Official Scorer shall credit a hit
if the fielder attempting to handle the ball cannot make a play,
even if such fielder deflects the ball from or cuts off another
fielder who could have put out a runner.
(3)  the batter reaches first base safely on a fair ball that takes
an unnatural bounce so that a fielder cannot handle it with
ordinary effort, or that touches the pitcher’s plate or any
base (including home plate) before being touched by a
fielder and bounces so that a fielder cannot handle the
ball with ordinary effort;
(4)  the batter reaches first base safely on a fair ball that has
not been touched by a fielder and that is in fair territory
when the ball reaches the outfield, unless in the scorer’s
judgment the ball could have been handled with ordinary
effort;
(5)  a fair ball that has not been touched by a fielder touches
a runner or an umpire, unless a runner is called out for
having been touched by an Infield Fly, in which case the
Official Scorer shall not score a hit; or
(6)  a fielder unsuccessfully attempts to put out a preceding
runner and, in the Official Scorer’s judgment, the batter-
runner would not have been put out at first base by
ordinary effort.
Rule 9.05(a ) Comment: In applying Rule 9.05(a), the Official
Scorer shall always give the batter the benefit of the doubt. A
safe course for the Official Scorer to follow is to score a hit
when exceptionally good fielding of a ball fails to result in a
putout.
(b)  The Official Scorer shall not credit a base hit when a:

112
 Rule 9.05(b)(1) to 9.06(b)

(1) runner is forced out by a batted ball, or would have been

forced out except for a fielding error;
(2) batter apparently hits safely and a runner who is forced to
advance by reason of the batter becoming a runner fails to
touch the first base to which such runner is advancing and
is called out on appeal. The Official Scorer shall charge
the batter with a time at bat but no hit;
(3) pitcher, the catcher or any infielder handles a batted ball
and puts out a preceding runner who is attempting to
advance one base or to return to his original base, or would
have put out such runner with ordinary effort except for a
fielding error. The Official Scorer shall charge the batter
with a time at bat but no hit;
(4) fielder fails in an attempt to put out a preceding runner
and, in the scorer’s judgment, the batter-runner could
have been put out at first base; or
Rule 9.05(b) Comment: Rule 9.05(b) shall not apply if the
fielder merely looks toward or feints toward another base
before attempting to make the putout at first base.
(5) is called out for interference with a fielder attempting to
field a batted ball, unless in the scorer’s judgment the
batter-runner would have been safe had the interference
not occurred.

9.06  Determining Value of Base Hits

The Official Scorer shall score a base hit as a one-base hit, two-base
hit, three-base hit or home run when no error or putout results, as
follows:
(a) Subject to the provisions of Rule 9.06(b) and 9.06(c), it is a
one-base hit if the batter stops at first base; it is a two-base hit
if the batter stops at second base; it a three-base hit if the batter
stops at third base; and it is a home run if the batter touches all
bases and scores.
(b) When, with one or more runners on base, the batter advances
more than one base on a safe hit and the defensive team makes

113
 Rule 9.06(b) to 9.06(c)

an attempt to put out a preceding runner, the scorer shall

determine whether the batter made a legitimate two-base hit or
three-base hit, or whether the batter-runner advanced beyond
first base on the fielder’s choice.
Rule 9.06 Comment: The Official Scorer shall not credit the
batter with a three-base hit when a preceding runner is put out
at home plate, or would have been out but for an error. The
Official Scorer shall not credit the batter with a two-base hit
when a preceding runner trying to advance from first base is
put out at third base, or would have been out but for an error.
The Official Scorer shall not, however, with the exception of
the above, determine the value of base-hits by the number of
bases advanced by a preceding runner. A batter may deserve a
two-base hit even though a preceding runner advances one or
no bases; a batter may deserve only a one-base hit even though
he reaches second base and a preceding runner advances two
bases. For example:
(1) Runner on first. Batter hits to right fielder, who
throws to third base in an unsuccessful attempt to put
out runner. Batter takes second base. The Official
Scorer shall credit batter with one-base hit.
( 2) Runner on second. Batter hits fair fly ball. Runner
holds up to determine if ball is caught and then
advances only to third base, while batter takes
second base. The Official Scorer shall credit batter
with two-base hit.
( 3) Runner on third. Batter hits high, fair fly. Runner
takes a lead, then runs back to tag up, thinking the
ball will be caught. The ball falls safe, but runner
cannot score, although batter has reached second.
The Official Scorer shall credit batter with a two-
base hit.
(c) When the batter attempts to make a two-base hit or a three-base
hit by sliding, he must hold the last base to which he advances.
If a batter-runner overslides and is tagged out before getting
back to the base safely, he shall be credited with only as many
bases as he attained safely. If a batter-runner overslides second

114
 Rule 9.06(c) to 9.06(f)

base and is tagged out, the Official Scorer shall credited him
with a one-base hit; if the batter-runner overslides third base and
is tagged out, the Official Scorer shall credit him with a two-base
hit.
Rule 9.06(c) Comment: If the batter-runner overruns second or
third base and is tagged out trying to return, the Official Scorer
shall credit the batter-runner with the last base he touched. If
a batter-runner runs past second base after reaching that base
on his feet, attempts to return and is tagged out, the Official
Scorer shall credit the batter with a two-base hit. If a batter-
runner runs past third base after reaching that base on his feet,
attempts to return and is tagged out, the Official Scorer shall
credit the batter with a three-base hit.
(d) When the batter, after making a safe hit, is called out for having
failed to touch a base, the last base the batter reached safely
shall determine if the Official Scorer shall credit him with a
one-base hit, a two-base hit or a three-base hit. If a batter-runner
is called out after missing home plate, the Official Scorer shall
credit him with a three-base hit. If a batter-runner is called out
for missing third base, the Official Scorer shall credit him with
a two-base hit. If a batter-runner is called out for missing sec-
ond base, the Official Scorer shall credit him with a one-base
hit. If a batter-runner is called out for missing first base, the
Official Scorer shall charge him with a time at bat, but no hit.
(e) When a batter-runner is awarded two bases, three bases or a
home run under the provisions of Rules 5.06(b)(4) or 6.01(h),
the Official Scorer shall credit the batter-runner with a two-base
hit, a three-base hit or a home run, as the case may be.
(f) Subject to the provisions of Rule 9.06(g), when a batter ends a
game with a safe hit that drives in as many runs as are necessary
to put his team in the lead, the Official Scorer shall credit such
batter with only as many bases on his hit as are advanced by the
runner who scores the winning run, and then only if the batter
runs out his hit for as many bases as are advanced by the runner
who scores the winning run.
Rule 9.06( f ) Comment: The Official Scorer shall apply this
rule even when the batter is theoretically entitled to more bases
because of being awarded an “automatic” extra-base hit under

115
 Rule 9.06(f) to 9.07(c)

various provisions of Rules 5.05 and 5.06(b)(4).

The Official Scorer shall credit the batter with a base touched
in the natural course of play, even if the winning run has scored
moments before on the same play. For example, the score is
tied in the bottom of the ninth inning with a runner on second
base and the batter hits a ball to the outfield that falls for a base
hit. The runner scores after the batter has touched first base and
continued on to second base but shortly before the batter-runner
reaches second base. If the batter-runner reaches second base,
the Official Scorer shall credit the batter with a two-base hit.
(g) When the batter ends a game with a home run hit out of the
playing field, the batter and any runners on base are entitled
to score.
9.07  Stolen Bases and Caught Stealing
The Official Scorer shall credit a stolen base to a runner whenever
the runner advances one base unaided by a hit, a putout, an error,
a force-out, a fielder’s choice, a passed ball, a wild pitch or a balk,
subject to the following:
(a) When a runner starts for the next base before the pitcher de-
livers the ball and the pitch results in what ordinarily is scored
a wild pitch or passed ball, the Official Scorer shall credit the
runner with a stolen base and shall not charge the misplay, un-
less, as a result of the misplay, the stealing runner advances an
extra base, or another runner also advances, in which case the
Official Scorer shall score the wild pitch or passed ball as well
as the stolen base.
(b) When a runner is attempting to steal, and the catcher, after
receiving the pitch, makes a wild throw trying to prevent the
stolen base, the Official Scorer shall credit the runner with a
stolen base. The Official Scorer shall not charge an error unless
the wild throw permits the stealing runner to advance one or
more extra bases, or permits another runner to advance, in
which case the Official Scorer shall credit the runner with the
stolen base and charge one error to the catcher.
(c) When a runner, attempting to steal, or after being picked off
base, evades being put out in a run-down play and advances

116
 Rule 9.07(c) to 9.07(g)

to the next base without the aid of an error, the Official Scorer
shall credit the runner with a stolen base. If another runner
also advances on the play, the Official Scorer shall credit both
runners with stolen bases. If a runner advances while another
runner, attempting to steal, evades being put out in a run-down
play and returns safely, without the aid of an error, to the base
he originally occupied, the Official Scorer shall credit a stolen
base to the runner who advances.
(d) When a double- or triple-steal is attempted and one runner is
thrown out before reaching and holding the base such runner
is attempting to steal, no other runner shall be credited with a
stolen base.
(e) When a runner is tagged out after oversliding a base, while
attempting either to return to that base or to advance to the next
base, the Official Scorer shall not credit such runner with a
stolen base.
(f ) When in the scorer’s judgment a runner attempting to steal is
safe because of a muffed throw, the Official Scorer shall not
credit a stolen base. The Official Scorer shall credit an assist
to the fielder who made the throw, charge an error to the fielder
who muffed the throw and charge the runner with “caught
stealing.”
(g) The Official Scorer shall not score a stolen base when a runner
advances solely because of the defensive team’s indifference
to the runner’s advance. The Official Scorer shall score such a
play as a fielder’s choice.
Rule 9.07(g ) Comment: The scorer shall consider, in judging
whether the defensive team has been indifferent to a runner’s
advance, the totality of the circumstances, including the inning
and score of the game, whether the defensive team had held
the runner on base, whether the pitcher had made any pickoff
attempts on that runner before the runner’s advance, whether
the fielder ordinarily expected to cover the base to which the
runner advanced made a move to cover such base, whether the
defensive team had a legitimate strategic motive to not contest
the runner’s advance or whether the defensive team might be
trying impermissibly to deny the runner credit for a stolen base.

117
 Rule 9.07(g) to 9.08(a)

For example, with runners on first and third bases, the Official
Scorer should ordinarily credit a stolen base when the runner
on first advances to second, if, in the scorer’s judgment, the
defensive team had a legitimate strategic motive— namely,
preventing the runner on third base from scoring on the throw
to second base— not to contest the runner’s advance to second
base. The Official Scorer may conclude that the defensive team
is impermissibly trying to deny a runner credit for a stolen base
if, for example, the defensive team fails to defend the advance
of a runner approaching a league or career record or a league
statistical title.

(h) The Official Scorer shall charge a runner as “caught stealing” if

such runner is put out, or would have been put out by errorless
play, when such runner

(1) tries to steal;

(2) is picked off a base and tries to advance (any move

toward the next base shall be considered an attempt to
advance); or

(3) overslides while stealing.

Rule 9.07(h) Comment: In those instances where a pitched ball

eludes the catcher and the runner is put out trying to advance,
the Official Scorer shall not charge any “caught stealing.” The
Official Scorer shall not charge any caught stealing when a
runner is awarded a base due to obstruction or when a runner is
called out due to interference by the batter. The Official Scorer
shall not charge a runner with a caught stealing if such runner
would not have been credited with a stolen base had such runner
been safe (for example, when a catcher throws the runner out
after such runner tries to advance after a ball that had eluded the
catcher on a pitch).

9.08  Sacrifices
The Official Scorer shall:
(a) Score a sacrifice bunt when, before two are out, the batter
advances one or more runners with a bunt and is put out at first

118
 Rule 9.08(a) to 9.08(d)

base, or would have been put out except for a fielding error,
unless, in the judgment of the Official Scorer, the batter was
bunting exclusively for a base hit and not sacrificing his own
chance of reaching first base for the purpose of advancing a
runner or runners, in which case the Official Scorer shall charge
the batter with a time at bat;
Rule 9.08(a) Comment: In determining whether the batter had
been sacrificing his own chance of reaching first base for the
purpose of advancing a runner, the Official Scorer shall give the
batter the benefit of the doubt. The Official Scorer shall consider
the totality of the circumstances of the at-bat, including the
inning, the number of outs and the score.

(b) Score a sacrifice bunt when, before two are out, the fielders
handle a bunted ball without error in an unsuccessful attempt
to put out a preceding runner advancing one base, unless, an
attempt to turn a bunt into a putout of a preceding runner fails,
and in the judgment of the Official Scorer ordinary effort would
not have put out the batter at first base, in which case the batter
shall be credited with a one-base hit and not a sacrifice;

(c) Not score a sacrifice bunt when any runner is put out attempting
to advance one base on a bunt, or would have been put out,
except for a fielding error, in which case the Official Scorer
shall charge the batter with a time at bat; and

(d) Score a sacrifice fly when, before two are out, the batter hits a
ball in flight handled by an outfielder or an infielder running in
the outfield in fair or foul territory that
(1)  is caught, and a runner scores after the catch, or
(2) is dropped, and a runner scores, if in the scorer’s judgment
the runner could have scored after the catch had the fly
been caught.
Rule 9.08(d ) Comment: The Official Scorer shall score a
sacrifice fly in accordance with Rule 9.08(d)(2) even though
another runner is forced out by reason of the batter becoming
a runner.

119
 Rule 9.09 to 9.09(c)

9.09 Putouts
A putout is a statistic credited to a fielder whose action causes the out
of a batter-runner or runner, as set forth in this Rule 9.09.
(a)  The Official Scorer shall credit a putout to each fielder who
(1) catches a ball that is in flight, whether fair or foul;
(2) catches a batted or thrown ball and tags a base to put out
a batter or runner; or
Rule 9.09(a)(2) Comment: The Official Scorer shall credit a
fielder with a putout if such fielder catches a thrown ball and
tags a base to record an out on an appeal play.
(3) tags a runner when the runner is off the base to which the
runner is entitled.
(b) The Official Scorer shall credit an automatic putout to the
catcher when a:
(1)  batter is called out on strikes;
(2) batter is called out for an illegally batted ball;
(3) batter is called out for bunting foul for his third strike;
Rule 9.09(b)(3) Comment: Note the exception in Rule
9.15(a)(4).
(4) batter is called out for being touched by his own batted
ball;
(5) batter is called out for interfering with the catcher;
(6) batter is called out for failing to bat in his proper turn;
Rule 9.09(b)(6) Comment: See Rule 9.03(d).
(7) batter is called out for refusing to touch first base after
receiving a base on balls, after being hit by a pitch or after
a catcher’s interference; or
(8) runner is called out for refusing to advance from third
base to home plate.
(c) The Official Scorer shall credit automatic putouts as follows
(and shall credit no assists on these plays except as specified):

120
 Rule 9.09(c)(1) to 9.09(c)(7)

(1) When the batter is called out on an Infield Fly that is

not caught, the Official Scorer shall credit the putout to
the fielder who the scorer believes could have made the
catch;

(2) When a runner is called out for being touched by a fair

ball (including an Infield Fly), the Official Scorer shall
credit the putout to the fielder nearest the ball;

(3) When a runner is called out for running out of line to

avoid being tagged, the Official Scorer shall credit the
putout to the fielder whom the runner avoided;

(4) When a runner is called out for passing another runner,

the Official Scorer shall credit the putout to the fielder
nearest the point of passing;

(5) When a runner is called out for running the bases in

reverse order, the Official Scorer shall credit the putout
to the fielder covering the base the runner left in starting
his reverse run;

(6) When a runner is called out for having interfered with a

fielder, the Official Scorer shall credit the putout to the
fielder with whom the runner interfered, unless the fielder
was in the act of throwing the ball when the interference
occurred, in which case the Official Scorer shall credit
the putout to the fielder for whom the throw was intended
and shall credit an assist to the fielder whose throw was
interfered with; or

(7) When the batter-runner is called out because of

interference by a preceding runner, as provided in Rule
6.01 (a)(5), the Official Scorer shall credit the putout to
the first baseman. If the fielder interfered with was in the
act of throwing the ball, the Official Scorer shall credit
such fielder with an assist but shall credit only one assist
on any one play under the provisions of Rules 9.09 (c)(6)
and 9.09(c)(7).

121
 Rule 9.10 to 9.10(b)(3)

9.10 Assists
An assist is a statistic credited to a fielder whose action contributes
to a batter-runner or runner being put out, as set forth in this Rule
9.10.
(a) The Official Scorer shall credit an assist to each fielder who
(1) throws or deflects a batted or thrown ball in such a way
that a putout results, or would have resulted except for
a subsequent error by any fielder. Only one assist and
no more shall be credited to each fielder who throws
or deflects the ball in a run-down play that results in a
putout, or would have resulted in a putout, except for a
subsequent error; or
Rule 9.10(a )(1) Comment: Mere ineffective contact with the ball
shall not be considered an assist. “Deflect” shall mean to slow
down or change the direction of the ball and thereby effectively
assist in putting out a batter or runner. If a putout results from an
appeal play within the natural course of play, the Official Scorer
shall give assists to each fielder, except the fielder making the
putout, whose action led to the putout. If a putout results from
an appeal play initiated by the pitcher throwing to a fielder after
the previous play has ended, the Official Scorer shall credit the
pitcher, and only the pitcher, with an assist.

(2) throws or deflects the ball during a play that results in a

runner being called out for interference or for running
out of line.

(b) The Official Scorer shall not credit an assist to

(1) the pitcher on a strikeout, unless the pitcher fields an

uncaught third strike and makes a throw that results in
a putout;

(2) the pitcher when, as the result of a legal pitch received by

the catcher, a runner is put out, as when the catcher picks
a runner off base, throws out a runner trying to steal or
tags a runner trying to score; or
(3) a fielder whose wild throw permits a runner to advance,

122
 Rule 9.10(b)(3) to 9.12(a)(1)

even though the runner subsequently is put out as a

result of continuous play. A play that follows a misplay
(whether or not the misplay is an error) is a new play, and
the fielder making any misplay shall not be credited with
an assist unless such fielder takes part in the new play.

9.11  Double and Triple Plays

The Official Scorer shall credit participation in a double play or
triple play to each fielder who earns a putout or an assist when two
or three players are put out between the time a pitch is delivered and
the time the ball next becomes dead or is next in possession of the
pitcher in a pitching position, unless an error or misplay intervenes
between putouts.

Rule 9.11 Comment: The Official Scorer shall credit a double

play or triple play also if an appeal play after the ball is in
possession of the pitcher results in an additional putout.

9.12 Errors
An error is a statistic charged against a fielder whose action has
assisted the team on offense, as set forth in this Rule 9.12.
(a)  The Official Scorer shall charge an error against any fielder:
(1) whose misplay (fumble, muff or wild throw) prolongs the
time at bat of a batter, prolongs the presence on the bases
of a runner or permits a runner to advance one or more
bases, unless, in the judgment of the Official Scorer, such
fielder deliberately permits a foul fly to fall safe with a
runner on third base before two are out in order that the
runner on third shall not score after the catch;
Rule 9.12(a )(1) Comment: Slow handling of the ball that
does not involve mechanical misplay shall not be construed as
an error. For example, the Official Scorer shall not charge a
fielder with an error if such fielder fields a ground ball cleanly
but does not throw to first base in time to retire the batter. It is
not necessary that the fielder touch the ball to be charged with
an error. If a ground ball goes through a fielder’s legs or a fly
ball falls untouched and, in the scorer’s judgment, the fielder
could have handled the ball with ordinary effort, the Official

123
 Rule 9.12(a)(1) to 9.12(a)(3)

Scorer shall charge such fielder with an error. For example,

the Official Scorer shall charge an infielder with an error when
a ground ball passes to either side of such infielder if, in the
Official Scorer’s judgment, a fielder at that position making
ordinary effort would have fielded such ground ball and retired
a runner. The Official Scorer shall charge an outfielder with an
error if such outfielder allows a fly ball to drop to the ground if,
in the Official Scorer’s judgment, an outfielder at that position
making ordinary effort would have caught such fly ball. If a
throw is low, wide or high, or strikes the ground, and a runner
reaches base who otherwise would have been put out by such
throw, the Official Scorer shall charge the player making the
throw with an error.
The Official Scorer shall not score mental mistakes or
misjudgments as errors unless a specific rule prescribes
otherwise. A fielder’s mental mistake that leads to a physical
misplay—such as throwing the ball into the stands or rolling
the ball to the pitcher’s mound, mistakenly believing there
to be three outs, and thereby allowing a runner or runners
to advance—shall not be considered a mental mistake for
purposes of this rule and the Official Scorer shall charge a
fielder committing such a mistake with an error. The Official
Scorer shall not charge an error if the pitcher fails to cover first
base on a play, thereby allowing a batter-runner to reach first
base safely. The Official Scorer shall not charge an error to a
fielder who incorrectly throws to the wrong base on a play.
The Official Scorer shall charge an error to a fielder who causes
another fielder to misplay a ball—for example, by knocking
the ball out of the other fielder’s glove. On such a play, when
the Official Scorer charges an error to the interfering fielder,
the Official Scorer shall not charge an error to the fielder with
whom the other fielder interfered.
(2) when such fielder muffs a foul fly to prolong the time at
bat of a batter, whether the batter subsequently reaches
first base or is put out;
(3) when such fielder catches a thrown ball or a ground ball
in time to put out the batter-runner and fails to tag first

124
 Rule 9.12(a)(3) to 9.12(c)

base or the batter-runner;

(4) when such fielder catches a thrown ball or a ground ball
in time to put out any runner on a force play and fails to
tag the base or the runner;
(5) whose wild throw permits a runner to reach a base safely,
when in the scorer’s judgment a good throw would
have put out the runner, unless such wild throw is made
attempting to prevent a stolen base;
(6) whose wild throw in attempting to prevent a runner’s
advance permits that runner or any other runner to
advance one or more bases beyond the base such runner
would have reached had the throw not been wild;
(7) whose throw takes an unnatural bounce, touches a base
or the pitcher’s plate, or touches a runner, a fielder or an
umpire, thereby permitting any runner to advance; or
Rule 9.12(a )(7) Comment: The Official Scorer shall apply this
rule even when it appears to be an injustice to a fielder whose
throw was accurate. For example, the Official Scorer shall
charge an error to an outfielder whose accurate throw to second
base hits the base and caroms back into the outfield, thereby
permitting a runner or runners to advance, because every base
advanced by a runner must be accounted for.
(8) whose failure to stop, or try to stop, an accurately thrown
ball permits a runner to advance, so long as there was
occasion for the throw. If such throw was made to second
base, the Official Scorer shall determine whether it was
the duty of the second baseman or the shortstop to stop
the ball and shall charge an error to the negligent fielder.
Rule 9.12(a)(8) Comment: If, in the Official Scorer’s judgment,
there was no occasion for the throw, the Official Scorer shall
charge an error to the fielder who threw the ball.
(b)  The Official Scorer shall charge only one error on any wild
throw, regardless of the number of bases advanced by one or
more runners.
(c)  When an umpire awards the batter or any runner or runners

125
 Rule 9.12(c) to 9.12(e)

one or more bases because of interference or obstruction, the

Official Scorer shall charge the fielder who committed the
interference or obstruction with one error, no matter how many
bases the batter, or runner or runners, may advance.
Rule 9.12(c) Comment: The Official Scorer shall not charge an
error if obstruction does not change the play, in the opinion of
the scorer.
(d)  The Official Scorer shall not charge an error against:
(1) the catcher when the catcher, after receiving the pitch,
makes a wild throw attempting to prevent a stolen base,
unless the wild throw permits the stealing runner to
advance one or more extra bases or permits any other
runner to advance one or more bases;
(2) any fielder who makes a wild throw if in the scorer’s
judgment the runner would not have been put out with
ordinary effort by a good throw, unless such wild throw
permits any runner to advance beyond the base he would
have reached had the throw not been wild;
(3) any fielder who makes a wild throw in attempting to
complete a double play or triple play, unless such wild     
throw enables any runner to advance beyond the base
such runner would have reached had the throw not been
wild;
Rule 9.12(d) Comment: When a fielder muffs a thrown ball
that, if held, would have completed a double play or triple play,
the Official Scorer shall charge an error to the fielder who drops
the ball and credit an assist to the fielder who made the throw.
(4) any fielder when, after a ground ball or dropping a batted
ball that is in flight or a thrown ball, the fielder recovers
the ball in time to force out a runner at any base; or
(5) any fielder when a wild pitch or passed ball is scored.
(e) The Official Scorer shall not charge an error when the batter
is awarded first base on four called balls, when the batter is
awarded first base when touched by a pitched ball, or when the
batter reaches first base as the result of a wild pitch or passed
ball.

126
 Rule 9.12(e) to 9.13(a)

Rule 9.12(e) Comment: See Rule 9.13 for additional scoring

rules relating to wild pitches and passed balls.
(f ) The Official Scorer shall not charge an error when a runner or run-
ners advance as the result of a passed ball, a wild pitch or a balk.
(1) When the fourth called ball is a wild pitch or a passed ball
and as a result
(A) the batter-runner advances to a base beyond first
base;
(B) any runner forced to advance by the base on balls
advances more than one base; or
(C) any runner, not forced to advance, advances one or
more bases, the Official Scorer shall score the base
on balls and also the wild pitch or passed ball, as the
case may be.
(2) When the catcher recovers the ball after a wild pitch or
passed ball on the third strike, and throws out the batter-
runner at first base, or tags out the batter-runner, but
another runner or runners advance, the Official Scorer
shall score the strikeout, the putout and assists, if any,
and credit the advance of the other runner or runners on
the play as a fielder’s choice.
Rule 9.12( f ) Comment: See Rule 9.13 for additional scoring
rules relating to wild pitches and passed balls.

9.13  Wild Pitches and Passed Balls

A wild pitch is defined in the Definition of Terms (Wild Pitch). A
passed ball is a statistic charged against a catcher whose action has
caused a runner or runners to advance, as set forth in this Rule 9.13.
(a)  The Official Scorer shall charge a pitcher with a wild pitch
when a legally delivered ball is so high, so wide or so low that
the catcher does not stop and control the ball by ordinary effort,
thereby permitting a runner or runners to advance. The Official
Scorer shall charge a pitcher with a wild pitch when a legally
delivered ball touches the ground or home plate before reaching
the catcher and is not handled by the catcher, thereby permitting

127
 Rule 9.13(a) to 9.14(b)

a runner or runners to advance. When the third strike is a wild

pitch, permitting the batter to reach first base, the Official
Scorer shall score a strikeout and a wild pitch.
(b)  The Official Scorer shall charge a catcher with a passed ball
when the catcher fails to hold or to control a legally pitched ball
that should have been held or controlled with ordinary effort,
thereby permitting a runner or runners to advance. When the
third strike is a passed ball, permitting the batter to reach first
base, the Official Scorer shall score a strikeout and a passed ball.
Rule 9.13 Comment: The Official Scorer shall not charge a
wild pitch or passed ball if the defensive team makes an out
before any runners advance. For example, if a pitch touches
the ground and eludes the catcher with a runner on first base,
but the catcher recovers the ball and throws to second base in
time to retire the runner, the Official Scorer shall not charge
the pitcher with a wild pitch. The Official Scorer shall credit
the advancement of any other runner on the play as a fielder’s
choice. If a catcher drops a pitch, for example, with a runner on
first base, but the catcher recovers the ball and throws to second
base in time to retire the runner, the Official Scorer shall not
charge the catcher with a passed ball. The Official Scorer shall
credit the advancement of any other runner on the play as a
fielder’s choice.
See Rules 9.07(a), 9.12(e) and 9.12(f) for additional scoring
rules relating to wild pitches and passed balls.

9.14  Base on Balls

A base on balls is defined in the Definition of Terms (Base on Balls).
(a) The Official Scorer shall score a base on balls whenever a batter
is awarded first base because of four balls having been pitched
outside the strike zone, but when the fourth such ball touches
the batter it shall be scored as a “hit batter.”
Rule 9.14(a) Comment: See Rule 9.16 (h) for the procedure
when more than one pitcher is involved in giving a base on
balls. See also Rule 9.15, which addresses situations in which
a substitute batter receives a base on balls.
(b) The Official Scorer shall score an intentional base on balls when

128
 Rule 9.14(b) to 9.16

the pitcher makes no attempt to throw the last pitch to the batter
into the strike zone, but purposely throws the ball wide to the
catcher outside the catcher’s box.
(c) If a batter awarded a base on balls is called out for refusing to
advance to first base, the Official Scorer shall not credit the base
on balls and shall charge a time at bat.
(d) The Official Scorer shall score an intentional base on balls
when a batter is awarded first base because the defensive team’s
manager informs the umpire of the team’s intention to walk the
batter.

9.15 Strikeouts
A strikeout is a statistic credited to a pitcher and charged to a batter
when the umpire calls three strikes on a batter, as set forth in this
Rule 9.15.
(a) The Official Scorer shall score a strikeout whenever a batter:
(1) is put out by a third strike caught by the catcher;
(2) is put out by a third strike not caught when there is a
runner on first before two are out;
(3) becomes a runner because a third strike is not caught; or
(4) bunts foul on third strike, unless such bunt on third strike
results in a foul fly caught by any fielder, in which case
the Official Scorer shall not score a strikeout and shall
credit the fielder who catches such foul fly with a putout.
( b) When a batter leaves the game with two strikes against him, and
the substitute batter completes a strikeout, the Official Scorer
shall charge the strikeout and the time at bat to the first batter.
If the substitute batter completes the turn at bat in any other
manner, including a base on balls, the Official Scorer shall score
the action as having been that of the substitute batter.

9.16  Earned Runs and Runs Allowed

An earned run is a run for which a pitcher is held accountable. In
determining earned runs, the Official Scorer shall reconstruct the
inning without the errors (which exclude catcher’s interference) and

129
 Rule 9.16 to 9.16(a)

passed balls, giving the benefit of the doubt always to the pitcher in
determining which bases would have been reached by runners had
there been errorless play. For the purpose of determining earned
runs, an intentional base on balls, regardless of the circumstances,
shall be construed in exactly the same manner as any other base on
balls.
(a) The Official Scorer shall charge an earned run against a pitcher
every time a runner reaches home base by the aid of safe hits,
sacrifice bunts, a sacrifice fly, stolen bases, putouts, fielder’s
choices, bases on balls, hit batters, balks or wild pitches
(including a wild pitch on third strike that permits a batter to
reach first base) before fielding chances have been offered to put
out the offensive team. For the purpose of this rule, a defensive
interference penalty shall be construed as a fielding chance. A
wild pitch is solely the pitcher’s fault and shall contribute to an
earned run just as a base on balls or a balk.
Rule 9.16(a) Comment: The following are examples of earned
runs charged to a pitcher:
(1) Peter pitches and retires Abel and Baker, the first
two batters of an inning. Charlie reaches first base
on an error charged to a fielder. Daniel hits a home
run. Edward hits a home run. Peter retires Frank to
end the inning. Three runs have scored, but no earned
runs are charged to Peter, because Charlie should
have been the third out of the inning, as reconstructed
without the error.
(2) Peter pitches and retires Abel. Baker hits a triple.
While pitching to Charlie, Peter throws a wild pitch,
allowing Baker to score. Peter retires Daniel and
Edward. One run has scored, charged as an earned
run to Peter, because the wild pitch contributes to an
earned run.
   In an inning in which a batter-runner reaches first base
on a catcher’s interference, such batter-runner shall
not count as an earned run should he subsequently
score. The Official Scorer shall not assume, however,

130
 Rule 9.16(a) to 9.16(e)

that such batter would have made an out absent the

catcher’s interference (unlike, for example, situations
in which a batter-runner reaches first base safely
because of a fielder’s misplay of a ball for an error).
Because such batter never had a chance to complete
his time at bat, it is unknown how such batter would
have fared absent the catcher’s interference. Compare
the following examples:
(3) With two out, Abel reaches first on an error by the
shortstop in misplaying a ground ball. Baker hits a
home run. Charlie strikes out. Two runs have scored,
but none is earned, because Abel’s at-bat should have
been the third out of the inning, as reconstructed
without the error.
(4) With two out, Abel reaches first on a catcher’s
interference. Baker hits a home run. Charlie strikes
out. Two runs have scored, but one (Baker’s) is
earned, because the Official Scorer cannot assume that
Abel would have made an out to end the inning, absent
the catcher’s interference.
(b) No run shall be earned when scored by a runner who reaches
first base
(1) on a hit or otherwise after his time at bat is prolonged by
a muffed foul fly;
( 2) because of interference or obstruction; or
( 3) because of any fielding error.
(c) No run shall be earned when scored by a runner whose presence
on the bases is prolonged by an error, if such runner would have
been put out by errorless play.
(d) No run shall be earned when the scoring runner’s advance has
been aided by an error, a passed ball or defensive interference
or obstruction, if in the Official Scorer’s judgment the run
would not have scored without the aid of such misplay.
(e) An error by a pitcher is treated exactly the same as an error by
any other fielder in computing earned runs.

131
 Rule 9.16(f) to 9.16(g)

(f ) Whenever a fielding error occurs, the pitcher shall be given the

benefit of the doubt in determining to which bases any runners
would have advanced had the fielding of the defensive team
been errorless.
(g) When pitchers are changed during an inning, the Official
Scorer shall not charge the relief pitcher with any run (earned
or unearned) scored by a runner who was on base at the time
such relief pitcher entered the game, nor for runs scored by any
runner who reaches base on a fielder’s choice that puts out a
runner left on base by any preceding pitcher.
Rule 9.16(g) Comment: It is the intent of Rule 9.16(g) to charge
each pitcher with the number of runners he put on base, rather
than with the individual runners. When a pitcher puts runners
on base and is relieved, such pitcher shall be charged with all
runs subsequently scored up to and including the number of
runners such pitcher left on base when such pitcher left the
game, unless such runners are put out without action by the
batter (i.e., caught stealing, picked off base or called out for
interference when a batter-runner does not reach first base on
the play). For example:
(1) Peter is pitching. Abel reaches first base on a base
on balls. Roger relieves Peter. Baker grounds out,
advancing Abel to second base. Charlie flies out.
Daniel singles, scoring Abel. Abel’s run is charged
to Peter.
( 2) Peter is pitching. Abel reaches first base on a base
on balls. Roger relieves Peter. Baker forces Abel
at second bases. Charlie grounds out, advancing
Baker to second base. Daniel singles, scoring Baker.
Baker’s run is charged to Peter.
( 3) Peter is pitching. Abel reaches first base on a base on
balls. Roger relieves Peter. Baker singles, advancing
Abel to third base. Charlie grounds to short, with Abel
out at home plate and Baker advancing to second
base. Daniel flies out. Edward singles, scoring Baker.
Baker’s run is charged to Peter.

132
 Rule 9.16(g) to 9.16(h)

(4) Peter is pitching. Abel reaches first base on a base on

balls. Roger relieves Peter. Baker reaches on a base
on balls. Charlie flies out. Abel is picked off second
base. Daniel doubles, scoring Baker from first base.
Baker’s run is charged to Roger.
(5) Peter is pitching. Abel reaches first base on a base on
balls. Roger relieves Peter. Baker reaches first base
on a base on balls. Sierra relieves Roger. Charlie
forces Abel at third base. Daniel forces Baker at
third base. Edward hits a home run, scoring three
runs. The Official Scorer shall charge one run to
Peter, one run to Roger and one run to Sierra.
(6) Peter is pitching. Abel reaches first base on a base on
balls. Roger relieves Peter. Baker reaches first base
on a base on balls. Charlie singles, filling the bases.
Daniel forces Abel at home plate. Edward singles,
scoring Baker and Charlie. The Official Scorer shall
charge one run to Peter and one run to Roger.
(7) Peter is pitching. Abel reaches first base on a base on
balls. Roger relieves Peter. Baker singles, but Abel
is out trying to reach third base and Baker advances
to second base on the throw. Charlie singles, scoring
Baker. Baker’s run is charged to Roger.
(h) A relief pitcher shall not be held accountable when the first
batter to whom he pitches reaches first base on four called balls
if such batter has a decided advantage in the ball and strike
count when pitchers are changed.
(1) If, when pitchers are changed, the count is
2 balls, no strike,
2 balls, 1 strike,
3 balls, no strike,
3 balls, 1 strike,
3 balls, 2 strikes,

133
 Rule 9.16(h) to 9.16(i)

a nd the batter gets a base on balls, the Official Scorer

shall charge that batter and the base on balls to the
preceding pitcher, not to the relief pitcher.
( 2) Any other action by such batter, such as reaching base
on a hit, an error, a fielder’s choice, a force-out, or being
touched by a pitched ball, shall cause such a batter to be
charged to the relief pitcher.

Rule 9.16(h) Comment: The provisions of Rule 9.16(h)(2)

shall not be construed as affecting or conflicting with the
provisions of Rule 9.16(g).
(3) If, when pitchers are changed, the count is
2 balls, 2 strikes,
1 ball, 2 strikes,
1 ball, 1 strike,
1 ball, no strike,
no ball, 2 strikes,
no ball, 1 strike,
the Official Scorer shall charge that batter and the actions
of that batter to the relief pitcher.
(i) When pitchers are changed during an inning, the relief
pitcher shall not have the benefit of previous chances for outs
not accepted in determining earned runs.
Rule 9.16(i) Comment: It is the intent of Rule 9.16 (i) to charge
a relief pitcher with earned runs for which such relief pitcher is
solely responsible. In some instances, runs charged as earned
against the relief pitcher can be charged as unearned against the
team. For example:
(1) With two out and Peter pitching, Abel reaches first
base on a base on balls. Baker reaches first base on
an error. Roger relieves Peter. Charlie hits a home
run, scoring three runs. The Official Scorer shall
charge two unearned runs to Peter, one earned run to

134
 Rule 9.16(i) to 9.17(a)

Roger and three unearned runs to the team (because

the inning should have ended with the third out when
Baker batted and an error was committed).
(2) With two out, and Peter pitching, Abel and Baker each
reach first base on a base on balls. Roger relieves Peter.
Charlie reaches first base on an error. Daniel hits a
home run, scoring four runs. The Official Scorer shall
charge two unearned runs to Peter and two unearned
runs to Roger (because the inning should have ended
with the third out when Charlie batted and an error
was committed).
( 3) With none out and Peter pitching, Abel reaches first
base on a base on balls. Baker reaches first base on
an error. Roger relieves Peter. Charlie hits a home
run, scoring three runs. Daniel and Edward strike out.
Frank reaches first base on an error. George hits a
home run, scoring two runs. The Official Scorer shall
charge two runs, one of them earned, to Peter, three
runs, one of them earned, to Roger and five runs, two
of them earned, to the team (because only Abel and
Charlie would have scored in an inning reconstructed
without the errors).

9.17  Winning and Losing Pitcher

(a) The Official Scorer shall credit as the winning pitcher that
pitcher whose team assumes a lead while such pitcher is in the
game, or during the inning on offense in which such pitcher
is removed from the game, and does not relinquish such lead,
unless
(1) such pitcher is a starting pitcher and Rule 9.17(b) applies;
or (2) Rule 9.17(c) applies.
Rule 9.17(a) Comment: Whenever the score is tied, the game
becomes a new contest insofar as the winning pitcher is concerned.
Once the opposing team assumes the lead, all pitchers who have
pitched up to that point and have been replaced are excluded
from being credited with the victory. If the pitcher against whose
pitching the opposing team gained the lead continues to pitch

135
 Rule 9.17(a) to 9.17(c)

until his team regains the lead, which it holds to the finish of
the game, that pitcher shall be the winning pitcher.
(b) If the pitcher whose team assumes a lead while such pitcher
is in the game, or during the inning on offense in which such
pitcher is removed from the game, and does not relinquish such
lead, is a starting pitcher who has not completed
(1) five innings of a game that lasts six or more innings on
defense, or
( 2) four innings of a game that lasts five innings on defense,
then the Official Scorer shall credit as the winning pitcher
the relief pitcher, if there is only one relief pitcher, or the
relief pitcher who, in the Official Scorer’s judgment was
the most effective, if there is more than one relief pitcher.

Rule 9.17(b) Comment: It is the intent of Rule 9.17(b) that a

relief pitcher pitch at least one complete inning or pitch when a
crucial out is made, within the context of the game (including
the score), in order to be credited as the winning pitcher. If the
first relief pitcher pitches effectively, the Official Scorer should
not presumptively credit that pitcher with the win, because
the rule requires that the win be credited to the pitcher who
was the most effective, and a subsequent relief pitcher may
have been most effective. The Official Scorer, in determining
which relief pitcher was the most effective, should consider
the number of runs, earned runs and base runners given up by
each relief pitcher and the context of the game at the time of
each relief pitcher’s appearance. If two or more relief pitchers
were similarly effective, the Official Scorer should give the
presumption to the earlier pitcher as the winning pitcher.

(c) The Official Scorer shall not credit as the winning pitcher a

relief pitcher who is ineffective in a brief appearance, when at
least one succeeding relief pitcher pitches effectively in helping
his team maintain its lead. In such a case, the Official Scorer
shall credit as the winning pitcher the succeeding relief pitcher
who was most effective, in the judgment of the Official Scorer.
Rule 9.17(c) Comment: The Official Scorer generally should,
but is not required to, consider the appearance of a relief pitcher

136
 Rule 9.17(c) to 9.19(a)

to be ineffective and brief if such relief pitcher pitches less than

one inning and allows two or more earned runs to score (even
if such runs are charged to a previous pitcher). Rule 9.17(b)
Comment provides guidance on choosing the winning pitcher
from among several succeeding relief pitchers.
(d) A losing pitcher is a pitcher who is responsible for the run that
gives the winning team a lead that the winning team does not
relinquish.
Rule 9.17(d) Comment: Whenever the score is tied, the
game becomes a new contest insofar as the losing pitcher is
concerned.
(e) A league may designate a non-championship game (for
example, the Major League All-Star Game) for which Rules
9.17(a)(1) and 9.17(b) do not apply. In such games, the Official
Scorer shall credit as the winning pitcher that pitcher whose
team assumes a lead while such pitcher is in the game, or during
the inning on offense in which such pitcher is removed from the
game, and does not relinquish such lead, unless such pitcher is
knocked out after the winning team has attained a commanding
lead and the Official Scorer concludes that a subsequent pitcher
is entitled to credit as the winning pitcher.
9.18 Shutouts
A shutout is a statistic credited to a pitcher who allows no runs in
a game. No pitcher shall be credited with pitching a shutout unless
he pitches the complete game, or unless he enters the game with
none out before the opposing team has scored in the first inning,
puts out the side without a run scoring and pitches the rest of the
game without allowing a run. When two or more pitchers combine
to pitch a shutout, the league statistician shall make a notation to
that effect in the league’s official pitching records.
9.19  Saves for Relief Pitchers
A save is a statistic credited to a relief pitcher, as set forth in this
Rule 9.19.
The Official Scorer shall credit a pitcher with a save when such
pitcher meets all four of the following conditions:
(a) He is the finishing pitcher in a game won by his team;

137
 Rule 9.19(b) to 9.20

(b) He is not the winning pitcher;

(c) He is credited with at least 1/3 of an inning pitched; and
(d)  He satisfies one of the following conditions:
(1) He enters the game with a lead of no more than three runs
and pitches for at least one inning;
(2) He enters the game, regardless of the count, with the
potential tying run either on base, or at bat or on deck
(that is, the potential tying run is either already on base or
is one of the first two batters he faces); or
(3) He pitches for at least three innings.

9.20  Statistics
The Office of the Commissioner shall appoint an official statistician.
The statistician shall maintain an accumulative record of all the
batting, fielding, running and pitching records specified in Rule
9.02 for every player who appears in a league championship game
or post-season game.
The statistician shall prepare a tabulated report at the end of
the season, including all individual and team records for every
championship game, and shall submit this report to the Office of
the Commissioner. This report shall identify each player by his first
name and surname and shall indicate as to each batter whether he
bats righthanded, lefthanded or both ways, and as to each fielder
and pitcher, whether he throws righthanded or lefthanded.
When a player listed in the starting lineup is substituted for before
he plays on defense, he shall not receive credit in the defensive
statistics (fielding) unless he actually plays that position during the
game. All such players, however, shall be credited with one game
played (in batting statistics) so long as they are announced into the
game or listed on the official lineup card.
Rule 9.20 Comment: The Official Scorer shall credit a player
with having played on defense if such player is on the field
for at least one pitch or play. If a game is called (for example,
because of rain) after a substitute player enters the field but

138
 Rule 9.20 to 9.21(f)

before a pitch is thrown or a play is made, the Official Scorer

shall credit such player with a game played in the batting
statistics but shall not credit such player in any defensive
statistics. If a game is called (for example, because of rain) after
a relief pitcher enters the field but before a pitch is thrown or a
play is made, the Official Scorer shall credit such pitcher with
a game played in the batting statistics but shall not credit such
pitcher in any defensive statistics or with a game pitched.
Any games played to break a divisional tie shall be included in
the statistics for that championship season.

9.21  Determining Percentage Records

To compute:
(a) Percentage of games won and lost, divide the number of games
won by the sum of games won and games lost;
(b) Batting average, divide the total number of safe hits (not the
total bases on hits) by the total times at bat, as defined in Rule
9.02(a);
(c) Slugging percentage, divide the total bases of all safe hits by the
total times at bat, as defined in Rule 9.02(a);
(d) Fielding average, divide the sum of putouts and assists by the sum
of putouts, assists and errors (which shall be called chances);
(e) Pitcher’s earned-run average, multiply the total earned runs
charged against such pitcher by 9, and divide the result by the
total number of innings he pitched, including fractions of an
inning; and

Rule 9.21(e) Comment: For example, 91/3 innings pitched and

3 earned runs is an earned-run average of 2.89 (3 earned runs
times 9 divided by 91/3 equals 2.89).
(f ) On-base percentage, divide the sum of hits, bases on balls and
times hit by pitch by the sum of at-bats, bases on balls, times hit
by pitch and sacrifice flies.
Rule 9.21( f ) Comment: For the purpose of computing on-base
percentage, ignore instances of a batter being awarded first base
on interference or obstruction.

139
 Rule 9.22 to 9.22(a)

9.22  Minimum Standards for Individual Championships

To assure uniformity in establishing the batting, pitching and
fielding championships of professional leagues, such champions
shall meet the following minimum performance standards:

(a) The individual batting, slugging or on-base percentage

champion shall be the player with the highest batting average,
slugging percentage or on-base percentage, as the case may
be, provided the player is credited with as many or more total
appearances at the plate in league championship games as the
number of games scheduled for each Club in his Club’s league
that season, multiplied by 3.1 in the case of a Major League
player and by 2.7 in the case of a Minor League player. Total
appearances at the plate shall include official times at bat, plus
bases on balls, times hit by pitcher, sacrifice hits, sacrifice
flies and times awarded first base because of interference or
obstruction. Notwithstanding the foregoing requirement of
minimum appearances at the plate, any player with fewer than
the required number of plate appearances whose average would
be the highest, if he were charged with the required number of
plate appearances shall be awarded the batting, slugging or on-
base percentage championship, as the case may be.

Rule 9.22(a) Comment: For example, if a Major League

schedules 162 games for each Club, 502 plate appearances
qualify (162 times 3.1 equals 502) a player for a batting,
slugging or on-base percentage championship. If 140 games
are scheduled for each Club in a Minor League, 378 plate
appearances qualify (140 times 2.7 equals 378) a player for
a batting, slugging or on-base percentage championship.
Fractions of a plate appearance are to be rounded up or down to
the closest whole number. For example, 162 times 3.1 equals
502.2, which is rounded down to a requirement of 502.

If, for example, Abel has the highest batting average among
those with 502 plate appearance in a Major League with a .362
batting average (181 hits in 500 at-bats), and Baker has 490 plate
appearances, 440 at-bats and 165 hits for a .375 batting average,
Baker shall be the batting champion, because adding 12 more

140
 Rule 9.22(a) to 9.22(c)

at-bats to Baker’s record would still give Baker a higher batting

average than Abel: .365 (165 hits in 452 at-bats) to Abel’s .362.
(b) The individual pitching champion in a Major League shall
be the pitcher with the lowest earned-run average, provided
that the pitcher has pitched at least as many innings in league
championship games as the number of games scheduled for each
Club in his Club’s league that season. The individual pitching
champion in a Minor League shall be the pitcher with the lowest
earned-run average provided that the pitcher has pitched at least
as many innings in league championship season games as 80%
of the number of games scheduled for each Club in the pitcher’s
league.
Rule 9.22(b) Comment: For example, if a Major League
schedules 162 games for each Club, 162 innings qualify a pitcher
for a pitching championship. A pitcher with 1612/3 innings
would not qualify. If 140 games are scheduled for each Club
in a Minor League, 112 innings qualify a pitcher for a pitching
championship. Fractions of an inning for the required number
of innings are to be rounded to the closest third of an inning.
For example, 80% of 144 games is 115.2, so 1151⁄3 innings
would be the minimum required for a pitching championship
in a Minor League with 144 games scheduled and 80% of 76
games is 60.8, so 60 2/3 innings would be the minimum required
for a pitching championship in a Minor League with 76 games
scheduled.
(c) The individual fielding champions shall be the fielders with the
highest fielding average at each position, provided:
(1) A catcher must have participated as a catcher in at least
one-half the number of games scheduled for each Club in
his league that season;
(2) An infielder or outfielder must have participated at his
position in at least two-thirds of the number of games
scheduled for each Club in his league that season; and
(3) A pitcher must have pitched at least as many innings as the
number of games scheduled for each Club in his league
that season, unless another pitcher has a fielding average

141
 Rule 9.22(c) to 9.23

as high or higher and has handled more total chances in

fewer innings, in which case such other pitcher shall be
the fielding champion.

9.23  Guidelines for Cumulative Performance Records

(a) Consecutive Hitting Streaks
(a)  A consecutive hitting streak shall not be terminated if a batter’s
plate appearance results in a base on balls, hit batsman, defensive
interference or obstruction or a sacrifice bunt. A sacrifice fly
shall terminate the streak.
(b) Consecutive-Game Hitting Streaks
(b) A consecutive-game hitting streak shall not be terminated
if all of a batter’s plate appearances (one or more) in a game
result in a base on balls, hit batsman, defensive interference or
obstruction or a sacrifice bunt. The streak shall terminate if the
player has a sacrifice fly and no hit.
(b) A player’s individual consecutive-game hitting streak shall be
determined by the consecutive games in which such player
appears and is not determined by his Club’s games.
(c)  Consecutive-Game Playing Streak
(c)  A consecutive-game playing streak shall be extended if a player
plays one half-inning on defense or if the player completes a
time at bat by reaching base or being put out. A pinch-running
appearance only shall not extend the streak. If a player is ejected
from a game by an umpire before such player can comply with
the requirements of this Rule 9.23(c), such player’s streak shall
continue.
(d)  Suspended Games
(d)  For the purpose of this Rule 9.23 all performances in the
completion of a suspended game shall be considered as
occurring on the original date of the game.

142
 Definitions of Terms

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
(All definitions are listed alphabetically)
ADJUDGED is a judgment decision by the umpire.
An APPEAL is the act of a fielder in claiming violation of the rules
by the offensive team.
A BALK is an illegal act by the pitcher with a runner or runners on
base, entitling all runners to advance one base.
A BALL is a pitch which does not enter the strike zone in flight
and is not struck at by the batter. If the pitch touches the ground and
bounces through the strike zone it is a “ball.”
A BASE is one of four points which must be touched by a runner
in order to score a run; more usually applied to the canvas bags and the
rubber plate which mark the base points.
A BASE COACH is a team member in uniform who is stationed in
the coach’s box at first or third base to direct the batter and the runners.
A BASE ON BALLS is an award of first base granted to a batter
who, during his time at bat, receives four pitches outside the strike zone
or following a signal from the defensive team’s manager to the umpire
that he intends to intentionally walk the batter. If the manager informs
the umpire of this intention, the umpire shall award the batter first base
as if the batter had received four pitches outside the strike zone.
A BATTER is an offensive player who takes his position in the
batter’s box.
BATTER-RUNNER is a term that identifies the offensive player
who has just finished his time at bat until he is put out or until the play
on which he became a runner ends.
The BATTER’S BOX is the area within which the batter shall
stand during his time at bat.
The BATTERY is the pitcher and catcher.
BENCH OR DUGOUT is the seating facilities reserved for
players, substitutes and other team members in uniform when they are
not actively engaged on the playing field.
A BUNT is a batted ball not swung at, but intentionally met with
the bat and tapped slowly within the infield.

143
 Definitions of Terms

A CALLED GAME is one in which, for any reason, the umpire-in-

chief terminates play.
A CATCH is the act of a fielder in getting secure possession in
his hand or glove of a ball in flight and firmly holding it; providing he
does not use his cap, protector, pocket or any other part of his uniform
in getting possession. It is not a catch, however, if simultaneously or
immediately following his contact with the ball, he collides with a player,
or with a wall, or if he falls down, and as a result of such collision or
falling, drops the ball. It is not a catch if a fielder touches a fly ball which
then hits a member of the offensive team or an umpire and then is caught
by another defensive player. In establishing the validity of the catch,
the fielder shall hold the ball long enough to prove that he has complete
control of the ball and that his release of the ball is voluntary and inten-
tional. If the fielder has made the catch and drops the ball while in the act
of making a throw following the catch, the ball shall be adjudged to have
been caught.
(Catch) Comment: A catch is legal if the ball is finally held
by any fielder, even though juggled, or held by another fielder
before it touches the ground. Runners may leave their bases
the instant the first fielder touches the ball. A fielder may reach
over a fence, railing, rope or other line of demarcation to make
a catch. He may jump on top of a railing, or canvas that may
be in foul ground. No interference should be allowed when a
fielder reaches over a fence, railing, rope or into a stand to catch
a ball. He does so at his own risk.
If a fielder, attempting a catch at the edge of the dugout, is “held
up” and kept from an apparent fall by a player or players of
either team and the catch is made, it shall be allowed.
The CATCHER is the fielder who takes his position back of the
home base.
The CATCHER’S BOX is that area within which the catcher shall
stand until the pitcher delivers the ball.
THE CLUB is a person or group of persons responsible for
assembling the team personnel, providing the playing field and required
facilities, and representing the team in relations with the league.

144
 Definitions of Terms

A COACH is a team member in uniform appointed by the manager

to perform such duties as the manager may designate, such as but not
limited to acting as base coach.
A DEAD BALL is a ball out of play because of a legally created
temporary suspension of play.
The DEFENSE (or DEFENSIVE) is the team, or any player of the
team, in the field.
A DOUBLE-HEADER is two regularly scheduled or rescheduled
games, played in immediate succession.
A DOUBLE PLAY is a play by the defense in which two offensive
players are put out as a result of continuous action, providing there is no
error between putouts.
(a) A force double play is one in which both putouts are force plays.
( b) A reverse force double play is one in which the first out is a
force play and the second out is made on a runner for whom
the force is removed by reason of the first out. Examples of
reverse force plays: runner on first, one out; batter grounds to
first baseman, who steps on first base (one out) and throws to
second baseman or shortstop for the second out (a tag play).
Another example: bases loaded, none out; batter grounds to
third baseman, who steps on third base (one out); then throws
to catcher for the second out (tag play).
DUGOUT (See definition of BENCH)
A FAIR BALL is a batted ball that settles on fair ground between
home and first base, or between home and third base, or that is on
or over fair territory when bounding to the outfield past first or third
base, or that touches first, second or third base, or that first falls on fair
territory on or beyond first base or third base, or that, while on or over
fair territory touches the person of an umpire or player, or that, while
over fair territory, passes out of the playing field in flight.
A fair fly shall be judged according to the relative position of the
ball and the foul line, including the foul pole, and not as to whether the
fielder is on fair or foul territory at the time he touches the ball.
(Fair Ball) Comment: If a fly ball lands in the infield
between home and first base, or home and third base, and then

145
 Definitions of Terms

bounces to foul territory without touching a player or umpire

and before passing first or third base, it is a foul ball; or if the
ball settles on foul territory or is touched by a player on foul
territory, it is a foul ball. If a fly ball lands on or beyond first
or third base and then bounces to foul territory, it is a fair hit.
A batted ball not touched by a fielder, which hits the pitcher’s
rubber and rebounds into foul territory, between home and first,
or between home and third base is a foul ball.
Clubs, increasingly, are erecting tall foul poles at the fence line
with a wire netting extending along the side of the pole on fair
territory above the fence to enable the umpires more accurately
to judge fair and foul balls.
FAIR TERRITORY is that part of the playing field within, and
including the first base and third base lines, from home base to the
bottom of the playing field fence and perpendicularly upwards. All foul
lines are in fair territory.
A FIELDER is any defensive player.
FIELDER’S CHOICE is the act of a fielder who handles a fair
grounder and, instead of throwing to first base to put out the batter-
runner, throws to another base in an attempt to put out a preceding
runner. The term is also used by scorers (a) to account for the advance
of the batter-runner who takes one or more extra bases when the fielder
who handles his safe hit attempts to put out a preceding runner; (b) to
account for the advance of a runner (other than by stolen base or error)
while a fielder is attempting to put out another runner; and (c) to account
for the advance of a runner made solely because of the defensive team’s
indifference (undefended steal).
A FLY BALL is a batted ball that goes high in the air in flight.
A FORCE PLAY is a play in which a runner legally loses his right
to occupy a base by reason of the batter becoming a runner.
(Force Play) Comment: Confusion regarding this play is
removed by remembering that frequently the “force” situation is
removed during the play. Example: Man on first, one out, ball hit
sharply to first baseman who touches the bag and batter-runner is
out. The force is removed at that moment and runner advancing

146
 Definitions of Terms

to second must be tagged. If there had been a runner on third or

second, and either of these runners scored before the tag-out at
second, the run counts. Had the first baseman thrown to second
and the ball then had been returned to first, the play at second
was a force out, making two outs, and the return throw to first
ahead of the runner would have made three outs. In that case,
no run would score.
Example: Not a force out. One out. Runner on first and third.
Batter flies out. Two out. Runner on third tags up and scores.
Runner on first tries to retouch before throw from fielder reaches
first baseman, but does not get back in time and is out. Three
outs. If, in umpire’s judgment, the runner from third touched
home before the ball was held at first base, the run counts.
A FORFEITED GAME is a game declared ended by the umpire-
in-chief in favor of the offended team by the score of 9 to 0, for viola-
tion of the rules.
A FOUL BALL is a batted ball that settles on foul territory
between home and first base, or between home and third base, or that
bounds past first or third base on or over foul territory, or that first falls
on foul territory beyond first or third base, or that, while on or over
foul territory, touches the person of an umpire or player, or any object
foreign to the natural ground.
A foul fly shall be judged according to the relative position of the
ball and the foul line, including the foul pole, and not as to whether the
infielder is on foul or fair territory at the time he touches the ball.
(Foul Ball) Comment: A batted ball not touched by a fielder,
which hits the pitcher’s rubber and rebounds into foul territory,
between home and first, or between home and third base is a
foul ball.
If a fly ball lands in the infield between home and first base, or
home and third base, and then bounces to foul territory without
touching a player or umpire and before passing first or third
base, it is a foul ball; or if the ball settles on foul territory or is
touched by a player on foul territory, it is a foul ball. If a fly ball
lands on or beyond first or third base and then bounces to foul
territory, it is a fair hit.

147
 Definitions of Terms

FOUL TERRITORY is that part of the playing field outside the

first and third base lines extended to the fence and perpendicularly
upwards.
A FOUL TIP is a batted ball that goes sharp and direct from the bat
to the catcher and is legally caught. It is not a foul tip unless caught, and
any foul tip that is caught is a strike, and the ball is in play.
A GROUND BALL is a batted ball that rolls or bounces close to
the ground.
The HOME TEAM is the team on whose grounds the game is
played, or if the game is played on neutral grounds, the home team shall
be designated by mutual agreement.
ILLEGAL (or ILLEGALLY) is contrary to these rules.
An ILLEGAL PITCH is (1) a pitch delivered to the batter when
the pitcher does not have his pivot foot in contact with the pitcher’s
plate; (2) a quick return pitch. An illegal pitch when runners are on base
is a balk.
An INFIELDER is a fielder who occupies a position in the infield.
An INFIELD FLY is a fair fly ball (not including a line drive nor
an attempted bunt) which can be caught by an infielder with ordinary
effort, when first and second, or first, second and third bases are
occupied, before two are out. The pitcher, catcher and any outfielder
who stations himself in the infield on the play shall be considered
infielders for the purpose of this rule.
When it seems apparent that a batted ball will be an Infield Fly,
the umpire shall immediately declare “Infield Fly” for the benefit of the
runners. If the ball is near the baselines, the umpire shall declare “Infield
Fly, if Fair.”
The ball is alive and runners may advance at the risk of the ball
being caught, or retouch and advance after the ball is touched, the same as
on any fly ball. If the hit becomes a foul ball, it is treated the same as any
foul.
If a declared Infield Fly is allowed to fall untouched to the ground,
and bounces foul before passing first or third base, it is a foul ball. If a
declared Infield Fly falls untouched to the ground outside the baseline,

148
 Definitions of Terms

and bounces fair before passing first or third base, it is an Infield Fly.
(Infield Fly) Comment: On the infield fly rule the umpire is to
rule whether the ball could ordinarily have been handled by an
infielder-not by some arbitrary limitation such as the grass, or
the base lines. The umpire must rule also that a ball is an infield
fly, even if handled by an outfielder, if, in the umpire’s judgment,
the ball could have been as easily handled by an infielder. The
infield fly is in no sense to be considered an appeal play. The
umpire’s judgment must govern, and the decision should be
made immediately.
When an infield fly rule is called, runners may advance at their
own risk. If on an infield fly rule, the infielder intentionally
drops a fair ball, the ball remains in play despite the provisions
of Rule 5.09(a)(12). The infield fly rule takes precedence.
If interference is called during an Infield Fly, the ball remains
alive until it is determined whether the ball is fair or foul. If
fair, both the runner who interfered with the fielder and the
batter are out. If foul, even if caught, the runner is out and the
batter returns to bat.
IN FLIGHT describes a batted, thrown, or pitched ball which has
not yet touched the ground or some object other than a fielder.
IN JEOPARDY is a term indicating that the ball is in play and an
offensive player may be put out.
An INNING is that portion of a game within which the teams
alternate on offense and defense and in which there are three putouts for
each team. Each team’s time at bat is a half-inning.
INTERFERENCE
(a) Offensive interference is an act by the team at bat which
interferes with, obstructs, impedes, hinders or confuses any
fielder attempting to make a play.
(b) Defensive interference is an act by a fielder that hinders or
prevents a batter from hitting a pitch.
(c) Umpire’s interference occurs (1) when a plate umpire hinders,
impedes or prevents a catcher’s throw attempting to prevent

149
 Definitions of Terms

a stolen base or retire a runner on a pick-off play, or (2) when

a fair ball touches an umpire on fair territory before passing a
fielder.
(d) Spectator interference occurs when a spectator (or an object
thrown by the spectator) hinders a player’s attempt to make
a play on a live ball, by going onto the playing field, or
reaching out of the stands and over the playing field.
THE LEAGUE is a group of Clubs whose teams play each other in
a pre-arranged schedule under these rules for the league championship.
LEGAL (or LEGALLY) is in accordance with these rules.
A LIVE BALL is a ball which is in play.
A LINE DRIVE is a batted ball that goes sharp and direct from the
bat to a fielder without touching the ground.
THE MANAGER is a person appointed by the Club to be respon-
sible for the team’s actions on the field, and to represent the team in
communications with the umpire and the opposing team. A player may
be appointed manager.
MINOR LEAGUE shall refer to any league within the profession-
al development league system operated by Major League Baseball in
which Minor League Clubs are assigned to compete.
MINOR LEAGUE CLUB shall refer to any professional baseball
club that is party to a Player Development License Agreement (“PDL”).
OBSTRUCTION is the act of a fielder who, while not in
possession of the ball and not in the act of fielding the ball, impedes the
progress of any runner.
OFFENSE is the team, or any player of the team, at bat.
OFFICIAL SCORER. See Rule 9.00.
ORDINARY EFFORT is the effort that a fielder of average skill
at a position in that league or classification of leagues should exhibit
on a play, with due consideration given to the condition of the field and
weather conditions.

150
 Definitions of Terms

(Ordinary Effort) Comment: This standard, called for

several times in the Official Scoring Rules (e.g., Rules
9.05(a)(3), 9.05(a)(4), 9.05(a)(6), 9.05(b)(3) (Base Hits);
9.08(b) (Sacrifices); 9.12(a)(1) Comment, 9.12(d)(2) (Errors);
and 9.13(a), 9.13(b) (Wild Pitches and Passed Balls)) and in
the Official Baseball Rules (e.g., Definitions of Terms, Infield
Fly), is an objective standard in regard to any particular fielder.
In other words, even if a fielder makes his best effort, if that
effort falls short of what an average fielder at that position in
that league would have made in a situation, the Official Scorer
should charge that fielder with an error.
An OUT is one of the three required retirements of an offensive
team during its time at bat.
An OUTFIELDER is a fielder who occupies a position in the out-
field, which is the area of the playing field most distant from home base.
OVERSLIDE (or OVERSLIDING) is the act of an offensive
player when his slide to a base, other than when advancing from home
to first base, is with such momentum that he loses contact with the base.
A PENALTY is the application of these rules following an illegal
act.
The PERSON of a player or an umpire is any part of his body, his
clothing or his equipment.
A PITCH is a ball delivered to the batter by the pitcher.
(Pitch) Comment: All other deliveries of the ball by one player
to another are thrown balls.
A PITCHER is the fielder designated to deliver the pitch to the
batter.
The pitcher’s PIVOT FOOT is that foot which is in contact with
the pitcher’s plate as he delivers the pitch.
“PLAY” is the umpire’s order to start the game or to resume action
following any dead ball.
A QUICK RETURN pitch is one made with obvious intent to
catch a batter off balance. It is an illegal pitch.

151
 Definitions of Terms

REGULATION GAME  See Rule 7.01.

A RETOUCH is the act of a runner in returning to a base as legally
required.
A RUN (or SCORE) is the score made by an offensive player who
advances from batter to runner and touches first, second, third and home
bases in that order.
A RUN-DOWN is the act of the defense in an attempt to put out a
runner between bases.
A RUNNER is an offensive player who is advancing toward, or
touching, or returning to any base.
“SAFE” is a declaration by the umpire that a runner is entitled to
the base for which he was trying.
SET POSITION is one of the two legal pitching positions.
SQUEEZE PLAY is a term to designate a play when a team, with a
runner on third base, attempts to score that runner by means of a bunt.
A STRIKE is a legal pitch when so called by the umpire, which:
(a)Is struck at by the batter and is missed;
(b) Is not struck at, if any part of the ball passes through any part of
the strike zone;
(c) Is fouled by the batter when he has less than two strikes;
(d) Is bunted foul;
(e) Touches the batter as he strikes at it;

(f ) Touches the batter in flight in the strike zone; or

(g) Becomes a foul tip.

The STRIKE ZONE is that area over home plate the upper limit
of which is a horizontal line at the midpoint between the top of the
shoulders and the top of the uniform pants, and the lower level is a line
at the hollow beneath the kneecap. The Strike Zone shall be determined
from the batter’s stance as the batter is prepared to swing at a pitched
ball. (For diagram of STRIKE ZONE, see Appendix 5.)

152
 Definitions of Terms

A SUSPENDED GAME is a called game which is to be completed

at a later date.
A TAG is the action of a fielder in touching a base with his body
while holding the ball securely and firmly in his hand or glove; or touch-
ing a runner with the ball, or with his hand or glove holding the ball
(not including hanging laces alone), while holding the ball securely and
firmly in his hand or glove. It is not a tag, however, if simultaneously
or immediately following his touching a base or touching a runner, the
fielder drops the ball. In establishing the validity of the tag, the fielder
shall hold the ball long enough to prove that he has complete control of
the ball. If the fielder has made a tag and drops the ball while in the act
of making a throw following the tag, the tag shall be adjudged to have
been made. For purposes of this definition any jewelry being worn by
a player (e.g., necklaces, bracelets, etc.) shall not constitute a part of the
player’s body.
A THROW is the act of propelling the ball with the hand and arm
to a given objective and is to be distinguished, always, from the pitch.
A TIE GAME is a regulation game which is called when each
team has the same number of runs.
“TIME” is the announcement by an umpire of a legal interruption
of play, during which the ball is dead.
TOUCH. To touch a player or umpire is to touch any part of his
body, or any uniform or equipment worn by him (but not any jewelry
(e.g., necklaces, bracelets, etc.) worn by a player).
(Touch) Comment: Equipment shall be considered worn by a
player or umpire if it is in contact with its intended place on his
person.
A TRIPLE PLAY is a play by the defense in which three offensive
players are put out as a result of continuous action, providing there is no
error between putouts.
WILD PITCH is one so high, so low, or so wide of the plate that it
cannot be handled with ordinary effort by the catcher.

153
 Definitions of Terms

WIND-UP POSITION is one of the two legal pitching positions.

NOTE: Any reference in these Official Baseball Rules to

“he,” “him” or “his” shall be deemed to be a reference to
“she,” “her” or “hers,” as the case may be,
when the person is a female.

154
155
156
APPENDICES

157
 Appendix 1

Diagram No. 1
Diagram of the Playing Field

GRA
SS L
INE

S
IU
AD
'R
95
13'
"
'0

90
90

'0
"

3'

E
FO

N
LI
U
L

L
U
LI

FO
N

127-3 3/8"
E

127-3 3/8"

13' 13'
'
15

3'
'M N

18' CIRCLE
AX
10 ' MI
1

20
'

"
'-0

COACH'S
COACH'S
45
6'

3'

BOX
60'6"

BOX
3'
6'
'M N
AX
10 ' MI
1

"

E
'-0

S
BA
45

26' CIRCLE
M
O
R
'F

E
60

N
LI
E
C

L
U
N

NEXT BATTER'S BOX NEXT BATTER'S BOX

FO
FE
R

37' 37'
O

O
D
AN

5' CIRCLE 5' CIRCLE

ASE M

ST
O

D
HOM IUS FR

AN
R
EB

G
60'
RAD

BACKSTOP

DIAGRAM NO. 1

LEGEND
BATTER'S BOX,
CATCHER'S BOX, FOUL LINE,
PITCHER'S PLATE, COACH'S BOX
NEXT BATTER'S BOX
BASE LINES
GRASS LINES
Rev2018TL

158
 Appendix 2

Diagram No. 2
Layout at Home Plate, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Bases

15

"
15
"
90
LAYOUT AT
SECOND BASE
FO

NE
UL

LI
LI

UL
NE

FO
A A
90

90
LAYOUT AT FOR LAYOUT AT PITCHER'S PLATE LAYOUT AT
SEE DIAGRAM NO. 3
THIRD BASE FIRST BASE

90

B 6" 17" 6" B

3'0"
81 2 "81 2 "

D
3'0"

4'0" 4'0"

C
8'0"

43"

LAYOUT AT HOME BASE

DIAGRAM NO. 2

LEGEND
A 1st, 2nd, 3rd BASES
B BATTER'S BOX
C CATCHER'S BOX
D HOME BASE
E PITCHER'S PLATE

Rev2018TL

159
 Appendix 3

Diagram No. 3
Layout of Pitching Mound

Suggested Layout of Pitching Mound

This Diagram No. 3 supplements and, in cases of difference, supersedes Diagram No. 2.

REAR SLOPE
GRADUAL TO CIRCLE EDGE

LEVEL AREA
SHADED
(5' x 34" ) 5'

22"
34" 2'

6"
18"
6"
18"
1" 1'
9' 9'

1" 2'
Slope

1" 3'

1" 4'

1" 5'

10'
1" 6'

DIAGRAM NO. 3
Pitching Mound: An 18' diameter circle, The degree of slope from a starting
center of which is 59' from back of home plate. point 6" in front of the pitcher's plate to
a point 6' toward home plate shall
Locate front edge of rubber 18" behind
be 1" to 1', and such degree of slope
center of mound.
shall be uniform.
Front edge of rubber to back point Level area surrounding rubber should be 6"
of home plate, 60'6". in front of rubber, 18" to each side and 22"
Slope starts 6" from front edge of rubber. to rear of rubber. Total level area 5' x 34".

Rev2018TL

160
 Appendix 4

Dimensions of Fielder’s Glove

H
H
F
E

G
H

A
D

B
H

I J K L M

DIAGRAM NO. 4
(A) Palm width—7 /4" 3 (H) Crotch seam—13 3/4"
(B) Palm width—8" (I) Thumb top to bottom edge—7 3/4"
(C) Top opening of web—41/2" (J) 1st finger top to bottom edge—13"
(webbing not to be wider (K) 2nd finger top to bottom edge—113/4"
than 41/2" at any point) (L) 3rd finger top to bottom edge—10 3/4"
(D) Bottom opening of web—3 1/2" (M) 4th finger to bottom edge—9"
(E) Web top to bottom—5 3/4"
(F) 1st finger crotch seam—51/2"
(G) Thumb crotch seam—51/2"

161
 Appendix 5

The Strike Zone

Top of shoulders

Midpoint

Top of pants

STRIKE
ZONE

Hollow beneath kneecap

162
 Index

Rules 1.00 through 8.00

Note: For any items not listed and for additional information,
see alphabetized entries in Definitions of Terms.

Abandoning Effort to Run Bases—5.05(a)(2) Comment, 5.05(b),

5.09(b)(2), 5.09(b)(11), 5.09(c)(3).
Accident to Player or Umpire—5.12(b)(3,8).
Ambidextrous Pitcher—5.07(f).
Apparent Fourth Out—5.09(c).
Appeals—5.06(b)(3)(D) Note, 5.06(b)(4)(I) Comment, 5.09(b)(5,11-12),
5.09(c), 6.03(b), 8.02(c);
Check-swing appeal to end inning 8.02(c) Comment;
Limitation on requesting check-swing appeals 8.02(c) Comment.
Apparent Fourth Out—5.09(c)(4).
Awarded Bases—
Appeal 5.09(c);
Balk 5.06(c)(3), 6.01(g);
Catcher interference 6.01(c);
Ground rules 4.05;
Obstruction 6.01(a)(10) Comment, 6.01(h)(1) Comment;
Overthrown ball, by infielder 5.06(b)(4)(G);
Overthrown ball, by pitcher from pitcher’s plate 5.06(b)(4)(G-I),
5.07(e);
Spectator interference 6.01(e) Comment.
“Backswing” (Follow-Through) Interference—6.03(a)(3) Comment.
Balk—5.02(a), 6.01(g), and various violations in Rule 5.07;
When making an appeal 5.09(c) Comment;
Penalty 5.06(b)(3)(A), 5.06(c)(3), 6.02.
Ball/Strike Count, Limits on Being Corrected—8.02(c).
Base—2.01, 2.02, 2.03, Definitions of Terms (“Base”);
Dislodged 5.09(b)(4) Approved Rulings A, B.
Baseball—3.01;
Defaced 3.01, 6.02(c-d);
Official game balls 4.01(c-e).
Base on Balls (Automatic by Manager’s Signal)—
Definitions of Terms (“Base on Balls”), 5.05(b)(1) Comment.

163
 Index

Base Coaches—5.03;
Helmets 3.08(e);
Interference 6.01(a)(8-9), 6.01(b), 6.01(d), 6.01(f);
Restrictions 5.03(a-c), 5.03 PENALTY, 5.10(k), 6.04(a).
Bat—3.02;
Altered 6.03(a)(4).
Bat Boy/Girl—3.08(f), 4.07(a), 5.10(k).
Batter/Batter-Runner—
Backswing strikes catcher 6.03(a)(3);
Batter becomes a runner 5.05
Fails to advance to first base 5.05(a)(2), 5.05(b);
Hit by pitch 5.05(b)(2), 5.06(c)(1), 5.09(a)(6), Definitions of
Terms (“Ball,” “Strike”);
Illegal action 6.03;
Interference by 5.09(a)(7-9,11), 5.09(b)(8), 6.01(a), 6.03(a)(3-4);
6.03(a)(3 and 4) EXCEPTION and Comment.
Interference with 5.05(b)(3), 5.06(b)(3)(D);
Interferes with catcher after dropped third strike 6.01(a)(1),
6.01(a)(1) Comment;
Position in batter’s box Definitions of Terms, 5.04(b), 5.04(b)(4-5),
6.03(a)(1-3);
Struck by batted ball 5.05(b)(2) Comment, 5.06(c)(6)(1),
5.09(a)(7), 6.01(a)(11).
Batter’s Box—2.01, Definitions of Terms, 5.04(b), 6.03(a), Appendix 2.
Batter’s Box Rule—5.04(b).
NAPBL Regulations—5.04(b)(2) Comment, 5.04(b)(4).
Batting Order—4.03, 5.04(a), 5.10(a-f,j), 8.03(a)(8).
Batting Out of Order—6.03(b).
Bench/Dugout—2.05, Definitions of Terms.
Catch/Play attempts Definitions of Terms (“Catch” Comment),
5.06(b)(3)(C), 5.09(a)(1) Comment, 5.12(b)(6), 6.01(b);
Equipment 3.10;
Live ball deflected into 5.06(b)(4)(H);
Occupants 5.10(b) Comment, 5.10(k), 6.04(a,c-e), 8.04(c).
Bounced Pitch—Definitions of Terms (“Ball”).
Catch—Definitions of Terms, 5.09(1-2).
Catcher—

164
 Index

Interference by: Definitions of Terms (Interference (b)), 5.05(b)(3),

5.06(b)(3)(D), 6.01(c,g);
Interference with: Definitions of Terms (Interference (c)),
5.06(c)(2), 5.09(b)(8), 6.03(a)(3);
Pitch lodges in equipment 5.06(b)(4)(I), 5.06(c)(7);
Position, 5.02(a,c), 6.01(a)(12).
Catcher’s Box—2.01 (Appendix 2), Definitions of Terms, 5.02(a),
6.02(a)(12).
Checked Swing—8.02(c) Comment.
Coach—Definitions of Terms, 4.02(b), 5.03, 6.01(a)(8-9), 6.01(b),
6.01(d), 6.01(d) Comment, 6.01(f).
Collision Rule—6.01(i).
Curfew—7.02(a) Note, 7.02(a)(1).
Darkness/Field Lights—4.01(g), 5.12(b)(1-2), 7.02(a) Note, 7.02(a)(4).
Dead Ball (“Time”) and Resuming Play—Definitions of Terms,
5.01(b), 5.04(b)(2) Comment, 5.06(c), 5.12.
Defacing, Discoloring Baseball—3.01, 6.02(c).
Delay of Game—
By batter 5.04(b)(3-4);
By pitcher 5.04(b)(2) Comment, 5.07, 6.02(a)(8), 6.02(d)(3);
Forfeit for delay 7.03(a).
Designated Hitter—5.11;
Pinch-hitting or pinch-running for game pitcher 5.11(a)(10).
Detached Equipment—5.06(b)(3)(E), 5.06(b)(4)(A-E).
Disabled List Players—5.10(k) Comment.
Dislodged Base—5.09(b)(4) Approved Rulings A and B.
Doubleheaders—4.04(a-b), 4.08, 7.02(a)(1), 7.02(b);
Length of time between 4.08(c);
NAPBL rule: 4.08(a)(1), 7.02(a) Exception, 7.02(b) Comment.
Double-Switches—5.10(b);
Manager/coach limitations regarding double-switches 5.10(b)
Comment.
Dropped Third Strike—Definitions of Terms (“Ball”), 5.05(a)(2),
5.06(c)(7) Comment, 5.09(a)(2) Comment, 5.09(a)(3-4, 6, 10,
14), 6.01(a)(1).
Doubleheaders, Length Between—4.08(c)
Dugout—see Bench.

165
 Index

Ejection—6.04(a,c-e), 8.01, 8.02, 8.04.

Equipment—
Base 2.03;
Baseball 3.01;
Bat 3.02;
Bench 2.05;
Commercialization 3.09;
Glove/Mitt 3.04, 3.05, 3.06, 3.07;
Helmet 3.08
Home base 2.02;
Pitcher’s plate 2.01, 2.04;
Uniforms 3.03.
Equipment Illegally Touches Live Ball—5.06(b)(3)(E), 5.06(b)(4)(A-E).
Electronic Equipment on Field—3.10(b)
Fair Ball—Definitions of Terms;
Bounces out of play 5.05(a)(6-8), 5.06(b)(4)(F);
Deflected out of play 5.05(a)(8-9), 5.06(b)(4)(A,F);
Intentionally dropped 5.09(a)(12);
Touches runner or umpire, 5.05(a)(4), 5.05(b)(4), 5.06(b)(3)(B),
5.06(c)(6) Comment, 5.09(b)(7), 6.01(a)(11).
Field Markers—3.10(b).
Fielder—
Glove specifications 3.04, 3.05, 3.06, 3.07, Appendix 4.
Stepping or falling into out-of-play area 5.06(b)(3)(C), 5.09(a)(1)
Comment, 5.12(b)(6);
Positioning on field of play 5.02;
Sleeves 3.03(e);
Throws glove at ball (detached equipment) 5.06(b)(3)(E),
5.06(b)(4)(A-E).
Fielder’s Choice—Definitions of Terms, 9.12(f)(2).
“Flying Start” by Runner—5.09(c)(1) Comment.
Force Play/Force Out—Definitions of Terms, 5.09(b)(6);
Reinstated 5.09(b)(6).
Forfeit—4.07(b), 4.08(g), 4.07(b), 7.03, 8.03(a)(6), 9.03(e).
Foul Ball—Definitions of Terms, 5.06(c)(5), 5.09(a)(7-8).

166
 Index

Foul Tip—Definitions of Terms, 5.06(c)(7) Comment, 5.09(a)(2)

Comment, 5.09(b)(5) Comment.
Fraternization—4.06.
Game-Ending Runs—5.08(b), 5.09(b)(1,2) Comment, 5.09(c)
Comment, 7.01(g)(3).
Glove/Mitt—3.04, 3.05, 3.06, 3.07;
Illegally touches live ball 5.06(b)(4)(A,C,E).
Ground Rules—4.05, 8.03(a)(9).
Groundskeepers—4.03(e), 4.08(g), 7.03(c).
Helmet—3.08, 5.09(a)(8) Comment.
Hidden Ball Trick—6.02(a)(9).
Home Run—5.05(a)(5,9), 5.06(b)(4)(A).
Illegal Bat—3.02, 6.03(a)(5), 6.03(a)(5) Comment.
Illegal Pitch—Definitions of Terms (Illegal Pitch and Quick Return),
5.07(a)(2) Comment, 6.02(a)(5), 6.02(b).
Illegally Batted Ball—5.06(c)(4), 6.03(a)(1).
Infield Fly—Definitions of Terms, 5.09(a)(5,12), 5.09(b)(7) Exception;
Strikes runner (on or off base) 5.09(b)(7), 5.09(b)(7) Exception.
Intentional Walk (Automatic by Manager’s Signal)—Definitions of
Terms (“Base on Balls”), 5.05(b)(1) Comment;
How Official Scorer Notates 9.14(d).
Intentionally Dropped Ball—5.09(a)(12).
Intentional Pitch at Batter—6.02(c)(9).
Interference—
Authorized on-field personnel 4.07(a);
“Backswing” (Follow-Through) 6.03(a)(3) Comment;
Batter’s 5.09(a)(8), 5.09(b)(8), 6.01(a)(3);
By batter after dropped third strike 6.01(a)(1), 6.01(a)(1)
Comment;
Catcher’s 5.05(b)(3), 5.06(b)(3)(D,E), 6.01(g);
Coach’s 6.01(a)(8), 6.01(d) Comment, 6.01(f);
Defensive Definitions of Terms, 5.05(b)(3), 5.06(b)(3), 6.01(d,g);
Intentional (Double Play) 5.09(a)(13), 5.09(a)(13) Comment,
5.09(b)(3), 6.01(a)(6-7), 6.01(j);
Offensive Definitions of Terms, 5.05(b)(4), 5.06(c)(6-7),
5.09(a)(8-9,13-15), 5.09(b)(3,7-8,13), 6.01(a-b,d), 6.03(a)(3);

167
 Index

Runner struck by batted ball 5.05(a)(4), 5.05(b)(4), 5.06(c)(6),

5.09(b)(7), 6.01(a)(11);
Spectator Definitions of Terms (Interference(d)), 6.01(e);
Umpire Definitions of Terms, 5.05(b)(4), 5.06(c)(2-6);
While in contact with base 6.01(a)(1) Comment;
see also Base Coaches, Batter and Catcher.
Jewelry—5.05(b)(2) Comment, Definition of Terms (“Tag,” “Touch.”)
Length Between Doubleheaders—4.08(c).
Limitations on Visits to the Mound Per Game—5.10(m).
Light Failure—5.12(b), 7.02(a).
Lineup Cards—4.03, 5.11(a)(1,11).
Lodged Ball—5.05(a)(7), 5.06(b)(4)(F-G,I), 5.06(c)(7), 5.09(a)(2)
Comment.
Missed Base or Home Plate—5.06(b)(4)(I) Comment, 5.09(b)(12),
5.09(c)(2-4);
see also Appeals and Runner (Touch requirements).
“No Game”—4.04(c), 7.01(e).
Obstruction—Definitions of Terms, 6.01(a)(10) Comment, 6.01(h);
By spectators 5.08(b) Comment.
Official Scorer—5.10(d), 8.03(a)(8);
Demeanor towards 9.01(a), 9.01(c);
Notating intentional walk by manager’s signal 9.14(d);
see also Definitions of Terms and Rule 9.00.
Overrunning/Oversliding—
First base, 5.09(b)(4,6,11), 5.09(c)(3);
Home plate 5.09(b)(12), 5.09(c)(4).
“Overzealous Runner”—5.06(b)(3)(B) Comment.
Pinch-Hitter/Runner—see Substitutions.
Pitch—
Ball Definitions of Terms;
Pitcher delivery time limit 5.07(c);
Goes out of play 5.06(b)(4)(H);
Intentionally thrown at batter 6.02(c)(9);
Lodges in catcher’s or umpire’s equipment 5.06(b)(4)(I),
5.06(c)(7);

168
 Index

Strike Definitions of Terms;

Touches batter 5.05(b)(2), 5.06(c)(1), 5.09(a)(6), Definitions of
Terms (Ball, Strike);
Touches runner attempting to score 5.06(c)(8), 5.09(a)(14).
Pitcher—
Altered baseball 3.01, 6.02(c)(2-7);
Ambidextrous 5.07(f);
Becomes infielder 5.07(e);
Changes to defensive position 5.10(d) Comment;
Delivery restrictions 5.07(a);
Delivery time limit 5.07(c);
Injured 5.07(b,f), 5.10(d) Comment, 5.10(f-g);
Intentionally pitches at batter 6.02(c)(9);
Legal position 5.07(a)(1-2);
Length of time for warm-up pitches between innings 5.07(b);
Limitations on warm-up pitches 5.07(b);
Minimum number of batters to face (NAPBL rule only) 5.10(g);
Mouth, goes to on mound 6.02(c)(1);
Pitcher delays 5.07(c);
Pitcher visits by manager or coach 5.10(l);
Pivot foot Definitions of Terms, 5.07(a)(1-2); 5.07(a)(2)
Comment, 5.07(e);
Possesses foreign object or substance 6.02(c)(7);
Preparatory pitches 5.07(b), 5.10(l) Comment;
Sleeves 3.03(e);
Throws out of play from pitcher’s plate 5.06(b)(4)(H);
Warm-up pitches 5.07(b), 5.10(l) Comment.
Pitcher’s Plate—2.01, 2.04.
Player or Umpire Incapacitated—5.10(f-g,i), 5.12(b)(3,8).
Player Restrictions—
Barred from stands 4.06;
Confined to bench 5.10(k);
Fraternizing 4.06;
General conduct 5.10(b) Comment, 6.04(a,d-e);
Placing ball inside uniform 5.06(c)(7) Comment.

169
 Index

Playing Field—2.01.
Police Protection—4.07(b).
Postponement Responsibility—4.04.
Pregame Conference—4.03.
Protested Game—7.04, 8.02(b).
Quick Pitch—Definitions of Terms (Illegal Pitch, Quick Return),
5.07(a)(3), 6.02(a)(2) Comment, 6.02(b).
Rain Delays—4.03(e), 4.03 Comment.
Regulation Game—1.06, 7.01, 7.01(g), 7.02;
7-inning Game 7.01(a) Exception.
Rosin Bag—4.01(f), 6.02(d) Comment.
Runner—
Abandons effort to run bases 5.05(a)(2) Comment, 5.05(b),
5.09(b)(2, 11), 5.09(c)(3);
Advancing or returning after being put out—6.01(a)(5) Comment.
Entitled to base 5.06(a)(1-2), 6.01(a) Comment;
“Flying Start” when tagging up 5.09(c)(1) Comment;
Injured 5.12(b)(3)(A);
Intentionally crashing into catcher 6.01(i)(1);
Intentionally interferes with fielder—5.09(a)(13) Comment,
5.09(b)(3), 6.01(a)(5-7), 6.01(j);
Interferes after scoring 6.01(a)(5);
Interferes while in contact with base 6.01(a) Comment;
Interferes with potential double play 6.01(j);
Leaves basepath to avoid tag 5.09(b)(1)
“Overzealous Runner” 5.06(b)(3)(B) Comment;
Passes lead runner 5.09(b)(9);
Retouch (tag up) requirements Definitions of Terms, Definitions
of Terms (Infield Fly), 5.06(b)(4)(I) Comment, 5.06(c)(5),
5.09(b)(5), 5.09(c)(1);
Return prohibited 5.06(a)/5.06(c) Comment, 5.08(a) Comment,
5.09(c)(2) Approved Ruling and Comment;
Reverse base-running prohibited 5.09(b)(10);
Struck by batted ball 5.05(b)(4), 5.06(c)(6), 5.09(b)(7), 5.09(b)(7)
Comment, 6.01(a)(11);
Struck by batted ball (before or after passing fielder) 5.06(c)(6),
5.09(b)(7), 5.09(b)(7) Comment, 6.01(a)(11);

170
 Index

Struck by Infield Fly (on or off base) 5.09(b)(7);

Touch requirements 5.06(b)(1), 5.09(b)(4) Approved Ruling (B);
Touched by pitched ball 5.06(c)(8), 5.09(a)(14);
Two runners struck by same batted ball 5.09(b)(7) Comment.
see also Batter-Runner.
Score of Game—7.01(g).
Scoring Rules (Official Scorer)—Rule 9.00.
Scoring Runs—1.04, 5.06(b)(3)(B) Comment, 5.08, 5.09(a)(14),
5.09(b)(8), 5.09(c) Comment, 5.09(d), 6.01(g);
“Fourth Out” Appeal 5.09(c).
Set Position—5.07(a)(2);
Slide/Sliding Rule—5.05(b)(1) Comment, 5.09(a)(11) Comment,
6.01(i,j), 6.01(i)(1) Comment, 6.01(i)(2) Comment.
Spectators—4.05, 4.07, 5.06(b)(3)(C), 5.12(b)(6), 6.04(a)(1-2), 6.04(b),
8.01(e);
Interference Definitions of Terms (Interference (d)), 6.01(e).
Stepping or Falling Into Out-of-Play Area—5.06(b)(3)(C), 5.09(a)(1),
5.12(b)(6);
Strike/Strike Zone—Definitions of Terms, 5.05(b)(2), Appendix 5.
Substitutions—5.10(a-k), 5.04(a)(2);
Double-Switches 5.10(b), 5.10(b) Comment.
Suspended Game—7.01(d), 7.02;
NAPBL rule 4.08(a)(1), 7.02(a)(1), 7.02(b);
NAPBL rule (optional) 7.02(a)(7-9).
Tag—Definitions of Terms (TAG, TOUCH), 5.09(b)(4-5);
After awarded base (live ball) 5.05(b)(1) Comment,
5.06(b)(3)(B) Comment;
After missed home plate 5.09(b)(12) Comment, 5.09(c) Comment;
After overrunning first base 5.09(b)(4, 11), 5.09(c)(3);
While two runners touch same base 5.06(a)(2).
Tagging Up (Retouch)—Definitions of Terms (Infield Fly, Retouch),
5.06(b)(4)(I), 5.06(c)(5), Comment, 5.09(b)(5), 5.09(c)(1).
Third Strike Situations—Definitions of Terms (Ball), 5.05(a)(2),
5.06(c)(7) Comment, 5.09(a)(2-4,6,10,14), 6.01(a)(1), 6.03(a)(4).
“Third-to-First” Move—6.02(a)(3) Comment.

171
 Index

Three-Batter Minimum—5.10(g), 5.10(g) Comment, 5.10(i) Note,

5.10(m)(4), 7.02(c) Comment
Three-Foot Lane—2.01, 5.09(a)(11).
Throw—Definitions of Terms (Pitch–Comment and Throw);
Pitcher 5.07(a)(1-2), 6.02(a)(2-4), 6.02(a) Approved Ruling,
6.02(a) Comment (B), 6.02(c)(8);
Interference with 5.06(b)(4)(E), 5.06(c)(2), 5.09(a)(8, 11, 13),
5.09(b)(3), 6.01(a)(10), 6.01(b,f), 6.03(a)(3).
Thrown Ball Out of Play—4.01(e) Comment, 5.06(b)(4)(G-I), 5.07(e);
Appeal, during 5.09(c);
Ground rules 4.05;
Obstruction, during 6.01(h)(1) Comment;
Spectator interference Rule 6.01(e) Comment.
Tie Game—Definitions of Terms, 7.01(d), 7.02.
Time Limits—7.02(a)(2), 7.02(a) Note, 8.03(a)(7).
Trips to the Mound—5.10(l), 5.10(l) Comment; 5.10(m);
Exceptions to trips 5.10(m)(2)(A-G), 5.10(m)(3);
Enforcement of mound visits 5.10(m)(4);
Limitation on number per game 5.10(m)(1).
Two-Way Player—4.03(c)
Umpire—8.00;
Changing call after consultation 8.02(c), 8.02(c) Comment;
Controls ground crew 4.08(g);
Field lights 4.01(g), 5.12(b)(1-2);
Incapacitated 5.12(b)(3, 8);
Judge of playing conditions 4.03(d), 4.04(b-c), 5.12(b)(1);
Pitched ball lodges in or against body or paraphernalia 5.06(c)(7),
5.06(c)(7) Comment;
Pregame duties 4.01;
Struck by batted ball 5.05(a)(4), 5.05(b)(4), 5.06(b)(3)(B);
5.06(c)(6);
Touched by pitch or throw 5.06(b)(4)(I), 5.06(c)(7),
5.09(a)(2) Comment, 6.01(f);
Written reports to the Office of the Commissioner 7.03(d), 8.04.
Uniforms—3.03, 3.09.

172
 Index

Visit of Manager to Pitcher—5.10(l), 5.10(l) Comment, 5.10(m).

Warm-Up Throws/Pitches—5.07(b), 5.10(d) Comment, 5.10(l)
Comment.
Fielders other than pitchers 5.10(d) Comment;
Pitchers 5.07(b), 5.10(l) Comment.
Weather and Playing Conditions—4.03(e), 4.03 Comment, 4.04,
4.08(d,g), 5.12(b)(1), 5.04(b)(2) Comment, 6.02(c)(1) Exception,
7.02(a)(5), 7.02 Exception, 7.02(a) Note;
Club responsibilities 4.03(e), 4.04(a);
Weather takes precedence 7.02(a) Note.
Wild Card/Division Series Eligibility (Completing Games For)—
7.02(b)(5).
Windup Position—5.07(a)(1).

173
 Notes

______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________

174
 Notes

______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________

175
 Notes

______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________

176
 Notes

______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________

177
 Notes

______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________

178
 Notes

______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________

179
 Notes

______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________

180