B.Ed.

2 Years Course (Open Distance Learning)

GEODL-7 : ASSESMENT FOR LEARNING

BLOCK 1 : OVERVIEW OF ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION
UNIT 2: PURPOSE OF ASSESSMENT

Role of Assessment in-

 Teaching learning process

 Diagnostic process

 Monitoring of learning

 Providing feedback

 Promotion

 Placement

 Certification

 Grading

 Purpose of assessment in a „constructivist‟ paradigm

Submitted By :
MRS. SHANNO PATHAN
Associate Professor
Millennium College of Education, Bhopal
Mobile No. +91-98276-62778
Mobile No. +91-90091-63771
Email : [email protected]

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 GEODL -7

Purpose of Assessment

2
 Purpose of Assessment
%
bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds Ik’pkr~ vki&
 d{kk f’k{k.k esa vf/kxe izfØ;k ds fy, vkdyu ¼Assesment½ dh Hkwfedk dks le> ldsx
a sA
 vlQy Nk=ksa ds ifj.kke ds vkdyu ds vk/kkj ij i`"B iks"k.k ¼Feed Back½ ns ldsaxs A
 d{kksUufr ,oa vf/kxe gsrq vkdyu ds mn~ns’; ,oa egRo dks le> ldax
s sA
 ewY;kadu ¼Evaluation½ izfØ;k eas xszfMax iz.kkyh dk iz;ksx djuk lh[k ldax
s sA
 LFkkuu ¼Placement½ gsrq vkdyu dh Hkwfedk ,oa egRrk dks le> ldax
s sA
 Nk= dh izxfr ,oa izek.ku¼Certification½ ds fy, vkdyu ds Kku dk mi;ksx dj ldsx
a sA
 jpukoknh izfreku esa vkdyu ds iz;kstuksa dks le> ldax
s sA

vkdyu dh izd`fr vukSipkfjd gksrh gS A ;g vHkkSfrd jkf’k dks vad iznku djus dh izfØ;k gS A
blls vk’k; fodkl ds fdlh xq.k/keZ ;k igyw dk vkdyu djus ls gS A gkaykfd ekiu dh rjg
vkdyu esa Hkh vad iznku fd;s tkrs gSa] ysfdu ;s vad ,slh jkf’k;ksa dks iznku fd, tkrs gS] ftudk
HkkSfrd :Ik esa vfLrRo ugha gksrk gS] vr% vad iznku djus ds Ik’pkr~ Hkh mu vHkkSfrd jkf’k;ksa ds ckjs esa
lEiw.kZ lwpuk izkIr ugha gksrh gS A tSls &

¼v½ jhuk dks xf.kr fo"k; esa 65 vad izkIr gq, gSa A

¼c½ uhye us lkekftd foKku fo"k; esa 78 vad izkIr fd, gaS A

fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh miyfC/k dks Kkr djrs le; v/;kid }kjk fdlh ekud ds fo:) ewY; fu.kZ; djuk
vkdyu dgykrk gS A izfØ;k ds vk/kkj ij vkdyu dks nks oxkZsa esa oxhZd`r fd;k x;k gS &

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HkkSfrd vkdyu esa HkkSfrd xq.kksa tSls& yackbZ] pkSM+kbZ] Å¡pkbZ ,oa Hkkj vkfn dks ekik tkrk gS A bl
vkdyu dks ifj.kkRed vkdyu Hkh dgrs gSa A

ekufld vkdyu esa ekufld fØ;kvksa tSls & cqf)] :fp] miyfC/k ,oa vfHk;ksX;rk vkfn dk vkdyu
fd;k tkrk gS A ;g xq.kkRed vkdyu Hkh dgykrk gS A

Nk=ksa esa vf/kxe Ik’pkr~ miyfC/k ls lacaf/kr lk{;ksa dks ladfyr djus dh izfØ;k ijh{kk dgykrh gS A
ijh{kk esa fyf[kr] ekSf[kd ,oa izk;ksfxd ijh{kk,¡ lfEefyr gS A ijh{kk 'kSf{kd l= Ik;ZUr pyrh gS tks
Nk= ds ekufld fodkl rFkk vfHkO;fDr dh {kerk dks fodflr djus esa lgk;rk iznku djrh gS A ;s
Nk=ksa dh 'kSf{kd miyfC/k dh izxfr dk ewY;kadu djrh gS rFkk f’k{kdksa dks Nk=ksa dh d{kksUufr
(Promotion) djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gS A vkdyu ds dqN egRoiw.kZ xq.k bl izdkj gS &

1- ;g ewY;kadu esa lgk;d gS A

2- blls izkIr ifj.kkeksa esa oLrqfu"Brk ikbZ tkrh gS A
3- bldh O;kogkfjd izfØ;k vR;Ur ljy gS A
4- blds }kjk ifj.kkeksa dks ljyrk ls izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS A
5- blls Nk=ksa dh d{kksUufr djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gS A

f’k{k.k izfØ;k esa vkdyu Nk=ksa dh 'kSf{kd dfBukb;ksa] dfe;ksa ,oa nqcZyrkvksa dh tkudkjh dks [kkstus esa
lgk;rk iznku djrk gS rFkk muds mipkjkRed f’k{k.k ds ek/;e ls dfe;ksa dks nwj djus dk ekxZ
iz’kLr djrk gS A vuqla/kku ds {ks= esa f’k{k.k ls lacaf/kr 'kks/k dk;Z gsrq fu"d"kZ fudkyus ds fy,
vkdyu vk¡dMs+ iznku djrk gS rFkk Hkfo"; ds fy, iwoZdFku ¼Prediction½ Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS A

'kSf{kd n’kZu’kkL= ds vuqlkj f’k{kk ,d f=/kzqoh; izfØ;k gS A blesa f’k{kd] f’k{kkFkhZ ,oa ikB~;Øe rhuksa
vkil esa varZlacfa /kr gksrs gaS A vf/kxe dh izfØ;k ls ckyd u;s Kku ,oa vuqHkoksa dks lh[krk gS rFkk
vius O;ogkj esa mfpr ,oa okaNuh; ifjorZu ykrk gS lkFk gh lkFk ikB~;Øe ds 'kSf{kd mn~ns’;ksa dh
izkfIr gks tkrh gS A f’k{k.k dh izfØ;k Nk= ds Kku] vf/kxe {kerk] vocks/k] dkS’ky] :fp bR;kfn dks
/;ku esa j[kdj dh tkrh gS A 'kSf{kd izfØ;k dks fuEu f=/kqzoh; js[kkfp= esa izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS A

f’k{kd ¼Teacher½

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 fo|kFkhZ ¼Student½ ikB~;Øe ¼Curriculum½

Process of Teaching

vf/kxe izfØ;k esa Nk= f’k{kd ds ek/;e ls uohu ifjfLFkfr;ksa KkuktZu djrk gS A bl izdkj ge dg
ldrs gSa fd vf/kxe vuqHko fdlh f’k{k.k vf/kxe izfØ;k ds e/; Nk=ksa }kjk vftZr vuqHko gS A ;g
svf/kxe vuqHko uohu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ,oa Nk=ksa ds e/; gqbZ vUr%fØ;k dk |ksrd gS A vf/kxe vuqHko dks
fuEufyf[kr n`f"Vdks.kksa ds vk/kkj ij oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gS &

¼i½ ekSf[kd vf/kxe vuqHko ¼ii½ vekSf[kd vf/kxe vuqHko

¼i½ KkukRed vf/kxe vuqHko ¼ii½ HkkokRed vf/kxe vuqHko ¼iii½ fØ;kRed vf/kxe vuqHko

¼i½ izR;{k vf/kxe vuqHko ¼ii½ vizR;{k vf/kxe vuqHko

¼i½ vkSipkfjd vf/kxe vuqHko ¼ii½ vukSipkfjd vf/kxe vuqHko

fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds f’k{k.k vf/kxe ds Ik’pkr~ vftZr Kku ,oa okafNr O;ogkj ifjorZu dk vkdyu ewY;kadu ds
ek/;e ls fd;k tkrk gS A ewY;kadu ds ek/;e ls 'kSf{kd mn~ns’;ksa dh izkfIr ds ckjs esa irk yxk;k tk
ldrk gS] lkFk gh ewY;kadu ikB dks lqfu;ksftr rjhds ls izLrqr djus gsrq Hkh f’k{kd dks izsfjr djrk gS
rkfd Nk= vf/kd ls vf/kd lh[k lds vkSj muds vuqHkoksa esa o`f) gksa A

Diagnostic Prognosis

funkukRed ijh{k.k ,d ,slk ijh{k.k gS ftls fdlh {ks= fo’ks"k esa funku gsrq iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS A
funkukRed ijh{k.k }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vf/kxe lac/a kh dfBukb;ksa ,oa detksfj;ksa dk irk yxk;k tkrk
gS A fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh bu dfBukb;ksa ,oa detksfj;ksa ds ihNs D;k dkj.k gS\ bl ckr dh tk¡p Hkh dh
tkrh gS A mlh ds vk/kkj ij bu leL;kvksa ds funku gsrq mipkjkRed mik; fd, tkrs gS A

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funku ¼Diagnosis½ 'kCn ewyr% fpfdRlk {ks= ls tqM+k gS A jksxh dh chekjh ds funku gsrq MkWDVj
jksxksa ds dkj.kksa dk irk yxkrk gS] fofHkUu izdkj ds ijh{k.k djrk gS vkSj mlh ds vk/kkj ij mipkj
djrk gS A Bhd mlh izdkj d{kk esa f’k{kd Hkh vlQy Nk=ksa dh detksfj;ksa] =qfV;ksa ,oa vlQyrk ds
dkj.kksa dk irk yxkdj muds ihNs ds eq[; dkj.kksa dks [kkstrk gS] mudk ijh{k.k dj muds lek/kku
dk iz;kl dj leL;k dk lek/kku djrk gS A

tc dksbZ fo|kFkhZ ckj ckj iz;Ru ds ckn Hkh vlQy gksrk gS rks og cgqr ek;wl gks tkrk gS vkSj
mldk eu i<+kbZ esa ugha yxrk A ,slh fLFkfr esa og fujarj i<+kbZ esa fiNM+rk tkrk gS A mldh
vlQyrk ,oa fiNM+us ds dkj.kksa dk irk yxkdj mldk funku djuk vko’;d gks tkrk gSA f’k{kd
funkukRed ijh{k.k ds }kjk Nk= dh vf/kxe laca/kh dfBukb;ksa dk irk yxkrk gS] rFkk mldk mfpr
<ax ls mipkj djrk gS A

Good

^^funku dk vFkZ gS & vf/kxe laca/kh dfBukb;ksa vkSj dfe;ksa ds Lo:Ik dk fu/kkZj.k A^^

^^funkukRed ijh{k.kksa dk fuekZ.k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vf/kxe laca/kh fof’k"V dfBukb;ksa dk Kku izkIr djus ;k
funku djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS] iwoZ lko/kkuh ls fufeZr fd, x, funkukRed ijh{k.k ds fdlh
fo’ks"k fo"k; ds vf/kxe ds fdlh fo’ks"s k i{k ij cy fn;k tkrk gS rkfd Nk= dh ;ksX;rkvksa vkSj
detksfj;ksa dks Kkr fd;k tk lds vkSj mipkjkRed f’k{k.k dk iz;ksx fd;k tk lds A^^

tSlh leL;k gksrh gS] mlh ds vuqlkj oSlk gh funkukRed ijh{k.k rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS A bu ijh{k.kksa
esa vU; ijh{k.kksa dh Hkk¡fr vad iznku u djds Nk=ksa dh dfe;ksa vkSj dfBukbZ;ksa ds dkj.kksa dks mtkxj
fd;k tkrk gS rFkk bu ijh{k.kksa esa fn, x, iz’u bdkbZ fo’ks"k ;k izdj.k fo’ks"k ls lacaf/kr gksrs gS A bu
iz’uksa dks ,d fo’ks"k Øe esa O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gS rkfd fo|kFkhZ dks mudk mRrj nsus esa vlqfo/kk u
gks A

1- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh fo"k; ls tqM+h vf/kxe dfBukb;ksa rFkk detksfj;ksa dk funku dj mipkjkRed

f’k{k.k dh O;oLFkk djuk A

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 2- lacaf/kr fo"k; ds fo’ks"k izdj.k vFkok lkexzh ds v/;;u vf/kxe lac/a kh Nk=ksa dh detksfj;ksa dk
funku djuk A
3- fo|kFkhZ rFkk f’k{kd dh v/;;u v/;kiu dh fØ;k esa mfpr lq/kkj djuk A
4- ewY;kadu izfØ;k dks vkSj vf/kd lkFkZd ,oa izHkko’kkyh cukus esa lgk;rk djukA
5- funkukRed ijh{k.k ds ek/;e ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vf/kxe laca/kh dfBukb;ksa ,oa detksfj;ksa ds
vk/kkj ij 'kSf{kd rFkk O;kolkf;d funsZ’ku iznku djuk A
6- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks mudh ;ksX;rkvksa] dq’kyrkvksa ,oa vfHk:fp;ksa vkfn dk iw.kZ Kku iznku djuk A
7- funkukRed ijh{k.k ds }kjk fo"k; f’k{k.k ds ikB~;Øe esa vko’;d ifjorZu djuk A

Hkfo";lwpd funkukRed ijh{k.k ,d izdkj ls miyfC/k ijh{k.k gh gS] ijarq bldk mn~ns’; iw.kZr% fHkUu
gS A ;s Nk= dh detksfj;ksa nks"kksa] dfBukbZ;ksa ,oa vlQyrkvksa ds dkj.kksa dk irk yxkus ds fy, iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gS rFkk mipkjkRed f’k{k.k ds }kjk bu dkj.kksa dks nwj djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS A bl
vk/kkj ij ge dg ldrs gaS fd Hkfo";lwpd funkukRed ijh{k.k ,oa mipkjkRed ijh{k.k vkil eas vUr%
lacaf/kr gS vkSj ,d&nwljs ij vkfJr Hkh A

Difference between Achievement and Diagnostic Tests

Achievement Diagnostic Tests

Tests
bu ijh{k.kksa ds ek/;e ls Nk= dh fo"k; bu ijh{kkvksa dk mn~ns’; ,sls dkjdksa rFkk
fo’ks"k dh ;ksX;rk dk ekiu fd;k tkrk gS =qfV;ksa dks [kkst djuk gS] tks Nk= dh fo"k;
1
A ¼Nk= fdruk tkurk gS\½ fo’ks"k dh izxfr esa ck/kd gS A ¼Nk= fdruk
tkurk gS\½
bu ijh{k.kksa ds ifj.kkeksa ds vk/kkj ij bu ijh{k.kksa ds dfBukb;ksa ds fuokj.k gsrq
ijh{kd vFkok v/;kid Nk= dh Hkfof";d mipkjkRed ¼Remedial½ f’k{k.k dh O;oLFkk
2
p;u izfØ;k] fu;kstu] d{kksUufr vFkok djrk gS A
oxhZdj.k izfØ;k lqfuf’pr djrk gS A
bu ijh{k.kksa ds ekud fo"k; vR;Ur O;kid bu ijh{k.kksa dk fo"k; {ks= lkekU;r% dqN gh
3
gksrk gSa A dkS’kyksa ¼Skills½ dh izkfIr rd lhfer jgrk

7
 gSA
miyfC/k ijh{k.kksa ds ekud ¼Normal½ bu ijh{k.kksa ds ekud LFkkfir djuk ;|fi
jk"Vªh; Lrj ij LFkkfir fd, tkrs gSa A vlEHko rks ugha fQj Hkh] nq:g vo’; gS A
;g lEHko gh izrhr ugha gksrk gS fd ge iwjs
4
ns’k esa Nk=ksa dks fdlh fo"k; fo’ks"k lEcU/kh
detksfj;ksa dk ,d izfrfuf/k U;kn’kZ izkIr dj
lds A
bu ijh{k.kksa ds 'krk’kh; ekud rFkk xszM bu ijh{k.kksa ds fy, ;s nksuksa gh izdkj ds
5 rqY; ekud vklkuh ls rS;kj fd, tk ekud LFkkfir djuk lEHko ugha gS A
ldrs gSa A
;s ijh{k.k d{kk ds izR;sd fo|kFkhZ ij ;s ijh{kk,¡ dsoy mUgha fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks nh tkrh
6 iz’kkflr fd, tk ldrs gSa A gS] tks d{kk esa visf{kr izxfr djus esa dfBukbZ
dk vuqHko dj jgs gksrs gaS A
bu ijh{k.kksa dk vadu] iz’kklu ,oa O;k[;k bu ijh{k.kksa dk vadu] iz’kklu ,oa O;k[;k
7
ljy gS A vis{kkd`r vf/kd dfBu gS A
bu ijh{k.kksa esa le; ,oa 'kfDr de ek=k bu ijh{k.kksa esa le; ,oa 'kfDr vf/kd ek=k esa
8
esa O;; gksrh gS A O;; gksrh gS A
blesa le; lhek gksrh gS A ¼Speed blesa le; lhek ugha gksrh A ¼Power Test½
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Test½
10 bl ijh{k.k esa vad iznku fd, tkrs gS A Nk=ksa dh dksbZ vad iznku ugha fd, tkrs A

vf/kxe fujh{k.k esa Nk= ds O;ogkj dk ckg~; :Ik ls fujh{k.k djrs gSa A mnkgj.kLo:Ik ge fdlh
O;fDr dks Å¡ph vkokt esa cksyrs gq, ns[krs gSa A mldh vk¡[ksa yky gksrh gSa vkSj gkFk&iSj dk¡Ik jgs gksrs
gaS A ge rqjar tku ysrs gaS fd og O;fDr Øks/k dh voLFkk esa gS A bl izdkj ge fdlh O;fDr ds ckg~;
O;ogkj dks ns[kdj mldh ekufld voLFkk dk vuqeku yxk ldrs gaS A Bhd blh izdkj ls vf/kxe
fujh{k.k esa Nk= ds gko&Hkko mlds vf/kxe Lrj dks vfHkO;Dr djrk gSa A

us fujh{k.k fof/k ds laca/k esa ;g ckr dgh gS &

^^bl fof/k ds varxZr O;fDr dh izfrfnu dh fØ;kvksa vkSj O;ogkjksa dk fuf’pr le; ij vkSj oDr oDr
ij fooj.k ,df=r fd;k tkrk gS A^^

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fujh{k.k dh rhu voLFkk,¡ gSa &

¼d½ fdlh O;fDr ds O;ogkj vFkok jgu lgu dk /;kuiwoZd voyksdu djuk A

¼[k½ mlds O;ogkj dk voyksdu dj mldh ekufld fLFkfr dk irk yxkuk] ;Fkk& tc ge fdlh dks
eqLdqjkrs gq, ns[krs gaS] rks ekywe gks tkrk gS fd og izlUu gS A

¼x½ vius vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij nwljkas ds O;ogkj dh O;k[;k djuk A ;Fkk dksbZ O;fDr jks jgk gS] rks
ge vius vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij dg nsrs gS fd og nq%[kh gS A

Types of Observation

fujh{k.k izk;% nks izdkj dk gksrk gS &

¼d½ lk/kkj.k fujh{k.k ¼Informal Obeservation½

¼[k½ fu;af=r fujh{k.k ¼Controlled Obeservation½

Informal Obeservation &

us lk/kkj.k fujh{k.k dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj ls dh gS &

^^ekrk&firk ,oa vU; o;Ld O;fDr f’k{kd ] ckydksa dh izfrfnu dh ps"Vkvksa dk tks fujh{k.k djrs gS]
og lk/kkj.k fujh{k.k gS A^^

“By informal observation is meant the attention given by parents and other adults
to the day to day behaviour reaction of the child.”

- Crow & Crow, : „Child Psychology‟, 1942 P.9

¼[ Controlled Obeservation & cksuh vkSj gsEiyeSu ¼Bonny &

Hampleman½ ds erkuqlkj] ;g nks izdkj dk gksrk gS &

¼d½ fdlh fuf’pr dk;Z ;k O;ogkj dk fujh{k.k A

¼[k½ iz{ksi.kdrkZ }kjk cuk;h x;h ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fujh{k.k A

fy[kus ds vk/kkj ij fujh{k.k nks izdkj dk gS &

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¼i½ vfyf[kr fujh{k.k ¼Unrecorded oberservation½ A

¼ii½ fyf[kr fujh{k.k ¼Recorded oberservation½ A

O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k ds vk/kkj ij fujh{k.k ds ;s Hksn fd;s tk ldrs gaS &

¼i½ O;fDrxr fujh{k.k ¼Individual oberservation½ A

¼ii½ lkewfgd fujh{k.k ¼Group oberservation½ A

Merits of observation

1- ,d gh O;ogkj dbZ fujh{k.kdrkZ ns[krs gaS] blfy, fof/k iwjh rjg ls oSKkfud gS A
2- bl fof/k dk iz;ksx ckydksa] ikxyksa] Ik’kqvksa vkSj vlkekU; O;fDr;ksa ds fy, Hkh fd;k tk ldrk
gSa A
3- bl fof/k esa Le`fr ls dksbZ lgk;rk ugha yh tkrh gS A
4- bl fof/k esa fujh{kd vkSj fo"k;h nksuksa fHkUu fHkUu gksrs gSa A
5- fujh{k.k fof/k dk iz;ksx lHkh LFkyksa ij gks ldrk gaS A
6- bl fof/k ls fo’ks"k ijh{k.k izkIr O;fDr;ksa dh vko’;drk ugha gksrh gaS A

Limitation of Observation

1- fo’ks"kKksa dk vkMEcjiw.kZ O;ogkj A

2- nwljs O;fDr;ksa esa vius fopkjksa dh >yd ns[kuk A
3- ,d gh izdkj dk O;ogkj fHkUu&fHkUu ekufld voLFkkvksa dk |ksrd gks ldrk gSa A O;fDRk lq[k
vkSj nq%[k nksuksa esa vJqikr djrk gaS A
4- fujh{kd dk i{kikr A
5- O;ogkj dk vLi"V gksuk A
6- Ckkyd dks ckyd u le>dj izkS<+ O;fDr dk y?kq :Ik le>uk A
7- blesa le; vf/kd yxrk gS A
8- vifjfpr O;fDr;ksa ds lkeus ckyd dk O;ogkj LokHkkfod ugha jgrk A
9- fofHkUu fujh{k.kksa ds fooj.kksa eas fHkUurk ik;h tkrh gSa A

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d{kkvksa esa =Sekfld ,oa v}Zokf"kZd ijh{kkvksa dh mRrj&iqfLrdkvksa ds ewY;kadu ds vk/kkj ij Nk=ksa dks
i`"B iks"k.k fn;k tkrk gaS A

iz’u jpuk eas lq/kkj ykus ds lkFk&lkFk mRrj iqfLrdkvksa ds ewY;kadu esa ifjorZu ykuk vko’;d gS A
;|fi vHkh bl ij vf/kd v/;;u ugha gq, rFkkfi fuEukafdr fof/k;ksa ls fuca/kkRed ijh{k.kksa ds
ewY;kadu dks oSKkfud cuk;k tk ldrk gaS &

1- ,sls gh O;fDr ijh{kd fu;qfDr fd, tk,¡ ftUgsa Ik;kZIr f’k{k.k vuqHko gksa rFkk tks izf’kf{kr gkas
vkSj Nk=ksa dks mfpr i`"B iks"k.k iznku dj ldsaA
2- mRrjksa ds uewus izR;sd iz’u ds fy;s fn;s tk,¡ rFkk vadu fof/k ds ckjs esa Li"V funsZ’k gks A
3- mRrj ds izR;sd egRoiw.kZ Hkkx ds fy;s vyx&vyx vad fu/kkZfjr fd;s tk,sa A vfrfjDr rF;ksa
ds fy, dqN vad NksM+ nsus pkfg, tks foLr`r O;k[;k] Hkk"kk 'kSyh vkfn ij vyx ls fn;s tk
ldas A
4- xzhu o mlds lg;ksfx;ksa ds vuqlkj ;FkklEHko mRrj iqfLrdkvksa dk vadu mlh O;fDr ds }kjk
fd;k tk, ftlus iz’u i= dk fuekZ.k fd;k gS A
5- dkspju rFkk ohMeSu ds vuqlkj igys lHkh mRrj iqfLrdkvksa dks i<+dj fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ckjs esa
lkekU; /kkj.kk cuk ysuh pkfg;s fQj izR;sd iz’u ysdj lHkh mRrj iqfLrdkvksa esa tk¡puk pkfg;s]
ysfdu ,slk djus ls igys] mRrj D;k gksuk pkfg;s] mRrj ds fdl Hkkx ij fdrus vad nsus gS]
;g fu’p; dj ysuk pkfg;s A
6- Qykad nsrs le; xyfr;ksa ij vad dkV ysus pkfg;s A vad fdl izdkj vkSj fdrus dkVs tk;saxs
;g Hkh igys ls fu/kkZfjr gksuk pkfg;s A
7- ewY;kadu esa oLrqfu"Brk ykus ds fy;s fo|kfFZk;ksa dks i`"B iks"k.k fu"i{krk ds lkFk fn;k tkuk
pkfg, A

( Promotion)

KkuktZu lHkh Nk=&Nk=kvksa dk ,d tSlk ugha gksrk A mlesa cgqr varj ik;k tkrk gS A fdlh d{kk
fo’ks"k ds ckyd&ckfydkvksa us fdruh ek=k esa KkuktZu fd;k gaS] bldh ijh{kk ge fu"ifRr ijh{k.kksa ds
}kjk djrs gaS vkSj blh ds vk/kkj ij d{kksUufr nh tkrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ge ;g dg ldrs gaS fd
fu"ifRr ijh{k.k ikB’kkyk esa fo"k; laca/kh vftZr Kku dh tk¡p gS A bl ijh{k.k ds }kjk v/;kid ;g
tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrs gS fd fdlh fo|kFkhZ esa d{kk us fdlh fo"k; eas fdruh izxfr dh gS \ mlus
fo"k; laca/kh lHkh ckrsa vf/kxe dh gS] vFkok ugha A vr,o fu"ifRr ijh{k.k ds }kjk vftZr Kku dk
ekiu fd;k tkrk gS A

11
 Definition of Achievement Test

fHkUu&fHkUu funsZ’kufonksa us fu"ifRr ijh{k.k dh tks ifjHkk"kk,¡ izLrqr dh gaS] mUgsa bl izdkj ls O;Dr
fd;k tk ldrk gaS &

¼d½ Bingham

^^ikB’kkyk ;k ikB’kkyk ds ckgj vftZr Kku dk ekiu tc izf’k{k.k dh vof/k vkSj izd`fr ds vk/kkj ij
fd;k tkrk gS] rks mls fu"ifRr ijh{k.k dgrs gS A^^

According to Bingham-

“Measurement of past accomplishment both in and out of school when judged in

relation to the length and character of the training or experience is called
Achievement Test”

¼[k½ Donald Super

^^dksbZ Hkh fu"ifRr ;k fuiq.krk ijh{k.k ;g fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS fd O;fDr us
D;k lh[kk gS] fdruk lh[kk gS vFkok dksbZ dk;Z og fdruh fuiq.krk ls dj ldrk gS A bldk eq[;
/;ku Hkwrdky dh miyfC/k ij gS A bldk Hkfo"; ls dksbZ lEcU/k ugha A^^

“An Achievement as Proficiency test is used to ascertain what and how much has
been learned or how well a task can be performed. The focus is on evaluation of
the past without reference to the future.” – Donald Super : „The Psychology of
Careers.”

¼x½ Freeman ^^miyfC/k ijh{k.k og vfHkdYi gS tks ,d fo’ks"k fo"k; ;k

ikB~;Øe ds fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa O;fDr ds Kku] le> ,oa dkS’ky dk ekiu djrk gS A^^

“A test of educational achievement is one designed to measure knowledge,

understanding or skills in a specified subject or a group of subjects. ”

¼Ä½ Super & ^^,d miyfC/k ;k {kerk ijh{k.k ;g Kkr djus ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS fd O;fDr us D;k vkSj fdruk lh[kk rFkk og dksbZ dk;Z fdruh HkyhHkk¡fr dj ysrk gS A^^

12
“An achievement or proficiency test is used to ascertain what and how much has
been learns or how well a task has been performed. ”

¼M-½ Ebel ^^miyfC/k ijh{k.k og vfHkdYi gS tks fo|kFkhZ ds }kjk xzg.k fd;s
x;s Kku] dq’kyrk ;k {kerk dk ekiu djrk gS A^^

“An achievement test is one designed to measure a student‟s grasp of knowledge or

his proficiency in certain skills.”

Kinds of Achievement Test

fu"ifRr ijh{kkvksa dk oxhZdj.k dbZ izdkj ls fd;k tk ldrk gaS &

blds vuqlkj ;s ijh{kk,¡ nks izdkj dh gksrh gaS &

¼d½ General Achievement Test & blds }kjk ckyd ;k O;fDr ds

vftZr Kku dh ijh{kk gksrh gS A

¼[k½ Diagnostic Test blds }kjk ;g irk pyrk gS fd v/;kid }kjk

fn;k x;k Kku] dgk¡ ij lQy gqvk gS] dgk¡ ij vlQy A bl ijh{kk }kjk ckyd dh
lacyrk&fucZyrk dk irk pyrk gS A

bl fof/k dh n`f"V ls fu"ifRr ijh{kk,¡ pkj izdkj dh gks ldrh gaS A

¼i½ Oral Tests & blesa Nk=&Nk=kvksa ls fyf[kr ds LFkku ij ekSf[kd iz’u iwNs
tkrs gSa A

¼ii½ Performance Tests & buesa dkxt&dye dk lgkjk ugha fy;k tkrk
oju~ fp=ksa rFkk ydM+h ds VqdM+ksa vkfn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A buesa 'kkfCnd Kku dks dksbZ
egRo ugha fn;k tkrk gS A

¼iii½ Essay Type Tests bu ijh{k.kksa esa iz’uksa dk mRrj fuca/k ds :Ik esa
nsuk gksrk gSa A buesa ogh Nk= vf/kd vad izkIr djrs gS &

ftudk Kku vPNk gks A

ftudk ys[ku lqanj gks A

13
 ftudh Lej.k@jVu 'kfDr vPNh gks A

¼iv½ Obejective Tests & bu ijh{kkvksa dh ;s fo’ks"krk,¡ gS &

iz’u NksVs&NksVs gksrs gsSa A

Hkk"kk&vf/kdkj dh vko’;drk ugha gksrh gS A

iz’uksa ds mRrj igys ls gh fuf’pr gksrs gSa A blfy, tk¡p&dk;Z vkSj vf/kd ljyrk ls gks
tkrk gS A

Nk=ksa dks yacs mRrj ugha fy[kus iM+rs gSa A os ;k rks ^gk¡^ vkSj ^ugha^ esa mRrj nsrs gSa ;k Bhd
mRrjksa dks js[kkafdr djrs gaS A

ftl izdkj cqf)ekid ijh{kkvksa esa cqf)&yfC/k fudkyrs gaS] mlh izdkj bl ijh{k.k esa ge
Kku&yfC/k ¼Achievement Quotient½ rFkk f’k{kk&yfC/k ¼Educational Quoatient½
fudkyrs gSa A bu ijh{k.kksa ds }kjk Nk=ksa dh izxfr dk irk py ldrk gSa A

f’k{kk dh izfØ;k cgqr lksp&fopkj dj vk;ksftr dh tkrh gS A ckyd dks tks f’k{kk nh tkrh gS]
mldk mn~ns’; gS & Kku esa o`f) ds }kjk O;ogkj esa okafNr ifjorZu ykuk ftlds QyLo:Ik mls
thou esa ykHk gksrk gS A

Adams dk fopkj gS & ^^f’k{kk ,d lpsru ,oa fopkjiw.kZ izfØ;k gS ftlesa ,d O;fDrRo
nwljs ij blhfy, izHkko Mkyrk gS fd nwljs dk fodkl vkSj ifjorZu gks ldsA^^

“It is a conscious and deliberate process in which one personality acts on another
in order to modify the development of that other ”

bl izdkj f’k{kk dh izfØ;k ds varxZr lHkh Lrjksa ij f’k{kk ds mn~ns’;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj
bu mn~ns’;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy;s fofHkUu f’k{k.k izfØ;kvksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gS A 'kSf{kd miyfC/k
ls rkRi;Z bUgha f’k{k.k mn~ns’;ksa dh izkfIr ls gS vFkkZr~ Nk=ksa us fdl lhek rd viuh ;ksX;rkvksa dk
fodkl fd;k gS] ;g tkuus ds fy;s f’k{kk ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ij miyfC/k ijh{k.kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gS A fo|kfFkZ;ks]a v/;kidks]a f’k{k.k fof/k;k¡] ikB~;Øe ;k f’k{kk ds fdlh Hkh igyw dk ekiu miyfC/k
ijh{k.k }kjk gh lEHko gS A

fo|ky; esa Nk=ksa uss fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa fdruk Kku vftZr fd;k gS] bldk ekiu djus ds fy;s miyfC/k
ijh{k.k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A bl izdkj miyfC/k ijh{k.k dk rkRi;Z ,sls ijh{k.kksa ls gS tks ,d
14
fuf’pr le;kof/k ds izf’k{k.k ds Ik’pkr~ fdlh {ks= fo’ks"k esa O;fDr ds Kku dk ekiu djrs gSa A ;g
ijh{k.k fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa Kku ds ekiu ds vfrfjDr v/;kid dks ;g tkuus esa Hkh lgk;rk nsrs gSa fd
mls f’k{k.k dk;Z esa fdl lhek rd lQyrk izkIr gqbZ gSa A

bl izdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd fdlh fo’ks"k {ks= esa f’k{k.k ds Ik’pkr~ ml {ks= esa Nk= dh ;ksX;rk ;k
'kfDr ds fodkl dh ek=k dk ekiu djus okys midj.kksa dks miyfC/k ijh{k.k dgrs gS a A ;s ijh{k.k
f’k{k.k l= ds var esa ewY;kadu ds vk/kkj ij Nk=ksa dks d{kksUufr iznku djus esa lgk;d gksrs gSa A

Placement

Nk=ksa ds vkdyu ,oa ewY;kadu ds Ik’pkr~ ;g Hkh vko’;d gS fd lHkh tkudkfj;ksa ,oa rF;ksa dks
,df=r djus ds ckn rFkk lk{kkRdkj djus ds ckn mldks mi;qDr LFkku fnyokus ds fy, iz;kl fd;k
tk, A

Meaning of Placement

lkekU; 'kCnksa esa LFkkuu Placement dk vFkZ gS tks fd Nk=

dks O;olk;@jkstxkj iznku djus esa lgk;d gksrh gS A

^^LFkkuu mu lHkh fØ;kvksa dh vksj ladsr djrh gS tks Nk= ds fdlh thfodk esa vFkok 'kSf{kd izf’k{k.k
esa izos’k ds le; lgk;rkFkZ dh tkrh gS] ftlls og buesa Ik;kZIr lek;kstu LFkkfir dj lds A^^

“Placement refers to all of the activities performed in assisting the student to make
an adequate adjustment to the next step in his training whether that he is taking a
full or part time job or making a choice of additional educational training”.

- Andrew & Willey

fo|ky;@egkfo|ky;@fo’ofo|ky; ls f’k{kk izkIr djus ds Ik’pkr~ fdlh thfodk@jkstxkj esa izos’k

djus esa ;qokvksa dks dfBukbZ;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gaS A LFkkuu esa Nk=ksa dks mu fjfDr;ksa
¼Vacancies½ ds ckjs esa voxr djk;k tkrk gSa] ftuesa os vius Kku ,oa izf’k{k.k dkS’ky ds vk/kkj ij

15
jkstxkj [kkst ldrs gSA LFkkuu dk izHkko lekt ,oa ns’k ij Hkh iM+rk gS A tc Nk= LFkkuu
¼Placement½ ds ek/;e ls vPNs LFkkuksa ij fu;qfDr;k¡ ikrs gaS] rks vkfFkZd igyw Hkh lekt ds fodkl
ij izHkko Mkyrk gS vkSj mfpr thfodk dh izkfIr ls lekt dh vk; esa o`f) gksrh gS A viuh ;ksX;rk
vkSj :fp ds vuqlkj LFkku ,oa thfodk ikus ds Ik’pkr~ O;fDr vius dk;Z esa vkSj vf/kd n{krk izkIr
djrk gS rFkk mRiknu dks c<+kus esa Hkh viuk lg;ksx iznku djrk gS A

^^,d uo;qod dks fo|ky; ls O;kolkf;d fØ;kvksa esa Hkstuk 'kSf{kd lsok gS] vr% lekt }kjk pquh gqbZ
'kSf{kd lLaFkk fo|ky; dk gh ;g ,d mfpr dk;Z gS A^^

According to Geaorge E. Mayers

“The transfer of youths from school to occupational activities is an educational

service and this is a proper function of society‟s chosen educational agency the
school system.”

egkfo|ky;@fo|ky; fu;qfDr lac/a kh dk;Z lekt ds lg;ksx ls lQYkrkiwoZd dj ldrk gS A blesa

fuEu fcanq lfEefyr gaS A

thfodk esa fu;qfDr djkus ls igys fu;qfDr@thfodk ls lacaf/kr leLr lwpuk,¡ fo|ky; dh fu;qfDr
lsok dks izkIr gksuh pkfg, A fudV ds lekt ,oa {ks= ds O;olk; dh ekax ,oa O;kolkf;d volj ls
lacaf/kr lwpuk,¡ ,df=r djuh pkfg, A fo|ky; ;s lwpuk,¡ LFkkuh; fu;qfDr laLFkkvksa ls izkIrdj
ldrk gS A vr% fo|ky; dks buds lkFk lfØ; lac/a k LFkkfir djuk pkfg, A

fu;qfDr lsok dk dqN fo|ky;ksa esa dsUnzh; laxfBr :Ik gksrk gS] ijarq fu;qfDr laca/kh dk;Z dsoy dqN
fo’ks"kKksa }kjk ugha gksuk pkfg, A fo|ky; ds lHkh v/;kidksa ,oa funsZ’ku ls lacfa /kr deZpkfj;ksa dks
lkewfgd :Ik ls ;g dk;Z djuk pkfg, A ,d ckr /;ku esa j[kuh pkfg, fd lkekftd laLFkkvksa ;k
fu;qfDrdrkZvksa dks tks Nk= Hksts tk;as] os ml deZpkjh }kjk Hksts tk,¡ ftlds ikl bu O;kikfjd
laLFkkvksa ls laca/k LFkkfir djus dk le; gks A thfodk fu;qfDr ds fuEufyf[kr in gaS %

16
 1- Orientation ;g izFke pj.k gSA blesa lcls igys Nk= dks O;kolkf;d
thou dh fo’ks"krkvksa ls voxr djk;k tkrk gSaA ;g dk;Z Nk=ksa ds lewg esa fd;k tk ldrk
gS A
2- Orientation to Occupational Field ;s nwljk
pj.k gS A bl pj.k esa Nk=ksa dks lewg esa thfodk lewg dk Kku djk;k tkrk gS] ftuesa leku
:fp] vfHk:fp] rS;kjh vkSj ;ksX;rk dh vko’;drk gksrh gS A
3- To corelate the self from the
professional life ;g r`rh; pj.k gS A ;gk¡ Nk= Lo;a dh fo’ks"krkvksa ls ifjfpr gksrk
gS rFkk og O;olk; ls mldk lac/a k ns[krk gS A bl in esa Nk= ;g Hkh tkuus dk iz;kl djrk
gS fd dkSu&dkSu ls O;olk; ,sls gS tks Nk= ds fy, mi;qDr ugha gSa A
4- Selection of professsional field ;g prqFZk pj.k
gS A ;g dk;Z O;fDrxr okrkZyki ds }kjk iw.kZ gksrk gS A ijke’kZnkrk Nk= dh lgk;rk djrk gS
A
5- Appointment for employment O;kolkf;d {ks= dk pquko djus
ds ckn thfodk fu;qfDr dk iz’u vkrk gSA og dk;Z lg;ksx }kjk iwjk gksrk gS A
6- Post employment study fu;qfDr ds ckn ;g ns[kk tkrk gS] fd
Nk= dk O;kolkf;d p;u dgk¡ rd mfpr jgk A

Nk= dk fdlh thfodk esa LFkkuu djkrs le; O;fDrxr ijke’kZ dh vko’;drk Hkh iM+rh gS A fu;qfDr
lsok dk eq[; mn~ns’; gS fd Nk= O;olk; esa izHkko’kkyh lek;kstu dj lds A blds fy, ;g
vko’;d gS fd Nk= dh :fp rFkk ;ksX;rk dks O;olk; dh fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lkFk feyk;k tk, A
fu;qfDr lsok dks izHkko’kkyh ijke’kZ nsus dk iz;Ru djuk pkfg, A blds fy, fu;qfDr lsok fo|ky; ds
ijke’kZnkrk dk lg;ksx izkIr dj ldrh gS ;k viuk i`Fkd ijke’kZnkrk j[k ldrh gS A LFkkuu
¼Placement½ ds fy, vf/kd dq’ky ijke’kZnkrk gksuk pkfg,] D;ksafd tks Nk= thfodk izkfIr esa
ekxZn’kZu ds vHkko esa vlQy gks tkrs gaS os vuqHkoh ijke’kZnkrk }kjk mfpr ekxZn’kZu izkIr dj
thfodk izkfIr esa lQy gks ldsa A

lsok es]a
-----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------

17
fuEufyf[kr lwpuk vkidh lsok esa izsf"kr gS &
1- Nk= dk uke % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- firk dk uke % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3- LFkk;h irk % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4- Nk= dh mez % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5- fookfgr@vfookfgr % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6- d{kk tks mRRkh.kZ dh % -----------------------------------------------------------------------o"kZ--------------------------
7- fo’ks"k n{krk % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
¼v½ ¼d½ dyk ¼[k½ Vkbfiax ¼x½ d`f"k ¼?k½ e’khu
¼c½ vU; dksbZ n{krk % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8-

v½ pfj=
vk½ lg;ksx
b½ fuHkZjrk
bZ½ mRrjnkf;Ro ikyu

9- Nk= ds 'kkSd ¼Hobbies½ % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10- ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;k,¡ ftuesa Nk= us lfØ; Hkkx fy;k %--------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11- fo"k; ftuesa vf/kd vad izkIr fd;s %

¼v½ ---------------------- ¼vk½ ---------------------- ¼b½ ----------------------

12- LokLF; % vfrmRre------------ mRre---------------------- vPNk ---------------------- de vPNk --------------------

13- Nk= ds ckjs esa ijke’kZnkrk ds fopkj

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

18
 Certification

vkdyu f’k{k.k ,oa vf/kxe izfØ;k ¼Learning Process½ dk ,d vfHkUu fgLlk gS A Nk= dh vf/kxe
{kerk vkSj n{krk dk ewY;kadu fo|ky;hu izfØ;k ds varxZr fd;k tkrk gSA blds fy, fofo/k xfrfof/k;ksa
,oa ijh{kkvksa dk vk;kstu le; &le; ij fo|ky; esa 'kS{kf.kd l= ds nkSjku fd;k tkrk gS A

bu fofo/k xfrfof/k;ksa esa & iznRr dk;Z] ifj;kstuk fuekZ.k] pkVZ fuekZ.k vkfn ’kkfey gSa
A dkS’ky fodkl gsrq fofHkUu izfr;ksfxrk,a¡W] lkaLd`frd dk;ZØe vkfn dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gS A ;s Nk=
ds lokZaxh.k fodkl dk ewY;kadu djus esa lgk;d gksrh gSa ,oa blds lkFk gh Nk= }kjk izkIr fo’ks"k
miyfC/k;ksa dk Hkh fjdkMZ j[kk tkrk gSa A

'kSf{kd xq.koRrk ,oa miyfC/k Lrj Kkr djus ds fy, l= ds nkSjku tks f’k{k.k dk;ZØe lapkfyr fd;s
x;s mlds ewY;kadu ds fy, ijh{kk iz.kkyh fu;ksftr rjhds ls ykxw dj Nk=ksa dh 'kSf{kd miyfC/k dk
ekiu dj vkafdd :Ik iznku djds izek.ku iznku fd;s tkrs gS A

iz'u % d{kk esa f’k{kd vH;kl dk;Z ¼Home Work½ tk¡pus ds fy, dkSu& dkSu ls rjhds viukrs gS\

¼v½ fyf[kr ijh{kk

¼c½ ekSf[kd ijh{kk

¼l½ izk;ksfxd ijh{kk

¼n½ mijksDr lHkh A

vkdyu ds vk/kkj ij izek.ku ¼Certification½ ds fy, fuEu fo’ks"krkvksa dks /;ku esa j[kk tkrk gSa &

1- ;g vkdyu fo|kFkhZ vf/kxe dh xq.koRrk dks ij[kus ds fy, f’k{kd dk ekxZ iz’kLr djrh gS A
2- Nk=ksa ds lanHkZ esa vf/kxe ls lacaf/kr lk{;ksa dk ,d=hdj.k dj Nk= iksVZQksfy;ks dks rS;kj djuk A
3- xszfMax ds vyx&vyx Lrj Nk=ksa ds izLrqrhdj.k ¼Performance½ dks n’kkZrs gSa A
4- vkSipkfjd Lrj dh fjiksVZ ys[ku esa 5 xszfMax iz.kkyh miyfC/k ds Lrj dks crykrh gS fd Nk= vf/kxe
esa fdruk lQy gks ik;k \

Grading

19
f’k{kd }kjk d{kk esa f’k{k.k ds Ik’pkr~ fof’k"V mn~ns’;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, ewY;kadu ds ek/;e ls ;g
Kkr fd;k tkrk gS] fd Nk= vf/kxe esa fdruk lQy gks ik;k \ vktdy ewY;kadu esa fujarj ifjorZu
gks jgs gSa A xszfMax Hkh ewY;kadu dh ,d u;h izfØ;k gS A

d{kkvksa esa v/;kiu ds Ik’pkr~ fo|ky;ksa ,oa egkfo|ky;ksa esa ikB~;Øe iw.kZ djk;s tkus ds ckn
=Sekfld] v)okf"kZd ,oa okf"kZd ijh{kkvksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSa rFkk ewY;kadu ds vk/kkj ij
ifj.kke rS;kj fd;s tkrs gSa A 'kSf{kd i)fr;ksa esa lq/kkj] ikB~;Øeksa dh iqu% lajpuk ¼Re-structuring½
vkfn Hkh ewY;kadu ds ifj.kkeksa ds vk/kkj ij gh fd;s tkrs gaS A vktdy lrr~ ,oa O;kid ewY;kadu
¼C.C.E.½] iz’u cSad] [kqyh iqLrd ijh{kk ¼Open Book Examination½] oLrqfu"B ewY;kadu
¼Objective Evaluation½] xszM iz.kkyh vkfn izpyu esa gSa A

^Grade^ 'kCn dh mRifRr ySfVu Hkk"kk ds ^xszM~l^ ls gqbZ gS ftldk vFkZ gS & A xzsM flLVe esa
iwoZ fu/kkZfjr ekin.Mksa ds vk/kkj ij Nk=ksa dks mudh miyfC/k ds vuqlkj Js.kh esa foHkDr djus ds fy,
xszM iznku dh tkrh gSa A fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds 'kSf{kd ifjisz{; esa ;g mudh miyfC/k lEizsf"kr djus dk rjhdk
gS A xszM ds }kjk f’k{kd] Nk= ,oa muds ikyd mudh miyfC/k ds ckjs esa le> ldrs gS a A Nk=ksa dh
miyfC/k dks Kkr djuk gh xszfMax dk mn~ns’; gksrk gS A

xszfMax iz.kkyh ¼Grading System½ ds }kjk nks fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh miyfC/k dh rqyuk dh tk ldrh gSa A
lkFk gh ikB~;Øe dh lekfIr ij ;g Hkh irk py ldrk gS fd fo|kFkhZ us D;k izkIr fd;k A ijEijkxr~
i)fr ds varxZr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks mudh miyfC/k ds vk/kkj ij Js.kh esa foHkDr fd;k tkrk gSa] tSls&

izFke 60 izfr’kr ls vf/kd

f}rh; 45 izfr’kr ls 59-99 izfr’kr

r`rh; 33 izfr’kr ls 44-99 izfr’kr

vuqRrh.kZ 32-99 izfr’kr ls uhps lHkh

xzsM iz.kkyh esa 3 fcanq] 5 fcanq] 9 fcanq vFkok 11 fcanq ekiuh rd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks mudh miyfC/k ds vk/kkj
ij oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gS A fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fu"iknu ¼Achievement½ dk ewY;kadu djus ds fy,
ftl fcanq ekiuh dks iz;qDr fd;k tkuk gS mldk vk/kkj Li"V :Ik ls ijh{kdksa dks crk fn;k tkuk

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pkfg, rkfd xzsM ds }kjk fdlh fof’k"V ekin.M ds lanHkZ esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds izn’kZu vkSj muds led{k
lewg ds lanHkZ esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh okLrfod fLFkfr dks n’kkZ;k tk lds A

NCERT dh Handbooks esa xszM iz.kkyh dk oxhZdj.k fuEu izdkj ls cryk;k x;k gS &

1- izR;{k xszM iz.kkyh ¼Direct Grade System½

2- vizR;{k xszM iz.kkyh ¼Indirect Grade System½
3- fujis{k xszM iz.kkyh ¼Absolute Grade System½
4- lkis{k xszM iz.kkyh ¼Relative Grade System½

Direct Grade System

izR;{k xszM iz.kkyh ds }kjk xq.kkRed ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gS A bl iz.kkyh dh lgk;rk ls ijh{kd
fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds laKkukRed i{k vkSj xSj&laKkukRed i{k dk ewY;kadu v{kj xszM ds }kjk djrk gS A

Indirect Grade System

vizR;{k xszM iz.kkyh ds varxZr fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fu"iknu dks vad iznku dj fujis{k ;k lkis{k ekudksa ds
vk/kkj ij xszM~l esa cnydj ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gS A

Absolute Grade System

fujis{k xszM iz.kkyh esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh miyfC/k dk ewY;kadu iwoZ&fu/kkZfjr ekud ds vk/kkj ij fd;k
tkrk gSA bu fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fu"iknu dks vad iznku dj lEiw.kZ fo"k;ksa ds izkIrkad dk izfr’kr Kkr dj
fy;k tkrk gSa vkSj mUgsa fuf’pr ekin.M ds vk/kkj ij xszM iznku dh tkrh gSa] tSls &

85 izfr’kr ;k blls vf/kd A

70 izfr’kr ls 84-99 izfr’kr B

55 izfr’kr ls 69-99 izfr’kr rd C

40 izfr’kr ls 54-99 izfr’kr D

40 izfr’kr ls de F

Relative Grade System

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bl lkis{k iz.kkyh esa dksbZ iwoZ&fu/kkZfjr ekud ugha gksrk gSA blds varxZr ftl fo|kFkhZ dks vf/kdre~
vad izkIr gq, gS] mlds vadksa dks 'kr~&izfr’kr ekudj mlds vk/kkj ij 'ks"k lHkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk Hkh
ewY;kadu dj fn;k tkrk gSa rFkk xzsM iznku dj nh tkrh gSA

f’k{kk esa ekiu] ewY;kadu vkSj vkdyu dk fo’ks"k egRo gS] D;ksafd blds }kjk ifjek.kkRed rFkk xq.kkRed
nksuksa gh izdkj dh lwpuk,¡ izkIr gksrh gSa A Nk=ksa ds O;ogkj esa fdruk ifjorZu gqvk rFkk mudk Lrj D;k
jgk \ blds ckjs esa Hkh fu.kZ; ewY;kadu ,oa vkdyu ds }kjk gh fy;s tkrs gSa A

ewY;kadu ,oa vkdyu ,d lrr~ izfØ;k gS] tks ;g Kkr djus esa lgk;d gS fd vf/kxe vuqHko fo|kFkhZ esa
mfpr <ax esa ifjorZu dj jgs gSa vFkok ugha A

,d jpukRed izfreku esa vkdyu ds izeq[k mn~ns’;ksa dks fuEu izdkj ls cryk;k tk ldrk gSa &

1- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh izxfr dk irk yxkuk A

2- ;g Kkr djuk fd f’k{k.k mn~ns’;ksa dh izkfIr gqbZ gSa vFkok ugha A

3- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lh[kus ds fy, izksRlkgu nsuk A

4- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh izxfr dk rqyukRed v/;;u djuk A

5- fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa fofHkUu dkS’ky dk fodkl djuk A

6- f’k{kdksa dh dk;Zdq’kyrk dk irk yxkuk A

7- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vf/kxe dfBukbZ;ksa dk irk yxkuk A

8- izpfyr ikB~;Øe esa vko’;d ifjorZu dh vko’;drk dks Kkr dj la’kks/ku djuk A

9- f’k{k.k fof/k;ksa dh mi;qDrrk dh tk¡p djuk A

10- Kku ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fn, x, izf’k{k.k ds ifj.kkeksa dk ewY;kadu djuk A

11- ckydksa dks fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ,oa fØ;kvksa esa okLrfod ifjfLFkfr dk Kku iznku djuk A

12- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh miyfC/k ¼Achievement½ esa lkekU; Lrj dk fu/kkZj.k djuk A

 vkdyu vf/kxe dk ewY;kadu djrk gS A

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 vkdyu rhu :iksa esa ekik tkrk gaS &

o Lo vkdyu

o lgikBh vkdyu

o V~;wVj vkdyu

 izek.ku esa xzsfMax ,oa vad iznku dj Nk= vf/kxe {kerk vFkok miyfC/k dk fjdkMZ j[kk tkrk

gS A

 Nk= dh vf/kxe n{krk dh tk¡p eas fuEu ijh{kk,¡ lfEefyr gaS &

o izk;ksfxd ijh{kk

o ekSf[kd ijh{kk

o fyf[kr ijh{kk

 xszfMax ewY;kadu dh ,d u;h izfØ;k gS A

 NCERT esa fuEu xszM iz.kkyh n’kkZ;h x;h gS A

o izR;{k xszM iz.kkyh

o vizR;{k xszM iz.kkyh

o fujis{k xszM iz.kkyh

o lkis{k xszM iz.kkyh

 LFkkuu ¼Placement½ dk vFkZ gS & thfodk izkfIr gsrq jkstxkj izkIr djus okyh izfØ;kA

 Hkfo";lwpd funkukRed ijh{k.k ,d ,slk ijh{k.k gS] ftls fdlh {ks= fo’ks"k esa funku gsrq iz;ksx

esa yk;k tkrk gS A

 orZeku esa vkdyu dh nks izfof/k;k¡ iz;qDr dh tkrh gSa &

o ;ksxkRed vkdyu ¼Summative Assesment½

o jpukRed vkdyu ¼Formative Assesment½

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 i`"B iks"k.k ¼Feed Back½ Nk=ksa dh vf/kxe dfBukbZ;ksa dks nwj djus esa lgk;d gksrk gSa A

 d{kksUufr Nk= ds vk;q Lrj ds vuq:Ik vf/kxe miyfC/k ds oxhZdj.k dk vk/kkj gS A

 vf/kxe izfØ;k dks fØ;k ds vk/kkj ij nks Hkkxksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k x;k gaS &

o ekSf[kd vf/kxe vuqHko

o vekSf[kd vf/kxe vuqHko

¼v½ lgh mRrjksa dks

¼c½ xyr mRrjksa dks

¼l½ nksuksa dks

¼n½ mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ugha A

¼v½ rduhdh Kku iznku djuk

¼c½ funkukRed mipkj nsuk

¼l½ dkS’ky dk fodkl djuk

¼n½ vad iznku djuk A

¼v½ jpukRed vkdyu

¼c½ ;ksxkRed vkdyu

¼l½ jpukRed ,oa ;ksxkRed nksuksa gh

¼n½ buesa ls dksbZ ugha A

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 ¼v½ f’k{k.k fof/k dk p;u djus esa

¼c½ d{kkvksas dk O;oLFkkiu djus esa

¼l½ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks OkS;fDrxr :Ik ls tkuus eas

¼n½ mi;qZDr lHkh A

5½

¼v½ Nk= ds Kku ds lanHkZ esa

¼c½ Nk= dh vko’;drk ds lanHkZ esa

¼l½ Nk= ds izn’kZu ds lanHkZ esa

¼n½ mi;qZDr lHkh A

iz- 1 % vkdyu dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft, A

iz- 2 % f’k{k.k esa vkdyu dh Hkwfedk ds egRo dks le>kb, A

iz- 3 % funkukRed ijh{k.k ,oa miyfC/k ijh{k.k esa varj Li"V dhft, A

iz- 4 % xszfMax iz.kkyh ij uksV fyf[k, A

iz- 5 % vkdyu ,oa LFkkuu ds var% laca/k dks le>kb, A

iz- 6 % d{kksUufr ¼Promotion½ Nk=ksa dh vf/kxe miyfC/k dks crykrk gS A bl dFku dks
foLrkj ls le>kb,A

iz- 7 % LFkkuu (Placement ) ij uksV fyf[k, A LFkkuu izksQkeZ rS;kj dhft, A

Placement

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 iky] glajkt ,oa 'kekZ] eatwyrk] okf.kT; f’k{k.k] f{kizk izdk’ku] ubZ fnYyh
 mik/;k;] jk/kkoYyHk ,oa tk;loky] lhrkjke] f’k{kk esa funZs’ku ,oa ijke’kZ dh Hkwfedk] vxzoky
ifCyds’kUl] vkxjk
 MkW- fofiu vLFkkuk ,oa 'osrk vLFkkuk]euksfoKku vkSj f’k{kk esa ekiu ,oa ewY;kdau] vxzoky
ifCyds’ku] vkxjk
 JhokLro] oh- ,u-] ekiu ,oa ewY;kadu] Jh fouksn iqLrd eafnj] vkxjk
 dqyJs"B], - ds- ,oa dqyJs"B],u-ds- foKku f’k{k.k] vkj- yky cqd fMiks]esjB
 dqyd.khZ] Vh-,u- ’kSf{kd izkS|ksfxdh] Jh fouksn iqLrd eafnj] vkxjk

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 Rkksej]th- ,l- lkekftd foKku f’k{k.k] vkj- yky cqd fMiks]esjB
 Ikky] galjkt ,oa ’kekZ eatqyrk] ekiu@vkdyu ,oa ewY;kadu f’kizk ifCyds’ku]
ubZ fnYyh

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