SOURCES OF ISLAMIC KNOWLEDGE

FBH0013 ISLAMIC STUDIES

 The Revelation

The Science of Quran

SUB TOPICS
The Science of Hadith

The Concept of Ijthihad

▪ To explain the history of Revelation and the Scriptures before the
Quran.

▪ To distinguish the meaning of Quran, Hadith and Hadith Qudsi.

▪ To understand the meaning of Ijtihad and its impact to Islamic

knowledge.
▪THE REVELATION
WHAT IS REVELATION?
We have revealed to you
(Muhammad) a Spirit (Al-Quran) from
Our command. You did not know
earlier what was the Book or what
was Iman (true faith), but We have
made it (the Quran) a light with
which We guide whomsoever We will
from among Our servants. And
indeed you are guiding (people) to a
straight path (Surah Asy-Syura verse
52)
 The communication of idea,
command and information from
Allah to a chosen human being,
conveyed either directly or through
angels.
 1. Proof of the existence of
THE Allah swt.

PURPOSE 2. Divine Law as way of life.

OF 3. Confirmation of the truth

REVELATIONS of the previous
Messengers.
Muslims believe that Allah swt has sent the revelations to all the
prophets and messengers.

All the revelations are believed to have been recorded in the form
of scriptures in the time of certain prophets.
There are too many revelations have been revealed but only a few
are mentioned in the Quran and today it is part of the Islamic faith
that Muslims must believe.
Sriptures Prophets
Quran Muhammad saw
Torah Moses
Bible Jesus
Psalms David
Abraham
Suhuf Moses
Enoch
Indeed, This is in the former scripture. The scriptures of
Abraham and Moses (Surah Al-A’ala: verse 18-19)
THE SCIENCE OF
QURAN
The Qur’an is the miraculous
word of Allah, revealed to
Prophet Muhammad saw.
through the mediation of the
Gabriel as. in Arabic, narrated
through mutawatir and reciting
each letter is an act of worship,
starting from Surah Al-Fatihah
and ending with Surah An-Naas
In Surah Al-Baqarah verse 2 Allah swt said:
The Prophet Muhammad said:

I have left you something that if you hold fast to it, then you will
never go wrong - (clear guidance), which is the book of God and the
deeds of His prophet – Naratted by Malik
 Akidah
(Islamic
Creed)

Constitutional Moral
reference discussion

THE CONTENTS Topic of

Discussion

OF THE QURAN Community

and family
Ritual
obligation

Economy
and Criminal
finance
According to Sheikh Abdul Azim al-Zarqani in his book Manahil al-Irfan fi
Ulum al-Quran the revelation is devided into 3 stages:

1st stage: Lauh al-Mahfuz (Surah al-Buruj verse 21-22)

2nd stage: Bait al-Izzah (Surah al-Baqarah verse 185)

3rd stage: Prophet Muhammad (Surah Asy-Syu’ara

verse 193-195
▪ Revealed piecemeal not all at once and according to events and
circumstances for 23 years.
▪ The benefit of the revelation of Al-Quran in piecemeal:
1. To strengthen the heart of Prophet and companion in facing the pressure
by non-believers.
2. To prove or giving the facts for the non-believers about their inquiries and
guiding human in certain circumstances. (example: Surah al-Qamar verse
1-5)
3. To ease the process of memorizing, understanding and practicing Islam
among believers.
 1. A dream of Prophet Muhammad saw –
Hadith narrated by Saiditina Aisyah ra.
2. Speak directly to Allah swt – during Isra’

THE WAY OF Mi’raj

3. Revelation through Jibril
REVELATION TO ▪ It warned by hearing like the sound of bell –
Hadith narrated by Saiditina Aisyah ra when

PROPHET SAW prophet Muhammad saw asked by Al-Harith b

Hashim
▪ The Jibril will come with human appearance –
Hadith narrated by Saidina Umar about the
situation where Jibril come and asked about
Islam, Iman, Ihsan and the doomsday.
 First Last
Surah Al- Surah Al-
Alaq vers Maidah
1-5 verse 3
HOW QURAN BECOME A
BOOK/SRCIPTURES?
Memorization
Written
 Memorization

ُ‫علَ ۡينَا َجمۡ عَهُۥ َوقُ َّۡر ََءننَ َّه‬

َ َّ‫ِإن‬
“Indeed, upon Us is its collection [in your
heart] and [to make possible] its recitation” -
Surah al-Qiamah verse 17
 Written
THE There are 3 writing stages of
COMPILATION OF Quran:
QURAN 1. During Prophet Muhammad saw
2. During Saidina Abu Bakr As Sidq
3. During Saidina Uthman Bin Affan
 IMPORTANT FACTS
THAT WE MUST KNOW
 The Prophet Muhammad saw did not
write the Quran. Mostly memorized
THE TIME OF
PROPHET
MUHAMMAD Appointed just a several companions
SAW Saidina Ali bin Abi Thalib, Zaid bin
Thabit, Abdullah bin Mas’ud, Ubai bin
Ka’ab, Mu’adz bin Jabal to write the
Quran on dates fronds, stones, skins or
animal bones.
(According to Imam As-Suyuti)
 The war of Yamamah (fighting to the
apostates) in 12 hijra - 70 companions
were martyred.

Saidina Umar al-Khattab suggested

THE TIME OF that the compilation of the Quran with
writing in a more orderly manner.
SAIDINA ABU
BAKR Appointed Zaid bin Thabit as leader
to do so.

Then the Amirul Mukminin has kept

all the verses of the Quran written in a
special place before his demise.
 Islam has spread widely throughout the place
especially in Baghdad & Persia (East), Egypt
(West) & Armenia (North) – Increased Muslim
among Non-Arabs.

There are disputes/conflicts among Muslims

THE TIME OF about the correct method of reciting the
Quran.
SAIDINA
UTHMAN BIN Saidina Uthaman resolve this issue by making
an adjustment in the writing of the Quran -
AFFAN Appointed Zaid bin Thabit, Abdullah bin
Zubair, Sa’id bin Waqqas & Abdul Rahman bin
al-Harith to make it work.

Finally, the khalifah introduced a single

method of writing (Rasm al-Uthmani) and
teach it to all Muslims.
THE SCIENCE OF
HADITH
 Hadith is everything that is attributed to the

WHAT IS
Prophet Muhammad saw in terms of words,
deeds, taqrir or attributes whether physical or
moral and history either before and after

HADITH?
becoming a Prophet.

The second fundamental sources of Islam.

1. Allah swt urges us to follow hadith as in Surah Ali-Imran verse 31:

ٌ‫قُ ْل إِ ْن ُكْن تُ ْم ُُِتبُّو َن هاَّللَ فَاتهبِعُ ِون ُُْبِْب ُُك ُم هاَّللُ ََََ ْْ ِِْْ َ ُُك ْم ُُُوََ ُُك ْم ََ هاَّللُ َف ُِور َ ِي م ر‬
Say, [O Muhammad], "If you should love Allah, then follow me, [so] Allah will
love you and forgive you your sins. And Allah is Forgiving and Merciful.
2. As a guide and clue. Allah swt said in Surah An-Nur verse 54:

ُِ ‫ُل َََ ُُكم َا‬

‫َُِْتُ ْم‬ ُِ ‫ول فَِإ ْن تَوَهوا فَِإهََّا ََ ِِ َا‬
َ ‫س‬ ْ
‫ه‬ َ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫و‬ ‫ع‬ ِ
‫َط‬ ‫أ‬
َ ‫اَّلل‬
‫ه‬ ‫ا‬
‫و‬ ‫ع‬ ِ
‫َط‬‫أ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ق‬
ُ
َ ْ ََْ َِ َ َْ َْ ُ ُ ََ ُ ْ
‫ن‬ ِ
‫ب‬ َُْ‫ا‬ ُ
ُ َ َ ‫ب‬َْ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬
‫َّل‬ِ‫إ‬ ِ
‫ول‬‫س‬ ْ
‫ه‬ َ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬ َ َ ‫ا‬ ََ ‫ا‬
َ ‫د‬
ُ ‫ت‬
َْ‫َت‬
َ ‫وه‬ ‫ع‬ ِ
‫ط‬ ‫ت‬
ُ ‫ن‬
ْ ِ
‫إ‬َ
ُ ُ َ ُ َ ََ ُُ َ
Say, "Obey Allah and obey the Messenger; but if you turn away - then upon him
is only that [duty] with which he has been charged, and upon you is that with
which you have been charged. And if you obey him, you will be [rightly] guided.
And there is not upon the Messenger except the [responsibility for] clear
notification."
3. The Prophet is the recipient of
revelation. Therefore, the Prophet is
the best to follow. Allah swt said in
Surah Al-An’am verse 124:

ُِ َ‫ث َْي َع ُل ِ َساَت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬ َ ََ

‫أ‬ ‫اَّلل‬ ِ
‫اَّلل‬
ُ ْ َ ُ ْ ُ‫ه ه‬
Allah is most knowing of where He
places His message
4. The source of Islamic law (hukum) as
in Surah An-Nisa’ verse 59:

‫َط عُوا‬ ِ ‫اَّلل َأ‬

‫ه‬ ‫ا‬‫و‬ ‫ع‬ ِ
‫َط‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬
‫و‬ ‫ن‬ َ‫آ‬ ‫َن‬ ‫ذ‬ِ ‫ه‬
َ‫ََي أََُّ َها ا‬
َ َ ُ ُ َ َ
‫َُِل ْاْل ََْ ِْ َِْن ُُك ْم فَِإ ْن تَنَ َاز َْتُ ْم ِِف‬ ِ ‫ول ََأ‬ َ ‫اَهْ ُس‬
‫ول إِ ْن ُكْن تُ ْم‬ ِ ‫اَّلل َاَهْس‬ ِ‫شي ٍء فَُّْدَه إِ ََل ه‬
ِ ُ ِ َ ِ ِ ُ ِ ُ ِْ َ
‫ك َخ ْ رْي‬ َ َ ُ
َ ِْ ‫خ‬ ‫اْل‬ ْ ‫م‬ ‫و‬ْ َ َ
ْ ‫ا‬
َ َ ‫َّلل‬
‫ه‬ ‫ِب‬ ‫تُ ْؤَنُو َن‬
ًََ َِ ْ‫َي َس ُن ََت‬ ْ ‫ََأ‬
O you who have believed, obey Allah and
obey the Messenger and those in authority
among you. And if you disagree over
anything, refer it to Allah and the
Messenger, if you should believe in Allah
and the Last Day. That is the best [way] and
best in result.
 5. Explaining the moral principle
as mentioned in Surah Al-Ahzab
verse 21:

‫ُس َورة‬ ‫أ‬ ِ‫ول ه‬

‫اَّلل‬ ِ ‫َ َق ْد َكا َن َ ُُكم ِِف س‬
ْ َُ ْ ِ
WHY MUSLIMS ‫اَّللَ ََاََْ ْوَم‬
‫َي َسنَةر َ َُ ْن َكا َن ََ ْْ ُجو ه‬
‫اَّللَ َكثِ ًْيا‬ ْ‫ك‬َُ ِ
‫ْاْل َ َ َ َ َ ه‬
ْ ‫خ‬
NEED HADITH?
There has certainly been for you in
the Messenger of Allah an
excellent pattern for anyone
whose hope is in Allah and the Last
Day and [who] remembers Allah
often.
 The Sanad is related to the
Sanad narrators who have certified the
text of the hadith.

Matan The Matan is the actual wording or

text of the hadith.
 ‫ال ‪َ :‬يدهثَنَا َُْ َي َْ ُن‬ ‫ال ‪َ :‬يدهثَنَا ُس َِْا ُن ‪ ،‬قَ َ‬ ‫اَزََِْْي ‪ ،‬قَ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اْلُ َُْ ُّ َْ ُ ه ْ ُ ُّ‬
‫ن‬ ‫اَّلل‬ ‫د‬ ‫ب‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ِ‬
‫د‬ ‫َيدهثَنَا ْ‬
‫َخ َََبِن ُُمَ هُ ُد َْ ُن إَِْ َْ ِاه َم اَته ْ ُِ ُّي ‪ ،‬أَُهُِ ََِس َع ََ َْ َق َُةَ َْ َن ََقه ٍ‬
‫اص‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ال‬
‫َ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َسع ْ َ ُّ َ‬
‫ق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ُ‬‫َ‬‫اْل‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ٍ‬
‫د‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ال ‪َِ :‬‬
‫َس‬ ‫ق‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َب‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ِ‬
‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ى‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ِ‬‫ن‬ ‫َ‬ ‫اَّلل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ض‬‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫اب‬ ‫ه‬
‫ط‬ ‫اْل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ِ‬
‫َس‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ول‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ه‬
‫ْ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫َ َ ََُُ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ْ ُ ُ ََ ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫اََْ ه َ‬
‫َ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ث‬
‫اَّللُ َََْ ِِ ََ َسَه َم ََ ُقول ‪:‬‬‫صَهى ه‬ ‫ول هِ‬
‫اَّلل‬ ‫َ ُس َ‬
‫َ‬
‫ات ‪َ ،‬إِهََّا َِ ُُك ِل اَ ِْ ٍئ َا َُوى ‪ ،‬فَُن َكاَُت ِهجْتُِ إِ ََل هِ‬
‫اَّلل َََ ُسو َِِ‬ ‫ال ِِبَنِِه ِ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ََ‬‫اْل‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ا‬‫َ‬ ‫ه‬
‫َّ‬‫ِ‬‫إ‬
‫َ ْ ْ َْ ُ‬ ‫ِ ْ َ َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َْ‬
‫ص بُ َها أ ََْ ْاََْأ ٍَة ََْن ُِك ُح َها ‪ ،‬فَ ِه ْجَْتُُِ إِ ََل‬‫اَّلل َ سو ََِِ ََن َكاَُت ِهجْتُِ َِ ُدُْ ا َ ِ‬ ‫فَ ِهجْتُِ إِ ََل هِ‬
‫ََ ُ َ َ ْ ْ ْ َ ُ َ ُ‬ ‫َْ ُ‬
‫اجَْ إَِْ ِِ‬
‫ََا َه َ‬
 (Bukhari said) Humaidi Abdullah bin Zubair narrated us, he said: Sufyan
narrated us, he said: Yahya bin Said Al-Ansari narrated us, he said:
Muhammad bin Ibrahim told us that he has heard: Alqamah bin Waqqas
told him by saying: I have heard Umar bin Al-Khattab r.a said on the pulpit
(of the sermon), he said: I have heard Prophet saw by saying:
Actions are according to intentions, and everyone will get what was
intended. Whoever migrates with an intention for Allah and His
messenger, the migration will be for the sake of Allah and his Messenger.
And whoever migrates for worldly gain or to marry a woman, then his
migration will be for the sake of whatever he migrated for.
1. Continuity of the chain of narrators.
2. Strong memory of the narrators.
3. Integrity of the narrators.
4. Conformity on the Sanad and Matan of
hadith.
5. No defect on the Sanad and Matan of
hadith.
Hadith
Mutawatir
(Consecutive)

Hadith Ahad
(Single)
 Meaning of Hadith Example of hadith The conditions of hadith
Hadith narrated by a very About a raising hands • At least five different narrators
from each generation
large number of narrators when reciting prayers; this • It must have been impossible for
at each stage (generation) hadith was narrated by the narrators to lie.
of the narrator and it is more than 100 • The narrators are from a similar
people.
impossible for lies and Companions with various • The narration of hadith must
errors to occur. utterances. rely on the intellect and a
sensory perception not just the
imagination on something that
has happened.
IJTIHAD AND TAQLID
Islamic Legal Theory

The root of Islamic Law

The basic of Islamic Jurisprudence

Usul Fiqh is defined as a method
applied by a mujtahid to infer a
practical Islamic law obtained
from detailed arguments and
resources.

Who is Mujtahid?
A mujtahid is an individual who is
qualified to exercise ijtihad in the
evaluation of Islamic law
 During Prophet Muhammad saw
time – Refer directly to
Rasulullah saw.

THE During Companions of Prophet

saw & Tabiin time – Refer
CRONOLOGY OF directly to Sahabah other than
USUL FIQH using Qias & Ijma’.

During the Tabi’ Tabiin time –

‘al-Risalah’ - The first Usul Fiqh
book written by Muhammad bin
Idris al-Syafie (204H).
Imam Syafie has said in his book:

ُ‫َُكتاب َاَسنة‬
ُ ‫َعد ا‬ُ ‫ َجهةُ اَعَ ِم‬،َِ‫َمل يعل هللا ْليد َعد سول هللا أن َقول إَّل َن جهة ََ ٍم َضى قب‬
‫َصِت َن اَق اس ََ ها‬
ُ ‫ ََا‬، ُ ‫َاإلمجاعُ َاْلاث‬

Allah has not permitted any person after Prophet to give an opinion
except with the strength of established (legal) knowledge. Legal
knowledge includes the Qur’an, the Sunnah, Ijma' (consensus), narrative
of companions and Qiyas (deductive analogy) based on these texts.
An expending efforts to arrive at a sharia ruling.
The mujtahid or the jurists is the one who expends efforts for this purpose.
The minimum reasonable qualifications which a true mujtahid should possess are:
1. Expert in the Arabic language, literature and philology
2. High caliber scholar of the Qur’an
3. Expert in hadith of the Prophet
4. Expert in both the science of historical criticism (riwayat) and logical criticism (dirayat)
5. Be pious to god and have a true Islamic character.
A doctrine referring to the acceptance of a religious ruling in matters of worship and personal
affairs from someone regarded as a higher religious authority without necessarily asking for
the technical proof.

Most often, this refers to the adherence to one of the four classical mazhab.

Taqlid is normally happened in two cases:

1. When the muqallid (the blind follower) is a common person who does not have the ability
to acquire knowledge of the sharia ruling by himself.
2. The mujtahid when he encounters a new situation, for which an immediate solution is
required, but it is not possible for him to research into this matter. So, in this case he is
permitted to perform taqlid.
1. Setting the boundaries in practicing religion will let to have
a life balance especially anything related to theology.

2. Inculcating mutual respect among people in society. As

human being, nobody knows everything even in its own
expertise.

3. Teach about humility towards himself. Nobody in the

world will claim that he is the ultimate expert in his field,
but others will give him that respect.
 Ijma’
Qawlu
al- Qias
Sahabi

Sadd Instrument Istihsan

al-Zarai’ of Ijtihad

Masalih
Urf Mursalah

Istishab
▪ Ijma’ (Consensus) is the agreement of the mujtahidin (jurists) from among
community of Prophet Muhammad after his death in a certain period of time upon a
rule of Islamic law.
▪ The examples the ijtihad of companions after the demise of Prophet that has become
ijma’ are:
1. Appointment of four caliphates
2. Compilation of al-Quran by Abu Bakar al-Siddiq
3. Unifying al-Quran during ‘Uthman to become one mushaf
4. Abu Bakar declare war against whoever refuse to pay zakat
▪ Qiyas (Analogy) is the application of a case that has no law in the text to a case that has a law
in the text because there are similarities in both cases in terms of a reason (illah).
▪ There are essential elements
َ
of Qiyas which are:
1. Original case (al-aslu-ُ‫)األ ْصل‬
َ ْ
2. Legal ruling of original case (hukm al-asli-‫)حكمُ األ ْصل‬
َ
3. New or parallel case (al-far’u-ُ‫)الف ْرع‬
ّ
4. Effective cause (al-‘illah-ُ‫)العلة‬

▪ For example, qiyas is applied to an order against drinking of wine or alcohol to make an order
against the use of the drug cocaine. Drinking alcohol is haram (forbidden) because it is
intoxicating and not good because it keeps Muslims away from fearing God.
▪ Same to the effects of cocaine use which will intoxicate the consumer and distract the
consumer from remembering and obeying God. Therefore, cocaine use is forbidden in Islam
based on concept of Qiyas.
▪ Istihsan (Juristic Preference) literally means to deem or consider something good.
▪ Technically, it means the decision on another legal (Islamic law) that is considered better
based on the Qur’an, Sunnah or ijma’.
▪ Example of implementation istihsan:
1. Bai’ al-Salam (purchase with deferred delivery)
2. Bai’ al-Istisna’ (sale on order)
▪ Masalih Mursalah (Public Interest) literally means to bring benefits and avoid dangers.
▪ Technically, it means the benefits ordained by God for mankind in the preservation and
protection of their religion, life, intellect, lineage and property.
▪ It is a method used by Islamic jurists to solve the problems for which there is no explicit
guidance from the Qur'an and Sunnah on the matter.
▪ Examples of the law of settlement of masalih mursalah are such as the rules of worship
during the covid19 pandemic such as the prohibition of prayers in the mosque,
congregational prayers in a state of distance from each other, the prohibition of Friday
prayers etc because to prevent any spread and infection of the disease.
▪ Istishab (Continuity) means preservation of the status quo of a law until there is evidence for
any changes.
▪ This is in accordance with the law that all things are permissible (optional) unless there are
texts of command (compulsory or encouraged) and prohibition (forbidden or discouraged) by
the Qur'an, Hadith and Ijma‘.
▪ The implementation of istishab: A human is free from any liability, rights and obligations until
proven otherwise like when they become a husband and wife, leader or someone else.
▪ Generally, ‘urf (custom) denotes a social tradition practice of a society.
▪ Technically it means a continuous practice by a group of people that fits with it rationality and
it is accepted as something that is considered good.
▪ Types of ‘Urf:
1. ‘Urf al-Sahih (comply with Sharia) - The husband in Islam is the head who earns a living
for the family by providing a foods, houses and clothes according to his ability and wife
is still allowed to help their husband.
2. ‘Urf al-Fasid (not comply with Sharia) - Riba (interest in loan) has become a normal
practice in these recent days, but it cannot become ‘urf because it is prohibited by Islam.
▪ Sadd Zarai’ (blocking the means) is a prevention of anything which is leading to harmful.
▪ Technically it also means restricting permissible acts that lead to sins and evil.

▪ Example of the implementation of Sadd al- Zarai’:

1. Not selling of grapes to wine maker
2. Not renting out a premise for the purpose of gambling or prostitution.
3. The law of entering nightclubs for Muslims
▪ Because of the high ability to understand the Qur'an, Sunnah and Ijma', many companions
reached the level of mujtahid.
▪ After the death of the Prophet Muhammad, these companions interpreted the law,
performed ijtihad, issued legal opinions (fatwas), especially in resolving disputes among the
community.
▪ Examples from Qawlu al-Sohabi:
1. Maliki mazhab says that it is not obligatory during congregational prayers (Maghrib, Isya‘
and Subuh) to recite al-Fatihah because it is not done by the companions in Madinah.
2. Muwalat in taking ablution (washing the limbs of ablution one by one without stopping)
can be accepted according to Imam Shafie based on the practice of ‘Abdullah bin‘ Umar.
▪ Islam is a religion revealed by Allah swt through the
revelation of Prophet Muhammad saw.
▪ Main references in Islam are the Quran, Hadith and
Ijtihad.
▪ Muslims are obligated to believe the Quran and
Hadith with understanding its contents.
▪ Ijtihad is a method of determining the law after the
demise of Prophet Muhammad saw through Ijma’,
Qiyas and others.