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    The document provides details about the Chandrayaan-2 mission to explore the south pole of the Moon, including its orbiter, lander Vikram, and rover Pragyan. It describes the objectives and specifications of each component as well as the scientific payloads aimed at understanding the lunar surface composition, resources, and evolution through remote sensing and in-situ analysis. The mission launched successfully but contact was lost with Vikram lander shortly before landing on the Moon's surface. The orbiter continues to study the Moon from its orbit with its eight scientific instruments.

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    The document provides details about the Chandrayaan-2 mission to explore the south pole of the Moon, including its orbiter, lander Vikram, and rover Pragyan. It describes the objectives and specifications of each component as well as the scientific payloads aimed at understanding the lunar surface composition, resources, and evolution through remote sensing and in-situ analysis. The mission launched successfully but contact was lost with Vikram lander shortly before landing on the Moon's surface. The orbiter continues to study the Moon from its orbit with its eight scientific instruments.

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    59 views11 pages

    Report On Chandrayaan 2

    Uploaded by

    Krishna Rathod
    The document provides details about the Chandrayaan-2 mission to explore the south pole of the Moon, including its orbiter, lander Vikram, and rover Pragyan. It describes the objectives and specifications of each component as well as the scientific payloads aimed at understanding the lunar surface composition, resources, and evolution through remote sensing and in-situ analysis. The mission launched successfully but contact was lost with Vikram lander shortly before landing on the Moon's surface. The orbiter continues to study the Moon from its orbit with its eight scientific instruments.

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    of 11

    Report On Chandrayaan 2

    Krishna Rathod
    College- I STAR
    20PHY01

     
    Chandrayaan-2 mission is a highly complex mission, which represents a
    significant technological leap compared to the previous missions of ISRO,
    which brought together an Orbiter, Lander and Rover with the goal of
    exploring south pole of the Moon.

    Orbiter
    Weight – 2379kg

    Electric Power Capability – 1000 watts

    Chandrayaan 2 Orbiter is capable of communicating with Indian Deep Space


    Network (IDSN) at Byalalu as well as the Vikram Lander. The precise launch and
    mission management has ensured a mission life of almost seven years instead
    of the planned one year.

    Lander – Vikram
    Weight – 1471 kg
    Electric Power Capability – 650 watts

    The Lander of Chandrayaan-2 was named Vikram after Dr Vikram A Sarabhai,


    the Father of the Indian Space Programme. It was designed to function for one
    lunar day, which is equivalent to about 14 Earth days.

    Rover – Pragyan
    Weight – 27 kg

    Electric Power Capability – 50 watts

    Chandrayaan-2’s Rover was a 6-wheeled


    robotic vehicle named as Pragyan, which translates to 'wisdom' in Sanskrit.
    Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark-III (GSLV
    Mk-III)

    The GSLV Mk-III will carry Chandrayaan 2 to its


    designated orbit. This three-stage vehicle is India's most powerful launcher to
    date, and is capable of launching 4-ton class of satellites to the
    Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO).

    Its components are S200 solid rocket boosters, L110 liquid stage and C25
    upper stage

    Launch Date – 22th July 2019

    Orbiter Lunar Orbit Insertion – 20th August 2019

    Orbital Experiments Duration – 7 Years

    Mission Information
    Chandrayaan-2 mission is a highly complex mission, which represents a
    significant technological leap compared to the previous missions of ISRO. It
    comprised an Orbiter, Lander and Rover to explore the unexplored South Pole
    of the Moon. The mission is designed to expand the lunar scientific knowledge
    through detailed study of topography, seismography, mineral identification
    and distribution, surface chemical composition, thermo-physical
    characteristics of top soil and composition of the tenuous lunar atmosphere,
    leading to a new understanding of the origin and evolution of the Moon.

    After the injection of Chandrayaan-2, a series of maneuvers were carried out to


    raise its orbit and on August 14, 2019, following Trans Lunar Insertion (TLI)
    maneuver, the spacecraft escaped from orbiting the earth and followed a path
    that took it to the vicinity of the Moon. On August 20, 2019, Chandrayaan-2
    was successfully inserted into lunar orbit. While orbiting the moon in a 100 km
    lunar polar orbit, on September 02, 2019, Vikram Lander was separated from
    the Orbiter in preparation for landing. Subsequently, two de-orbit maneuvers
    were performed on Vikram Lander so as to change its orbit and begin circling
    the moon in a 100 km x 35 km orbit. Vikram Lander descent was as planned
    and normal performance was observed upto an altitude of 2.1 km.
    Subsequently communication from lander to the ground stations was lost.

    The Orbiter placed in its intended orbit around the Moon will enrich our
    understanding of the moon’s evolution and mapping of the minerals and water
    molecules in Polar regions, using its eight state-of-the-art scientific
    instruments. The Orbiter camera is the highest resolution camera (0.3 m) in
    any lunar mission so far and will provide high resolution images which will be
    immensely useful to the global scientific community. The precise launch and
    mission management has ensured a long life of almost seven years instead of
    the planned one year.

    Chandrayaan-2 has several science payloads to expand the lunar scientific


    knowledge through detailed study of topography, seismography, mineral
    identification and distribution, surface chemical composition, thermo-physical
    characteristics of top soil and composition of the tenuous lunar atmosphere,
    leading to a new understanding of the origin and evolution of the Moon.
    The Orbiter payloads will conduct remote-sensing observations from a 100 km
    orbit while the Lander and Rover payloads will perform in-situ measurements
    near the landing site.

    For understanding of the Lunar composition, it is planned to identify the


    elements and mapping its distribution on the lunar surface both at global and
    In-situ level. In addition detailed 3 dimensional mapping of the lunar regolith
    will be done. Measurements on the near surface plasma environment and
    electron density in the Lunar ionosphere will be studied. Thermo-physical
    property of the lunar surface and seismic activities will also be measured.
    Water molecule distribution will be studied using infra red spectroscopy,
    synthetic aperture radiometry & polarimetry as well as mass spectroscopy
    techniques.

    Vikram payloads
    Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive ionosphere and Atmosphere
    (RAMBHA)

    The lunar ionosphere is a highly dynamic plasma environment. Langmuir


    probes, such as RAMBHA, have proven to be an effective diagnostic tool to
    gain information in such conditions. Its primary objective is to measure factors
    such as:

    Ambient electron density/temperature near the lunar surface


    Temporal evolution of lunar plasma density for the first time near the surface
    under varying solar conditions

    Chandra’s Surface Thermo Physical Experiment

    ChaSTE measures the vertical temperature gradient and thermal conductivity


    of the lunar surface. It consists of a thermal probe (sensors and a heater) that
    is inserted into the lunar regolith down to a depth of ~10 cm. ChaSTE operates
    in two modes:

    Passive mode operation in which continuous in-situ measurements of


    temperature at different depths are carried out

    Active mode operation in which temperature variations in a set period of time,


    and the regolith's thermal conductivity under contact, are estimated

    Instrument for Lunar seismic Activity

    ILSA is a triple axis, MEMS-based seismometer that can detect minute ground
    displacement, velocity, or acceleration caused by lunar quakes. Its primary
    objective is to characterise the seismicity around the landing site. ILSA has
    been designed to identify acceleration as low as 100 ng /√Hz with a dynamic
    range of ±0.5 g and a bandwidth of 40 Hz. The dynamic range is met by using
    two sensors — a coarse-range sensor and a fine-range sensor.

    Pragyan payloads
    Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS)

    APXS' primary objective is to determine the elemental composition of the


    Moon's surface near the landing site. It achieves this through X-ray
    fluorescence spectroscopy technique, where X-ray or alpha particles are used
    to excite the surface. APXS uses radioactive Curium (244) metal that emits
    high-energy, alpha particles — as well as X-rays — enabling both X-ray
    emission spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Through these
    techniques, APXS can detect all major rock-forming elements such as Sodium,
    Magnesium, Aluminium, Silica, Calcium, Titanium, Iron, and some trace
    elements such as Strontium, Yttrium and Zirconium.

    Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS)

    LIBS' prime objective is to identify and determine the abundance of elements


    near the landing site. It does this by firing high-powered laser pulses at various
    locations and analysing the radiation emitted by the decaying plasma.

    Orbiter payloads
    Terrain Mapping Camera 2 (TMC 2)

    TMC 2 is a miniature version of the Terrain Mapping Camera used onboard the
    Chandrayaan 1 mission. Its primary objective is mapping the lunar surface in
    the panchromatic spectral band (0.5-0.8 microns) with a high spatial resolution
    of 5 m and a swath of 20 km from 100 km lunar polar orbit. The data collected
    by TMC 2 will give us clues about the Moon's evolution and help us prepare 3D
    maps of the lunar surface.

    Chandrayaan 2 Large Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer (CLASS)

    CLASS measures the Moon's X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectra to examine the
    presence of major elements such as Magnesium, Aluminium, Silicon, Calcium,
    Titanium, Iron, and Sodium. The XRF technique will detect these elements by
    measuring the characteristic X-rays they emit when excited by the Sun's rays.

    Solar X-ray Monitor (XSM)

    XSM observes the X-rays emitted by the Sun and its corona, measures the
    intensity of solar radiation in these rays, and supports CLASS. The primary
    objective of this payload is to provide solar X-ray spectrum in the energy range
    of 1-15 keV. XSM will provide high-energy resolution and high-cadence
    measurements (full spectrum every second) of solar X-ray spectra as input for
    analysis of data from CLASS.

    Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC)

    OHRC provides high-resolution images of the landing site — ensuring the


    Lander's safe touchdown by detecting any craters or boulders prior to
    separation. The images it captures, taken from two different look angles, serve
    dual purposes. Firstly, they are used to generate DEMs (Digital Elevation
    Models) of the landing site. Secondly, they are used for scientific research,
    post-lander separation. OHRC's images will be captured over the course of two
    orbits, covering an area of 12 km x 3 km with a ground resolution of 0.32 m.

    Imaging IR Spectrometer (IIRS)

    IIRS has two primary objectives:

    Global mineralogical and volatile mapping of the Moon in the spectral range of
    ~0.8-5.0 µm for the first time, at the high resolution of ~20 nm

    Complete characterisation of water/hydroxyl feature near 3.0 µm for the first


    time at high spatial (~80 m) and spectral (~20 nm) resolutions

    IIRS will also measure the solar radiation reflected off the Moon's surface in
    256 contiguous spectral bands from 100 km lunar orbit.

    Dual Frequency Synthetic Aperture Radar (DFSAR)

    The dual frequency (L and S) SAR will provide enhanced capabilities compared
    to Chandrayaan 1's S-band miniSAR in areas such as:

    L-band for greater depth of penetration (About 5m — twice that of S-band)


    Circular and full polarimetry — with a range of resolution options (2-75 m) and
    incident angles (9°-35°) — for understanding scattering properties of
    permanently shadowed regions

    The main scientific objectives of this payload are:

    High-resolution lunar mapping in the polar regions

    Quantitative estimation of water-ice in the polar regions

    Estimation of regolith thickness and its distribution

    Chandrayaan 2 Atmospheric Compositional Explorer 2 (CHACE 2)

    CHACE 2 will continue the CHACE experiment carried out by Chandrayaan 1. It


    is a Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (QMA) capable of scanning the lunar
    neutral exosphere in the mass range of 1 to 300 amu with the mass resolution
    of ~0.5 amu. CHACE 2's primary objective is to carry out an in-situ study of the
    composition and distribution of the lunar neutral exosphere and its variability.

    Dual Frequency Radio Science (DFRS) experiment

    To study the temporal evolution of electron density in the Lunar ionosphere.


    Two coherent signals at X (8496 MHz), and S (2240 MHz) band are transmitted
    simultaneously from satellite, and received at ground based deep station
    network receivers.

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