Analysis of the general block diagram of the motherboard

Posts 1 - Analysis of the general block diagram of the motherboard

  1 - Functions of the Mainboard

   In a computer system has about 10 different devices such as:

      
- CPU                                                  - Video Card
- Sound Card                                   - Card Net
- HDD                                                 - CDROM
- FDD                                                  - Keyboard
- Mouse

· The devices have very different speed

For example, at the foot speed of the CPU is 800MHz,

but the foot speed and RAM speed is 400MHz over Card Sound only 66MHz

- The routing number (the BUS) is different, so the CMA devices can not connect directly to each other

- Mainboard is a device that acts as an intermediary to connect all devices on computer

systems linked together into a unified structure, so the motherboard has the following functions:
 

     * The functions of the motherboard

       - Mount the components on a computer system together

       - Control elements of BUS changes to suit the different components
       - Management of supply for components on the Main
       - Provides host clock (clock) to synchronize the operation of the                            
          system
      Because of the important functions on the Main incident when the   
      computer can not work.
* Computer system with devices mounted on it, In the motherboard  the main ingredient is
the North Bridge (north Chipset),   Sourth Bridge (south Chipset),  IC SIO (IC controller ports).   
Three main components of the motherboard plays an intermediary role to mount the device's
of computer systems into a unified structure.
       

  2 - Block diagram of the motherboard

       2.1 - The main components of the motherboard

* Soket (CPU sockets)
      There are different types depending on the CPU socket type         
       motherboard
      - On the Mainboard Socket 370 Pentium 3
      - Socket 478 Pentium 4 motherboard on the
      - Socket 478 Pentium 4 motherboard on the
        Socket pins controlled by the chipset north.
   
* North Bridge (north Chipset)
      - Chipset North is responsible for control of high speed components like  CPU, RAM,and Video Card
      - Chipset BUS speed control and switch control data, ensuring data back and forth between the
components is a smooth and continuous, fully exploit the speed of the CPU and RAM
      - It can be a chipset like the traffic in an intersection, as drivers switch traffic lights to allow each data
stream passes through a period of time, while speed control is a BUS different directions of the
 intersection, the vehicle must run on a specified speed.
       
    * Sourth Bridge (south Chipset)
      - The function is  similar as  chipset north, but the south bridge  driver chipset components slower as:
Sound Card, Net Card, hard disk, CD ROM drive, USB port, SIO and BIOS IC etc..
       
    * ROM BIOS (Read Only Memory - Basic In Out System)
     ROM is read-only memory IC, BIOS is a program loaded in ROM by the manufacturer           
     loaded Mainboard, BIOS program has the following functions:

            - Start the computer, maintaining the operation of the CPU

            - Error checking the RAM and Video Card
            - Manage the chipset drivers for north, south chipset, IC-SIO and onboard video            
               card
            - Supply of CMOS SETUP default settings for our machine can not operate CMOS
               settings
       
            * IC SIO (Super In Out) - IC controller ports to the data
     
 - SIO control Parallel port devices such as printers, scanners, floppy controller,             
    serial ports as COM ports, PS / 2
 - The SIO also supervise other departments on Main activities to provide signal   
     incident
 - Integrated power control circuit switches, making the system reset signal.
      
  * Clockgen (clocking) - Clock pulse generator circuit
      
Clock pulse generator circuit has an important role on the Mainboard , The  generated clock provided on
Main components operate simultaneously synchronize the operation of the entire computer system, if
broken, the clock circuit components on Main unable to work, clocking circuit after the first operation
Main sources of supply.

*VRM (Vol Regu Module) - voltage regulator module.

This is the power control circuit for CPU VCore, the circuit is responsible for hanging the voltage
12V/2A to  1.5 V and current up to 10A to the CPU level, the circuit includes components such
as  Mosfet , IC oscillator, the filter circuit LC

* AGP or PCI Express slot

AGP and PCI Express slots to add video card, AGP or PCI Express slot north controlled by the chipset.

·        Slot RAM
Memory RAM controlled by the chipset north to add RAM memory, this memory is indispensable
intermediary in a computer system.

·        PCI slot
PCI slot controlled by the chipset south to add the extension Card as Sound Card, net work card  etc..

.  IDE port
 Gateway Chipset IDE by male drivers, the port used to attach IDE drives such as HDD, CDROM,
DVD ...
 See the flash file attached)

The components on the motherboard and the block diagram of the motherboard
 

  2.2 - Block diagram of the motherboard

You click on the word of the components to see notes

Block diagram of the motherboard

 

  POST (Power On Self Test) process and restart the computer test

 The boot process and check the computer's place as soon as you press the switch to open source, when
the screen is not at all at a variety of processes have been implemented by computer program by the BIOS
POST implementation .
 Most of the damage to the motherboard are expressed in at startup, so if you understand the machine's
boot process, you can easily determine the cause of each incident.

The steps in the process of booting the computer (after switch)

1.      Switch, the main source of the supply voltage for the Mainboard of the 12V, 5V and 3.3V
2.       VCore circuit for CPU VRM power and signal VRM_GD (VRM_Good) to the south Chipset
3.       Clock pulse generator circuit (clocking) activities, providing the components on the Main Clock pulse to
operate
4.       When Vcc, Clock IC with pulse-SIO operation.
5.       IC-SIO Reset signal generation to launch men Chipset
6.       Chipset male activities
7.       If the chipset signals VRM_GD male Reset signal generation system
8.      Chipset North activities
9.      North Chipset CPU generated reset signal
10.  CPU operation
11.  CPU signal access for loading ROM BIOS program
12.  Program RAM BIOS memory test
13. Program Card Video BIOS test
14. BIOS to load the configuration stored in CMOS RAM
15. Check the port and the drive in the CMOS setup
16. Run the hard drive and load the operating system from hard disk to RAM

Posts 1 -  Analysis of power management circuit diagram on the Mainboard

    Power controller on the motherboard

1. The components of the circuit.

Controller on the motherboard has power control function switches the source and stability of power

supply voltage for CPU, Chipset, RAM, Video Card and other components.
 The topics we need to understand include:

         - The voltage of the ATX power
         - Circuit power supply voltage for CPU VRM
         - Mach Chipset voltage source
         - Circuit voltage source for RAM
 

2. The ATX power voltage.

ATX power supply has two parts as before (Standby) and the main source (Main Power)

- When we plugged in to AC 220V power
supply, Standby power supply operation down immediately and motherboard voltage
STB 5V voltage circuit will provide startup resources on men and IC Chipset-
SIO (primary source does not work when you do not press the switch)
- When you press the switch => impact on
the startup circuit in southern Chipset => ON P. Chipset given command => passed through IC-
SIO and making trouble leg of P. ON ATX power plug to the pin (P . ON the legs have a
green wire), upon command P. ON (= 0V) => source will operate the main Power.
- The main source of work => Mainboard supply voltages down
to 3.3 V (via the orange wire), 5V (via the red wire), 12V (via the yellow wire),-5V via a
white wire -12V and the
o The black wire: Mass

o The orange wire: 3.3 V

o The red wires: 5V

o The yellow wire: 12V

o purple wires: 5V STB (first level)

o white wire: - 5V

blue color here:-12V

o a green wire: P. ON (open source command)

When P. ON = 0V is the open source
When P. ON> 0V is off the main

o gray wire is pin PG (Power Good - good source report)

The wires the same color have the same voltage, the ATX power them comes from a point, but the
manufacturer is divided into several fibers with the aim to increase the contact area on the plug in Iraq,
while minimizing the problems caused by the fault contact

3.The voltage regulator circuit on the motherboard.

  3.1 - The power supply voltage directly to the components (not the voltage) On the motherboard there
are a number of components used directly from the ATX  power supply to the circuit without any
pressure, it's components:

IC Clock gene (Clock pulse generator) directly using 3.3 V power

Chipset men use direct voltage 3.3 V, 5V and 5V STB
IC-SIO directly using 3.3 V and 5V source STB

 (The components used directly from the ATX power supply or crash when you use poor-quality ATX)

   3.2 - The voltage regulator circuit:

    Other components such as CPU, RAM, Video Card Chipset north and they often run at low voltage so
they have a separate circuit voltage to low voltage from 3.3 V power, 5V or 12V to the power level low
voltage from 1.3 V to 2.5 V.

   a) Circuit VRM (Voltage  Regulator  Module - module voltage):

        VRM is the source for the CPU voltage regulator circuit, this circuit has the function 12V variable
voltage decrease to about 1.5 V and currents up to 2A from about 10A to provide for the CPU
- On the motherboard VRM circuit Pen3 the voltage change from 5V to about 1.7 V supply for the CPU

         b) Regulator _Chipset Circuit (circuit voltage for the chipset)

      - The power supply voltage regulator circuit for the chipset, the Intel chipset's north and south often
use voltage is 1.5 V and VIA generally use Chipset voltage about 3V

         c) Regu_RAM Circuit (circuit voltage for RAM)

      - With audio SDRAM Pentium 3 system using the 3.3 V voltage regulator is not required
      - Thanh DDR voltage using 2.5 V 1.8 V DDR2 and uses DDR3 uses 1.5 V bar so we need a voltage
regulator circuit to reduce voltage to an appropriate voltage.
                                    
                                        You put the mouse pointer on the diagram to see notes

  Power circuit diagram of the motherboard

3.3 - Analysis of power supply circuit diagrams on the Mainboard
- When plugged in, the Standby power on ATX activity => STB 5V supply to the motherboard through
the purple wire of the power Iraq.
- When you press the switch => circuit on the motherboard to boot P. ON = 0V order to control the main
sources of activity, the main source of run => Mainboard to provide the voltage: 3.3 V 5V and 12V, and a
secondary sources
as-5V and-12V
- 3.3 V Power supply directly to the Clock pulse generator IC, Chipset men, BIOS and IC-SIO - while
passing through the circuit voltage drops 1.5 V supply for the chipset (Intel) or 3V finished lower level
for the chipset VIA.
- Source 12V VRM voltage regulator circuit passing down to about 1.5 V supply voltage for the CPU
- Power supply 5V to the chipset and the PCI expansion card, reducing the voltage to 2.5 V through the
voltage regulator circuit to supply power to RAM

 
# Open source activity on the Mainboard
(See the flash file attached)
 The process of power control on the motherboard

Note the source control:

 - When plugged in, Standby power operation before 5V supply voltage for the circuit STB Chipset boot
on male and
   IC-SIO
- When you switch from male Chipset offers open source P. ON command, the command is passed
through the IC-SIO and bring it to the foot of P. ON supplies power to the motherboard Iraq (through the
green wire) to control up to the Main Power source activities.
- The main source for the operating voltage is:
          * 3.3 V - Level directly to the IC as Chipset male, SIO and Clock gene while passing through the
voltage regulator circuit to supply Regu
              The main source for both 1.5 V Chipset
          * Chipset 5V supply directly to the south, and granted to the PCI card expansion
          * 12V for VRM voltage regulator circuit to reduce the pressure to about 1.5 V power supply for
CPU
- If the VRM circuit works well (no problem) it will give the source VCore (1.5 V) for CPU and signal
VRM_GD (VRM_Good) reported male Chipset, this is the signal protection, if any This signal report,
men understood Chipset CPU ready Chipset works and gives a RESET signal to start the machine.

 
# Note the components on the diagram

You click on the parts diagram to see the actual circuit