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Improved water resource management framework for water sustainability and security

Sameh S. Ahmed, Rekha Bali, Hasim Khan, Hassan Ibrahim Mohamed, Sunil Kumar
Sharma

PII: S0013-9351(21)00821-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111527
Reference: YENRS 111527

To appear in: Environmental Research

Received Date: 17 March 2021

Revised Date: 31 May 2021
Accepted Date: 10 June 2021

Please cite this article as: Ahmed, S.S., Bali, R., Khan, H., Mohamed, H.I., Sharma, S.K., Improved
water resource management framework for water sustainability and security, Environmental Research
(2021), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111527.

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Author Statement

Conception and design of study : ,Sameh S Ahmed, Rekha Bali,

Acquisition of data : Hasim Khan, Hassan Ibrahim Mohamed,

of
Analysis and/or interpretation of data : Sunil Kumar Sharma

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 Improved Water Resource Management Framework for Water
Sustainability and Security
1,2
Sameh S Ahmed, 3Rekha Bali, 4Hasim Khan, 5Hassan Ibrahim Mohamed,
6*
Sunil Kumar Sharma

1
Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
College of Engineering, Majmaah University, Majmaah, 11952, (KSA)
2
Mining and Metallurgical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering,

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Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
3
Department of Mathematics, Harcourt Butlor Technical University, Kanpur

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208002, India
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4
Associate Professor Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Jazan
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University, Jazan (KSA)

5
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Assiut University, Egypt
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6
Assistant Professor Department of Information Technology, College of
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Computer and Information Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952,

(KSA)
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Corresponding Email: [email protected]

Abstract
The water resource is an essential field of economic growth, social progress, and
environmental integrity. A novel solution is offered to meet water needs, distribution,
and IoT-based quality management requirements. With technological growth, this paper
presents an IoT-enabled Water Resource Management and Distribution Monitoring System
(IWRM-DMS) using sensors, gauge meters, flow meters, ultrasonic sensors, motors to
implement in rural cities. Thus, research proposes that the IWRM-DMS establish the
rural demand for water and the water supply system to minimize water demand. The
system proposed includes different sensors, such as the water flow sensor, the pH
sensor, the water pressure valve, the flow meters, and ultrasound sensors. This
water system has been developed, which addresses the demand for domestic water in the
village. Machine Intelligence has been designed for demand prediction in the decision
support system. The simulation results confirm the applicability of the proposed framework
in real-time environments. The proposed IWRM-DMS has been proposed to analyze the
water quality to ensure water distribution in a rural area to achieve less MAPE (21.41%) and
RMSE(15.12%), improve efficiency (96.93%), Reliability (98.24%), enhance prediction
(95.29%)), the overall performance (97.34%), moisture content ratio (7.4%), cost-
effectiveness ratio (95.7%) when compared to other popular methods.

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Keywords: Water Resource Management, ultrasonic sensors, Social growth, Internet of
things, Water Sustainability, Water Distribution Monitoring System.

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1. introduction -p
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Water supplies are distributed and handled throughout water conservation in the sense of a
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multi-layered, dynamic market for water resources. Rural Water Resources Management
(RWRM), in terms of water availability and quality, is the mechanism for planning,
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improving, and maintaining water resources across all water uses, including agencies,
utilities, incentives, and water quality information systems [1]. Recently, rural area
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understanding has grown about the value of water conservation as population development,
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emerging technology, expanded food use, land use, and economic activity, among others,
continue to escalate competition between water consumers to obtain access to natural
resources [2]. Adequate rural water quality for drinking water and water treatment facilities,
food production and energy production, inland water transportation, recreational water
availability, and maintaining sustainable habitats that rely on water supplies are used to
ensure that water value is adequately handled [3]. Rural water resources management leads to
the development of effective irrigation operations in the future to improve agriculture. This
valuable resource can be saved by the proper use of water in rural households [4, 5]. The
control of water helps us to use less water as necessary [6]. The low benefit is directly
extracted from greater access to water and sanitation by better hygiene, averted health costs,
and time savings. Effective rural water resource management brings greater stability and
production performance across economic sectors and leads to ecosystem wellbeing [8, 9].
A rural supply network consists of components delivering drinking water from consolidated
water and wells to water users for the effective water supply to fulfill residential, commercial,
industrial, and fire-fighting requirements [10]. The rural water delivery system's role is to
provide all the system customers with water at adequate pressure, safe and reasonable quality,
and as economically as possible, inappropriate amounts for potable drinking water and fire
safety [11, 12]. The system aims to provide good quality, quantity, and water pressure for
customers [13]. The delivery mechanism collectively defines the water supply services from
their source to the point of use [14]. In delivery pipes, the consistency of the water does not
deteriorate to improve the water quality.[15]. Rural water distribution advantages include
convenient water sources, the opportunity to have good maintenance shared by a limited

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number of households, the supplementation of urban water systems that cannot meet all

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households, and the lower-income water supplies alternative [16, 17]. The consistency and

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availability of water were some of the big issues in the history of humans. Rural bodies were
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established in many ancient civilizations. For fulfilling customer demands have risen with
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rising populations [18, 19].
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The Internet of Things (IoT) idea provides the impression of interconnecting items in several
working environments through sensor technologies [20]. It allows people to use continuing
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communications technology to access, control, and handle the activities and data of objects
running under various information systems in their community [21]. A water distribution
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system monitors data from a wireless sensor node network and constantly monitors the
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hydraulic, acoustic, and water quality parameters [22]. The water protection IoT chapter aims
to present integrated and monitoring by developing new expertise and novel methods
concentrating on sustainable resource use [23]. This chapter's primary focus is on IoT
technologies for rural water and stormwater and the human and environmental effects of
managing water pollutants [24]. The IoT technologies with sensors for waste and stormwater
control, water quality measurement, treatment, and environmental management across
networked ecosystems are applied.

Areas of economic growth, social advancement, and environmental integrity are crucial to
water resources. A new solution is presented to suit water supply, distribution, and IoT
quality control requirements. This study covers IWRM-DMS with technological progress
employing sensors, gauge metres, flux metres, ultrasonic sensors, and rural city engines.
THUS, the IWRM-DMS advises that rural demand for water and the water delivery system
must be established to limit the water demand. The system presented comprises several
sensors such as the water flow sensor, the pH sensor, and the water pressure valve. This water
system, which handles residential water demand in the community, has been created. In the
Decision Support System, mechanical intelligence was built to foresee the demand. The
findings of the simulation indicate the applicability in real-time contexts of the proposed
framework.

The water distribution system's design is important and a key role in supplying water to
customers, based on the IoT-based architecture of WDS. This architecture design is based on
the demand projection, based on historical water use data, and the local substation is

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responsible for the water supply. Therefore, proposed methodologies for forecasting water

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demand for customers regarding water delivery architecture are based on the historical
evidence for water use.

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The main contributions of IWRM-DMS are described as follows
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 The IWRM-DMS is implemented primarily to focus on predicting the water demand
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in a rural area.
 The suggested IWRM-DMS evaluation mode for water quality improves the water
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distribution system by enhancing water resource management.

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The remaining article is organized as follows: Section 2 comprises various background

studies concerning predicting water demand and water distribution systems. Section 3
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explores the proposed IWRM-DMS model for continuous monitoring the water distribution.
Section 4 result and discussion. Finally, the conclusion with future perspectives is discussed
in section 5.

2. Literature works:

Maria Krommyda et al. [25] suggested the Integrated Toolbox (ITB) engage citizens in
monitoring the water ecosystem. Monitoring water ecosystems requires the reliable and
precise calculation of sensors, typically given by conventional in-situ environmental
monitoring systems. They include a state-of-the-art comprehensive toolbox that assists in
organizing crowd-sourcing activities, ensuring user engagement, ensuring consistent data
collection, introducing comprehensive data quality initiatives, and providing local authorities
and scientists standardized access to the widely accepted standards.
Sunmin Lee et al. [26] introduced the GIS-Based Machine Learning Techniques for rural
development. Adequate groundwater production for the rural population is necessary, as
groundwater is a vital source of drinking water and agricultural water. Both BCT and FR
BCT models calculated the contributions of various groundwater management factors that
revealed that the soil is the most significant element. This study's machine learning
technology has demonstrated that groundwater capacity effectively models areas with
relatively little details. The findings of this analysis will help grow groundwater supplies
safely by recognizing areas of high groundwater capacity.

Manjot Kaur et al. [27] explored the Driver-Pressure-State Impact-Response (DPSIR)

framework for urban densification on buried water infrastructure. Urban densification in

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reaction to intensive urbanization and economic growth is seen as a potential solution. Due to
their simplicity and the most efficient communication mechanism between environment and

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community, the DPSIR framework was selected. In recognizing the complex equilibrium
between urban densification, BWI, and sustainable water resources usage, the proposed
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model will act as a benchmark for multi-stakeholders.
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Reliability, resilience, and vulnerability (RRV)-Fuzzy Method(FM) for improving

performance criteria in the water resource systems deliberated by Golmohammadi et al. [28].
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A water provider scheme's performance requirements in studies undertaken over the past
three decades have commonly been reliability, resilience, and vulnerability (RRV). Two case
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studies involving a theoretical and existing water basin are applied to assess whether a
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potential solution is successful. A comparison between the RRV-Fuzzy suggested and the
classic RRV-Flexed methods show that the proposed approach has become more successful
and practical in the related figures' changes.

Deep learning with long-short-term memory(DL-LSTMA)algorithm for Forecasting Water

Quality in IoT Systems expressed by Nguyen Thai-Nghe et al. [29]. The global rise in
atmosphere and water contamination posed many seafood and shrimp producers; for instance,
shrimp and fish had died early before harvest. As these metrics are gathered regularly,
sequential/temporary data become usable. They are proposing to use a DL method to predict
these indicators with the LSTMA. Experimental findings for different data sets indicate that
the methodology proposed works well for the actual structures and can be applied.

Feedforward neural network (FFNN) and Deep Learning (DL) method for Forecasting of
water level in multiple temperate lakes initialized by Senlin Zhu et al. [30]. As a result of
environmental change in the environment and rising population, cool water is highly
vulnerable to pollution. One of the main issues facing decision-makers and water managers is
the conservation of freshwater infrastructure, in particular lakes and related ecosystems. From
the standpoint of computer learners and their dynamics, this analysis's findings have
significant implications for water level predictions and water supply management in lakes.

Bezerra, M. O., et.al [31], The strategy was to bring the FHI together with management
agencies, water utilities, planning authorities, local non-governmental organizations, and
industry, community organizations, and researchers. Detailed information is supplied on the
ecological integrity of each basin and the sustainability of the ecosystem services offered. All
three basins have extremely poor governance and stakeholder involvement, focusing on

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improving both in the area. The results also highlight the possibility of the Freshwater Health
Index (FHI) framework informing decision-making to better implement integrated water

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resources management (IWRM) through the participation of stakeholders.
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Xiang, X., et al [32] In sustainable water development, ecological planning, nonlinear
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impacts, stochastic dynamics, and hydraulic restrictions are hard. This study proposes
maintaining the urban water environment using the Adaptive Intelligent Dynamic Water
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Resource Planning (AIDWRP). An adaptive smart approach is a subset of the AI technology

in which environmental planning for sustainable water development was effectively shaped.
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This methodology is an adaptive smart approach.

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Based on the survey, DPSIR's urban densification infrastructure framework has been
examined in [27]. In which urban densification is regarded as a feasible option in response to
intense urbanization and economic expansion. RRV-FM has been considered for increasing
the criteria of performance in water resource systems as outlined in [28]. It was taken into
account. As illustrated in [29], the DL-LSTMA algorithm for water quality prediction in IoT
systems has been introduced. In addition, a comparison analysis was conducted using the
FFNN-DL approach to estimate water levels in many temperate lakes initiated in[30].

Based on the literature survey, there are some issues in water distribution and water resource
management. To overcome these issues in this paper, IWRM-DMS has proposed analyzing
the seasonal water decomposition and predicting the water demand in a rural area.
 3. IoT based Water Resource Management and Distribution Monitoring System
(IWRM-DMS)

This paper discussed the rural water resources management and water distribution system
based on IoT. The population of rural areas is growing increasingly due to migration from an
agricultural region to rural areas. A new solution is proposed to satisfy the need for water
needs, distribution, and quality control based on the IoT. Hence in this paper, IWRM-DMS
has been proposed to determine the rural water demand and water distribution system to
reduce the water demand. The system suggested consists of various sensors such as the water
flow sensor, the pH sensor, the water pressure valve and flow metres, and ultrasound sensors.
To forecast water demand for customers to develop an IoT water delivery architecture for an

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intelligent rural area. Therefore, these studies using Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated
Moving Average (SARIMA) time series models and regression analysis have daily carried

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out water demand predictions for three months. It uses hydraulic engineering architecture for
proper water delivery with minimum losses, contributing to developing a smart water
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distribution system. A hydraulic distribution system has been built based on the research for
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the water requirements. A water control valve with a web-based water flow sensor value is
regulated to ensure fair and sufficient water delivery to each connection.
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Figure 1: Basic Diagram of Water Resources Management

Figure 1 shows the Basic Diagram of Water Resources Management. Management of water
resources includes various activities: monitoring, modelling, exploration, assessment, design
of interventions and policies, Performance monitoring, activity and maintenance and
evaluation, which requires promoting activities, including structural change. Management of
water supplies involves state, national and international operations, both short-term and long-
term. It requires all the science, technological, administrative, managerial, legal and
organisational activities needed for water supplies to be prepared, established, controlled and
maintained. The control of the water supply must continue to respond to existing and future
challenges of water allocation. Decision-making would be much more difficult with the
increasing confusion about global climate change and the long-term effects of management
decisions. Effective resource management requires a comprehensive understanding of
available services, use, competitive resource needs, interventions and processes to determine
the relevance and usefulness of competing requirements and frameworks to convert policy
actions into effect on the ground. Water resource management is the sector where the optimal
utilisation of water supplies is planned, created, spread and controlled. Ideally, water supply

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management takes all competitive water needs into account and aims to distribute water to

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meet all uses and requirements equitably. Rainwater harvesting strategies include digging

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wetlands, dams, canals, expanding reservoirs, and installing rainwater storage systems and
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filtration systems in homes. The strategy may involve additional groundwater or surface
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resources, transfer, reuse, and control of demand. The assessment of water resources is the
estimation, selection, and interpretation phase of specific criteria on the quantity and quality
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of water resources for improved production and reliable water supply management.
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Figure 2: Rural Water Resource Management with Sensor System

Figure 2 initialized the Rural Water Resource Management with Sensor System. Advanced
monitoring techniques such as sensing and IoT allow successful water quality monitoring and
are referred to as smart water quality monitoring. An in-house surveillance system can be
implemented in real-time to control the drinking water supply processes, like rural raw water.
Drinking water systems require real-time monitoring to ensure a higher standard of water
quality and prevent unintended incidents, including the breakdown of water treatment
processes and the pollution of raw water. Data conversion and mass environmental data
management at low cost can help the decision-making process represented in figure 2.

The IoT water protection chapter intends to build new expertise and new ways for sustainable
use of resources to offer integrated and systematic quality control and environmental
monitoring. The main topic of this chapter is IoT technology for rural water and stormwater
and the impacts of the treatment of water contaminants on people and the environment. IoT
technologies are used throughout networked ecosystems, with sensors for waste and
stormwater control, water quality testing, processing, and environmental management.

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The ultimate role of online monitoring of water quality systems is collecting, distributing, and

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analysing the assessed data in real-time. Effective water data processing platform is equipped
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with innovative data mining tools, such as machine intelligence. Physical, chemical and
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biological measures are used in the water quality evaluation. Popular parameters include pH,
electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen, turbidity, thermal, total organic content, total
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suspended solids (TSS) and the amount of water toxicity of nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and
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phosphorus (P). Sensors typically sense environment triggers that are transformed into signals
processed for later use in a data platform. There are several phases to a wireless water quality
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control system: data collection, signal processing, data amplification and transfer, and data
technology signal management: data collection, data storage, and computer processes. Firstly,
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wireless sensors capture the field water quality data and relay it through a wireless or wired
device to a controller. The machine moves the data transmission from the controller to the
cloud for retrieval. Finally, the data stored in the cloud is used to evaluate and run a system.
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Figure 3: Proposed IWRM-DMS

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Figure 3 illustrated the proposed IWRM-DMS. Many rural regions use water towers for the
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efficient distribution of water during busy hours and electricity failures. These higher
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structures are intentionally high enough to sustain necessary pressure to provide drinking
water through gravity through a delivery pumping system that supplies homes with water. To
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maintain adequate pressure and water levels, cities and rural area need to control the water
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distribution system. Pressure control is important as unnecessary or low pressures may

contribute to inefficient device operations and damaged pumps. Pressure sensors in the water
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tower tanks are usually installed to assess the water level pressure.
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The system describes water supply services from their source to the point of use jointly. The
consistency of the water in delivery pipes does not decrease to increase the quality of the
water. The rural water distribution benefits include handy water sources, sharing good
servicing with a restricted number of families, and complementing urban water systems that
may not service all homes and provide lower-income water alternative suppliers.

To track air, pressure sensors are often mounted on pumps for suction and discharge. Remote
sensor control systems remove the need for operators to ascend towers or different positions
to read gauges to track pressure sensors and insert input information into the device for
review. However, the water delivery system's working environment presents threats to wired
surveillance systems. Wired devices are vulnerable to light strikes and ground failures while
working in outdoor conditions, power sens, and wired links. Power can be a concern in wired
systems since there is normally just 120V AC in the water tanks. Wired Systems demand that
any sensor be wired to the controller and connected to an interface socket. It can be expensive
to maintain the height of the water tower on hardwired sensors. The wired system design is
identical to the wireless power and remote control system. Air wires monitor and transfer
water pressure from the water to a remote location instead of cables. The wireless telemetry
device consists of the end nodes with a radio powering the sensors to calculate the pressure to
relay to the entrance. Battery-powered, the end nodes resolve the problems of using the

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sensors in the powerless or insecure regions. The wireless network enables efficient data

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processing across diverse geography, systems and weather environments and runs in harsh

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environmental conditions for generations to come. The wireless device eliminates the
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probability of failure by lightning strikes and land failures, damaging wired networks because
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nodes and other elements are not physically wired. Working design of the water delivery
system for the water tower's wireless remote sensor system. Installed in the water towers and
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pumps to regulate water levels and pressure, integrated sensor nodes with a pressure sensor,
wireless node and an internal battery with intrinsic protection are provided. These integrated
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sensor nodes are low-cost alternatives to ducts, wired and other pressure sensor systems by
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reducing the need to capture and order a pressure sensor and a wireless node separately.
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The ultimate objective of an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) algorithm is

the mathematical analysis of data from the seasonal method based on the global time pattern
known as the time-series analysis. This research is carried out to assess data patterns,
seasonality and moving average, and analyse algorithmic output dependent on errors. The
data is transformed such that the data series is stabilised and the variance stabilised. Model
selection is the continuous stage method in which the partial autocorrelation function
(PACF) and ACF functions for the optimal model are done. The parameters are tested in all
feasible models at this point, and based on optimum requirements; the best fit model is
selected. The pattern is broken down into a simplified shape or separated into sub-patterns
throughout the time-series study. The data are believed to be seasonal, error and pattern
periods.

The IoT-based water distribution and control system is constructed with flow metres,
ultrasonic sensors, motors. Furthermore, the viability of a gadget is examined utilizing a use
scenario. This research indicated that one of the most prominent reasons for water shortages
in rural regions was the failure of sufficient installations, which resulted to mismanagement
of water supply

Data is often defined in time series analysis in terms of error, trend period and seasonal
patterns, which is expressed in equation (1):

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Figure 4: Data Decomposition

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(1)

Figure 4 and equation (1) data decomposition has been derived. is expressed as data
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decomposition, explores as functional trend cycle, is denotes as Time series,

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signifies the error function, inferred as a seasonal component. In general, by calculating all
the components' total, the additive form of decomposition can be calculated. The form of the
additive is shown in equation (2):

(2)

As shown in equation (2), an additive of the total decomposition model has been calculated.
This decomposition is valid when the seasonal functions preserve a steady trend, i.e. no
sudden decrease or increase over functional components. Water intake here is a seasonal
function depending on consumption in which the seasonal consumption rates differ. The
decomposition of nature is, therefore, multiplication in equation (3):

(3)
As obtained in equation (3), the multiplication of seasonal decomposition consumption has
been found. This becomes an additive model, taking the sequence's log to obtain the additive
ratio from the multiplication in equation (4)

(4)

The logarithm of overall data decomposition has been deliberated in equation (4). Data is
smoothed by reducing spontaneous fluctuations to reach the pattern cycle. The easiest way to
smooth the series moving average (MA). MA is the following expression in equation (5)

∑ (5)

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As seasonal decomposition has been contributed in equation (5). The first order of is

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defined here, where is an integer. is expressed as time series. is explored as an odd

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number and denotes as observations. It can be used to measure an odd number of
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observations. The following equations are derived for the measurement of MA for six-month
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observations
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(6)
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As calculated in equation (6), observation seven-day data decomposition has been

described. express as a seven-day data observation of data decomposition.
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explores the second-day observation and explores the third-day observation. Average
seven days passing over the data collection is used to evaluate the pattern for the next seven
days and its use in the decomposition process. This is useful for a three-month daily forecast
of water demand in equation (7). Despite the absence of an adequate water management
mechanism, water is delivered to customers despite the large physical water availability for
consumption. IoT will assist in overcoming one of the primary difficulties with inappropriate
water management in water supply chain management: insufficient evidence for research into
water sources. IoT will demonstrate a practical solution to interconnected sensors that collect
and share information about their environment in real-time.
 (7)

The three-month daily forecast data has been derived in equation (7). inferred as the
three-month daily forecast of water demand. Residues or forecasting errors are represented in
the following equation as a successful predictor or prediction model in equation (8):

(8)

As shown in equation (8) prediction model has been displayed. explores the prediction
model. In practice, Dickey-Fuller tests are generally used for the test of time series standard.
The root testing method of the unit is extremely significant. The first step is to approximate
the regression model in equation (9)

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(9)

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value of 4.68, indicating
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As calculated in equation (9) regression model first step has been deliberated. Where
is stationary. Thus, is referred to as the
is a
differential
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sequence. This model used the Saison ARIMA (SARIMA) to carry out its forecast in
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equation (10)

(10)
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As obtained in equation (10), SARIMA has been found. Where is no. per season, is the
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autoregression order (AR), is an invoked degree of differential data, and is the

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movement of the average order (MA).

The following is expressed in general ARIMA model in equation (11)

(11)

As introduced in equation (11) SARIMA general model has been derived. is the latency
factor; listed below are autoregressive and moving average listed above. This project
aims to forecast water usage for the next three months regularly.

The findings and discussion section addresses the interpretation and precision of market
predictions.

Linear regression is a mathematical model used to derive the interaction of the two variables
and determine one variable's influence on the other. The water usage here is one variable
influenced by the change in the year's date/month. The regression formula is the association
between and variables. The algorithm of the association is expressed in a straight line as
follows

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Figure 5: Water demand prediction Model

(12)
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Figure 5 and equation (12) explores the water demand prediction. The intercept is here,
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and the is a slope of the graph . If the line is a fair line intercepting the and variables
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and if the line obtained is reasonably smooth, the path is small, and the line obtained is,
therefore, less than the line run. The word for deciding the slope is:

(13)

As shown in equation (13), the slope of the line has been derived. The -axis is assumed to
be a separate vector called date, and the usage rate is assumed to be for the water demand
prediction model. There is no assumption in this dataset that is the product of . To
evaluate the regression axis, the following is used

The value of the independent variable called date is observed here; ̂ is the dependent
variable called consumption.
̂ (14)

As the independent variable has been derived in equation (13). The lesser square test is
defined by the algebraic equation below. Considering that ' ' points have been found in both
the and variables of 1 to . The is an observations difference between the value
expected, and the observed value may be formulated as (15)

̂ (15)

The error function of the demand prediction model has been calculated in equation (15). The
positive and negative errors are cancelled, and the error is ∑ to decide which points
better match the demand prediction curve. Thus, these studies have carried out tri-month
water demand projections every day using SARIMA time series models and regression

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analysis. A water control valve is controlled with a web-based water flow sensor to provide a
fair and adequate water supply for every connection.

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The method of statistical estimation for error calculation is discussed in detail beforehand. In
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this error estimation, the following algebraic expression is used to evaluate the prediction
model's efficacy.
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(16)
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As expressed in equation (16), prediction model efficacy has been calculated. Where is
present and where is market prediction. express as the efficacy of the prediction model.
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The introduction to discuss how water delivery in a given region is typically carried out. The
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valves are switched on/off-field or society to disperse the water at any conventional water
delivery endpoint. The built-in system with a control valve can be switched on/off through a
web interface to address such a problem. Per endpoint can be managed and tracked using the
proposed IoT system to obtain sufficient pressurised water. The Flow sensor transmits data to
the cloud through the internet controller. The data can be tracked in real-time, and control
valves for water flow under pressure can be shut on/off. The flow rate is calculated via a
sensor for water flow. The water flow pressure is determined by the following:
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Figure 6: Output of the water distribution system.
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⁄ (17)
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Figure 6 signifies the output of the water distribution system. As shown in equation (17),
water flow pressure has been determined. inferred the water flow pressure. When is on
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the output side, is length, water density is 1(constant), and is an area where the pipe is
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supported (Constant). The benefit of regulating every endpoint is that if the water does not
have an appropriate pressure in one end point, all other control valves within that region or
community may be supplied to this endpoint at a different time. The other benefit of this
method is that when the predefined litres of water are transported to a certain endpoint, it may
turn off the control valve.

The proposed IWRM-DMS has been proposed to analyse the water quality to ensure water
distribution in a rural area to achieve less MAPE and RMSE, improve efficiency, enhance
prediction, overall performance, and moisture content cost-effectiveness ratio.
 4. Results and Discussion

The proposed IWRM-DMS has been proposed to evaluate the water quality to ensure water
distribution in a rural area based on these parameters: ers MAPE and RMSE, efficiency,
prediction, overall performance, moisture control, cost-effectiveness ratio. Thus, SARIMA
model time series and regression analysis conducted water demand projections for three
months daily. It combines hydraulic engineering architecture with the lowest losses for good
water delivery to develop an intelligent water supply system. Based on the study on the water
requirements, a hydraulic distribution system and improved sensor system have been
developed. A water control valve with a web-based water stream sensor value is adjusted to
provide a fair and enough water supply to each connection.

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i) MAPE (%) and RMSE Ratio (%)
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The estimation accuracy of calculations between the two IWRM- DMS and existing models
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is compared and seen in graphs. Comparative analysis reveals that the error in (Mean square
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percentage Error) MAPE and (Root mean square error)RMSE is higher in terms of the
anticipated and real values to estimate the demand for IWRM-DMS compared with LSLR.
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However, concerning predictive accuracy, the ARIMA model's predictive accuracy is better
than the FFNN-FMR predictive model, where FFNN-FM RMSE is higher than IWRM-DMS.
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A greater MAPE means a greater error of percentage for FFNN-FM than for IWRM-DMS,
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which means less MAPE. Figure 7 (a) shows the MAPE (%) and figure 7 (b) RMSE Ratio
(%)

∑ | |

√( ∑ | |) (18)
 7(a) 7(b)

Figure 7 (a) MAPE (%) and Figure 7 (b) RMSE Ratio (%)

As described in equation (18), MAPE and RMSE have been derived. It has been inferred
from the statistical study that consumption is very high, considering the market projection.

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Consumption would not have to be used entirely by users. Reading consumption involves
damages from pipeline breakage, joints and gate valves, DMA ageing, natural causes, and

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water crime. A highly efficient DMS is important to reduce losses.
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ii) Efficiency Ratio and Overall Performance Ratio (%)
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This paper implementation strategy builds an IoT-based water distribution and control system
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using flow metres, ultrasonic sensors, motors. In addition, using a scenario of utilization, the
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viability of a device is studied. This study found that the inability to provide sufficient
facilities that lead to water supplies mismanagement is one of the most important
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explanations for water shortages in rural areas. Water is distributed to users despite the ample
supply of physical water for consumption due to the absence of an effective water
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management mechanism. IoT in the water supply chain management will help solve one of
the key problems of inadequate water management: insufficient research evidence on water
supplies. IoT will prove a viable approach with linked sensors that gather information about
their surroundings in real-time and communicate. The IoT-based water quality monitoring
system is developed to measure water parameters using different sensors such as the Fluoride
sensor and the electrical conductivity sensor. Cloud computing can capture and process
knowledge about those parameters. Figure 8 (a) and Figure 8 (b) shows the Efficiency Ratio
and Reliability Ratio (%)
 8(a) 8(b)

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Figure 8 (a) and Figure 8 (b) Efficiency Ratio and Reliability ratio (%)

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Increasing reliance on groundwater for a reliable water supply in rural areas has contributed

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to water recharge capacities and other environmental concerns to indiscriminate extraction.
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The paper is about a sustainable water management system based on the (IoT) automates
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water delivery, water recycling and waste control. The need for a tracking water quality
system based on IoT rather than traditional systems. They built a low-cost, IoT-based device
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to track the water quality to provide the city with accurate information. Simulations of the
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proposed design validated improved device performance at low calculation expense and less
time.
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iii) Overall Performance Ratio (%)

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A pumping speed and frequency are registered in an accelerometer connected to a rural hand
pump's handle and are passed automatically to project operators by GSM. Non-functionality
is documented when low pumping or no pumping for a certain time is recorded. Data are
distributed via a web interface to the service provider, the municipal authority and the
regulator. Rural standpipe and water stand kiosks complete with pre-payment stickers. Water
users fill the tag with credit, bought from a nearby water kiosk using the mobile currency.
Usage data is remotely recorded and documented, and managed by an online dashboard.
Continued collection and correspondence of sensors to stakeholders is rendered by hand
pump and water flow data. The pump head is attached. Data can be transmitted by wireless or
GSM using a SIM card and spread between hardware and cloud computing. Then data is
incorporated in an online archive and a research dashboard. Notices sent via SMS and e-mail
to stakeholders. The experimental results show the enhanced performance to improve the
rural water distribution when compared to other methods. Figure 9 shows the overall
Performance Ratio (%)

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Figure 9: overall Performance Ratio (%)

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iv) Prediction Ratio (%)

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This paper proposes a smart IoT device for controlling water use in an urban residential
complex. In combination with an ultrasonic sensor continuously tracks the water tank level of
the rooftops and sends the data to a server via Wi-Fi. The daily and weekly average
household water demand can be estimated using the IoT method's data to estimate water
consumption. The measurements observed are split into training and evaluation data sources.
Water usage for each customer is estimated, and error is reported as the difference between
real use and predicted use and decreases with an increase in the number of days. An
algorithm has been proposed to track water leakage in the tanks. A web interface enables the
user to view water usage, monitor its use, and recognise any water loss and leakage. Figure
10 shows the Prediction Ratio (%)
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Figure 10: Prediction Ratio (%)

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v) Moisture Content Ratio (%)

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A serious drop in water quality is a factor that affects public health in the delivery system.
The biological and non-biological composition, toxins seriously endanger the whole water
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ecosystem colour, and water's odour will be improved. Traditional techniques for water
quality monitoring take a great deal of time and effort. Therefore, water with a control system
for water quality must be tracked and protected in real-time to assess pollution reduction
actively. The technical growth led to the development of effective methods for coping with
many serious problems in real-time. Table 1 illustrated the Moisture content ratio (%).

Table 1: Moisture Content Ratio (%)

Number of DPSIRF RRV-FM DL- FFNN-DL IWRM-

Devices LSTMA DMS
10
15.4 20.1 12.3 25.3 10.3
20
16.8 20.5 14.1 26.2 9.5
30
14.9 20.8 16.3 24.1 9.2
 40
23.7 22.1 14.8 23.1 8.1
50
22.8 23.1 18.2 22.4 8.4
60
25.2 25.6 14.7 23.6 7.2
70
29.2 20.7 11.3 28.1 7.3
80
27.1 21.1 16.5 26.5 7.1
90
28.1 22.3 16.9 27.7 7.2
100
29.1 24.6 15.4 26.8 7.4

vi) Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (%)

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Wireless connectivity innovations produce control system technologies. For environmental

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applications, new advances in sensor networks are important. The Internet of Things (IoT)

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requires connections to be shared and collected between different devices and rural people
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need to ensure the availability of purified drinking water. Water quality maintained is a cost-
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effective system designed to track drinking water quality using the Internet of Things (IoT)
technologies. The proposed device contains multiple sensors for calculating different
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parameters such as the pH value, water turbidity, tank water temperatures, ambient
environment temperature and humidity. The microcontroller unit (MCU), which is interfaced
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with these sensors, is processed in personal computers (PC). Table 1: express the Cost-
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Effectiveness Ratio (%)

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Table 2: Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (%)

Number of DPSIRF RRV-FM DL-LSTMA FFNN-DL IWRM-DMS

Devices
10
70.2 85.1 76.1 68.2 90.1
20
70.2 86.5 76.4 67.2 91.3
30
70.9 88.6 77.5 69.4 93.6
40
71.2 89.3 77.7 70.1 92.7
50
71.3 86.1 79.3 72.6 93.6
60
73.2 88.2 78.4 75.9 93.7
70
73.1 89.5 78.1 73.5 93.6
80
72.5 86.7 79.2 78.5 94.2
90
72.3 87.8 79.5 79.8 94.3
 100
73.1 88.9 79.8 81.2 95.7

The proposed IWRM-DMS has been proposed to analyse the water quality to ensure water
distribution in a rural area to achieve less MAPE and RMSE, improve efficiency, enhance
prediction, overall performance, moisture content ratio, cost-effectiveness ratio when
compared to Driver-Pressure-State Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework, Reliability,
resilience, and vulnerability (RRV)-Fuzzy Method(FM), Deep learning with long-short-term
memory(DL-LSTMA)algorithm, Feedforward neural network (FFNN) and Deep Learning
(DL)methods

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5) Conclusion

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This paper analysed and evaluated the rural water resources management and water

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distribution system based on IoT. Rural populations are gradually driven by migration from
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the farming area to the farmland. A new solution, IoT, is proposed to meet water
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requirements, distribution and quality control. This paper, therefore, suggests that IWRM-
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DMS define rural water demand and water delivery schemes to reduce water demand. The
proposed system comprises several sensors such as the water flow sensor, the pH sensor, the
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water pressure valve and flow metres, and the ultrasound sensor. To foresee that customers
would need water for an intelligent city to build an IoT water distribution architecture.
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The advantage of controlling all endpoints is correlated with the endpoint that has adequate
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pressure. All other control valves within that area or community can be delivered at another
time at that endpoint. The second advantage of this approach is that the control valve may be
switched off by transporting the preset litres of water to some endpoint.

Consequently, these studies with SARIMA time series models and regression analyses have
conducted three-month water demand forecasts every day. To ensure that the water supply is
fair and sufficient for each connection, a water control valve is controlled with a web-based
water flow sensor. The proposed IWRM-DMS has been proposed to analyse the water quality
to ensure water distribution in a rural area to achieve less MAPE (21.41%) and
RMSE(15.12%), improve efficiency (96.93%), Reliability (98.24%), enhance prediction
(95.29%), the overall performance (97.34%), moisture content ratio (7.4%), cost-
effectiveness ratio (95.7%) when compared to other popular methods.

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1. Implemented primarily to focus on predicting the
water demand in a rural area.
2. Improves the water distribution system by
enhancing water resource management.
3. design is based on the demand projection, based on
historical water use data

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Conflict of interest statement

Nothing declared.

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Declaration of interests

☒ The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships
that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

☐The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered
as potential competing interests:

Dr. Sunil Kumar Sharma

Associate Professor
Department of Information Technology
College of Computer and Information Sciences
Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952

of
Saudi Arabia

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