Lesson 15.1 Cells Beget Cells

Lesson 15.
Cells Beget Cells

Main Idea: Cells originate from preexisting cells through
cellular reproduction.
EQ: What functions does cell division play in your body?

● The third tenet of the cell theory as proposed
by the German physician Rudolf Virchow
states that "cells come from preexisting cells."
This very simple and yet profound
generalization explains that cellular reproduction
is essential for the perpetuaretion of life.
● It emphasizes the concept that no new cells will
be formed without preexisting cells.
● Consequently, no new organisms will be formed without preexisting

organisms.
● All cells whether that of bacteria, plants, animals or humans

undergo cell division to fulfill a particular role in an organism.
● In unicellular organisms like bacteria, cellular reproduction is a
means to multiply or increase in number.
● This is what is observed in a bacterial colony in leftover food

and causing its spoilage Bacterial cells divide by a type of cell
division called binary fission.
● Binary fission is an asexual means of reproduction, where the

genetic material (chromosome) of the cell duplicates first
(replication) followed by the pulling of the chromosome to
opposite poles, and finally, the growth of the cell wall at the
center to constrict and divide the rest of the cell.
● The resulting two new daughter cells are identical in content.

● In multicellular organisms, cellular reproduction as a means for the
production of new tissues or body parts during growth and
development.
● A human embryo in the womb of the mother undergoes rapid and

successive rounds of cellular reproduction in order to form all the
vital organs and body parts in just a matter of nine months.
● Even after birth, cells divide to supply the needed cells for a
continued growth and development of tissues.
● Cellular reproduction is likewise a means to replace worn-out and

damaged cells. The ability of a wound to heal involves cellular
reproduction.
● The epithelial cells that are sloughed off when you rub your skin
with a towel after taking a bath are replaced by new epithelial cells
by cellular reproduction.
● Thousands of red blood cells are produced daily in the bone

marrow to replace non functional old red blood cells.
● Cells in the digestive and respiratory tracts are also replaced by

cellular reproduction every time they are damaged.
● Cellular reproduction is also a means to produce new plants or

animals in asexually-reproducing organisms.
● The growth and
development of
stem-cuttings such as
santan (Ixora spp.) stem, the
germination of runners in
grasses, and the formation
of a bud in Hydra sp. are
examples of asexual
reproduction through cellular
division.
Figure 15.1 Binary fission: https://youtu.be/XlCA-cdvSvU

Next lesson
Lesson 15.2
Stages of Cellular
Reproduction
● Cellular reproduccion is a complex process that is divided into two
distinct stages- (1) cellular growth and maturation and (2) cell
division. Regardless of the cell type in a particular organism, a cell
requires a number of important cellular components to become fully
mature and operational prior to actual cell division.
● In the first stage, growth and maturation of the cell refers to the
important processes the cell must undertake before cell division
starts.
● These processes include attainment of its normal size, assembly of
the necessary organelles and cellular components, accumulation of
enough energy, storage of the essential materials, and the
replication of its genetic content.
In the second stage, the genetic material in the form of
chromosomes systematically and equally divide into two daughter
cells. The organelles and the other components of the cytoplasm are
likewise divided into the resulting daughter cells.
Fig. 15-3. A mammalian lymphocyte must

attain a normal mature size of roughly
10-15 um in diameter to be a fully
functional immune cell.
Next lesson
Lesson 15.3
Organelles Involved
in Cell Division
https://youtu.be/Q6ucKWIIFmg
Organelles Involved in Cell Division
● A number of organelles and other cellular parts are involved in
the process of cell division.
● More visible than the other organelles, the nucleus of the cell is
where cell division starts.
● Inside the nucleus are chromatin fibers, the genetic materials of

the cell in the form of long thin threads of DNA wrapped around
histone proteins.
● As the cell prepares for cell division, the fibers undergo

compaction by a series of coiling process to form distinct and
visible chromosomes.
● These chromosomes carry the genes of the organisms, which are
responsible for the observed characters.
● In humans, it is estimated that there are roughly 25000 genes mostly

contained in the 46 chromosomes of the nucleus of a normal person.
● Few genes are located in the DNA of the mitochondria. In the case of
green plants, other genes are located in the chloroplast DNA.
● Each chromosome has a centromere, a region containing the

kinetochore, which serves as an attachment of the spindle fibers
where the chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles during cell
division.
● Centrioles are paired organelles found in the cytoplasm near the
nucleus and become visible only to take part in cell division. During
division of cells, they duplicate themselves.
● Each pair moves to the end poles of the cell to anchor themselves
into another structure called spindle fibers.
● Spindle fibers are formed from the microtubules which are

miniature tubes supporting the cell and similar to the skeletons of
your body.
● During cell division, they rearrange themselves into spindle fibers
that stretch between centrioles and attach to the centromeres of
chromosomes to move them around.
● The membranes of the cell, specifically the nuclear membrane,

are also involved in cell division.
● The nuclear membrane disintegrates during cell division and as a

result, the chromosomes are free to migrate toward the opposite
poles.
● During cytokinesis, the cell membrane and the cell wall, if

present, then enclose the two daughter cells.

Lesson 15.1 Cells Beget Cells

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Lesson 15.

Cells Beget Cells

EQ: What functions does cell division play in your body?

● Consequently, no new organisms will be formed without preexisting

● All cells whether that of bacteria, plants, animals or humans

● This is what is observed in a bacterial colony in leftover food

● Binary fission is an asexual means of reproduction, where the

● The resulting two new daughter cells are identical in content.

● A human embryo in the womb of the mother undergoes rapid and

● Cellular reproduction is likewise a means to replace worn-out and

● Thousands of red blood cells are produced daily in the bone

● Cells in the digestive and respiratory tracts are also replaced by

● Cellular reproduction is also a means to produce new plants or

Figure 15.1 Binary fission: https://youtu.be/XlCA-cdvSvU

Fig. 15-3. A mammalian lymphocyte must

● Inside the nucleus are chromatin fibers, the genetic materials of

● As the cell prepares for cell division, the fibers undergo

● In humans, it is estimated that there are roughly 25000 genes mostly

● Each chromosome has a centromere, a region containing the

● Spindle fibers are formed from the microtubules which are

● The membranes of the cell, specifically the nuclear membrane,

● The nuclear membrane disintegrates during cell division and as a

● During cytokinesis, the cell membrane and the cell wall, if

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