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Practical Paper 2
Practical Paper 2
-Eumycota
-Mastigomycotina
-Oomycetes
-Pernosporales
-Peranosporaceae
-Peranospora
-parasitica
Identification Characters:
Name of the disease – Downy Mildew of crucifere.
Name of the host – Brassica leaf
Name of the pathogene – peronospora parasities.
Sympthoms:
The disease is characterised by appearance of purplish brown spots
on the inner side of leafs.
The upper surface of the leat on the coshions is yellow.
Sometimes the Albugo conidia is also found side by side on the same
leaf & Symtoms of the 2 look very similar from a distance.
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Stem also infected & swell up.
Casual Oranignism:
The fungus causing the disease is personspora parasitica.
The mycelium stricktly intracellular with larga finger
shaped/clavate, branched haustoria which nearly fill the cell cavities.
Numerous branched conidiophores emerged to the stomatal on the
lower surface of the leaf.
Conidiophores are 100-300 microns long & uhbranched.
Dichotomously branching occurs at the tip region.
Sterigmata are longs slender and pointed. They are on aeute angle
with.
A single conidlum is born at the tip of branches.
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TIKKA DISEASE OF GROUNDNUT
-Eumycota
-Deuteromycotina
-Hypomycetes
-Monilales
-Demataceae
-Cercospora
All parts of host plant above soil level are attack by the disease.
The first visible symptom appears on the leaflet of lower leaves as
dark spot which at a later stages are surrounded by yellow rings.
The spots are circular, they appear in large number on the leaves.
Mature spots are dark brown to almost black particularly on the
upper surface of leaflet.
The spotting is due to attack of cercospora personata and cercospora
arachidicola.
Cercospora personata passes mycelium which is entirely internal and
intracellular developing haustoria in the pellicidae and spongy
mesophyll cells.
The mycelium produce conidiophores, they are cylindrical, sepetate,
conidia are pale brown in colour.
Cercospora arachidicola it has both internal and external intra and
inter cellular mycelium without haustoria.
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The condiophore are usually anphigenous, non-sepetate to sepetate
they are in light brown in colour.
Control:-
Burning of previous year of disease plant debris will to be great
extent reduces to sources of 1 Infection.
Crop rotation down the rate of infection.
Treatment of disease with 0.5% cuso4 solution to seed disinfection &
spraying of Bordeaux mixture with linseed oil as sticker at an interval
of 15 days. Effective in checking the disease.
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MELAMPSORA
-Eumycoa
-Basidiomycoina
-Telomycetes
-Uredinales
-Melamsoraceae
-Melampsora
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Control:-
The disease may be controlled by the sanitation through destruction
of diseased plant debris & weed host.
Use of resistance varicties.
Seed treatment with chemical to inactivate the Telia (or) Oredina.
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WHEAT RUST
-Eumycota
-Basidiomycoina
-Teliomycetes
-Uredinales
-Pucciniaceae
-Puccinia
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Symptoms:-
On wheat plant, large elongated, Brown coloured Uredopustules with
uredinospores appear on the stem, leaf steath & lamina of the
infected plant.
The brown colour uredinia changes into black coloored
telitopustules.
The infected plant part gives rusty appearance.
Life Cycle:
The somatic phase of fungus on wheat plant consists of dikaryotic
mycelium below the epidermis of the host leaf.
The mycelium produces sporophores towards the epidermis.
The Sporophores produces the uredinospores.
Uredinospores are unicellular, dikaryotic, oval & brown coloured
structure.
It has a thick accumulates wall & dense cytoplasm is brown oil
globules & Brown pigment.
The spores get detached from their sporephore & disseminated by
winds.
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At the time of growing season another type of spores develops from
the some dikaryotic mycelium. They are known as Telitospores.
They are black & brown in colour & 2 celled, spindle shaped structure
each cell consisting diploid nucleus.
Control Measure:
Eradication of alternate host.
Developing rust resistance varities.
Mixed cropping.
Nitrogenous filters.
Increas the susceptability of wheat crop to rust.
Spraying of fungicides.
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WHITE RUST
-Eumycota
-Phycomycotina
-Oomycetes
-Peronosporales
-Albuginaceae
-Albugo
Identification character:
White rust commonly found in the families cruciferae (Brassicaceae),
Convolvulaceae, Compositae, Amaranthaceae etc.,
The white rust caused by albugo species.
Albugo conidida is the most comman species of the genus which
attacks on cruciferae members and causes the white rust disease.
The symptom occurs mainly onthe aerial parts of the plant such as
leaves, petioles, stem, flowers etc.,
Early stage of this disease is the formation of rust like white shiny
irregular pustules on the lower surface of leaves & they spread on the
upper surface of leaves and stem.
The pustules contain powder like sporangia.
The mycelium of albugo is branched intercellular, aseptate &
coenocytic.
The fungal mycelium grows in intercellular spores of the host tissues
and absorb food material with the help of haustoria.
At the time of development, they develop sporangiophore, The
sporangiophore produces numbrous sporangia.
The sporangia are exposed as white powdery mass, characteristically
called as the “White Rust”
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Control Measure:.
Damage due to white rust is not significant.
Whenever the disease occur in several forms, the effected plants &
Other suspectable weeds may be removed & brunt.
Crop rotation prevent the disease.
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GRAM STAINING
Bacteria can be divided into two major group called grame-ve &
grame +ve.
This division based on the response of the bacteria towards the stain
called “Gram Stain”.
“Chirstain Gram” in 1884 formulated. This Staining procedure to
differentiated bacteria.
Aim:
To identify the bacteria by Gram Staining method.
Apparatus:
Clean dry glass slide, Innoculation loop, Microscope, Spirit lamp.
Chemicals:
Bacterial Suspension, crystal violet, Iodin, Acetone or Alcohol.
Bacterial Suspension:
A small amount of bacterial culture taken from the pure cultures
slant and mixed with sufficient Quantity of sterile distilled water to prepare
the bacterial suspension.
Bacillus cultures are used for Gram +ve
E.coil cultures are used for Gram -ve
Procedure:
Take a clean & dry glass slide.
Place a loop of bacterial suspension at the centre of the glass slide by
using the loop.
Dry the suspension by taking the slide gently to the spirit lamp flame
for 3-4hrs till a dry smear is prepared.
Stain the smear by added crystal violet dye for 30 sec.
Wash the slide under running water.
Flood the smear with the excess of iodine for 30 sec.
Destain the slide by adding alcohol or Acetone.
Wash the slide under tap water.
Counter stain the smear with saffarnin.
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Wash the slide under tap water to remove excess of stain.
Gently blocked the slide with blotting paper to make it dry.
Observe the slide under highpower lens after adding a drop of
emersion oil on the smear.
Result:
The smear which contain purple coloor cells, hence Gram +ve
bacteria.
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STEMONITIS
-Myxomycota
-Myxomycotina
-Myxomyces
-Stemonitales
-Stemonitaceae
-Stemonitis
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ALTERNARIA ALTRNATA
-Eumicota
-Deuteromycotina
-Hyphomycetes
-Moniliales
-Dematiaceae
-Alternaria
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SYNCHYTRIUM
-Eumycota
-Mastigomycotina
-Chytridiomycetes
-Chytridiales
-Chytridiaceae
-Synchytrium
It is a obligative parasite.
The thallus is Unicellular and holocarpic.
The cells are localizied within the infected host tissues.
Sporangium is elliptical and composed of several spores formed by
cleavage of protoplast.
Asexual reproduction by spores.
Zoosporangia is thick-walled zoospores are produced by cleavage,
Resting zygotic sporangium thick-walled.
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ALLOMYCES
-Eumycota
-Mastigomycotina
-Chytridiomycetes
-Blastocladiales
-Blastocladiaceae
-Allowmyces
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USTILAGO
-Eumycota
-Basidiomycotina
-Ustilaginales
-Estilaginaceae
-Ustilago
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NEUROSPORA
-Eumycota
-Ascomycotina
-Ascomycetes
-Sphaeriales
-Sordariaceae
-Neurospora
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GLOMUS
-Glomeromycota
-Glomeromycetes
-Glomerales
-Glomeraceae
-Glomus
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PUCCINIA UREDINIOSPORA
-Eumycota
-Basidiomycoina
-Teliomycetes
-Uredinales
-Pucciniaceae
-Puccinia
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MELAMPSOSRA
-Eumycoa
-Basidiomycoina
-Telomycetes
-Uredinales
-Melamsoraceae
-Melampsora
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PUCCINIA TELIOSPORES
-Eumycota
-Basidiomycoina
-Teliomycetes
-Uredinales
-Pucciniaceae
-Puccinia
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DOWNY MILDEW
-Eumycota
-Mastigomycotina
-Oomycetes
-Pernosporales
-Peranosporaceae
-Peranospora
-parasitica
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TIKKA DISEASE OF GROUNDNUT
-Eumycota
-Deuteromycotina
-Hypomycetes
-Monilales
-Demataceae
-Cercospora
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WHEAT RUST
-Eumycota
-Basidiomycoina
-Teliomycetes
-Uredinales
-Pucciniaceae
-Puccinia
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WHITE RUST
-Eumycota
-Phycomycotina
-Oomycetes
-Peronosporales
-Albuginaceae
-Albugo
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LICHENS
1. Crustose Lichens:
The thallus is thin and flat, crust like. The thalli are appressed to the
substratum forming thin flat crust.
The thallus is pariatelly or fully emmebbed in the substratum.
Sometimes only fruit bodies are visible on the surface of substratum.
Eg: Lecanora Graphis.
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2. Foliose Lichens:
These lichens are flat with leaf like lobed thallus.
They are attached to the substratum with the help of Rhizoids like
rhizine.
Eg: Parmelia, Peltigera.
3. Fruticose Lichens:
These are bush like cylindrical or strap shaped branched thallus.
The branches may grow erect or hang from the substratum.
The plant attached to substratum with the help of basal mucilage
dise.
Eg: Usnes, Ramilina.
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CIRTUS CANKER
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LITTLE LEAF OF BRINJAL
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MUSHROOM
-Eumycota
- -Basidomycotina
-Hymenomycetes
-Agaricales
-Agaricaceae
-Agaricus
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