The New Official K53 Manual (PDFDrive)
The New Official K53 Manual (PDFDrive)
SAIDI was formed in 1977 to be the governing body over driving instructors. It only accepts legally registered
instructors as members who are willing to operate under their code of conduct within their Constitution.
SAIDI sets standards in the industry for the public’s protection and the furthering of defensive driving standards.
Website and membership: www.saidi.co.za
AN IMPORTANT MESSAGE
• Holding a driving licence is a privilege, not a right. The K53 tests evaluate your knowledge and driving ability. They do not evaluate
your sense of responsibility or your state of mind. That is up to you. Are you really ready to do what it takes?
• Just as a firearm can be lethal in the hands of a licenced yet careless gun owner, so too can a motor vehicle. You need to be as
mindful and as cautious when driving as you would need to be when handling and using a firearm, because both of them have the
ability to injure or kill you as well as other people.
• When you accept the privilege of holding a driving licence, you also accept extra personal responsibilities:
• You will obey the traffic laws and apply the K53 defensive driving methodologies throughout your driving career;
• You will constantly stay focused and concentrate on the task of driving whenever you are operating the vehicle;
• You will at all times apply common-sense and courteous behaviour when you are behind the wheel, or sitting astride a motorcycle.
• By continuing to apply what you have learnt in this manual and through driving lessons, and by remaining calm, clear-thinking and
sober, you will be doing most of what is required to prevent yourself, and those around you, from becoming another road casualty.
• The South African traffic laws and regulations, as set out in the National Road Traffic Act and Regulations, must be obeyed. Like any
other laws, traffic laws must be obeyed.
• Under the new demerit system (AARTO), your driving licence can be suspended, or even cancelled entirely, if you do not obey these
laws and regulations. You can also be sent to jail and, for major offences, you could incur a permanent criminal record as well.
• Speed limits are there for a reason. Modern vehicles are tested for safety at a speed of only 30 km/h. If you think that you can
withstand an impact at higher speeds, you are fooling yourself.
• The sudden stop or impact in a collision is what kills. So, obviously, the faster you are going when this happens, the bigger the mess
that will result – perhaps terrible life-maiming injury or even death. Remember, your brain continues to travel forwards when your
vehicle stops. This can cause brain damage.
• The K53 driving licence test is based on a standard that has been validated over many years in many countries, and found to be
excellent. It is not just a simple test of your ability to handle a motor vehicle or motorcycle. It is far more than that. It is something that
you must practise always.
• You can no longer rely on family or friends to teach you to drive. With K53, only a qualified driving instructor has the knowledge and
experience that is needed to teach the detailed defensive driving procedures you must use during the test, and always when driving
once you have a licence. In fact, moves are afoot to have it legislated that South African learner drivers must be taught by a qualified
driving instructor before they can do the official test.
• We urge you to invest the money needed for driving lessons and training, even if it does seem to be yet another cost for the privilege
of becoming a licenced driver. Investing in driving lessons is a lifetime investment in your safety and your family’s safety, and is far
better than having to re-do the test several times, at extra cost and inconvenience, or having to spend money on repairing your vehicle
or yourself, or to pay for a funeral after you have had a collision.
• When it comes to learning to drive, be smart. Book lessons with a qualified driving instructor, preferably someone who is registered
with the Southern African Institute of Driving Instructors (SAIDI), see above.
• If you are learning to ride a motorcycle, you should be tutored by a qualified motorcycle instructor.
• Just remember that if you decide to engage in corrupt and illegal activities and ‘buy’ your driving licence, you are only fooling yourself.
Don’t fool yourself – INABILITY KILLS. The victim could be you or someone else, perhaps even a loved one.
THE NEW OFFICIAL
MANUAL
Practice may be with a friend or family member, but these people often teach their own bad habits through
lack of understanding of the correct methods. They are certainly no substitute for lessons with
an accredited instructor.
O VERV IEW 5
How will I be tested?
The official theory test consists of a number of questions for which you must choose the correct
answers from several options. This is called a multiple-choice test. At some testing centres you are
able to perform the test using a computer, otherwise it is a pen-and-paper test. When you call your
local traffic department to arrange a booking for your test, ask them whether they use computers
or test books.
For the pen-and-paper test you will be given a book of questions, an answer sheet, a chart of road
signs and a book showing various road layouts as well as pictures of the controls of a vehicle.
The examiner will explain how the test is to be conducted and which sections you must answer,
depending on which class of vehicle you wish to drive once you have qualified. Make sure you listen
very carefully to the instructions. If you’re not sure about any aspect of the testing procedure, don’t
be shy to ask. There will probably be other people who need clarification too and your question to the
examiner could help those candidates as well. Note, however, that once the test has commenced you
may not ask questions without putting your hand up and asking the examiner quietly when he/she
comes to you.
Note: The allocation of questions between the various sections may change from time to time, as well as
the required pass marks.
Note: You may not ask the examiner to clarify any question for you.
Note: Although the layout of the various controls may be different on different makes and models of vehicles,
their functions and purpose remain the same.
Combining the use of vehicle controls (Automatic vehicles do not have a clutch)
TO DO THIS USE THESE CONTROLS (Listed in action sequence) REF. NUMBERS
Check if it is safe to manoeuvre Mirrors 1, 3
Indicate your intention to change Indicator 5
direction or turn
Turn or change direction Steering wheel 4
Ensure the parked vehicle remains Parking brake 7
stationary
Select a gear Clutch and gear lever 6, 8
Increase speed (accelerate) Accelerator 10
Stop or reduce speed suddenly Footbrake 9
Negotiate a sharp turn Rear-view mirrors, exterior mirror, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8,
indicator, footbrake, clutch, gear lever, steering 9, and 10
wheel, accelerator
C O N T R O L S O F T H E V EH ICL E 7
Motorcycle controls
MIRROR
HANDLEBARS ACCELERATOR
To steer in a particular direction. To increase or
Keep both hands on the handle- decrease speed
bars except to give a hand signal
INDICATOR
To signal your
intention
to turn BRAKE PEDAL
To control speed
GEAR LEVER
To select gears
If you see a potential hazard, determine its nature, e.g. stationary/moving vehicle,
IDENTIFY
pedestrian, or animal.
Determine the nature of the possible danger the hazard might pose, e.g. could it move into
PREDICT
your path, possibly requiring you to brake/stop?
Decide on what actions you will take according to the risks involved, e.g. slow down, steer to
DECIDE
the side, stop quickly, hoot.
EXECUTE Perform the action/s you have decided on in a calm, controlled and decisive manner.
D E F E N S I V E D R I V I N G T H E K5 3 WAY 9
Use the mirrors correctly
Ensure that the rear-view mirrors are correctly adjusted so that you have a clear view behind
your vehicle.
If you need to adjust the mirror/s, do this only while the vehicle is stationary.
Glance in the mirrors every 5 to 8 seconds and only for long enough to check the situation behind you,
i.e. don’t keep your eyes off the road ahead longer than is absolutely necessary.
Whenever you approach a potential hazard, check in the mirrors in case you need to signal a change in
direction, e.g. to change lanes or swerve.
Before moving off from a stationary position, first gain clutch control, i.e. have the vehicle in gear with
the clutch pedal released slightly, to the point where the clutch ‘takes’, before you look in the mirrors.
D E F E N S I V E D R I V I N G T H E K5 3 WAY 11
4 Road signs overview
You must know the meanings of the various road signs, traffic signals and road surface markings, and how to
respond to them when you see them on the road. Study this overview well and you will more easily understand
and remember all the road signs, signals and road markings detailed in the pages that follow.
Sign groupings
There are various groups of road signs and each group conveys a different kind of message:
Symbols
The following symbols may appear on regulatory and warning road signs, with the background and
sign shape varying according to the sign the symbol is on. To know the meaning of all the signs it is
necessary to know what these symbols represent.
In the examples that follow, some of the symbols are shown as they appear on red-bordered Selective
Restriction Signs; these are supplementary plates that accompany a regulatory sign to indicate that the
main sign applies only in respect of the item(s) depicted on the supplementary sign. Other symbols are
found on road signs themselves. There are many more symbols used, mainly related to guidance and
directions signs, and these are covered in their respective sections.
Tour bus High occupancy Abnormal vehicle Handicapped person Delivery vehicle Goods vehicle
vehicle vehicle
Goods vehicle + GVM Construction vehicle Dangerous goods Diplomatic corps Ambulance Police
vehicle
Pedestrian Horses and riders Toll road Alternate route Gate Headlights
The various road signs, signals and surface markings are detailed in the pages that follow, along with
study questions to help you learn their meanings.
R O A D S I G N S O VERV IEW 13
5 Regulatory signs
Regulatory signs are used to control the actions of drivers and traffic flow. They include traffic flow control signs
that regulate the movement of traffic, command signs that tell you what to do, and also prohibition signs that
indicate what is not allowed. It is an offence to disobey any of these signs. If you do so, you can be fined. There
are temporary versions for some of these signs and they have yellow, red and black colour combinations.
Regulatory signs are grouped as follows, according to their message and purpose:
Stop. Come to a complete halt Stop/Go. This is a manually 3-way Stop. Stop in line with
in line with the Stop sign, or operated sign, with the word the Stop sign or before the
before the Stop line. Remain STOP on one side and GO on Stop line. Proceed only after all
stationary, and move off only the other. Stop when necessary vehicles that arrived before you
when it is safe to do so. and proceed cautiously when at the other two Stop lines have
GO is displayed. moved off.
4-way Stop. Stop in line with Yield. Give way to all Stop/Yield. If proceeding
the Stop sign or before the cross-traffic as well as straight ahead, or if turning
Stop line. Proceed only after pedestrians crossing or waiting right, stop in line with the Stop
all vehicles that arrived before to cross your path, and any sign or before the painted white
you at the other three Stop trains close enough to be a Stop line. You may turn left
lines have moved off. potential danger. If necessary, without stopping if it is safe to
stop before the white Yield line do so. Give way to any cross-
painted on the road surface. traffic and pedestrians. If you
need to stop, do so before the
painted white line.
Yield at mini-circle. Slow down Yield to pedestrians. Give Pedestrian priority. Area set
and give way to other vehicles way to any pedestrians on or aside for pedestrians. Only
that cross any Yield line before about to enter the pedestrian delivery, maintenance or
you do. Proceed in a clockwise crossing on your side of the emergency vehicles may drive
direction around the painted road. here, and must not exceed
island, without driving on it. 15 km/h and must give way
to pedestrians.
Yield to oncoming traffic. Give No entry. No vehicles may One-way right. This is a one-
way to oncoming vehicles on enter this road at any time. way road. Drive only in the
this roadway. Proceed when it direction of the arrow.
is safe to do so.
You must You must pay a You must travel You must pass to You must proceed You must turn in You must obey
switch on your toll on this road at this speed the side indicated only in the the direction of traffic circle rules
headlights now. or take another or faster. by the angled direction of the arrow at the at the roundabout
route. arrow. the arrow. next junction. (see page 54).
The class of road user indicated must use this part of the roadway only, and other road users may not:
Taxis must use Buses and mini- Vehicles exceeding Goods vehicles Goods vehicles Pedestrians must Cyclists (left) and
only this part buses must use GVM shown must exceeding GVM must use only use only this part pedestrians (right)
of the roadway. only this part use only this part shown must use this part of the of the roadway. must use only
No other road of the roadway. of the roadway. only this part of the roadway. No other No other road this part of the
users may. No other road No other road roadway. No other road users may. users may. roadway. No other
users may. users may. road users may. road users may.
No left turn here. No right turn here. No left turn at the No right turn at No U-turn here. No stopping No parking.
next junction or the next junction (temporary sign).
entrance. (temporary sign).
No overtaking by No overtaking by No hooting or No hitch-hiking or No access to the No hawker trading No access to the
any vehicle goods vehicles for any loud noise for stopping for hitch- class of vehicle for 75 m before class of road
for 500 m next 500 m. next 100 m. hikers for next shown on the sign and after sign. user shown on
(temporary sign). 500 m. (temporary sign). the sign.
R E G U L AT O RY SIGNS 15
Reservation signs: to reserve lanes, roadways (R) or
parking areas (P)
These rectangular blue and white signs tell you that a particular
lane, portion of the roadway or parking area is reserved for the use
of a specific class of vehicle only. Other classes of road users may
not use that portion of the road or parking area. Reservation signs
for roadways show the letter R below the road user symbol. Those
for parking areas show the letter P above the road user symbol.
Temporary versions of the signs are yellow and black. Reservation
signs may display any one or more of the road user symbols. Here are some examples:
The lane on the The curved yellow The lane on the The lane on the The lane on the This stop zone This portion of
left of the yellow line indicates the right of the yellow left of the yellow right of the yellow is reserved for the roadway
line is reserved start of a lane line is reserved line is reserved line is reserved the exclusive is temporarily
for the exclusive reserved for the for the exclusive for the exclusive for the exclusive use of the class reserved for the
use of the class of exclusive use use of the class of use of authorized use of authorized of vehicle and exclusive use
vehicle indicated, of the class of vehicle indicated. public transport public transport organization of the class of
in this case buses. vehicle indicated. vehicles. vehicles. shown by the vehicle indicated.
symbol and logo.
This area is This area is Parking here is This area is tempo- This area is This area is This area is
reserved for reserved for reserved for a rarily reserved reserved for reserved for reserved for
parking. parking by the vehicle carrying for parking by the parking by parking, up to parking by police
class of vehicle people with class of vehicle authorized a maximum of vehicles.
shown. disabilities. shown. vehicles. 60 minutes.
Maximum speed Temporary height Gross vehicle Width limit Length of vehicle Gross axle mass Access tempo-
limit allowed limit allowed, mass limit allowed limit allowed, load limit allowed rarily limited
including load allowed including trailers to authorized
and antenna and projections vehicles only
End of toll road You no longer Vehicle mass End of lane use End of dual- End of single- End of residential
need to drive with restriction no reservation and all carriage freeway carriage freeway area and rules for
your headlights longer applies vehicles may now and freeway rules and freeway rules a residential area
switched on use this lane no longer apply no longer apply no longer apply
R E G U L AT O RY SIGNS 17
Selective restriction regulatory signs: to apply the rules selectively
These signs are displayed beneath other regulatory signs to indicate that the regulatory sign applies
only at a particular time, or to vehicles travelling in a particular direction, or to certain classes of vehicles,
or under certain conditions. The colours of these secondary signs will be the same as the regulatory sign
they govern. Here are some examples:
Applies during the Applies during the Applies on the Applies on the Applies for the Applies during Applies at night
times shown times shown days and during days and during period and during daytime only only
the times shown the times shown the times shown
Applies only when Applies only to Maximum of Parking only Applies only Local access is Applies for the
proceeding left mini-buses 15 vehicles if you pay the to this vehicle also allowed next 5 km
parking fee operator
60-min parking U-turn prohibited Turn right at the Speed limit of No right turn by Goods vehicles Overtaking
area requiring a at night next junction 60 km/h applies to buses allowed at must travel at prohibited for the
parking fee during these motorcycles only the next junction 50 km/h or faster next 12 km
times
Notes:
(a) Traffic signals must be obeyed at all times, and the signals of a traffic officer overrule any other road
signs or signals that may be present.
(b) Sometimes a lane is temporarily ‘borrowed’ from the other side of the road to assist traffic on the
busy side to be cleared more effectively. Above that ‘borrowed’ lane a green arrow would be
displayed. A red cross would be shown to traffic from the opposite direction.
Steady red man. Pedestrians Flashing red man. The steady Steady green man. Pedestrians
must wait on the sidewalk and red man is about to be may cross the road within the
may cross only when the green displayed. Pedestrians must markings. Drivers must give
man light is displayed. wait for the steady green man way to pedestrians crossing
signal before starting to cross. within the markings.
Those already crossing should
do so quickly.
Flashing red arrow left. Stop Flashing green arrow. Proceed Steady yellow arrow. Stop before
before the white line. You may in the direction of the arrow, the white Stop line and wait
then proceed left even though irrespective of other light for a green arrow signal before
there is a steady red disc signal, signals, but give way to proceeding in the direction of
but give way to all vehicles and pedestrians and vehicles still the green arrow, and give way to
pedestrians for whom a green crossing the intersection. any pedestrians and vehicles still
light signal is displayed. crossing the intersection.
Steady green arrow. Proceed Pedal cyclist signals. These Direction arrows: Sometimes
in the direction of the green have the same rules as the direction arrow is on a board
arrow, but give way to any pedestrian signals, but apply above a solid traffic signal that
pedestrians and vehicles still to pedal cyclists instead. it appears with, instead of in the
crossing the intersection. light itself.
Flashing red signal light. Stop Flashing yellow signal light. Overhead signals (Next Row):
before the signal and proceed Warns of a hazard or regulatory Sometimes a lane is temporarily
only when it is safe to do so. sign ahead. Slow down and ‘borrowed’ from the other side of
Examples shown here are for a proceed with caution. Obey any the road to speed up traffic flow on
railway crossing Stop. regulatory signs. a busy side of the road. A red cross
would be shown to traffic from the
opposite direction in that lane.
Overhead steady green arrow. Overhead steady red cross. You Overhead steady yellow arrow.
You may drive in the lane over may not drive in the lane over The lane ahead is closed.
which the signal is displayed. which the signal is displayed. Move into the next lane in the
direction of the arrow, as soon
as it is safe to do so.
Stop hand signal for traffic Stop hand signal for traffic Stop hand signal for traffic
approaching from the front. approaching from behind approaching from the front and
Stop and remain stationary the officer. Stop and remain the back of the officer. Stop and
until signalled to proceed. stationary until signalled to remain stationary until signalled
proceed. to proceed.
Proceed. Traffic facing the Proceed. Traffic facing the Stop. Stop and remain
officer’s front may proceed. officer’s front may proceed. stationary until signalled to
proceed.
R E G U L AT O RY SIGNS 19
Regulatory signs: questions and answers
Here is an opportunity to gain a better understanding of the signs already explained, by means of the questions
and explanations that follow. For each item, cover the correct answer section, then read the question and choose
what you think is the correct answer from the three choices given. Next, check your answer against the correct
answer given, and read the explanation to gain a fuller understanding. (This system of knowledge reinforcement
applies to all sections of this book.)
How should you respond to this sign? Which statement is correct in respect
F Stop and proceed only when every of this sign?
vehicle that has stopped at a Stop F There is a dangerous hazard
line in the intersection before beyond the sign.
you has proceeded through the F You must give way to pedestrians
intersection. and cross-traffic at the
F Stop and proceed if you feel it is intersection.
safe to do so. F You have right of way.
F Stop and then proceed as soon as
you can. CORRECT ANSWER
You must give way to pedestrians and cross-
CORRECT ANSWER traffic at the intersection.
Stop and proceed only when every vehicle that You must yield right of way at the sign or
has stopped at a Stop line in the intersection marking to all traffic already on the road that you
before you has proceeded through the are approaching. You must yield right of way to
intersection. any rail traffic on the railway line crossed by the
This applies also to a 3-way stop. Do not proceed road on which you are travelling.
unless it is safe to do so.
CORRECT ANSWER
Both of these.
If you intend proceeding straight ahead, stop as for a Stop sign.
If you intend turning left at the intersection, you may do so
without stopping but you must yield right of way to traffic
approaching from the right, and to any pedestrians crossing
in front of you.
What is the meaning of this sign? How should a driver respond to this marking?
F Only delivery, maintenance or F Stop within the zig-zag zone.
emergency vehicles are permitted F Use the area for overtaking.
to drive or park here. F Yield right of way to pedestrians
F Yield to pedestrians and do not on the crossing.
exceed 15 km/h.
F Both of these.
CORRECT ANSWER
Slow down and give way to traffic that will cross any Yield
line before you.
You must yield right of way to any vehicles in the traffic circle
that will cross a Yield line in the intersection before you and
that will cross your path.
R E G U L AT O RY SIGNS 21
Which statement is correct in respect CORRECT ANSWER
of this sign? Switch on the main lights and ensure that the
F Switch on the main lights and ensure beam is dipped.
that the beam is dipped. This sign is usually found before the entrance to a
F Switch on the parking lights now. dark tunnel.
F Are the headlights on?
CORRECT ANSWER
Both of these.
Stop and check for traffic approaching from the right. If it is
safe to do so, you may proceed in the direction of the arrow,
but give way to pedestrians in the intersection. If you intend
proceeding through the intersection you must stop and wait
for a green light before doing so.
CORRECT ANSWER
Both of these.
You must give way to approaching traffic and do not proceed
unless it is safe to do so.
R E G U L AT O RY SIGNS 23
What is the meaning of this road sign?
F Do not stop here for the next 75 metres.
F No skateboarding allowed here and for the next 100 metres.
F No speeding permitted for the next 500 metres.
CORRECT ANSWER
Do not stop here for the next 75 metres.
This sign prohibits stopping on any portion of the roadway or shoulder of a public road where the sign is
displayed, and for 75 metres beyond the sign. A red No Stopping line applies for the full distance of the painted
marking, whether or not it is accompanied by the sign. A broken line applies during the times indicated on an
accompanying road sign.
CORRECT ANSWER
Do not overtake for 500 m beyond the sign.
The sign is valid for 500 m and indicates that you may not overtake another vehicle for 500 m beyond the sign.
There may be warning markings on the road surface before the sign (see above right) to indicate that you are
approaching a section of he road where overtaking is prohibited.
CORRECT ANSWER
To extend or limit a sign’s meaning.
These signs are displayed with regulatory signs to indicate that the regulatory sign applies only during
the time or period indicated, or for a certain distance, or to the class of vehicle depicted on the sign.
CORRECT ANSWER
Both of these.
The maximum speed limit in this area is 30 km/h. You may
not drive through this area without stopping to break your
journey. Vehicles with a gross mass of 3 500 kg or more, or
vehicles with 10 or more passenger seats, may not drive
through this area unless it is for loading or offloading.
CORRECT ANSWER
Do not cross the solid line in order to overtake.
No part of the vehicle may cross a solid white no-overtaking line except to gain access to or from land on the
opposite side of the marking, or to pass a stationary obstruction in the roadway, provided it is safe to do so.
R E G U L AT O RY SIGNS 25
6 Warning signs
Warning signs indicate potential dangers or hazards that you may come across on the road ahead. They
are usually found some distance before the hazard to allow you plenty of time to react. The signs are white
triangles with a red border and black message symbol or word. Temporary versions of the signs have a yellow
background.
When you encounter a warning sign, look out for any Stop, Yield or other regulatory signs that may be displayed.
Reduce speed and proceed with caution and be prepared to take evasive action. In the signs below, an asterisk
(*) with the explanatory text means that the sign can be towards the left or the right.
Hazard marker plates are rectangular red and white plates (or red and yellow for temporary versions) that are
positioned at the hazard itself, for example, on a sharp bend or at an obstruction on or at the edge of the road.
*Motor gate ahead with cattle Gate, railway boom or barrier Tunnel ahead. Switch your
grid. Pass on the side of the ahead headlights on and don’t
cattle grid overtake
Steep downhill ahead. Change Steep uphill ahead. You may Slow-moving vehicles ahead
to a lower gear if necessary not cross a No Overtaking line
to overtake a slow-moving
vehicle
Railway crossing ahead. Obey Tarred road becomes a gravel Gravel road becomes a tarred
any traffic control signals at the road ahead, with loose stones road ahead
crossing that can damage windscreens
and paintwork
Temporary uneven, potholed, Speed humps ahead. Slow Road ahead narrows from both
or bumpy road surface ahead down and obey any speed limit sides. Keep well to the left
sign
*Road ahead narrows from one Road narrows at a bridge Slippery road ahead, especially
side. Keep well to the left ahead. Slow down and when wet. Drive with caution
approach with caution
*Falling rocks ahead, especially General warning sign, usually Jetty edge or river bank ahead,
after rain with an explanatory plate close to the road
beneath it
Water crosses the road at a Reduced visibility can be Structure ahead that is less than
drift ahead. Go very slowly and expected ahead (e.g. frequent 5 m wide, e.g. bridge
test the brakes afterwards mist)
Overhead electric cables ahead Temporary reduced visibility Surface step in the road surface
could endanger high vehicles/ ahead (e.g. smoke, dust) ahead (temporary version)
antennae
Loose stones on road surface Soft shoulder at road’s edge There may be traffic congestion
ahead (temporary version) ahead (temporary version) on the roadway ahead
Traffic lights Stop sign ahead. Yield sign ahead. Traffic control Scholar patrol Police activity Traffic lights out
ahead. You may Slow down and Slow down and be officer ahead. ahead. Slow down ahead. Slow down of order ahead.
have to stop at prepare to stop. prepared to give Slow down and be and be prepared and be prepared Approach the
a yellow or way or stop. prepared to give to stop. to stop. junction with
red light. way or stop. extreme caution.
Hairpin bend ahead to the right Hairpin bend ahead to the left *Winding road ahead, starting
to the right
Two combined sharp bends Two combined sharp bends Two-way traffic flow ahead.
ahead, starting to the left ahead, starting to the right Keep to the left
Two-way traffic on the *Right-hand lane ends ahead Concealed driveway ahead,
crossroad ahead from the right
Concealed driveway ahead, Concealed driveways ahead, Traffic circle ahead (mini-circle
from the left from both sides or roundabout)
WA R N I NG SIGNS 27
Road layout changes ahead
These signs warn of changes in the road layout ahead. Approach
with caution according to the situation, and obey any regulatory
signs that follow the warning sign.
Crossroad ahead Priority road Secondary road T-junction ahead *Skew T-junction *Side road *Staggered
with secondary with priority ahead junction ahead junctions ahead
crossroad ahead crossroad ahead
*Sharp junction *Sharp junction Y-junction ahead *The one-way Dual road starts Dual road starts
ahead ahead dual road changes ahead, with one- ahead, with one-
to a single road way traffic on way traffic on
ahead, with two- each roadway each roadway
way traffic
Marked pedestrian Pedestrians Children ahead Cyclists ahead Horses and riders Horses ahead Cattle ahead
crossing ahead ahead ahead
Sheep ahead Wild animals Warthogs ahead Elephants ahead Hippos ahead Trams ahead Agricultural
ahead vehicles ahead
Road works ahead Grader working *Construction Accident ahead Traffic congestion
ahead vehicles entering ahead
or crossing the
road ahead
*Danger plate. *Marks the place *Marks the place Danger plate. Marks the position Marks the position Railway crossing.
Pass the hazard and direction of and direction of Marks the position of a separation in of a separation in Extra lower plate
on the side a sharp bend in a sharp bend in of an overhead the road (e.g. at a the road (e.g. at a indicates two
to which the the road. the road. structure across freeway exit). freeway exit). or more railway
arrowhead points. the road. lines.
Outward-pointing arrows Inward-pointing arrows indicate The two red and three yellow The red and white stripes
indicate where the road ends at that the road ends at this point stripes indicate that the roadway indicate a boom control. Access
a T-junction and you must turn and does not continue beyond beyond the barricade is is allowed only when the boom
either left or right. the plate. You must turn back. temporarily closed to all traffic. is raised.
Use an alternative route or lane.
WA R N I NG SIGNS 29
Warning signs: questions and answers
CORRECT ANSWER
Both of these.
This sign warns of a T-junction in the road ahead where the
driver will have to make a sharp turn to the left or right.
Look out for and obey any regulatory signs displayed in
conjunction with this sign.
What is the meaning of this sign/marking? Where should you expect to find this sign?
F You are approaching an F At the end of a freeway.
intersection where you may be F Where a two-way road will
required to yield right of way to become a dual roadway ahead
other traffic. with traffic moving in one
F There is double danger on the direction only.
road ahead. F As you approach a fork in the road.
F There is a Warning sign ahead.
CORRECT ANSWER
CORRECT ANSWER Where a two-way road will become a dual
You are approaching an intersection where you may roadway ahead with traffic moving in one
be required to yield right of way to other traffic. direction only.
This sign is found on the approach to an The two-way road that you are travelling on
intersection that is controlled by a Yield sign. becomes a dual roadway ahead with traffic
Reduce speed and prepare to stop or give way moving in one direction on each roadway. Keep
to other traffic already in the intersection or to the left and use the right hand side of the
approaching it from either side. roadway for overtaking.
CORRECT ANSWER
Keep as far to the left as possible.
The one-way road that you are travelling on becomes a two-
way road ahead with traffic moving in two directions. Keep to
the left of your half of the roadway.
How should a driver react to this sign? Where should you expect to find this sign?
F Look out for an airport. F Ahead of where there are
F Look out for crop-spraying aircraft two curves in the road, in the
in the area. directions as indicated by the
F Be prepared for possible strong arrow.
crosswinds ahead. F Where the road ahead passes
over a hill.
CORRECT ANSWER F Neither of these.
Be prepared for possible strong crosswinds
ahead. CORRECT ANSWER
The sign is found in areas subjected to high Ahead of where there are two curves in the road,
crosswinds that may destabilize your vehicle. in the directions as indicated by the arrow.
Reduce speed and drive carefully. Hold firmly Reduce speed and drive carefully through the
onto the steering wheel and be prepared for the curves. Observe any recommended speed.
vehicle to be buffeted by the wind.
WA R N I NG SIGNS 31
What is the meaning of this sign? Where should you expect to find these signs?
F You are approaching a crossroad F Where there is a sharp turn in the
that has two-way traffic travelling road ahead.
across the intersection. F Just before a lane in a multi-lane
F Turn left or right ahead. road comes to an end on the side
F Neither of these. shown by the arrow.
F Where another lane joins the road
CORRECT ANSWER you are on.
You are approaching a crossroad that has two-
way traffic travelling across the intersection. CORRECT ANSWER
This sign warns that on the crossroad you are Just before a lane in a multi-lane road comes
approaching there may be traffic approaching to an end on the side shown by the arrow.
the intersection from either the left or the right. If you’re travelling in that lane, check the
Reduce speed and look out for cross-traffic from blindspot to the side indicated by the arrow,
both sides, and obey any regulatory signs that indicate to that side, and steer your vehicle into
may be displayed in the vicinity. the next lane if it is safe to do so. Adjust your
speed accordingly. If you’re in the adjacent lane,
look out for vehicles wanting to merge into the
lane you’re travelling in.
CORRECT ANSWER
Both of these.
This sign warns that the road ahead winds to the left and the
right for a distance, usually indicated on a supplementary
plate. The symbol indicates the direction of the first bend
in the road. Reduce speed and drive carefully through the
curves. Observe any recommended speed. Look out for
pedestrians and for other vehicles that may be travelling
too fast for the situation.
CORRECT ANSWER
Prepare to stop and turn back.
How should a driver react to this sign? This sign indicates that the road does not continue
F Check in the blind spots for any overtaking traffic. beyond the sign. You will notice that the arrowheads
F Get ready to change lanes. point to the middle of the sign. Reduce speed and
F Prepare to stop and turn back. obey any regulatory signs that might be displayed
nearby. You will need to use an alternative route.
How should a driver react to this sign? What is the meaning of this sign?
F No particular reaction. F There is a traffic-calming hump in
F Look out for children and the the road ahead.
elderly. F Uneven road surface ahead.
F Slow down and prepare to stop. F Pedestrian crossing ahead.
CORRECT ANSWER
Slow down and prepare to stop. CORRECT ANSWER
This sign is found on the approach to an There is a traffic-calming hump in the road
intersection that is controlled by a Stop sign. ahead.
Reduce speed and prepare to stop. This sign warns of traffic-calming measures in
place. The surface marking indicates the position
of the speed hump. Reduce speed considerably
before you pass over the hump. If you don’t, your
vehicle may be damaged.
CORRECT ANSWER
Keep to the left.
This sign warns that the roadway ahead carries traffic
travelling in both directions. Move to the left of your half of
the roadway and look out for oncoming vehicles that might
be travelling on the wrong side of the road by mistake.
WA R N I NG SIGNS 33
How should a driver react to this sign? Where should you expect to find this sign?
F Give way to oncoming vehicles F Ahead of a public road works.
already on the structure. F On the approach to a quarry.
F Increase speed and switch on the F On a mountain pass, where there
hazard warning lights. may be rocks on or falling onto
F Neither of these. the road.
CORRECT ANSWER
It is used to draw attention to a hazard on the road ahead.
This sign is used to draw attention to a hazard on or in the
road ahead, and is usually accompanied by a supplementary
plate indicating the nature of the hazard, e.g. potholes,
no painted road markings, expansion joints on a freeway
(particularly hazardous to motorcycles). Reduce speed and
drive very carefully. A hazard can cause a crash or cost you a
tyre and a wheel rim.
High-speed freeway exit Temporary high-speed No through-road No through-road to the Priority road. The road
countdown signs. Each exit countdown sign. ahead, as indicated by left (or right), as indicated you are travelling on
white bar represents Example shown: 300 m the red bar. by the red bar. has priority at the
100 m to the exit. to the exit. junction ahead.
At the speed shown, The traffic lights do Park-and-ride point. You Modal transfer. At this Information centre
the traffic lights at each not change simply from can park your car here and point you can change where you can obtain
junction ahead are red to green, but have take a train for the next your mode of transport, information about the
synchronized to display more phases to allow leg of your journey. e.g. from car to train or local area, directions,
the same signal. vehicles to turn against from train to bus. and so on.
oncoming traffic.
Goods vehicle Recommended speed For the next 12 km For the next 5 km 200 m ahead
I N F O R MAT I ON SIGNS 35
How should a driver react to this sign? Where would you find this sign?
F If you want to leave the freeway, F 2 km before a high-speed exit
indicate your intention and from a freeway.
maintain your speed. F 200 m before a high-speed exit on
F Slow down and look out for road a freeway.
works. F On the approach to road works.
F Look out for hitchhikers.
CORRECT ANSWER
CORRECT ANSWER 200 m before a high-speed exit from a freeway.
If you want to leave the freeway, indicate your This sign indicates that there is a high-speed
intention and maintain your speed. exit from the freeway about 200 m ahead. If you
This sign indicates that there is a high-speed intend leaving the freeway at that exit, you must
exit from the freeway about 300 m ahead. If you indicate your intention to move into the left lane
intend leaving the freeway at that exit, you must and take the off-ramp left. Maintain your speed
indicate your intention to move into the left lane until you are on the off-ramp, then slow down.
and take the off-ramp left. Maintain your speed
until you are on the off-ramp, then slow down.
What is the meaning of this sign? What is the meaning of this sign?
F There is a high-speed exit from F The traffic approaching this sign
this road 100 m ahead. has right of way at the junction.
F There is a traffic-calming hump in F Slow down and look out for
the road ahead. vehicles entering the road ahead.
F There is a steep downhill to the F You are approaching a diamond
right ahead. producing area.
What is the message conveyed by this sign? How should a driver respond to this sign?
F There is a tuck-shop on the road F Switch on the hazard warning lights.
ahead. F Change gear.
F There is an information kiosk or F Slow down and drive with
notice board here. caution. Look out for pedestrians.
F Look out for small children
running on the side of the road. CORRECT ANSWER
Slow down and drive with caution. Look out
CORRECT ANSWER for pedestrians.
There is an information kiosk or notice board here. This sign indicates that temporary research or
This sign indicates the presence of an information an experiment is being carried out on the road
kiosk or notice board where travel information can ahead. Reduce speed and drive carefully past the
be obtained. experiment.
I N F O R MAT I ON SIGNS 37
8 Guidance signs
These signs give guidance regarding the route, and include, for example, distances and directions to destinations
and public facilities, as well as traffic lane situations ahead. There are essentially five colour combinations on
these rectangular-shaped signs:
Guidance signs for Guidance signs for other Tourist guidance signs: Diagrammatic lane Local direction signs:
freeways: white/yellow roads: white/yellow on a white/yellow on a brown guidance: red/black on black on white signs within
on a blue board. green board. board. a white board. a town or city.
River name Toll road name End of toll road Dual-carriage Single-carriage Interchange name Conservancy
symbol symbol name symbol freeway name freeway name symbol name symbol
symbol symbol
Railway Bus terminus Airport Freeway Power station Industrial area Shopping
station centre
City centre/CBD Toll route Alternative route Detour Mine Harbour Heliport
direction
Toll plaza Border/customs Freeway route Metro route Regional route National route SADC route
post number number south number number number
Business centre Shopping Railway Airport Bus station Mini-bus rank Harbour Parking
centre station area
Parking Mine Information Post office Industrial area Dump site Produce market Conference
garage centre facilities
Generic Generic Theatre Amphitheatre National park Hiking trail Horse trail 4x4 trail Bike trail
national park cultural
River Scuba Ballooning Namibian Generic Wine cellar Wine route/ Showground Cherry farm
rafting diving national park farming estate
G U I D A N CE SIGNS 39
Ostrich farm Ostrich farm Fish farm Butterfly farm Animal Generic Gauteng Free State Western Cape
and riding theme park provincial provincial provincial provincial
park park park park
KwaZulu- Generic Country golf Hot springs Inland Seaside/ Berg/ Berg/ Nature
Natal resorts club water beach mountain mountain reserve
provincial
park
Forest Scenic route National Botanical Gardens Waterfall Lake/dam (no Caves View point
reserve heritage site gardens (flowers) watersport
allowed)
Natural forest Motor Horse Equestrian Fishing Cricket field Swimming Sports Wildlife
racing track racecourse events pool stadium
Conservancy Game Bird park/ Zoo Snake park Crocodile Rhino park Lion park Historical
area reserve sanctuary park place
Namibian National Museum Historic mine Historic Historic Historic Geological Coastal
national monument railway battlefield cemetery site tourist
monument station attractions
Marine Oceanarium Maritime Aquarium Whales Dolphins Lighthouse Dockyard Boat launch
reserve museum
Coastal Arts & crafts Painting and Pottery Jewellery Weaving and Leatherwork African arts Woodwork
fishing drawing knitting and crafts
Metalwork Telephone Emergency Namibian RSA police Police Hospital First aid post SOS call
cellphone police station sign
number
NSRI Ambulance/ Fire station/ Filling Filling Workshop Tow-in Truck rest & Restaurant
medical services station and station service service area
service workshop
Fireplace Cooking Picnic area Tourist Facility for the Rest area Rest area Rest area Motorcars
facilities information handicapped Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
Caravans Buses Trucks Delivery Motorcycles Accom- Guest farm Ethnic (Zulu) Chalet/self-
vehicles modation catering
(hotels,
inns, etc.)
Camping site Guest house Bed & Bed Youth hostel/ Trail shelter Straight on To the right Diagonally to
Breakfast (rooms only) centre/camp the right*
To the right Exit route Parking area Car wash Truck wash
ahead* number
G U I D A N CE SIGNS 41
Diagrammatic signs
These signs give guidance in respect of the layout or use of traffic lanes ahead.
Symbols used on these signs:
Traffic lane Sign relates to Lane obstruction Arrester bed Change down to
the lane below a lower gear
What information do these signs provide? What does this type of sign indicate?
Information on routes and The direction of or to a route.
direction. The number and direction of the
Information on distances, route you are on.
locations and facilities. Both of these.
Information on places and
locations. CORRECT ANSWER
Both of these.
CORRECT ANSWER These signs help you to find and stay on the
Information on places and locations. correct route to your destination. The arrows
These signs provide the names of streets, point to the direction in which you must go in
suburbs, towns and cities, rivers, provincial order to stay on the route.
borders, mountain passes, highways, etc.
G U I D A N CE SIGNS 43
What is the meaning of these signs? CORRECT ANSWER
F There is a racing circuit ahead. There is an arrestor bed ahead.
F There is an arrestor bed ahead. An arrestor bed is a heavy gravel section on a steep
F Neither of these. downhill into which heavy vehicles can turn if the
brakes have failed. The bed is designed to bring the
vehicle to a halt as the wheels sink into the gravel.
What is the message given by this sign? How should a driver respond to this sign?
F It is the maximum speed limit for F If you are driving a goods vehicle
the lane. in this lane you must leave the
F It is the minimum speed limit for lane.
this lane. F If you are driving a goods vehicle
F Neither of these. you must get into the lane.
F Light motor vehicle drivers must
CORRECT ANSWER leave the lane.
It is the minimum speed limit for this lane.
Vehicles wishing to use the lane may do so CORRECT ANSWER
provided they do not travel slower than the If you are driving a goods vehicle in this lane
speed limit indicated. This sign is often found on you must leave the lane.
a freeway to keep the flow of traffic moving fast To speed up the flow of traffic, goods vehicles are
enough in the fast lanes. often barred from travelling in the faster lanes, or
they may be restricted to a particular lane.
A B C
What do these markings indicate?
F The path to follow when turning across an Which of these marking indicates the
intersection. presence of a raised kerb?
F The position of a pedestrian crossing if it is F A
not obvious in the intersection. F B
F Both of these. F C
As a general rule, you may not stop on a red line, you may not park on a yellow line, and you may not cross a
solid white line, except those that cross the width of the road.
Regulatory markings
Regulatory markings are used to control the actions of drivers
and regulate the flow of traffic. As with regulatory signs, it is an
offence to disobey any regulatory road marking. If you do so, you
can be fined. In the diagrams that follow, the direction of vehicle
traffic flow is depicted by the small black arrowheads.
Stop line. Stop completely Yield line. Slow down and Pedestrian crossing. Give way
before the solid Stop line. give way to cross-traffic, and to any pedestrians on or about
Move off only when safe pedestrians crossing or waiting to enter the pedestrian crossing
to do so. to cross your path. If necessary, on your side of the road, from
stop before the white Yield either side.
line. Applies also at a railway
crossing.
Block pedestrian crossing. No overtaking line (on its own No crossing double-line. You
Give way to any pedestrians or on your side of a broken may not allow any part of the
on or about to enter the dividing line). You may not vehicle to cross the line at
pedestrian crossing on allow any part of the vehicle any time. The two solid lines
your side of the road, to cross the line, except to sometimes have a broken
from either side. access property on the other dividing line between them.
side, or to avoid a stationary
obstruction.
Channelizing line between Yellow left edge marking. You White right edge marking.
lanes of traffic moving in the may not drive to the left of You may not drive or cross
same direction. You may not the yellow line, except when to the right of the white line.
allow any part of the vehicle to permitted to allow another U-turns are NOT PERMITTED
cross the line at any time. vehicle to overtake (see Rules on freeways over the white
of the Road). edge line.
Painted island. You may not Painted island. You may not Painted island. You may not
drive or stop over the marking. drive or stop over the marking. drive or stop over the marking.
Parking bay. Park only within Exclusive parking bay. The Ambulances
the demarcated area, and not parking bay is reserved for
on any sidewalk or verge. the exclusive use of the kind
of vehicle indicated by the
accompanying symbol, in
this case goods vehicles.
R O A D S U R FA C E MA RKINGS 45
Buses Taxis Fire-fighting
Loading zone. Only goods Exclusive parking bay. For Mandatory direction arrows
vehicles and motorcycles vehicles carrying disabled (various examples)
designed or adapted to convey persons.
goods, and only while loading
or offloading goods.
Lane reserved for buses only. Lane reserved for trams only. Lane reserved for hazardous
No other vehicle type may No other vehicle type may goods vehicles only. No other
drive, stop or park in this lane. drive, stop or park in this lane. vehicle type may drive, stop or
park in this lane.
Lane reserved for bicycles only. Box junction. You may not stop Zig-zag zone. You may not cross
No other vehicle type may on this painted marking unless the zig-zag line, or stop within
drive, stop or park in this lane. you are entering the road from the zone except to give way to
the side to turn left or right. pedestrians on the crossing.
No stopping solid red line. You No stopping broken red line. No-parking solid yellow line.
may not stop on or next to this You may not stop here during You may not park on or next to
red line at any time. the time(s) indicated on the this yellow line at any time.
accompanying road sign.
Disabled persons parking. The Exclusive use lane symbol. Exclusive use lane symbol.
parking bay is reserved for Only cyclists may use this lane. Only buses may use this lane.
a vehicle carrying a disabled
person. No other vehicle may
park here.
Exclusive use lane symbol. Exclusive use lane symbol. Exclusive use lane symbol. Only
Only trams may use this lane. Only vehicles transporting high-occupancy vehicles may
disabled persons may use this use this lane.
lane.
Dividing line. Longer, thinner Reversible lane double-lines. Lane reduction ahead. Warns
lines to warn that vehicles on Warns that the lane with that a lane discontinues ahead,
the other side of the line are the double-arrow is used and traffic from the side
travelling towards you; the by oncoming traffic during indicated will merge into the
gaps may be shorter or longer. specified periods. continuing lane.
Mandatory direction arrows No overtaking or crossing line End of exclusive use lane.
ahead. Warns that there are ahead. Warns that you are not Warns that the exclusive use
yellow mandatory direction permitted to cross the solid lane ends here.
arrows ahead. line ahead. Do not attempt to
overtake at this point.
End of exclusive use lane. Guide lines. These broken Furcation arrows. There is
Warns that the exclusive use lines indicate where a vehicle an increase in the number of
lane ends here. should position when turning, lanes ahead, in the direction/s
or where there is a shift in indicated by the arrows.
the road alignment, or where
pedestrians should cross.
Direction of travel indicators. Cycle crossing. Cyclists cross Yield ahead. Warns that there
Indicate the direction in which the road at the place indicated is a regulatory Yield sign or
vehicles may travel. by the broken lines. marking ahead.
Arrestor bed ahead. For Escape road ahead. For Speed hump. Reduce speed.
emergency stopping. emergency purposes.
Kerbing marking. To indicate Gives extra guidance to road Gives extra guidance to road
the presence of a raised users in respect of cyclists. users in respect of direction to
sidewalk or island kerbing. the airport.
Gives extra guidance to Gives extra guidance to road Gives extra guidance to road
road users in respect of the users in respect of high- users in respect of stopping.
handicapped. occupancy vehicles.
R O A D S U R FA C E MA RKINGS 47
Road surface markings: questions and answers
1 3
2
Road diagram 1
2
3
Road diagram 2
R O A D S U R FA C E MA RKINGS 49
3
2
8
5 6
4 7
Road diagram 3
R O A D S U R FA C E MA RKINGS 51
10 Rules of the road
The rules of the road are there to regulate traffic flow, to ensure safety, and to protect the rights of individual
road users. There are rules for speed limits, lane discipline, parking and lights. It is compulsory to obey the rules
of the road, and compliance with this aspect of road traffic law will greatly reduce the possibility of accidents,
injury and death on the roads.
General
Drive on the left side of a two-way road. (This is referred to as ‘the rule of the road’.)
On a one-way road you may travel on the right-hand side, if it is safe to do so.
A traffic officer’s instructions always take precedence over a rule of the road or road sign.
Maintain a following distance that is reasonable and prudent having regard to the speed of the vehicle you
are following and the traffic on and the condition of the roadway.
All vehicles must have a clearance certificate (licence disc) that is valid for 12 months from the
date of issue.
Speed limits
The general speed limits (in km per hour) are: Speed limits for particular vehicles on roads
outside an urban area:
Divided roads
Where a road is divided by a painted or physical barrier,
always stay on the left side of the division.
Cross this type of division only at an opening or space
specifically indicated for this purpose.
It is an offence to drive across a solid dividing marking.
If it is safe to do so, you may cross a broken dividing line to
overtake another vehicle, or to do a U-turn if no traffic sign
forbids a U-turn.
Refer to page 45 for the specific meanings of the different
markings shown here.
Being overtaken
When being overtaken:
move over to the left to allow the other
vehicle to pass; and
do not accelerate.
R U L E S O F T H E ROA D 53
Road shoulders
You may not drive on the shoulder of the road, to the left of the yellow edge
line or to the right of the white edge line.
Exception:
You may, however, drive to the left of the yellow edge line to allow other
vehicles to overtake, provided:
it is a single-lane roadway;
it is between sunrise and sunset;
it is safe to do so; and
visibility is good for at least 150 m ahead.
R U L E S O F T H E ROA D 55
Parking
Parking is defined as: stopping for longer than is necessary to offload goods or passengers.
Always park within a demarcated parking bay and not on the sidewalk or verge.
If a vehicle is illegally parked, it can result in a fine for the owner. The vehicle can also be
impounded, and the owner is liable for the costs of removal and impounding.
Emergency vehicles, rescue vehicles, construction vehicles and traffic officers are not subject
to these rules if the vehicles are being used in the course of duty.
You may park on the right-hand side of a one-way road provided the outer edges of the right
side wheels are not more than 450 mm into the roadway.
Lights Towing
Headlights must emit a white light only. The distance between the two vehicles may
Motorcycle headlights must be switched on at not be more than 3.5 m. If it is more than
all times while the motorcycle is being ridden. 1.8 m, the tow-rope must be clearly visible,
Other vehicles’ headlights must be switched e.g. have a red flag tied to it.
on between sunset and sunrise. The tow-rope must be securely attached to
When visibility is not clear for at least 150 m, both vehicles.
headlights must be turned on. The towed vehicle must be controlled by a
The main beam must be able to light up objects licenced driver for that class of vehicle, unless
at least 100 m ahead of the vehicle. the steerable wheels are off the ground or are
The main beam must be dipped for controlled by a towing device.
approaching traffic and the beam should not The towed vehicle must have efficient brakes
strike the road surface more than 45 m in unless it is towed by means of a drawbar
front of your vehicle. or tow-bar.
Only certain vehicles prescribed in law may You may not tow a vehicle faster than
have flashing lights or strobes fitted to them. 30 km/h, unless a solid bar is used.
No more than 2 after-market spot lamps may You may not tow a vehicle carrying
be mounted on the front of a vehicle. passengers at a speed of more than 30 km/h
Only official vehicles and those used by (unless the towed vehicle is a semi-trailer).
medical doctors, vets or breakdown contractors Towing on a freeway without a solid bar is
may be fitted with adjustable spotlights. unlawful if the freeway has a minimum speed
of more than 30 km/h.
Motorcycles towing:
Motorcycles and motor-tricycles may not tow
another vehicle.
Advisory: It is dangerous for a motorcycle to be
towed unless it is secured on a trailer.
R U L E S O F T H E ROA D 57
Not allowed on freeways Vehicles causing
Vehicles not allowed on freeways excessive noise
include: You may not operate a vehicle that is too
animal-drawn vehicles; bicycles; noisy or has accessories that are too noisy.
motorcycles with an engine
capacity of 50 cc or less;
electrically powered motorcycles;
vehicles with a mass of 230 kg or less, Use of a hooter
designed and constructed specifically for You may use a hooter for safety reasons only
use by people with disabilities; and may not hoot unnecessarily.
motor-tricycles or quad-bikes; and The hooter must be audible for a distance of
tractors, unless in use for road at least 90 m and the tone of the pitch may
maintenance. not vary.
Pedestrians are not allowed on freeways unless:
they are in an area specifically demarcated
for stopping or parking; or
for a cause beyond their control. Pedestrians’ right of way
Animals are not allowed on a freeway, except at a pedestrian crossing
inside a vehicle or within an area specifically
demarcated for stopping or parking.
You may not stop on a freeway except:
when instructed to do so by a traffic officer
or a road sign; or
if you are within an area specifically
demarcated for stopping or parking; or
for a cause beyond your control.
Hand signals may not be given on a freeway,
except in an emergency.
These restrictions do not apply to
maintenance workers, emergency crews,
construction workers and officials in the Where a pedestrian crossing
course of duty. is situated next to traffic lights,
pedestrians must cross according to
the signals of the traffic lights.
Learner drivers on freeways Drivers must yield right of way by slowing
A learner driver may drive on a freeway down or stopping for a pedestrian who is
provided he/she is accompanied by a driver on or about to enter a pedestrian
who is licenced to drive that class of vehicle. crossing on the same side of the
road as the approaching driver.
Do not overtake a vehicle that has
stopped at a pedestrian crossing.
Being overtaken on a freeway Pedestrians do not have the right to enter
If the motorist behind you indicates his desire a pedestrian crossing suddenly so that
to overtake, by flashing his headlights, signal approaching vehicles are unable to stop safely.
and move over to the left if it is safe to do so. Pedestrians should cross the road at
Don’t hog the right lane, even at the pedestrian crossings only or at a distance
speed limit. more than 50 m from the crossing.
R U L E S O F T H E ROA D 59
Damage to public roads
You may not drag or spin the wheels of a vehicle on the surface of the road, except in emergencies.
You may not use chocks or shoes between the wheels and the surface of the road.
You may not do anything that will damage the surface of the road.
Accidents/collisions
In the event of an accident involving a vehicle, person,
animal or property you must:
stop the vehicle immediately;
ascertain the nature and extent of any injuries;
provide any assistance possible to the injured;
provide your name and address, the name and
address of the vehicle owner and the vehicle’s
registration number to a person having reasonable
grounds for requiring these details;
report the accident and produce your driver’s
licence to the police within 24 hours, if this was not
done at the scene of the accident; and
not take intoxicating liquor or narcotic drugs before
reporting the accident, unless instructed to do so by a medical practitioner.
When someone has been killed or injured:
call emergency services immediately; and
ensure that the vehicles involved are not moved without a traffic officer’s authorization, except where
the vehicles are completely blocking the road and only after their position has been marked on the road
surface. They may only be moved enough to allow the traffic to pass.
Tyres
The tread pattern must be clearly visible and have a depth of not less than
1 mm across the tyre’s entire width and circumference. (Motorcycles under
50 cc must have a tread pattern visible on at least 80% of the tread width.)
Sidewalls must not have deep cuts and inner cords should not be visible.
The tyre should not be in such a state of disrepair or condition, e.g. long cuts,
or bulges, that it may cause damage to the road or is likely to be a danger.
Motorcycles may not be fitted with re-treaded tyres.
Buses, midi-buses and mini-buses operating with a licence issued by the Department of Transport must
be fitted with commercial steel radial-ply tyres, and the steerable wheels must be fitted with anti-burst
stabilizer devices.
Seat belts
The driver is responsible for ensuring that all
occupants are wearing seat belts that have been
fitted to the vehicle. The driver is exempted while
reversing.
If seat belts have been removed, the vehicle may
not be used on public roads.
If there is no seat belt on the front seat, children up
to the age of 14 must sit on the back seat.
A passenger may not occupy a seat without a seat
belt if there is a seat vacant with a seat belt fitted.
R U L E S O F T H E ROA D 61
Carrying loads on Animals on public roads
motor vehicles Animals that are not under the control of
No part of a load may touch the road surface. someone are not allowed on a public road, or
The load must be securely fastened or be in a place from where they might stray onto a
inside the vehicle without hindering the public road.
driver’s control or view of the road ahead. The people controlling animals on a public
road must carry a warning at least 150 m
Projection limits: ahead of and also beyond the herd,
not more than 300 mm as follows:
beyond the front of sunset to sunrise: a red light; and
the vehicle; sunrise to sunset: a 300 mm square
not more than red flag.
1.8 m beyond the rear of the vehicle; If there are not more than 10 animals, only
not more than 4.3 m high (from the ground) one light or flag is required.
on goods vehicles, and not more than half the
height of the vehicle if loaded on the roof of a
car, unless the load is a bicycle;
not more than 2.5 m wide, or 2.6 m in the Emergency triangles
case of a goods vehicle with a mass of At least one double-sided reflective triangle,
12 000 kg and above, except in the case of meeting SABS specifications, must be carried
abnormal loads for which permission must in all motor vehicles at all times. (Motor cars
be arranged with the local traffic authorities. first registered before 1 July 2006
are exempted.)
Safety markings: If the vehicle is broken down or stationary on
Loads that project 150 mm or more to the side a public road, the triangle must be displayed
of the vehicle, or more than 300 mm to the at least 45 m from the rear of the vehicle to
rear of the vehicle, must be marked with: warn approaching traffic.
daytime: 300 mm square red flags
attached at each corner (front and rear)
of the load; and
at night: white reflectors on each corner in
the front, red reflectors at each corner at
the back, and yellow reflectors on the sides.
Loads less than 600 mm wide that project
300 mm or more
beyond the rear of
the vehicle must be
marked with:
daytime: a single
300 mm square red
flag at the back end
of the load; and Unauthorized use of a vehicle
at night: one No one may drive or occupy a vehicle or
red reflector at tamper with it without permission.
the back end of It is illegal to change in any way a vehicle’s
the load. engine number or chassis number without the
prior written consent of the registering authority.
R U L E S O F T H E ROA D 63
Rules of the road: questions and answers
What is the correct sequence to follow when The process of defensive driving consists
applying the technique of defensive driving? of three groups of actions. Which group can
F Search, Predict, Identify, Decide, Execute. be left out if you are not going to apply the
F Predict, Identify, Search, Decide, Execute. brakes or change gear?
F Neither of these. F Observe, blind spots, signal.
F Blind spot, steer, accelerate.
CORRECT ANSWER F Mirrors, brakes, gears.
Neither of these.
The correct application of the defensive driving CORRECT ANSWER
sequence is: Mirrors, Brakes, Gears.
Search: Look out for hazards on the road. If you are not going to change speed, it is not
Identify: Identify the type of hazard. necessary to look in the mirror, or to apply the
Predict: Consider how the hazard may affect you. brakes, or to change gear. Remember, though:
Decide: Choose a safe reaction. mirrors must be checked every 5 to 8 seconds on
Execute: Perform the action/s you have decided. a straight road and before every hazard.
What is the general speed limit on roads What must you do if you plan to change
in South Africa? direction, reduce speed or stop?
F 60 km/h on roads in an urban area. F Indicate your intention.
F 100 km/h on roads outside an urban area. F Keep left.
F Both of these. F Both of these.
What is the last thing to do before When must the headlights of a moving
changing lanes? vehicle be switched on?
F Look in the mirrors. F Between sunset and sunrise.
F Look in the relevant blind spot. F When the streetlights come on.
F Indicate your intention. F When it is slightly cloudy.
R U L E S O F T H E ROA D 65
When may you stop on a freeway? Which of the following rules applies in
F In accordance with the instructions of a traffic respect of general driving?
officer. F You may not reverse for further than is
F To pick up money lying on the road. reasonably necessary.
F To have a refreshment. F You should follow other traffic fairly closely.
F Other people may hold the steering wheel
CORRECT ANSWER while you are driving.
In accordance with the instructions of a traffic
officer. CORRECT ANSWER
You may not stop on a freeway unless you are You may not reverse for further than is
in a designated stopping or parking area or if reasonably necessary.
instructed to do so by a traffic officer, or for a Reverse only if it is safe to do so, and not for a
reason beyond your control. longer distance than is necessary.
Which of the following rules applies to Which of the following statements is correct
general driving? in respect of cellphones?
F You may leave a vehicle unattended without F You may not operate a communication device
setting the brake or using some other method held in your hand or with any other part of
to prevent it from moving. your body while driving.
F You may not allow a person or animal to be F People engaged in official or emergency
anywhere outside or on the vehicle, excluding duties may not use a handheld
a motorcycle, while it is moving. communication device while driving.
F Both of these. F Both of these.
When may you stop on a freeway? Below which level must a non-professional
F Never. driver’s alcohol level be?
F When it is for a cause beyond your control. F 0.05 g per 100 ml of blood
F If there has been a collision on the roadside. F 0.08 g per 100 ml of blood
F 0.07 g per 100 ml of blood
CORRECT ANSWER
When it is for a cause beyond your control. CORRECT ANSWER
You may also stop on a freeway if you are in a 0.05 g per 100 ml of blood.
designated stopping or parking area or if you are You may not sit in the driver’s seat with the
instructed to do so by a traffic officer. engine running if you are under the influence of
alcohol or narcotic drugs.
R U L E S O F T H E ROA D 67
11 Learner’s licence mock tests
Here are three mock tests for you to get some practice at answering questions before you make an appointment
to write the official test. Each test has a different set of questions. For thorough preparation for the official test
we recommend that you do all three tests, and that you aim for full marks for each test.
Instructions
1. Start at TEST A and read the first question carefully
2. Read the question again to make sure you understand what is being asked.
3. Read the multiple-choice answer options beneath the question.
4. Decide which option or combination of options reflects the most correct answer.
5. Circle the reference (A, B, or C) of the answer you have decided upon.
6. When you’ve answered all of the questions in TEST A, check your answers against the correct answers given
on page 79.
7. If you answered any questions incorrectly, revise the chapter/s containing that information. Do that test again
until you can answer every question correctly.
8. Repeat this process for TESTS B and C until you are able to get full marks for all three mock tests.
Between now and when you sit for the official test, revise the material daily. It is a good idea to do these mock
tests again a day or two before you do the official test.
TEST A
1. Which control is used to change direction or turn? 6. Which control is used to stop the vehicle?
A. 4 A. 9
B. 5 B. 8
C. 10 C. 7
2. Which control does a vehicle with automatic 7. Which controls are used to make a sharp turn to
transmission not have? the left or right?
A. 2 A. 1, 3, 5, 6 & 8
B. 6 B. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 & 10
C. 8 C. 3, 4, 5, 9 & 10
9. The distance it takes a vehicle to stop is 16. Which controls must never be used in combination?
longer when … A. 2 and 4
(i). It is heavily loaded. B. 4 and 8
(ii). It is moving faster. C. 4 and 7
(iii). You are travelling on a wet road.
17. Which item do you use to check behind you?
A. None of these is correct. A. 3
B. All of these are correct. B. 5
C. Only (i) and (iii) are correct. C. 4
13. To change gears, you must use … 21. When may you stop on a freeway?
A. 1 and 5 A. To rest during a tiring journey.
B. 2 and 7 B. To pick up hitch-hikers.
C. 1 and 2 C. To obey a road traffic sign.
14. To show that you intend to turn, you must 22. What is the meaning of this sign?
use number.... A. There is a sharp bend to the right.
A. 6 B. You must turn right at the next
B. 4 road or driveway.
C. 8 C. You will get a one-way road to the right.
L E A R N E R ’ S L I C E N C E MO CK TESTS 69
23. Where are you not allowed to stop? A. Can drive past vehicle A if there are no
A. Where parking is prohibited. other vehicles.
B. Opposite a vehicle where the roadway is B. Can drive over the Stop line following vehicle A
10 m wide if there are no oncoming vehicles.
C. Closer than 6 m to a bridge. C. Must stop behind vehicle A, drive nearer if
that vehicle has driven off, stop immediately
24. Where are you not allowed to stop? behind the Stop line and drive on when it is
(i) On a pavement. safe to do so.
(ii) With the front of your vehicle facing
oncoming traffic. 30. What is the meaning of this road marking?
(iii) Next to any obstruction in the road. A. Parking for mini-buses only.
B. Parking for municipal buses only.
A. (i) and (ii) only C. Parking for motorbikes only.
B. (ii) and (iii) only
C. All of these. 31. If you want to change lanes from L1 to L2,
you must …
25. What is the meaning of these white road markings? A. Change lanes only if it L1
A. The road surface is uneven. is safe to do so. Indicate
B. You may not overtake or in time to show what
cross the solid white lines you intend doing.
for any reason. B. Check in the mirrors and L2
C. There are lanes reserved for buses. blind spots to see what other traffic is doing.
C. All of these are correct.
26. Which of these is correct in respect of the motor
vehicle’s hooter? 32. What is indicated by this road sign?
A. The tone or pitch may not vary. A. There road ahead winds from left
B. It must be audible for at least 45 metres. to right.
C. It may be used to attract the attention of B. There are sharp curves in the road ahead.
pedestrians. C. There are concealed entrances ahead, first from
the left, then from the right.
27. What is the meaning of this sign?
A. There is a dual-track railway line
alongside the left of the road ahead. TEST B
B. The surface of the road on the
left is uneven ahead.
C. There is a motor-gate ahead with a grid on the 1. If you are travelling towards a mini-circle
left side of the road. and there is traffic on the other three sides,
you must …
28. If you are involved in an accident you must… A. Give way to the vehicle on
(i) Stop your vehicle immediately. your right before driving on.
(ii) Check whether anyone is injured. B. Drive on if you were the first
(iii) Check that you have your driving licence with you. vehicle to cross the yield line.
C. Stop and drive on only when it is safe to do so.
A. All of these are correct.
B. Only (i) and (ii) are correct. 2. What is the meaning of this sign?
C. Only (ii) is correct. A. The cross-road ahead has two lanes.
B. You are not allowed to enter
29. In the sketch, vehicle B … here without authority.
C. Stop and drive on only when it is safe to do so.
L E A R N E R ’ S L I C E N C E MO CK TESTS 71
17. What is the meaning of this sign? A. All of these are correct.
A. There is a curve to the left ahead. B. Only (i) and (iii) are correct.
B. There is a detour to the left at thispoint. C. Only (ii) and (iii) are correct.
C. There is an obstruction on the road;
pass it on the left. 24. When towing, what is the maximum allowable
distance between the two vehicles?
18. When may you overtake another vehicle on A. 1.8 m
its left? B. 2.5 m
(i) If the vehicle is indicating to turn right and the C. 3.5 m
road is wide enough to not drive on the left
road shoulder. 25. What is the meaning of this sign?
(ii) Where the road has two or more lanes of traffic A. You may drive here only
moving in the same direction. between 06:00 and 09:00.
(iii) If instructed to do so by a police officer. B. Motor cars may not drive here
between 06:00 and 09:00.
A. Only (iii) is correct. C. Motor cars may not park here for more than
B. Only (ii) and (iii) are correct. 3 hours.
C. All of these are correct.
26. Which of the following is illegal when driving?
19. At the next intersection, vehicles travelling in the A. Passengers in the back seat when you only have
lane marked with the arrow labelled ‘E’... a Learner’s Licence.
B. A passenger fiddles with the radio controls.
C. A passenger rides seated on the fender of the
vehicle.
L E A R N E R ’ S L I C E N C E MO CK TESTS 73
48. What is the meaning of this sign? 56. Which of the following is correct?
A. You must stop and turn left at the A. You may drive slowly along a pavement.
stop sign. B. You may reverse backwards if it is safe to do so.
B. Stop. Turn left or proceed straight C. You may leave the engine running while the
ahead when safe to do so. tank is being filled with fuel.
C. Stop and proceed straight ahead when safe.
If turning left, regard it as a Yield sign. 57. Where would you find this sign?
A. Before a traffic circle or other intersection to
49. What is the very last thing to do before changing lanes? indicate that you have the right of way.
A. Indicate to turn. B. At a dangerous place where
B. Check in the blind spot. there are road-works.
C. Look in the rear-view mirrors. C. On the approach to a sharp curve in the road.
50. What is the meaning of this sign? 58. What is a safe following distance in case the
A. The road off to the right comes to vehicle ahead might stop suddenly?
an end (i.e. a cul-de-sac). A. If you can swerve and stop safely alongside the
B. You may not turn right here. vehicle ahead.
C. There is a T-Junction off to the right. B. If you can stop safely behind the vehicle ahead,
without swerving.
51. When must the vehicle headlights be switched on? C. If you can swerve safely and overtake the
(i) In daytime when bad light limits clear visibility vehicle ahead.
to less than 150 m ahead.
(ii) From sunset to sunrise. 59. What is the general speed limit in an urban area?
(iii) When it rains and visibility is reduced to A. 60 km/h
100 m ahead. B. 80 km/h
C. 100 km/h
A. Only (ii) is correct.
B. Only (i) and (ii) are correct. 60. What is the meaning of this sign?
C. All are correct. A. It has the same meaning as a
Yield sign.
52. What is the meaning of this sign? B. Wait for all other vehicles to move
A. There is a sharp bend to the left ahead. off before you proceed.
B. There is an obstruction on the C. Stop. Drive off if it is safe to do so and in the
left of the road ahead. sequence that the vehicles stopped at their Stop line.
C. There is a detour to the left ahead.
L E A R N E R ’ S L I C E N C E MO CK TESTS 75
19. What is the rule regarding seat belts? 24. What is the meaning of this white line road
(i) Seat belts in the rear of a vehicle must be used marking on any two-way road?
by passengers seated in the back. (i) Overtaking is prohibited here.
(ii) You need not wear a seat belt when reversing. (ii) Do not let any part of the vehicle
(iii) Children younger than 14 years need not wear cross to the other side of the line.
seat belts. (iii) You can cross the line to access
(iv) If there is a seat belt in the front passenger property on the other side of the road.
seat, the passenger may not sit in the rear (iv) You can cross the line to pass a stationary
where there is no seat belt. obstruction on the roadway.
34. This sign instructs that, during the hours 41. You may not ride a motorcycle on a freeway if its
indicated, vehicles carrying... engine capacity is...
A. Liquids may not drive here. A. 50 cc or less.
B. Liquids must drive here. B. 125 cc or less.
C. Hazardous goods must drive here. C. 250 cc or less.
35. What does this sign mean? 42. When you hold a motorcycle learner’s licence,
A. The weighbridge is limited to which of the following is prohibited?
vehicles with a length of 15 m or less. (i) Riding with your instructor on the rear seat.
B. The road is 15 m wide and is suitable for trucks (ii) Riding outside an urban area at more than 60 km/h.
C. Vehicles longer than 15 m are not allowed to (iii) Having only one hand on the handlebars
drive on this road. when signalling.
L E A R N E R ’ S L I C E N C E MO CK TESTS 77
47. In this sketch, where RTM1 is a Stop line... 53. What is the meaning of this sign?
A. You may not drive here during the
times displayed.
B. You may not park here during the
times displayed.
C. You may not stop here during the times
displayed.
A. If you are in car A, you must reduce speed and 54. What is the meaning of this sign?
drive on. A. This is a cul-de-sac where the road
B. If you are in car A, you must stop before the does not continue.
Stop line. B. You are not allowed to enter here.
C. If you are in car B you may overtake car A. C. Entry is reserved for ambulances only.
48. What is the meaning of this sign? 55. What is the meaning of this sign?
A. There is a cross-road ahead where A. Only motor cars are prohibited
vehicles crossing your road must from overtaking for the next 500 m.
stop or yield at the intersection. B. No motor vehicles may overtake for the next
B. There is a 4-way stop ahead. 500 m.
C. There is a railway line that crosses C. There is a narrow structure ahead where only
the road ahead. one vehicle at a time can cross.
49. A holder of a motorcycle driving licence is not 56. What is the meaning of this sign?
allowed to... A. The road surface is about to
i) Tow another motorcycle. change to gravel.
ii) Ride without wearing a safety helmet. B. There are speed humps in the road ahead.
iii) Ride on a freeway if the engine size is 125 cc C. There may be potholes in the road ahead.
or less.
iv) Ride during the day without the headlights on. 57. What is the meaning of this sign?
A. The road ahead narrows temporarily
A. (i), (ii), and (iv) from both sides.
B. All four of these. B. There is a weighbridge ahead for buses.
C. Only (ii) and (iv). C. Only one vehicle at a time can pass through the
obstacle ahead.
50. This warning sign means that there is a
mandatory 4.42 m limit ahead in respect of... 58. What is the meaning of this sign?
A. Vehicle height. A. The road surface is about to
B. Vehicle width. change to gravel.
C. Vehicle length. B. There are potholes in the road ahead.
C. The road is ending ahead.
51. This sign informs that on the road to the left,
500 m ahead... 59. What is the meaning of this sign?
A. There is an arrestor bed in case A. This portion of the road has a
the vehicle’s brakes fail. weight limit of 10 tonnes.
B. There is a track that may be used B. Vehicles with a mass less than 10 tonnes
for motor races and trials, provided proper must not drive here.
authorisation has been granted. C. Vehicles with a mass of 10 tonnes must
C. There is a truck spare parts depot. drive here.
52. What is the meaning of this sign? 60. Which of the following is permitted?
A. You may not turn left at the next A. Leave the vehicle unattended with the
intersection. engine running.
B. You may not turn left here. B. Allow passengers to sit on the bumper
C. There is a cul-de-sac to the left ahead. while moving.
C. Put your arm out of the window to make
hand signals.
Test B:
1. B 16. B 31. B 46. B
2. B 17. C 32. A 47. A
3. C 18. C 33. A 48. C
4. B 19. A 34. B 49. B
5. A 20. A 35. B 50. A
6. C 21. A 36. A 51. C
7. A 22. C 37. C 52. A
8. B 23. A 38. C 53. B
9. B 24. C 39. A 54. B
10. C 25. B 40. A 55. C
11. B 26. C 41. C 56. B
12. B 27. B 42. B 57. A
13. A 28. B 43. C 58. B
14. C 29. A 44. C 59. A
15. C 30. A 45. A 60. C
Test C:
1. C 16. A 31. B 46. C
2. C 17. B 32. C 47. B
3. A 18. B 33. B 48. A
4. A 19. B 34. C 49. A
5. B 20. C 35. C 50. A
6. A 21. B 36. B 51. A
7. C 22. A 37. C 52. A
8. B 23. C 38. B 53. C
9. B 24. C 39. B 54. B
10. C 25. C 40. B 55. B
11. C 26. A 41. A 56. B
12. B 27. C 42. A 57. C
13. A 28. B 43. B 58. B
14. C 29. C 44. C 59. B
15. B 30. C 45. A 60. C
Visit www.k53-test.co.za for more practice by using the interactive online version of these tests.
L E A R N E R ’ S L I C E N C E MO CK TESTS 79
THE K53 DRIVING LICENCE TEST
12 Overview
LIGHT AND HEAVY MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTORCYCLES
The driving test measures a driver’s proficiency regarding: the handling of a vehicle; obedience to traffic
rules, road signs, traffic signals and surface markings; correct application of the K53 defensive driving
system through all aspects of the test; and coping with traffic problems in practical driving situations.
You may not do the driving test in a light motor vehicle that is less than 3 m in length.
During the test, smoking and the use of cellular phones are not allowed.
Light and heavy motor vehicles yard test: 20 minutes (plus 59 seconds grace period) including the
pre-trip vehicle inspection. If you pass the yard test you will continue with the road test which will take
between 20 and 45 minutes.
You will fail the yard test and the test will be discontinued if:
you exceed the time limit of 20 minutes and 59 seconds for the pre-trip inspections and the yard test
manoeuvres;
you have been allocated more than 50 penalty points (see next topic – Scoring method); or
you fail any one of the ‘immediate fail’ items in any manoeuvre (see next topic – Scoring method).
The stopwatch will be stopped after completion of each of the following, and re-started before the
next item:
the instructions for the pre-trip inspections;
each yard test manoeuvre; and
the road test.
Scoring method
The examiner will use a score sheet to evaluate your performance during the test. You may accumulate
a certain number of penalty points during each part of the test (see next page). If you score more than
this allowance you will fail the test.
Besides the penalty points applicable to specific manoeuvres and road test situations, throughout the
test you will also be allocated penalty points each time you make the following errors:
not showing courtesy towards other road users: 1
not checking in the mirrors every 5 to 8 seconds: 5
looking in the mirrors for too long: 1.
Some items do not carry penalty points and must be completed correctly in order to continue with the
rest of the test. If you are unsuccessful in any of these ‘immediate failure’ items, the test will be stopped
immediately and you will have to reapply to do the test some other time.
O VERV IEW 81
Immediate failure items
You will fail the test and it will be stopped immediately if you make any of the following errors:
For example, if you forget to do a 360º observation during a particular manoeuvre which requires that
action, you will be penalized 5 points. Similarly, if you do not signal your intention when it is needed,
that can cost you 5 points. The higher the number of penalty points allocated to an action, the more
important it is for you to do it correctly.
A shaded box indicates an element you must do correctly or you will fail the entire test immediately.
Note: For the road test, where a manoeuvre applies in several situations, the penalty points have not
been shown every time. For example, the K53 action steps for stopping or for moving off must be
applied every time these form part of a driving manoeuvre, such as at intersections.
Definition of ‘Observe’:
In this test the word OBSERVE means to look in all directions (360°) for hazards and potential hazards.
Look to the front, sides, in the mirrors and blind spots. Look up and down crossroads and vehicle
entrances for any vehicles and pedestrians.
Signalling
Check in the rear-view mirror(s) and appropriate blind spot, if applicable, e.g. when intending to slow
down, stop, turn, or change lanes.
Signal in good time and for sufficient duration to warn other road users, but take care not to signal too
early where this could create confusion for other road users.
After starting the signal, or using hand signals, replace your hand in the appropriate position on the steering.
Ensure that the signal is cancelled immediately after completing a manoeuvre.
When using the horn, make sure that the other road user is aware of your presence.
Avoid using direction indicators or hand signals within an intersection, unless necessary.
Stop lights are regarded as a signal that can be
Penalty points allocation:
kept on, so it is not necessary to cancel these (by
Check in the mirrors 3
removing your foot from the brake pedal) after the
Check in the blind spots 5
vehicle has been brought to a complete standstill.
Hand signal right 3
When the stop lights, headlights or horn are
Hand signal left 3
used as a signal, you do not need to check the
Hand signal stop/reduce speed suddenly 3
blind spots. However, you must check in the
Use of horn 1
rear-view mirror(s) before braking commences.
U S E O F T H E V E H I C L E C ONTROL S 83
Signalling – hand signals
Notes:
Drivers of heavy motor vehicles are not required to give hand signals.
Hand signals must be given in good time and for long enough before braking, or changing gear or direction.
If you use a hand signal together with the direction indicators, you must activate the indicators before
giving the hand signal.
You will not be asked to repeat the hand signal if you use it correctly the first time.
If you do not signal satisfactorily the first time, you will be asked to do it once more.
If you do not succeed with the second attempt, penalty points will be allocated (see page 81) and the test
will be continued.
1. Check in the rear-view mirror(s) and the blind 1. Check in the rear-view mirror(s) and the blind
spot on the right. spot to the right.
2. Signal your intention using the direction 2. Extend your right arm horizontally from
indicators. the shoulder with the forearm vertical and
3. Check in the blind spot on the right. upward and with the palm of your hand to
4. Extend your right arm horizontally from the the front.
shoulder with the palm of your hand to the 3. Retract your arm in good time.
front. 4. Replace your hand to the appropriate position
5. Retract your arm in good time. on the steering before braking, gear selection
6. Replace your hand to the appropriate position or steering.
on the steering before braking, or changing
gear or direction. Note:
The brake lights are a signal that can be kept
on; it is therefore not necessary to cancel
these after the vehicle has been brought to a
complete standstill.
Signalling – horn
1. Check in the rear-view mirror(s).
2. Signal by hooting only when necessary, in good time, and only for sufficient duration.
3. Replace your hand to the appropriate position on the steering, if necessary.
U S E O F T H E V E H I C L E C ONTROL S 85
Using the clutch Penalty points allocation:
1. Depress the clutch pedal or pull in the clutch Smooth and coordinated 1
lever fully. Slipping the clutch 1
2. Obtain clutch control. Riding the clutch 1
3. Avoid unjustified ‘slipping’ of the clutch. Coasting 3
4. Avoid unjustified ‘riding’ of the clutch.
5. Avoid unjustified ‘coasting’.
6. Remove your foot (or hand) completely from the clutch control except to change gear or stop, or for
justified ‘slipping’, ‘riding’ or ‘coasting’.
7. Disengage the clutch completely just before the vehicle is brought to a complete stop, without labouring
or stalling the engine.
Notes:
When coming to a stop, the brakes must be applied before disengaging the clutch, in order to
prevent coasting.
This is not a requirement in stop-start traffic or when stopping on an incline.
Your foot (fingers) may not rest on the clutch pedal (lever) whilst the vehicle’s engine is running, except
in stop-start traffic.
If you continuously ‘ride’ the clutch during the road test, or if you don’t remove your foot (hand)
completely from the clutch after stopping and selecting neutral, you will get penalty points every
5 to 8 seconds for these errors.
Moving off
Penalty points allocation:
1. Obey all road traffic signs, signals, rules and
360º observation 5
markings.
Signal intention 5
2. Check in the rear-view mirror(s) and the
Gear change/selection 1
appropriate blind spot, if applicable.
Waiting too long 1
3. Signal your intention, if applicable.
Stalling the engine 1
4. Ensure that there is clear space beyond any
Cancel signal 4
intersection before entering it.
Roll back or forwards
5. Ensure that the intersection itself is clear before
you enter it.
6. Before moving off, ensure that there is a clear space (approximately 4 to 5 metres) behind any vehicle
ahead of you.
7. Select an appropriate gear.
8. Obtain clutch control.
9. Look in the mirrors and both blind spots. Steps 7, 8 and 9 may be done in one flowing movement.
10. Release the parking brake, if applicable.
11. Move off. On a motorcycle you must maintain your balance and place both feet on the front foot-pegs
as soon as the motorcycle starts moving.
12. Accelerate as necessary.
13. Cancel the signal, if applicable.
Notes:
Counter-steer (steer in the opposite direction) when necessary.
Counter-steering means turning the steering wheel in a direction opposite to the direction in which you
were originally moving, immediately prior to coming to a stop.
Counter-steering must be applied while the vehicle is moving to avoid wear of the tyres and the steering
mechanism, and to complete a manoeuvre with greater ease.
The push-and-pull method of steering for motor vehicles is not required during the yard test. If, during the
road test, you continuously make a steering method fault like resting one hand on the gear-lever knob, you
will be penalised every 5 to 8 seconds.
U S E O F T H E V E H I C L E C ONTROL S 87
Speed control
Penalty points allocation:
1. Check in the rear-view mirror(s).
Check mirrors 3
2. Adjust your speed (select an appropriate gear)
Too fast for conditions 5
as required, in accordance with the traffic
Too slow for conditions 5
pattern, gradient of the road, road surface,
Acceleration 1
visibility and speed restriction.
Deceleration 1
3. Accelerate, if necessary.
Braking 2
4. Decelerate, if necessary.
Maintain following distance 5
5. Brake, if necessary.
Notes:
If the speed of the vehicle increases considerably without the application of the accelerator, and if
continuous use of the service brake is necessary, brake to the appropriate speed before a lower gear is
engaged in order to minimize an increase in speed.
Repeat this procedure as necessary.
Avoid selecting a lower gear to assist or replace braking when slowing down.
If, during the road test, you drive too slowly for the circumstances, you will be penalized every
5 to 8 seconds.
Note:
Wherever possible, change gears while travelling on a straight course.
Notes:
If the speed of the vehicle increases considerably without the application of the accelerator and if
continuous use of the service brake is necessary, brake to the appropriate speed before a lower gear is
engaged in order to minimize an increase in speed. Repeat this procedure as necessary.
Avoid selecting a lower gear to assist or replace braking.
If going uphill and the speed drops despite continuous application of the accelerator pedal, then changing
down to a lower gear must be done before the speed drops to a point where the use of the lower gear will
not serve its purpose or the engine starts labouring.
Note:
Manual selection should only be necessary if a lower gear is required when negotiating a steep decline.
U S E O F T H E V E H I C L E C ONTROL S 89
Gear changing – down (Automatic transmission, manual selection)
1. Check in the rear-view mirror(s).
2. Release the accelerator pedal smoothly.
Penalty points allocation:
3. Brake if necessary to the appropriate speed for
Gear changing/selection 1
the circumstances. (Braking must be completed
Smooth and coordinated 1
before changing down.)
Keep eyes on the road 5
4. Select the appropriate gear.
Changing whilst cornering 4
5. Replace your hand to the appropriate position
Coasting 3
on the steering wheel.
Note:
If the speed of the vehicle increases considerably without the application of the accelerator and if
continuous use of the service brake is necessary, brake to the appropriate speed before a lower gear is
engaged in order to minimise an increase in speed. Repeat this procedure, as necessary but avoid selecting
a lower gear to assist or replace braking in order to reduce the speed of the vehicle.
Braking: The act of causing a vehicle to reduce speed by application of the service brake (footbrake).
The service/footbrake should be applied timeously, smoothly and progressively using the right foot,
without locking the wheels while keeping both hands on the steering to keep the vehicle under control.
Where possible, braking should be applied on a straight course.
A lower gear must not be selected in order to replace or assist braking to reduce the speed of the vehicle.
When braking is necessary it must be completed before selecting a lower gear.
Refer also to the topic ‘Defensive driving the K53 way’ on page 9 of the Learner’s Licence section.
Abbreviations used
To make studying quicker and easier, where practical each K53 sequence is shown by means of
an illustration supported by text for each group of K53 defensive driving actions. Of necessity, the
sequences of these actions are abbreviated in the text boxes. The following table explains what these
abbreviations mean.
T H E K 5 3 A C T I O N S E XPL A INED 91
Clear space Maintain a clear space around the vehicle, front, rear and sides, to reduce the chance of a
collision. Maintain a safe following time behind the vehicle ahead of you:
LMV HMV M/C
K53 test absolute minimum 2 secs 3 secs
Recommended safe minimum 3 secs 6 secs 4-5 secs
Obtain clutch control Release the clutch pedal slowly to the point where the clutch starts to ‘take’ and the vehicle
will not roll back or forwards.
Disengage clutch Take your foot completely off the clutch pedal and rest it on the floor, away from the pedal.
Steer Steer the vehicle in the direction in which you need to move.
Counter-steer Counter-steering means turning the steering wheel hard in the opposite direction to which
it has just been turned. It is usually done when the steering has been turned quite sharply
in one direction, e.g. when parking, or turning in the road.
Steer sharp Turn the steering wheel sharply in the direction indicated, e.g. Steer sharp left, Steer
sharp right.
Move off Drive off smoothly, without stalling the engine or jerking the vehicle in any way.
Accelerate Increase your speed safely and with due consideration to the traffic situation, road gradi-
ent, road surface, weather conditions and visibility, and in accordance with any applicable
speed limits.
Slow/brake/stop Decrease your speed as appropriate, applying the footbrake if necessary, and stop
if necessary, with both hands on the steering wheel/handlebars.
Stop Use the footbrake to slow down and bring the vehicle to a safe stop, with both hands on
the steering wheel/handlebars.
Follow-through When turning a corner while towing a trailer, check in the mirror to ensure a safe follow-
through of the trailer so that it does not bump the kerb, or cut the corner.
Move back/backwards In reverse gear, move the vehicle backwards carefully.
Without rolling Ensure that the vehicle does not roll forward or backwards, according to the slope of
the roadway.
When checking those parts of the vehicle which you have to check, you are not expected to mention
all the properties of that particular part. For example, when the wheels are checked, you don’t need to
mention that you checked the tyre tread for wear and for damage to the sidewall, tyre pressure and
the valve cap, etc.
When it is clear to the examiner that you have paid attention to the specific parts, whether mentioned or
not, you will be credited.
Penalty points allocation:
Procedure – light and heavy motor vehicles: Check under vehicle 1
Check under the vehicle for any leaks and Check the windscreen wipers 1
obstructions. Check the tyres 1
Unlock all the doors and ensure that their Check the engine compartment 1
opening mechanisms and window winders work. Check the lights and reflectors 1
Make sure that the seat belts are secure and Check the fuel cap 1
that their mechanisms work.
Beginning at the right front door, inspect the roadworthiness of the vehicle:
Check that all the glass and plastic fittings are undamaged, clean and secure (lights, lenses, reflectors,
mirrors, number plates, windows).
Check the wiper blades for any wear and leave them extended.
MO T O R V E H I C L E D R I V ING TEST 93
Pre-trip inspection of the vehicle – exterior (contd)
Make sure that the licence disc is valid.
Inspect the wheels and tyres (tread, damage, inflation, valve caps, oil leaks, grease, wheel nuts).
Mention that the oil, water, brake fluid and fan belts should be checked.
Ensure that the various body parts are secure and undamaged (bonnet, bumpers, boot lid, chevrons).
Mention that the spare wheel, jack and wheel spanner should be checked.
Ensure that the fuel tank filler cap is tightly closed.
Before you start the manoeuvres, the examiner will give you the following information:
The full yard test (the pre-trip inspections as well as the manoeuvres) must be completed within 20 minutes
and 59 seconds (stopwatch time).
Stopping the vehicle will be permitted at any stage during some of the manoeuvres.
You must do the K53 observation procedure and give correct signals in the same way as would be necessary
on a public road.
You do not need to wear a seatbelt during the yard test manoeuvres.
MO T O R V E H I C L E D R I V ING TEST 95
If the test is terminated at any stage, you will need to repeat the full test at another time.
All rules of the road, road traffic signs, signals and road surface markings must be obeyed during the yard test.
You are not permitted to touch any obstacle or mount a kerb during any of the manoeuvres. If you do, you will
fail and the test will be discontinued.
Uncontrolled or dangerous actions will not be permitted.
The push-and-pull method of steering is not required during the yard test manoeuvres.
You may ask the examiner any questions in respect of the above points.
The examiner will guide you to the starting point of every yard test manoeuvre, instruct you to apply the
parking brake, select neutral and cancel the signal, if applicable. The requirements of the manoeuvre will then
be explained to you while the vehicle is stationary and before you start the manoeuvre.
All errors made during both the first and second attempts will be recorded, for both entering and leaving the
manoeuvre area.
The manoeuvres are explained below, together with the sequences in which the K53 defensive driving actions
must be carried out. These sequences are not all exactly the same for every manoeuvre, so be sure to study each
one carefully.
Starting procedure
1. Ensure that the parking brake is applied.
2. Ensure that the gear lever is in the NEUTRAL position
(or P or N for automatic).
3. Check that all the gauges and warning lights are in the
non-function position.
4. Turn the ignition key to the ON position without
starting the engine.
5. Check any warning lights and gauges for malfunction.
6. Apply the choke if necessary or ensure that the choke
is cancelled.
7. Diesel vehicles only:
a. Select the engine control switch to ON.
b. Use the pre-heater if required.
8. Turn the ignition key further to start the engine. Penalty points allocation:
9. Release your hold on the key as soon as the Application of parking brake 2
engine starts. Ratchet release not used 1
10. Check any warning lights and gauges for a Neutral or Park not selected 1
systems malfunction. Operation of the choke 1
11. Heavy vehicles: Build up the air pressure by Start engine 1
letting the engine idle until the instruments Warning lights and gauges 1
indicate that the air pressure is correct.
12. Cancel the operation of the choke, where applicable.
Notes:
1
1. Stop where indicated, without If the vehicle rolls back you will fail, and the
rolling back test will be discontinued.
2. Apply parking brake If the vehicle is equipped with a foot-operated
3. Select neutral (manual vehicles) parking brake, the sequence will be to select
neutral with the service brake depressed and
then to apply the parking brake.
2
4. Check the mirrors If you spin the wheels when moving off, you
5. Check blind spot, if applicable will be penalized 1 point.
6. Signal, if applicable Only one attempt will be permitted.
7. Select 1st gear
Penalty points allocation:
8. Obtain clutch control
Vehicle rolls back
9. Check the mirrors and both blind spots
Touch any obstacles
10. Release parking brake
Parking brake application 5
11. Move off without rolling back
Parking brake ratchet used 1
12. Cancel signal, if applicable
Selecting Neutral or Drive 1
360º observation 5
Signal intention 5
Gear change/selection 1
Moving off 1
Stalling the engine 1
Signal cancelled 4
MO T O R V E H I C L E D R I V ING TEST 97
Alley docking
You will be required to reverse and turn into a specially marked bay, and then drive out again.
You will have to do this by reversing and turning to the left, and again by reversing and turning to the right
(heavy vehicles to the right only).
The examiner will tell you from which side the first manoeuvre must be done.
For each of these manoeuvres you will be allowed only two attempts to complete the manoeuvre correctly.
You may not bump the kerb or any obstacles, or change direction during the manoeuvre.
Position your vehicle at the starting point and cancel the signal, if applicable. Apply the parking brake or
select neutral, (or P for automatic transmission) and wait for instructions.
When instructed to do so, perform the manoeuvre by following the steps on page 97.
Note: Alley docking to the left is shown here, so the first blind spot (observation) check and signalling
will be to the left. When intending to alley dock to the right, the first blind spot check and signalling will
be to the right.
2
4
1
MO T O R V E H I C L E D R I V ING TEST 99
Left turn (Only for a vehicle towing a trailer over 750 kg,
and heavy motor vehicles)
The examiner will tell you:
to steer the vehicle round the bend without stopping, mounting the kerb, or touching any boundary lines; and
that this manoeuvre is completed when the front wheels of the drawing vehicle are on the left-hand side of
the road, adjacent to the 45° line, where it meets the broken centre line.
Position your vehicle at the starting point. Apply the parking brake and select neutral (or P for automatic
transmission). Wait for instructions.
5 1
1. Move off
1 2. Check mirrors
2 3. Check left blind spot
4
3
2
4. Signal left
5. Check left blind spot
6. Steer to the appropriate lane
3
7. Check the mirrors
8. Decelerate
Notes: 9. Select correct gear
Only one attempt will be allowed. 10. Check left blind spot before turning
The full dimensions of the area may be used
for this manoeuvre; however, no boundary
4
lines may be touched. 11. Turn left and steer into the appropriate
Once you’ve started moving, if the vehicle lane
stops before the manoeuvre is completed, 12. Check mirrors while turning, for safe
you will fail, and the test will be discontinued. follow-through of trailer round the bend
Position your vehicle at the starting point. Stop and apply the parking brake, select neutral and wait for
instructions.
When instructed to do so, perform this manoeuvre following these steps:
MOVEMENT 1: FORWARD
1 2
1. Check the mirrors 9. Before stopping, counter-steer sharply
2. Check right blind spot to the left
3. Signal right 10. Stop
4. Select 1st gear 11. Apply parking brake, if applicable
5. Obtain clutch control 12. Select neutral
6. Check mirrors and both blind spots
7. Release the parking brake
8. Move forward and turn steering wheel as
far as possible to the right
1 2
1. Check the mirrors 8. Before stopping, counter-steer to the right
2. Check left blind spot 9. Stop
3. Signal left 10. Apply parking brake, if applicable
4. Select reverse gear 11. Select neutral
5. Observe 360º
6. Release parking brake, if applicable
7. Move backwards and steer sharply to the left
Notes:
This manoeuvre must be completed in three movements; one forward, one reverse and one forward.
The boundary lines must not be touched with any wheel.
If you end on the right-hand side of the roadway, you will fail and the test will be discontinued.
If the vehicle rolls forward or backwards, you
will fail, and the test will be discontinued.
Penalty points allocation:
You must turn the steering wheel immediately
Vehicle rolls back or forwards
before coming to a stop, and not while the
More than three movements
vehicle is stationary.
Mount kerb/touch line or road marking
Stopping and moving off in the same direction
Parking brake application 2
is not regarded as another movement.
Parking brake ratchet used 1
Stopping is permitted at any stage, but, if you
360º observation 5
are stationary for longer than 5 seconds, a 360º
Signal intention 5
observation must be done before moving off.
Gear change/selection 1
Only one attempt will be permitted.
Moving off 1
You will not be penalized if you decide not to
Stalling the engine 1
use the parking brake during this manoeuvre.
Counter-steering 1
If you select the wrong gear when moving off
Bumping the kerb 4
from the starting point, this will not be regarded
Signal cancelled 4
as an attempt.
1
2
4
1 3
Reversing Straightening in the bay
1. Check the mirrors 11. Counter-steer if a second movement
2. Check kerbside blind spot forward is required
3. Signal to the kerbside 12. Stop vehicle within the demarcated area
4. Select reverse gear 13. Apply parking brake
5. Obtain clutch control 14. Select neutral
6. Check mirrors and both blind spots 15. Cancel signal
7. Release parking brake
8. Move backwards
4
Leaving the bay
1. Check the mirrors
2
Steering into the bay 2. Check roadside blind spot
9. Before turning, check the roadside blind spot 3. Signal to the roadside
10. Steer into the parking bay without touching 4. Select 1st gear
any obstacles or mounting the kerb 5. Obtain clutch control
6. Observe 360º
7. Release parking brake and move forward
8. Steer out of the parking bay without
touching any obstacle or mounting the kerb
5
9. Cancel signal
Position your vehicle at the starting point. Apply the parking brake and select neutral (or P for automatic
transmission). Wait for instructions.
Notes:
Only one attempt will be allowed.
1 If the vehicle rolls back or forwards, you will
fail, and the test will be discontinued.
If you stop for any reason after having moved
2 off and before the manoeuvre is completed,
you will fail and the test will be discontinued.
If you select the incorrect gear when moving
3 off from the starting point, this will not be
regarded as an attempt.
If you coast during this manoeuvre, it will be
regarded as an ‘uncontrolled action’ and you
will fail and the test will be discontinued.
1
1. Select reverse gear
2. Obtain clutch control
Penalty points allocation:
3. Observe 360º
Vehicle rolls back or forwards
4. Release parking brake
Touch a boundary line
5. Move off
Fail first attempt
Position and apply parking brake 2
2 360º observation 5
6. Keep vehicle in a straight line
Gear selection 1
7. Don’t touch the side boundary lines
Move off smoothly 1
Stalling the engine 1
3
8. Stop where indicated
9. Apply parking brake
10. Select neutral (P for automatic transmission)
11. Release clutch pedal, if applicable
The road test will take at least 20 minutes, and continue up to a maximum of 45 minutes. If for any reason
beyond your control, the duration of the test is more than 45 minutes, no more penalty points will be recorded.
However, all errors that normally lead to immediate failure will be recorded (violation of traffic law, uncontrolled/
dangerous action, and collision/mechanical failure).
The stopwatch will be stopped when you have stopped the vehicle after completing the pre-established test
route. However, test scoring will continue until you have closed your door from the outside.
You will be allowed a maximum average of 8 penalty points per minute of the test. So, if the test took 30 minutes,
you will be allowed 240 penalty points. The stopwatch will be started after completion of the instructions for the
road test.
The following are the K53 procedures which must be applied for defensive driving:
in the road test for light and heavy motor vehicles;
in the motorcycle riding test, where applicable; and
by motorcyclists when riding on public roads.
Should you fail to maintain the minimum following distance of 2 seconds (3 seconds for heavy vehicles),
you will be penalized 5 points for every 5 to 8 seconds that you do this.
2
5 4. Check right blind spot
4
3
3 5. Steer into next lane, if safe
2 4
6. Position vehicle in new lane
1
5
7. Cancel signal
Notes:
Changing lanes within an intersection should
Penalty points allocation:
be avoided.
Check the mirrors 3
Where more than one lane is changed in one
Check the blind spot 5
movement, the appropriate blind spot must
Signal intention 5
be checked prior to crossing each lane line
Signal cancelled 4
(see procedure below).
2 5
4. Check right blind spot 8. Steer into the next lane
3 6
5. Steer into next lane 9. Cancel the signal
Stopping – in traffic
Follow this K53 procedure:
1. Check in the rear-view mirror(s).
2. Decelerate.
3. Brake timeously, smoothly and progressively without locking the wheels and remain in complete control
while keeping both hands on the steering wheel.
4. Disengage the clutch just before the vehicle is brought to a complete stop, without labouring or stalling
the engine (manual vehicles).
5. Obtain and maintain a clear space behind or alongside any obstruction or road user, where applicable –
approximately 4 to 5 m behind the vehicle ahead of you, in case you need to take evasive action.
6. Stop in accordance with the road traffic signs, signals, rules and markings.
7. Apply the parking brake, if necessary.
8. Select neutral, if necessary (manual vehicles).
Notes:
The parking brake should be applied when Penalty points allocation (applies whenever you stop):
stationary for any length of time, or where there Check in the mirrors 3
is a possibility of rolling, but this may not be Check the blind spots 5
necessary depending upon traffic signs, stop/start Signal intention 5
progress of traffic and the gradient of the road. Braking 2
Should you stop for a shorter period than it Disengaging the clutch 1
would take to apply the parking brake and select Keeping a clear space 5
neutral, you will not be penalized for failing to Parking brake application 2
apply the parking brake and selecting neutral. Parking brake ratchet used 1
Neutral should be selected when stationary Selecting Neutral/Drive/Park 1
for any length of time, but this may not be Signal cancelled 4
necessary depending on traffic signals and stop/ Needless stopping 1
start progress of traffic.
If the vehicle is equipped with a foot-operated parking brake, the sequence will be to select neutral
with the service brake depressed and then to apply the parking brake.
When coming to a stop, the brake pedal must be depressed before disengaging the clutch in order to
prevent coasting. However, this is not a requirement in stop-start traffic or when stopping on an incline.
1
1. Check mirrors
2
2
1 4. Position vehicle, if necessary
5. Check mirrors
6. Decelerate/brake
3
7. Steer safely to the side of road
Notes:
Where there is a kerb, turn the front wheels
4
in the direction of the kerb as a precautionary 8. Disengage clutch
measure to prevent the vehicle from moving, 9. Obtain/maintain a clear space
depending on the gradient of the road. 10. Stop
After switching off the engine, select an 11. Apply parking brake
appropriate gear to prevent the vehicle from 12. Select neutral (P for automatic transmission)
moving, depending on the gradient of the 13. Release clutch pedal
road. This procedure is not recommended in 14. Cancel signal
the case of a diesel vehicle. 15. Switch off engine
If a turbo is fitted, refer to the operator’s manual. 16. Engage a gear to prevent moving
If the vehicle is equipped with a foot-operated 17. Check mirrors and blind spots before
parking brake, the sequence will be to select opening doors
neutral with the service brake depressed and
then to apply the parking brake.
The same scoring applies as for stopping in traffic.
4
8. Brake with both hands on steering
9. Disengage clutch
10. Stop with both hands on steering
11. Engage parking brake
12. Select neutral
3
2
4
1 4
1. Check mirrors 16. Accelerate as necessary
2. Check left blind spot 17. Check mirrors
3. Signal left 18. Cancel signal
2
4. Check left blind spot, if applicable Penalty points allocation:
5. Steer to the left of the lane, if necessary Check in the mirrors 3
6. Check mirrors Check the blind spots 5
7. Decelerate/brake, if necessary Signal intention 5
8. Select a lower gear, if necessary Lane changing 3
9. Yield to pedestrians if necessary Check left and right for cross-traffic 5
Position for the turn 4
Wheels straight for turning 3
3
10. Select next lower gear, if necessary Signal cancelled 4
11. Check traffic to the right
12. Observe 360º, if applicable Note: The penalty points shown in the box above
13. Check left blind spot, if applicable apply to all intersection situations.
14. Steer round the corner into appropriate lane
15. Obey all road traffic signs and rules
1
1. Select 1st gear
2. Obtain clutch control
3. Check the mirrors
4. Check the blind spots
2 5. Check for cross-traffic
1 6. Releast parking brake if safe to move, and if
3
intersection is clear
7. Move off
2
8. Steer around the corner
Penalty points allocation:
Check in the mirrors 3
Check the blind spots 5 3
9. Accelerate smoothly
Signal intention 5
10. Check the mirrors
Lane changing 3
11. Cancel signal
Check left and right for cross-traffic 5
Position for the turn 4
Wheels straight for turning 3
Signal cancelled 4
3
8. Check right blind spot, if applicable
9. Position vehicle to immediate left of
centre line
4 10. Check mirrors
3 5 11. Decelerate/brake, if necessary
12. Select a lower gear, if necessary
2 13. Check for traffic to right and left
1 4
14. Check right blind spot, if applicable
15. Steer round the corner
1
1. Check mirrors 16. Steer into an appropriate lane
2. Check right blind spot
3. Signal right
5
17. Accelerate as necessary
18. Cancel signal
2
4. Check mirrors
5. Reduce speed/brake
6. Select a lower gear Note: See opposite page for the penalty points table
7. Continue braking that applies.
1 4
1. Check the mirrors 8. Brake with both hands on the steering wheel
2. Check blind spot in the direction you’re 9. Disengage the clutch
turning to 10. Stop with both hands on the steering wheel
3. Signal for the direction you’re turning to 11. Engage the parking brake
12. Select neutral
2
4. Check the mirrors
5. Reduce speed/brake
3 4
6. Check relevant blind spot
7. Steer vehicle to correct position on the lane
3
1
1. Select 1st gear
2. Obtain clutch control
3. Check mirrors 2
4. Check both blind spots 3
1
5. Check for cross-traffic
6. Release parking brake
7. If safe to move, and if intersection is clear,
release parking brake
8. Move off
2 3
9. Keep the front wheels straight 12. Accelerate as necessary
10. Check right blind spot 13. Check mirrors
11. Steer round the corner, into a suitable lane 14. Cancel signal
1 1
1. Check mirrors
3
When leaving the intersection:
6. Observe 360° and check mirrors
Notes:
At a four-way stop, yield to pedestrians and vehicles that arrived at the intersection before you.
At a scholar patrol crossing, proceed only when the Stop sign has been removed and if safe to do so.
1 2
8. Accelerate smoothly
9. Check the mirrors
Intersections – uncontrolled
The correct K53 procedure is as follows for passing through an intersection that is not controlled by
traffic lights, road signs or a traffic officer:
Note:
A steady green arrow indicates that you may proceed in that direction, but you must give way to any
pedestrians and vehicles lawfully within the intersection.
The penalty points allocation in the box above applies also to the traffic circle/roundabout intersection
situation on the opposite page.
Notes:
You may proceed with caution but you must give way to pedestrians crossing your path.
Pedestrians may cross if it is safe to do so.
Right of way must be given to traffic that stopped first.
1 5
1. Check the mirrors 11. Cancel signal
2. Check left blind spot 12. Check the mirrors
3. Signal to the left 13. Accelerate
2
4. Check the mirrors
5. Reduce speed then select suitable gear
6. Check for traffic in circle
3 5 4
7. Check left blind spot
8. Enter traffic circle
3
4 2
9. Check left blind spot
10. Exit traffic circle 1
1 2
3
4
1 4
1. Check the mirrors 9. Check left blind spot
2 Reduce speed/brake 10. Exit traffic circle
2 5
3. Check for traffic in circle 11. Cancel signal
4. Reduce speed further/brake 12. Check the mirrors
5. Enter traffic circle if safe 13. Accelerate
3
6. Check the mirrors Note: See opposite page for the standard penalty
7. Check left blind spot points allocation that applies to all intersection
8. Signal left situations.
Intersections – mini-circles
Note: A mini-circle is a small circle or hump in the centre of an intersection, painted yellow.
The correct K53 procedure for the small, yellow mini-circle follows on the next page:
Notes:
You must signal to the left or the right, depending on your intended direction of travel. If you intend
continuing straight ahead after the mini-circle, no signal is necessary.
Carry out all mirror and blind spot checks as you would for any other intersection.
At a mini-circle, vehicles have right of way according to their sequence of arrival at a Yield line. Therefore,
give way to any vehicle that arrived at the mini-circle (on any of the intersecting roads) before you did.
Always pass to the left of the mini-circle, irrespective of whether you will be turning left or right or
continuing straight ahead.
2
4. Reduce speed/brake
4 5. Check for cross-traffic
3
2 3
6. Check left blind spot
1
4
7. Enter intersection, keeping to the left
of the mini-circle
Note: See below for the penalty points allocation. 8. Turn left
9. Cancel signal
1
1. Check the mirrors
2. Check right blind spot
3. Signal to the right
3
2 4
4. Reduce speed/brake
5. Check for cross-traffic 2
1
3
6. Enter intersection, keeping to the left
of the mini-circle
7. Check right blind spot
Penalty points allocation:
8. Turn right
Check in the mirrors 3
Check the blind spots 5
4 Signal intention 5
9. Cancel signal
Lane changing 3
10. Check mirrors
Check left and right for cross-traffic 5
11. Accelerate
Position for the turn 4
Wheels straight for turning 3
Signal cancelled 4
The correct K53 procedure is as follows: The correct K53 procedure is as follows:
1. Check in the rear-view mirror(s). 1. Check in the rear-view mirror(s).
2. On approach, look to the right and to the left 2. On approach, look to the right and to the left
for rail traffic. for rail traffic.
3. Decelerate/brake, if necessary. 3. Decelerate/brake, if necessary.
4. Select an appropriate gear, if necessary. 4. Select an appropriate gear, if necessary.
5. Proceed, if it is safe to do so. 5. Proceed, if it is safe to do so, unless this is
6. Stop if necessary, in accordance with any prohibited by a traffic sign.
traffic sign. 6. Stop, if necessary, at a safe distance of at
7. Apply the parking brake, if necessary. least 5 m from the nearest rail.
8. Select neutral, if necessary. 7. Apply the parking brake, if necessary.
9. Select an appropriate gear, if necessary. 8. Select neutral or P, if necessary.
10. Observe 360º: check in the mirrors and both 9. Select an appropriate gear, if necessary.
blind spots, if applicable. 10. Observe 360º: check in the mirrors and both
11. Release the parking brake, if applicable. blind spots, if applicable.
12. Move off, if it is safe to do so. 11. Release the parking brake, if applicable.
12. Move off, if it is safe to do so.
Note:
An adequate clear space ahead must be obtained before returning to the right.
Note:
An adequate clear space ahead must be obtained before returning to the left.
Note: Note:
On a multi-lane freeway you will be penalized If you increase the vehicle’s speed while being
if you don’t drive in the left-hand lane. This overtaken on the right where there is two-
does not apply if the multi-lane road is not way traffic, you will fail, and the test will be
a freeway. discontinued.
Freeways – entering
Note: The illustration shows entering a freeway to the right of the on-ramp. When entering
a freeway that is to the left of the on-ramp, you would check in the left blind spot instead of
the right blind spot.
Notes:
You must drive between the edge lines of the on-ramp.
3
You may not overtake on a single-lane on-ramp.
A left and right blind spot check must be done when
entering a freeway. 2
Additional blind spot checks for a safe gap may be
necessary. 1
The correct K53 sequence for entering a freeway
is as follows:
1 3
1. Select the appropriate lane of the on-ramp 13. Move off/proceed, if necessary
2. Check mirrors 14. Check right blind spot
3. Check right blind spot 15. Merge with the traffic and obtain a sufficient
4. Signal to right, if applicable clear space
5. Accelerate, if necessary 16. Cancel signal
2
6. Check mirrors, if applicable
Penalty points allocation:
7. Decelerate, if necessary
L R
8. Brake, if necessary
Check in the mirrors 3 3
9. Yield as necessary
Check the blind spots 5 5
10. Stop, if necessary
Signal intention 5 5
11. Select an appropriate gear, if necessary
Signal cancelled 4 4
12. Observe 360º, if applicable
Keeping a clear space 5 5
1 3
1. Check mirrors 5. Check both blind spots
2. Check left blind spot 6. Maintain your speed where possible
3. Signal left 7. Enter off-ramp
2 4
4. Maintain speed 8. Cancel signal
9. Check mirrors
10. Decelerate, if necessary
1 2
1. Check blind spot to the right for vehicles 2. Check blind spot to the left for vehicles
cutting in front to leave the freeway from cutting in front to re-enter the freeway
the right lane across the painted island
1
1. On your approach, check mirrors
2
2. Before passing the on-ramp, check
left blind spot for merging traffic
3. Adjust your speed and position to facilitate
entry of any vehicles about to join the freeway
1
The test requirements and penalty points for using the vehicle controls are given in Chapter 13.
This test has been designed for riders of solo (two-wheeled) motorcycles, and not for three-wheeled
(tri-cycle) or four-wheeled (quad-bike) motorcycles, nor for a motorcycle with a sidecar.
During the test, you will not be allowed to smoke or use a cell phone.
Test structure
Part One:
pre-trip inspection of the motorcycle’s roadworthiness;
starting and stopping the engine;
speed management and control;
moving off and turning left;
changing lane to the right; and
stopping on an incline and then moving off, without rolling back.
Part Two:
turning speed judgement (to the left and to the right);
emergency stops;
emergency swerves to the left and to the right; and
stopping in a controlled manner.
Scoring
Throughout the test, the following items will be marked with penalty points as necessary:
violation of a traffic law;
uncontrolled actions;
dangerous actions;
collisions; and
mechanical failure.
Pre-trip inspection
The examiner will accompany you to your motorcycle
where you must conduct the pre-trip inspection.
Notes:
You will not be penalized for the following:
Penalty points allocation:
if you fail to execute the pre-trip inspection
Check under vehicle 1
in an anti-clock wise direction;
Check the mirrors 1
if you check one wheel and later only refer to
Check the chains 1
the other wheel; or
Check the tyres 1
if you fail to check both sidewalls of a tyre
Check the fork 1
for damage.
When checking those parts of the motorcycle which you have to check, it is not expected of you to make
mention of all the properties of that particular part. For example, when the wheels are checked you are not
expected to mention that you checked the tyre tread for wear, for damage to the sidewall, tyre pressure and
the valve cap etc.
Note:
Penalty points allocation:
If you fail to apply the front brake when
Apply front brake 2
mounting the motorcycle, you will be
Maintain balance 5
allocated penalty points.
Note:
If you fail to apply the front brake when mounting the motorcycle, you will be allocated penalty points.
Note:
If any of the items does not operate, the examiner will record a failure and immediately discontinue the test.
If you neglect to carry out an action it will be recorded as such in the appropriate section on the test report.
Important
Although the entire motorcycle test is conducted inside the testing station yard, and not on public roads,
it is important that you study the section ‘K53 Defensive driving procedures’ on pages 108 to 129 to
ensure that these are followed where applicable during the motorcycle riding test and also when driving
on public roads.
Deferred test
When conditions beyond the control of the examiner or you are likely to affect a test adversely, the test will be
deferred, and you must again be subjected to a full test at a later time.
Mechanical failure
If the test has to be terminated due to mechanical failure of the motorcycle, the test will be deferred and the
complete test will have to be redone at another time.
Starting procedure
The examiner will instruct you to:
mount the motorcycle and start the engine; and
operate the lights, direction indicators and horn.
Notes:
If the first and second attempts were unsuccessful, you will be allowed a third attempt, provided that you had
not touched any boundary lines.
This is not an emergency stop. However, if you
Penalty points allocation:
do not bring the motorcycle to a controlled
360º observation 5
stop, you will be allocated penalty points.
Gear change/selection 1
You must stop on point ‘D’ with the centre of
Moving off 1
your tyre touching the ‘cross-hair’ lines. Stopping
Maintain balance 5
with the front portion facing them will cause you
Controlled stop 5
to fail.
Stalling the engine 1
If you do happen to touch a boundary line with
Disengage clutch 1
one of your feet after moving off, you will be
Use of brakes 3
allocated penalty points.
Touching boundary lines
If you let the motorcycle roll back or forwards
Rolling back or forwards
when it is meant to be stationary, you will fail
Not successful in max. 3 attempts
and the test will be discontinued.
Notes:
When moving off, if you spin the rear wheel or lift the front wheel of the motorcycle off the road surface,
you will be penalized.
Should the motorcycle roll at all, you will fail and the test will be discontinued.
The correct K53 procedures for this part of the test are detailed in the pages that follow.
Note:
During the emergency swerve, the point at which the rear wheel of the motorcycle crosses the calibrated
line ‘K–L’ will be recorded.
Notes:
Pressure on the rear brake pedal or the front brake lever must be eased if either wheel should skid.
Only three attempts in any direction will be allowed, provided no boundary lines were touched.
If a reading of ‘Fast’ is indicated via the measuring device, you must stop the motorcycle before
the 26th calibration mark in order to pass this manoeuvre, in which case no penalty points will be
recorded.
Notes:
Only three attempts in any direction will be
allowed, provided no boundary lines were touched.
If a reading of ‘Fast’ is indicated on the measuring
device, you must cross the line ‘K–L’ beyond the 4th
calibration mark in order to pass this manoeuvre, in
which case no penalty points will be recorded.
If you carry out an incorrect action (swerve in the
wrong direction or brake/stop), 25 penalty points
will be recorded.
If a reading of ‘Fast’ is given, and the swerve
distance is less than the 5th calibration mark, or a
reading of ‘Slow’ is given, a second attempt will be
allowed. If you still ride too ‘Fast’, and still do not
cross the calibration line beyond the 4th calibration
mark, or if you still ride too ‘Slow’, a third (final)
Penalty points allocation:
attempt will be allowed.
360º observation 5
You will fail, and the test will be discontinued if:
Gear change/selection 1
you touch any one of the boundary lines,
Moving off 1
whether it was those of the straight path, or of
Stalling the engine 1
lines ‘O–P’, ‘M–N’ or the outer boundary lines;
Maintain balance 5
the motorcycle rolls at all;
Rolling back or forwards
you fall or let the motorcycle fall; or
Touching boundary lines
you cause or are involved in a collision
Not exceeding in max. 3 attempts
which is considered to have been avoidable.
Not e s 143
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Copyright © in text and illustrations: Clive Gibson, Gavin Hoole 2009, 2010, 2012
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PLEASE NOTE:
The National Road Traffic Act, Regulations and test requirements are revised by the authorities from time
to time. This book is constantly updated to incorporate such changes, and every effort has been made
to ensure the accuracy and current validity of the information provided in this book. Nevertheless, the
Publishers and the Authors shall not be held responsible or liable in any way whatsoever for any
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