THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES

Week 1
CORRECTION OF CRIMINALS
Penology
Penology is the study of punishment for crime or of criminal offenders. It includes
the study of control and prevention of crime through punishment of criminal offenders. It
is a term derived from the Latin word “POENA” which, means pain or suffering.
Penology is also otherwise known as Penal Science. It is actually a division of
criminology that deals with prison management and the treatment of offenders and
concerned itself with the philosophy and practice of society in its efforts to repress
criminal activities.

Principal Aims of Penology:

1. To bring light in the ethical barriers of punishment, along with the motives and
purposes of society inflicting it.
2. To make comparative study of penal* laws and procedures through history between
nations.
3. To evaluate the social consequences of the policies enforced at a given time.

Penal Management
Penal management is the manner or practice of managing or controlling places
of confinement as in jails or prisons.

CORRECTION
Correction is a branch of the Criminal Justice System concerned with the
custody, supervision and rehabilitation of criminal offenders. It is the field of criminal
justice administration, which utilizes the body of knowledge and practices of the
government and the society in the general involving the processes of handling
individuals who have been convicted of offenses for purposes of crime prevention and
control.

Correction as a Process
Correction as a process is the reorientation of the criminal offender to prevent
him or her from repeating his delinquent actions without the necessity of taking punitive
action but rather introduction of individual measures of reformation.

Correction Administration
It is the study and practice of a systematic management if jails or prisons and
other institutions concerned with the custody, treatment, and rehabilitation of criminal
offenders.

Correction and the Criminal Justice System

The Criminal justice System is the machinery of any government in the control
and prevention of crimes and prevention of crimes and criminality. It is composed of the
pillars of justice such as: the Law enforcement Pillar (Police), the Prosecution Pillar, the
Court Pillar; the Correction Pillar, and the Community Pillar.

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Correction as one of the pillars of Criminal Justice system is considered as the weakest
pillar. This is because of its failure to deter individuals in committing crimes as well as
the reformation of inmates. This is evident in the increasing number of inmates. This is
evident in the increasing number of inmates in jails or prisons. Hence, the need of
prison management is necessary to rehabilitate inmates and transform then to become
law-abiding citizens after their release.
Correction is the fourth pillar of the criminal justice system: this pillar takes over
once the accused, after having been found guilty’ is meted out the penalty for the crime
he committed. He can apply for probation or he could be turned over to a non-
institutional or rehabilitation. The offender could avail of the benefits of parole or
executive elementary once he has served the minimum period of his sentence.

PUNISHMENT- a redress that the state take s against an offending member of the
society usually involves pain or suffering.
PENALTY- Suffering inflicted by the state against an offending member for the
transgression of law.

Classifications of Correction
1. Institutional Correction
 The rehabilitation of offenders in jail or prison.
2. Non-Institutional Correction
 Refers to correctional activities that may take place within the community.

Three aims of Correction Reforms

1. To provide judges with more options to deal with offenders through the use o
probation, day fines, commitment to community treatment centers, pre-trial release, and
other measure short of imprisonment.
2. To improve conditions in prison and jails, including decongestion, improved housing,
more effective medical, educational, vocational training, rehabilitation services
3. Establishing an integrated correctional system that will insure the development of a
unified philosophy of treatment, implementation of uniform standards and policies,
efficient delivery of services to offenders while at the same time protecting the interests
and welfare of society.

Week 2
Laws on Human and Prisoner’s Right

INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS

STANDARD 1: EQUAL PROTECTION

Everyone is entitled to equal protection of the law, without discrimination on any
grounds, and especially against violence and other threats. Be especially vigilant to
protect potentially vulnerable groups such as children, the elderly, women, refugees,
displaced persons, and members of minority groups.

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STANDARD 2: RESPECTFUL TREATMENT

Treat all citizens and victims of crime with compassion and respect, with utmost
consideration for their need for safety and privacy.
It must be remembered that under the law, all arrested persons and detainees
are still considered innocent and have the right to due process.
Only the court can determine their guilt or innocence. Even when they are
already convicted by the court, they still have the right to be treated humanely, with full
respect and dignity.
STANDARD 3: USE OF FORCE
Do not use force except when strictly necessary and to the minimum extent
required under the circumstances.
STANDARD 4: POLICING NON-VIOLENT ASSEMBLIES
Avoid using force when policing unlawful but non-violent assemblies. When
dispersing violent assemblies, use force only to the minimum extent necessary.
STANDARD 5: USE OF LETHAL FORCE
Lethal force should not be used except when strictly unavoidable in order to
protect your life or the lives of others.
STANDARD 6: ARRESTING PERSONS ON LEGAL GROUNDS
Only arrest persons if there are legal grounds to do so, and the arrest is carried
out in accordance with lawful arrest procedures.
STANDARD 7: DETAINEES’ RIGHTS
Ensure that all detainees, immediately after their arrest, have access to their
family and lawyer. They must also be given immediate medical assistance whenever
necessary.

STANDARD 8: HUMANE TREATMENT OF DETAINEES

All detainees must be treated humanely. Under any circumstances, do not inflict,
instigate, nor tolerate any act of torture or ill-treatment, and refuse to obey any order to
do so.

STANDARD 9: REFUSAL TO OBEY UNJUST ORDERS

Do not carry out, order, or cover-up extra-legal killings or enforced
disappearance, and refuse to obey any order to do so.

STANDARD 10: REPORTING VIOLATIONS

Report all violations of these standards to your senior officer and to the nearest
Prosecutor’s Office. Do everything within your ability and authority to ensure steps are
taken to investigate violations of these standards.

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RIGHTS OF PRISONERS/DETAINESS (US)

 As provided for the Constitution.  ‘The State values the dignity of every human  person
and guarantees full respect for human rights”.  An individual, through in Prison does not
lose his inherent rights to dignity and his other human rights regardless of what he or
she may have done or whatever political convictions he may have.
1. Right to be free from personal abuse and right to be protected against the
following:
1. any deprivation of his basic needs under normal situation
2. corporal punishment
               a. use of physical force
               b. solitary confinement or segregation as positive measures 
1. Right to Good Conduct Time Allowance (GCTA) for good behavior
2. Right to have access to the following as far as practicable:
a.       medicine and health services
b.      rehabilitation program
c.       visitation( conjugal) and mail services
d.      free legal services and materials
1. Right to exercise his religious beliefs
2. Right to air grievances and complain through proper authorities
3. Right of women offenders to be personally attended/supervised by women
officer, without prejudiced to male doctors, nurses and social welfare
officers from carrying out their professional duties in the institution for
women
4. Right of foreign nationals to communicate with their diplomatic and
consular representative

EXISTING MEASURES PROTECTING AND PROMOTING  THE RIGHTS OF

DETAINESS AND PRISONERS

1. upgrading of prison facilities

2. strengthening rehabilitation strategies
3. decongestion of prison / jails
4. PD 28 and Act establishing Seven regional Prisons and Converting Existing
National Penal Institutions into Regular Prisons and Penal forms
5. transfer of prisoner to other prisons where opportunities for rehabilitation are
better and prison conditions are less congested
6. PD 698 as amended, Known as the Adult probation Law
7. provision of education and training for inmates at the Medical Security Cpd.,
WBP
8. Passage of RA 6975, Department of local Interior and Local Government Act of
1990 which provided for the creation of the Bureau of Jail Management and
Penology
9. Creation of the assistance and Visitorial Services by Commission on Human
Rights to Monitor Jails and Detention Centers in the Country.

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RIGHTS OF INMATES (Philippines)

Although the purpose for committing a person to jail is to deprive him/her of liberty in
order to protect society against crime, such person is still entitled to certain rights even
while in detention. These rights are:

1. The right to be treated as a human being, and not to be subjected to corporal

punishment;
2. The right to be informed of the regulations governing the detention center;
3. The right to adequate food, space and ventilation, rest and recreation;
4. The right to avail himself/herself of medical, dental and other health services;
5. The right to be visited anytime by his/her counsel, immediate family members,
medical doctor or priest or religious minister chosen by him or by his immediate
family or by his counsel;
6. The right to practice his/her religious beliefs and moral precepts;
7. The right to vote unless disqualified by law;
8. The right to separate detention facilities or cells particularly for women inmates;
and
9. If a foreigner, the right to communicate with his/her embassy or consulate.

PRIVILEGES ALLOWED THE INMATES - Detainees may enjoy the following

privileges:

a. To wear their own clothes while in confinement;

b. To write letters, subject to reasonable censorship, provided that expenses for
such correspondence shall be borne by them;
c. To receive visitors during visiting hours. However, visiting privileges may be
denied in accordance with the rules and whenever public safety so requires;
d. To receive books, letters, magazines, newspapers and other periodicals that the
jail authorities may allow;
e. To be treated by their own doctor and dentist at their own expense upon proper
request from and approval by appropriate authorities;
f. To be treated in a government or private hospital, provided it is deemed
necessary and allowed by the rules;
g. To request free legal aid, if available;
h. To sport hair in their customary style, provided it is decent and allowed by the jail
rules;
i. To receive fruits and prepared food, subject to inspection and approval by jail
officials;
j. To read books and other reading materials available in the library, if any;
To maintain cleanliness in their cells and brigades or jail premises and perform
other work as may be necessary for hygienic and sanitary purposes;

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k. To be entitled to Good Conduct Time Allowance (GCTA) as provided by law; and

l. To be utilized as jail aides as designated by the warden himself, with the
CONSENT OF THE INMATE/INMATES or upon the recommendation of the
personnel.

Week 3
Commonly Violated Human and Prisoners/Detainees Rights

Everyone is entitled to their civil rights, including prisoners. Unfortunately, many forms
of civil rights abuses do occur in prisons. Common prisoner rights violations include:

 Holding prisoners in outdated prisons that are unsanitary or unsafe

 The sexual harassment or assault of prisoners by prison guards
 Preventing a prisoner from complaining about prison conditions to outside
parties, such as the courts
 Punishing a prisoner for complaining about the prison to outside parties
 Subjecting a prisoner to torture or other forms of cruel and unusual punishment
 Denying a prisoner medical attention, or providing inadequate medical attention
or facilities

Specifically, in the Philippines the following are manifested to be the common

violations against PDL.

The constitution and law prohibit torture, and evidence obtained through its use is
inadmissible in court. According to the CHR, however, members of the security forces
and police were accused of routinely abusing and sometimes torturing suspects and
detainees. Common forms of abuse during arrest and interrogation reportedly included
electric shock, cigarette burns, and suffocation.

Prison conditions were often harsh and life threatening and included gross
overcrowding, inadequate sanitary conditions, physical abuse, and a chronic lack of
resources including medical care and food. As of early 2018 the prison system was one
of the most overcrowded in the world.

Prison authorities did not uniformly enforce BJMP and BuCor regulations that require
holding male and female inmates in separate facilities, and, in national prisons,
overseeing them with guards of the same sex. In some facilities, authorities did not fully
segregate juveniles from adults.

Poor sanitation, inadequate ventilation, poor access to natural lighting, and a lack of
potable water were chronic problems in correctional facilities and contributed to health
problems.

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Week 4-5
Defining Treatment and Punishment

Different Types of Criminal Punishment

The following are five of the most commonly seen types of criminal punishment:

Incapacitation
Incapacitation seeks to prevent future crime by physically moving criminals away from
society. This punishment can be traced to ancient times, Terance Miethe and Hong Lu
write in Punishment: A Comparative Historical Perspective. Banishment was a common
penalty in antiquity. Later, it was common for colonizing European countries to ship
convicts and undesirables overseas. In modern times, house arrest, incarceration and
the death penalty are all forms of incapacitation.

Deterrence
The goal of deterrence is to persuade citizens and possible offenders or re-offenders to
conform to the rules of law. Miethe and Lu explain that four types of deterrence are
generally recognized:

1.)  Specific deterrence analyzes how effective punishment is on an individual’s future

behavior.

2.)  General deterrence seeks to understand how individual punishment can deter

others from committing crimes.

3.)  Marginal deterrence seeks to reconcile how effective different types of punishment

are as either specific or general deterrence.

4.)  Partial deterrence refers to situations in which the threat of penalty has some

deterrent value even when someone engages in illegal behavior. (For example, a
criminal simply robbing a victim, instead of also causing physical harm.)

The effectiveness of deterrence as a criminal punishment is difficult to assess because

people may follow the law for other reasons that may be challenging to track such as
religious or moral beliefs, physical incapacitation or lack of opportunity.

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Retribution
As one of the oldest forms of punishment, retribution has roots in the Judeo-Christian
tradition of justice. In her book Criminal Law, Lisa M. Storm explains
that retribution prevents crime by giving victims or society a certain sense of satisfaction
that a defendant has been punished appropriately, reinforcing the belief that the criminal
justice system is working effectively. Modern examples of retribution include the
widespread practices of imposing fines, as well as enforcing mandatory sentencing
policies for certain offenses under the law. As an effective punishment, retribution has
been criticized as being overly rigid and limited in its capacity to change societal
behavior. However, it remains popular.

Rehabilitation
A common prison policy in America up until the 1970s, rehabilitation focuses on helping
criminals and prisoners overcome the barriers that led them to committing criminal acts.
This includes developing occupational skills, as well as resolving psychological issues
such as drug addiction and aggression, explains the American Psychological
Association (APA). Considered the opposite of retribution, the ultimate purpose of
rehabilitation is to transition offenders back into society. The APA reports that in
examining massive data, individualized approaches to crime, complemented with
community-based approaches, can prove effective in reducing offender recidivism.

Restoration
A radically different approach to criminal punishment, the goal of restoration is for the
offender to make direct amends to both the victim and the community in which the crime
was committed. Although a relatively new practice in modern times, the concept
of restorative justice can be found in the early legal systems of Western Europe, ancient
Hebrew justice and pre-colonial African societies.

During the process of restoration, victims initiate a process in which both they and the
offender meet to share feelings and concerns. The dialogue offers victims the
opportunity to be heard and the offender to make amends and receive forgiveness.
Restorative justice is often used in crimes involving youth offenders.

Rehabilitation and Reintegration (ABA Criminal Justice Standards on Treatment

of Prisoners).

Standard 23-8.2 Rehabilitative programs

(a) For the duration of each prisoner’s confinement, the prisoner— including a prisoner
in long-term segregated housing or incarcerated for a term of life imprisonment —
should be engaged in constructive activities that provide opportunities to develop social
and technical skills, prevent idleness and mental deterioration, and prepare the prisoner
for eventual release. Correctional authorities should begin to plan for each prisoner’s

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eventual release and reintegration into the community from the time of that prisoner’s
admission into the correctional system and facility.

(b develop an individualized programming plan for the prisoner, in accordance with

which correctional authorities should give each prisoner access to appropriate
programs, including educational opportunities, mental health and substance abuse
treatment and counseling, vocational and job readiness training, personal financial
responsibility training, parenting skills, relationship skills, cognitive or behavioral
programming, and other programs designed to promote good behavior in the facility and
reduce recidivism.

(c) Correctional authorities should afford every prisoner an opportunity to obtain a

foundation in basic literacy, numeracy, and vocational skills. Correctional authorities
should offer prisoners expected to be incarcerated for more than six months additional
educational programs designed to meet those prisoners’ individual needs. Correctional
authorities should offer high school equivalency classes, post-secondary education,
apprenticeships, and similar programs designed to facilitate re-entry into the workforce
upon release.

While on-site programs are preferred, correctional authorities without resources for on-
site classes should offer access to correspondence courses, online educational
opportunities, or programs conducted by outside agencies. Correctional authorities
should actively encourage prisoner participation in appropriate educational programs.
(d) A correctional facility should have or provide adequate access to a library for the use
of all prisoners, adequately stocked with a wide range of both recreational and
educational resources, books, current newspapers, and other periodicals. Prisoners
should also have regular access to a variety of broadcast media to enable them to
remain informed about public affairs.

(e) Correctional officials should provide programming and activities appropriate for
specific types of prisoners, including female prisoners, prisoners who face language or
communication barriers or have physical or mental disabilities, prisoners who are under
the age of eighteen or geriatric, and prisoners who are serving long sentences or are
assigned to segregated housing for extended periods of time.

(f) Correctional authorities should permit each prisoner to take full advantage of
available opportunities to earn credit toward the prisoner’s sentence through
participation in work, education, treatment, and other programming.

Standard 23-8.3 Restorative justice

(a) Governmental and correctional authorities should facilitate programs that allow crime
victims to speak to groups of prisoners, and, at the request of a crime victim and with
the consent of the prisoner, appropriate meetings or mediation between prisoners and
their victims.

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(b) Consistent with security needs, correctional officials should provide opportunities for
prisoners to contribute to the community through volunteer activities.

Week 7
Governmental Programs for the Victim

Nature of Victimization
A. Coping and Help-seeking
Victimized individuals who participate in active forms of coping
experience fewer or less suffered severe psychological symptoms after
victimization. One form of active coping is seeking help from others.
We must begin to accept the reality that crime is random, senseless and
can happen to anyone regardless of the precautions that are taken to prevent
being victimized.

B. Interaction with the CJS

The most agonizing experience for victims involves dealing with the CJS.
However, the participation of victims aids them to feel like they have a voice as
witness and are part of the condemnation of their crime perpetrators.

Crime Victim Services are programs that have been established to assist a victim
through the CJS.
1. Police-based victim services- local police department provides immediate
crisis intervention to victims and their families. Emotional support, practical
assistance and general information about CJS is also provided.
2. Crown/Court-based services- they provide victim/witness assistance
programs. Such program helps the victim/witness understand their
participation in CJS.
3. Community-based services- include sexual assault centres, distress
centres, victim advocacy groups and safe homes.
4. System-based services- provides a broad range of services from one
location.

Query: What is Victim Compensation Program?

Week 8
THERAPEUTIC PHILOSOPHY AND CARDINAL RULES

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TC PHILOSOPHY
I am here because there is no refuge finally, from myself.
Until I confront myself in the eyes and hearts of others,
I am running.
Until I suffer them to share my secrets,
I have no safety from them.
Afraid to be known,
I can know neither myself nor any other,
I will be alone.
Where else but in our common ground can I see such a
mirror?
Here, together, I can at last appear clearly to myself,
not as the giant of my dreams nor the dwarf of my fears, but
as a person, part of the whole, with my share in its purpose.
In this ground, I can take root and grow, not alone anymore,
as in death but alive to myself and to others.

CARDINAL RULES IN TC

*No sex or sexual acting out

*No drugs/ Alcohol
*No violence or threat of violence
*No stealing

HOUSE RULES: Examples

 No destruction of jail property
 Respect staff and status
 Follow directions without feedback
 No cigarette smoking
 No contraband
 No gambling
 Be on time in all activities
 Lights off at 10:00 PM
 No talking/laughing after lights off
 Maintain good grooming and hygiene
 No vandalism

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 Be courteous to people
 Use the chain of command
 No talking/laughing during the Morning meeting and other activities
 No lending or borrowing without permission
 Respect other people’s property

Week 9
v

Phase I- Entry/Orientation Phase

Once an inmate is committed to jail, he undergoes a series of examination to
determine his physical, social and psychological status. Upon his commitment, a
resident is placed on orientation at the Reception and Diagnostic room/ Orientation
Room.
He is then assigned a static group and a big brother who will provide him with
support and will walk him through the orientation phase. At this phase, the resident is
handled gently and is expected to commit mistakes in the process of learning the
program. Sanctions on negative behavior are usually light with emphasis on teaching.

Phase II- Primary Treatment

The resident is now ready to undergo the treatment proper. He becomes a part of
the community starting as a crew member of the Housekeeping department until he
gradually ascends in the hierarchy.
 Proper use of the different tools to address personal issues and concerns and
shape behavior
 Managing own feelings and learning how to express self appropriately
 Learning how to follow the rules and norms of the community
 Maximize participation in activities that are appropriate to the resident’s need for
growth
 Learning how to trust the environment by disclosing self to the community and
develop insight in the process
 Developing positive coping skills to deal with difficult life situations
 Enhancing educational and vocational skills to make him productive
 Improve social skills and recognize the importance of other people’s help in
shaping behavior

Phase III- Pre Re-entry

Under regular circumstances, the resident is expected at this stage to have
internalized the TC values and concept to start life afresh. At this phase, the resident is
expected to have proven his ability to take on more responsibility hence needs lesser
supervision. He is considered a role model in the TC community. He should focus on
the following learning:

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 Rebuilding of social and family ties

 Going up the ladder of hierarchy by showing leadership
 Realization of his full potential to be a productive member of society
 Mapping out of plans

Phase IV- Re-entry

In the ideal setting, a resident at this stage is now ready to be released back to society
as he has demonstrated adequate self-control and discipline. The inmate is now
preparing for his life outside of jail and is focused on making himself a productive
citizen. He may start planning for job hunting and rebuilding family ties and
relationships.

Phase IV- Aftercare

Aftercare is an outpatient program that requires clients to report twice a week to
an outreach center. They are required to attend group sessions to ensure their
adjustment to life outside jail to reduce recidivism

Week 10
TCMP Tools

*Pre Morning Meeting

PRE MORNING MEETING
Duration/ Frequency: Fifteen minutes daily
Participants: Senior residents, Counselor
Pre-Morning Meeting is done early in the morning prior to the Morning Meeting. Senior
members of the community will meet for about fifteen (15) minutes to discuss the
attitude of the house the previous day. It is also where the senior members formulate
solutions to the concerns discussed and to be executed during the day.

*Morning Meeting
Morning Meeting is a daily ritual that starts the day in a TC facility. It is attended
by the whole community and lasts for an hour.
PARTS OF THE MORNING MEETING
I. COMMUNITY ANNOUNCEMENT/CONCERNS

a. Opening Prayer (Ecumenical)

b. Singing of the Philippine National Anthem (Flag must be displayed)
c. TC Philosophy (Adopted translation)
d. Announcements
 Staff (Director, Asst. Director, Counselor & other personnel)
 Residents (Coordinators, Dep’t Heads, Expediters)
 Report on Dorm Inspection by Chief Expediter
e. Community Concerns

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 Pull-ups/ elaboration
 Affirmations
f. Concept of the Day
g. Verse of the Day

II. UP – RITUALS

a. News casting (Local, Nat’l, International, Sports and Weather News)

b. Entertainment (Choose either Song, Dance, Skit, Humorous Story)
c. Community Singing (Any song that has relation to the Concept of the Day)
d. Greetings

*Talk To
TALK TO
A “Talk To” is an outright correction done by any member of the TC community to
another member who has done a minor infraction but is not aware of it. It is a friendly
reminder/advice about an unacceptable behavior and must be done privately. During a
“Talk To”, the resident is made aware of his/her negative behavior and the results it may
have on others and the environment. The feedback given to the resident who committed
mistake is done in a positive way. This is to evoke awareness on the part of the
violators to avoid committing the same mistake and be given heavier sanctions if done
in the future.

*Pull Up
PULL-UP
A Pull-up is done as a result of lack, missed or lapses in awareness in a resident.
All the members of the community are responsible to pull-up minor infractions done by
peers. It encourages honesty, demeanor awareness and owning up to one’s mistakes.
This is done when the violator is unknown and must be validated first prior to bringing
up in the Morning Meeting.

*Dealt With
DEALT WITH
Dealt With is done when negative behaviors or infractions to the House
Rules/Norms are done for the second time of same offense by a resident.
A panel of three (3) composed of a senior resident, peer and a friend are tasked
to deliver a serious and stern reprimand to the subjected resident.

*Haircut
HAIRCUT

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Haircut is done when negative behaviors or infractions to the House

Rules/Norms in same offense are done for the third time or more or for first time grave
offenses. It is a carefully planned and structured verbal reprimand given by a Staff with
four other residents - Senior Resident, Peer, Big Brother, and Department Head (Figure
3). The tone is more serious and can be loud, more harsh and exaggerated.

*Learning Experience
LEARNING EXPERIENCE
A Learning Experience (LE) is an action or activity given to a resident who was
subjected to Haircut or General Meeting who did an infraction to correct or modify a
behavior. LE may be task –oriented, written task or peer interactions. Since TCMP is
educational rather than punitive in its approach to behavioral change, the LE should be
done in a way that would remind the person of the negative attitude he has done without
compromising his human dignity. The intent of the LE is not to stigmatize the person but
to motivate him to make restitutions for the wrong doings he committed and redeem
himself in the community.

*General Meeting
GENERAL MEETING

A repeated breach to the Cardinal Rules necessitates a General Meeting. Such issue
should be discussed with the community to point out to the violator the negative effect
the behavior had on the community. Such offense includes sexual acting-out with a
fellow resident, taking drugs and engaging in physical fight with another resident. Other
facilities include stealing or even smoking as part of the Cardinal Rules. These
behaviors pose a threat to the community because they violate the established order
and safety of the facility.

*Expulsion
EXPULSION
In extreme cases, when a resident is incorrigible and becomes a threat to the
community (Instigator, initiator of jail disturbances), the Director with the
recommendation of the Disciplinary Board may transfer him/her to the nearest jail facility
with an appropriate Court Order
The Therapeutic Community Modality Program (TCMP) is a self-help social
learning treatment model which utilizes the community as the primary therapeutic
vehicle to foster behavioral and attitudinal change. In this modality, the person learns
and practices skills and responsibilities through structured activities that they can
transfer to the society upon their release. Each participant is expected to be a
contributing member of the community and develops the impetus to change by being a
member of the community.

Week 11

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Behavioral Management

PRISON DISCIPLINE

Discipline in prison is commonly thought of as a procedure to prevent escapes,

riots and disorders, and punishing those involved. This is not all that discipline attempts
to accomplish in a prison. The main objective of prison discipline is to inculcate
habits, attitudes and values that will make the prisoner a peaceful and useful
member of society upon his release.

Discipline is a continuing state of good order and behavior. It includes the

maintenance of good standards of work, sanitation, safety, education, personal health
and recreation. It insures that persons and groups go on time to their appointed place
and that they maintain standards of conduct which are necessary when large number of
people live and work together or in any community, institution or otherwise.

The ultimate hope of institutional discipline is to develop self-reliance, self-

control, self-respect, self-discipline not merely the ability and the desire to conform to
accepted standards for individual and community life in a free society.

Discipline is not the responsibility of the custodial force alone but rather the
concern of every prison worker. It is accomplished by the staff of the institution in all
phases of the institutional program, all of which in their special ways are contributing to
the general discipline of the prisoners. For example, the social worker contributes
towards discipline by pointing out to the prisoner his responsibilities to his family and to
the community, and showing him how to fulfill them. Work foremen and treatment
personnel encourage and assist the prisoner to attain new goals, through purposeful
work activities and employment responsibilities.

Week 13
Spiritual and Psychological/Counseling Management

RELIGIOUS SERVICES, GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING SERVICES

a. Every jail, whenever possible, shall extend to inmates the greatest amount of freedom
and opportunity pursuing individual religious beliefs and practices as an essential part
of the mission to rehabilitate inmates.
b. All religious services shall be under the direct supervision of the warden or his staff or a
chaplain who must conform to the general guidelines on the matter prescribed by the
Jail Bureau.

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c. Rules, regulations and policies with regard to the safety of inmates and orderly conduct
of affairs of inmates shall apply to all places of worship and religious activities and
meetings in jails.
d. Attendance in worship, religious activities and meetings shall be voluntary. The
opportunity to attend religious services, activities or meetings shall be offered unless
there is a compelling reason to the contrary. Normally, work assignment should not
preclude attendance to religious services, activities or meetings.
e. Places of worship, religious activities and meetings shall be scheduled with reasonable
frequency. The jail chaplain and/or religious group shall lay out their religious
program in advance coordination with the warden.
f. Whenever possible, in large jails, there shall be a Jail Chaplaincy Service which shall be
entrusted with the following responsibilities:
1. Ensure that spiritual-moral-pastoral care is made available to inmates;
2. Ensure that crisis-intervention and adequate spiritual awareness formulation
programs are available to jails;
3. Ensure proper coordination, supervision and monitoring of religious volunteers
from outside agencies who regularly visit the jails; and
4. Ensure that Jail Bureau officials are provided with spiritual advice and assistance
in religious programs.
g. The following principles shall be the bases of all religious activities and service
programs.
1. Everyone shall respect the religious beliefs and moral precepts of each
sect to which an inmate belongs.
2. Maligning or insulting any religious belief or sect is prohibited.
3. Equal opportunity shall be given to all religious denominations,
subject to security measures.
4. Unless otherwise provided, all personal communication of an inmate
made to a chaplain or priest neither as a formal act of religion or a matter of
conscience, shall be treated as a privileged communication. The chaplain priest
concerned shall not be required to disclose it.
5. The Chaplaincy or the officially designated religious officer shall supervise all
religious activities within the jail.
6. Religious books and related reading materials shall be made available to inmates.
@The following programs and services shall be applied accordingly:
a. For newly –admitted inmates

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i. The Chaplain interviews the inmate at a Reception Room, and fills up two (2)
forms of the religious profile of the inmate.
ii. The Chaplain likewise conducts an orientation program as regards the services
being provided by the office of the Chaplain, the time and places where these
services are provided, procedures to be followed as to schedule, religious
opportunities available through moral development programs.
b. Pastoral activities shall be made an integral part of the jail program and shall
include the following, whenever appropriate:
i. Guidance and counseling;
ii. Crisis-intervention services;
iii. Education/ value formation/ indoctrination program
iv. Worship/prayer/liturgical services
v. Ritual or ministerial services
vi. Pre-release religious services

c. The Chaplaincy services shall meet the demands of inmates for religious education
and instruction. They may utilize the services of voluntary and contractual
religious leaders to supplement the religious program or meet special
denominational needs.

Week 14
Intellectual and Vocational Management

EDUCATION AND TRAINING

a. Every jail shall provide inmates with any of the following education and training
programs:
1. Non-formal Education for Adult which is designed to improve their
communication and computation skills, such as the ability to read and write
in order to enhance their individual educational level. After training, the
student shall be issued a certificate of completion of the program which shall
form part of his jail record.

2. Secondary Education Program designed for a regular high school diploma in

coordination with the DECS. A student shall be considered to have completed

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the program when all credits required for a regular high school diploma shall
have been earned and accredited.
3. Skills Development through one or more programs of occupational education
designed to enhance chances for employment upon release. This program
shall include Vocational Training, On-the-job Training and apprenticeship.

i. Vocational training is a program aimed at preparing the inmate for

an occupation by acquiring a specific skill, such as automotive
mechanics, tailoring, handicrafts, electronics, etc,
ii. Apprenticeship is the program conducted under the direction of a
supervisor who is responsible for instructing the apprentice in all
aspects of a given occupation.
iii. Every jail, whenever possible, shall have an Education Section which
shall be tasked to oversee, supervise and monitor the education and
training programs for all inmates. The Education Section of each jail
shall be guided by policies of the Bureau.
iv. The following conditions must be satisfied before any
education/training program is undertaken:

1. A written curriculum delineating objectives and procedures

duly approved by competent authorities including programs
of instruction.
2. Pre and post-assessment of the student and courses; and
3. A periodic external review and evaluation of the value,
relevance and effectiveness of the program.
v. The following guidelines or institutional formats, teaching techniques
and jail population data on characteristics and learning needs of
detainees are prescribed;
1. Enrollment techniques and methods shall be established in
accordance with the standards set by the Education Sector.
2. .Instructional techniques and methods shall be variable and
flexible, employing such approaches as opened courses.
Individualize instruction, individual prescriptive instruction and
mini-courses consistent with student needs and interests.
Education officers shall strive to achieve an optimum

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utilization of staff resources and facilities, using inter-linkage

with other appropriate agencies.
3. The education program shall operate on a semestral basis with
minimum break periods for holidays, similar to the regular course
offerings of outside schools and colleges.
4. Opportunities for inmates to participate in supervised
learnings, recreation and leisure time activities shall be made
available daily.
5. Each educational program shall develop and establish
maximum use of community resources. This can be done in the
form of livelihood programs, correspondence course, etc.

Week 15
Work Management

WORK PROGRAMS
a. Each jail facility shall have a work program for giving inmates compensation for their
labor and keeping them busy while serving their sentence. This includes livelihood
projects, etc,. that are income generating.
b. The following requirements in work programs shall be observed:
1. Labor should have a socio-economic redeeming value
2. The organization and methods of work shall resemble those of work outside, so
as to prepare the inmates for the conditions of normal occupational life.
3. Precautions should be observed to protect the safety and health of inmates.
4. Daily and weekly working hours of inmates must be fixed, leaving one rest day
for recreational activities.

c. Compensation of Inmates
1. Inmates working on projects on regular, seasonal or contractual basis shall be
paid compensation as their share in the production income.
2. The whole or a part of the compensation earned by any inmate may be forfeited
and applied to payment of supplies and equipment lost or damaged resulting
from his misconduct or neglect.

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3. Inmates who have savings from their compensation can remit certain amounts
to their relatives through the assistance of jail authorities.

d. Useful employment and industrial training of an inmates

1. Inmate shall not be allowed to be employed in any private work for the benefit
of an officer or employee of the jail.
2. Employed inmates shall be allowed to remain in their cell during work hours,
except those who are assigned to work as room orderlies or directed to remain by
proper authority.
3. Work shall be at least eight [8] hours a day, except Sundays and legal holidays
4. A detainee offender shall not be allowed to work outside other than cleaning his
cell and other work as may be necessary for sanitary reasons. However, if he
elects and requests in writing, approved by competent authority, he shall be given
full credit for all the days he spent working pursuant to RA 6127.
5. Hard labor shall not be tolerated as part of jail employment or any other required
assignment.

Week16 Survival Management

Aside from Vocational program, other handicraft making and recreational activities
remove boredom inside the prison.

RECREATION AND SPORTS PROGRAM

a. A variety of recreation and sports activities shall be provided by jail authorities to inmates.
b. Recreational and sports facilities to be provided consistent with available resources shall be
library services, indoor sports, such as chess, table tennis, pool and outdoor sports, like
basketball, softball, boxing, etc. The jail authorities shall provide for the athletic equipment
necessary to undertake these activities and shall designate a specified recreation and athletic
officer to carry out and supervise the program.
c. Individual and team sports shall be established among inmate volunteers as bases for
intramural competitions. Inmates participating in organized sports fests or competitions shall
be provided with distinctive team uniforms to add color and fun fare into these events.
d. Group entertainment for inmates shall be provided occasionally in the form of movies,
videos and stage shows which are rated for general patronage.

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e. Amateur talent contests and parlor games shall be organized and promoted on the basis of
interest, occasion and participation of inmates.
f. One hour daily physical exercise in the open air shall be provided to inmates.

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