International Journal of Scientific and Technological Research www.iiste.

org
ISSN 2422-8702 (Online), DOI: 10.7176/JSTR/5-4-05
Vol.5, No.4, 2019

The Design, Analysis, and Manufacturing of Vibrating Table

Kadir Aztekin,
Defense University Turkish Military Academy,
Mechanical Engineering Department, Ankara, Turkey
E-mail: [email protected]

Ergun Ates (Corresponding author)

Balikesir University, Faculty of Engineering,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, 10185, Balikesir, Turkey
E-mail: [email protected]

Mehmet Tuncay Kaya,

Defense University Turkish Military Academy,
Mechanical Engineering Department, Ankara, Turkey
E-mail: [email protected]

Dilay Koc
Balikesir University, Faculty of Engineering,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, 10185, Balikesir, Turkey
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract
Composites are produced with different structures depending upon their components and production
techniques. During the manufacturing of composite materials using the mold casting method, air bubbles
formed in the inner structure need to be removed by vibration. Ultimately, the structure must be
homogeneous and void-free. Within the scope of this study, composites produced using materials such
as resins and aggregates were designed and analyzed, as well as a vibrating table that can be put to various
uses. The vibrating table was manufactured following the successful design and analysis of results, and
tested according to actual working conditions. It has been determined that the vibrating table can be easily
used for its intended purpose when loaded under real working conditions.

Keywords: Vibrating table, Design, Analysis, Manufacturing.

DOI: 10.7176/JSTR/5-4-05

1. Introduction
Composite materials are end products composed of at least two or more components and have superior
characteristics compared to the components. One of the important problems in the production of
composites is the inability to obtain a homogeneous structure. One of the most important reasons is the
air voids remaining in the structure. The increase in the amount of air voids may cause one of the targeted
features of the composite to be adversely affected compared to the ideal homogeneous structure.
Vibration tables are manufactured and sold commercially. Vibration table is an important machine in the
preparation of concrete molds used in the products considered to be produced by using aggregate and in
constructions. Products in the market were examined and common characteristics were determined. The
table sizes of the vibration tables with the smallest and largest dimensions are 400x380x450 mm and
1260x1270x1200 mm width, depth, and height, respectively. Another parameter is the electric motor
power with which the table is driven. The smallest and largest values are 170 W and 746 W, respectively.
The electric motor is charged with mono phase 220 V. In general, the number of revolutions is 3000 rpm
and below [1,2,3,4,5].
In one study, design and manufacture of mechanical vibration table working at constant amplitude and
different frequencies was performed. The table was driven by a variator and a sinusoidal motion was
produced [6]. The fresh concrete should be compressed to the highest possible density in practice so that

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International Journal of Scientific and Technological Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2422-8702 (Online), DOI: 10.7176/JSTR/5-4-05
Vol.5, No.4, 2019

there are no air pockets in it. In this study, vibrations were applied to samples prepared for fresh concrete
by a table vibrator for different durations. Vibrated samples had higher compressive strength and unit
weight compared to non-vibrated samples [7]. All parameters affecting durability are also effective in the
carbonation of concrete. Carbonation test can be done in normal environment and in laboratories by
acceleration. In this study, concrete was compressed with the vibration technique and accelerated
carbonation studies were carried out at different humidity rates on the samples which were presumed to
have the least amount and the ideal amount of voids [8]. In the optimum design study of cement-based
composite materials, cement, silica flour, crushed sand and crushed stone were mixed first and then water,
hyper-plasticizer and steel wire were added to produce concrete. The obtained mixture was compressed
with the mold it was poured into and taken to the vibration table [9]. The density and compressive strength
of two different polyesters resins widely used in the market were studied. Different samples were
produced with varying ratios of filler material and without filler material and then tested. Vibration was
applied for 7 minutes at 3000 rpm before gelling started in casting [10]. Although sample dimensions
changed in the compressive strength measurement of concrete, the mixes prepared were taken from the
same batch, placed on the same vibration table and compressed [11]. For engineering targets, a 1.5x1
meter large mechanical shaking table was designed and manufactured in order to be able to model the
dynamic effect caused by earthquake effect in laboratory conditions. One-way movement of the shaking
table was provided by the electric motor and speed, acceleration, frequency and period values were
determined. With 30 mm horizontal movement, 0-190 rpm, the study conditions can range up to 600
cm/s2 acceleration and 30 cm/s speed [12]. Travertine residues and limestone aggregates from the Denizli
basin and concrete sample mixtures in accordance with the pre-determined granulometry distribution
curves were taken into molds and compressed in the vibration table [13]. The wooden plate produced in
dimensions of 50x50x50 cm can provide one-way and harmonic motion ranging from 0-6 Hz. From the
cast on the plate, the displacements at the upper, middle and lower points were recorded with a camera
and analyzed in the computer program [14]. By adding various wastes into the concrete mixture to reduce
the cost of the concrete, both environmental protection and cost reduction were achieved. These samples
were prepared using a vibration table and in accordance with the standards [15]. One of the important
issues in the production of prestressed concrete and reinforced concrete components is to ensure that the
fresh concrete is placed without gaps and has the desired strength characteristics. The mobility of fresh
concrete is low. Therefore, in this study, vibration technique was applied in the compression of fresh
concrete [16].
As it can be seen in the literature, vibration was applied to the aggregates molded for composite structures
to be formed by addition of a material to different sized aggregates in particles, their density was
increased by compression, and samples with high strength were obtained. The use of standards for the
preparation and elimination of aggregates (TS EN 933-1 [17], TS706 EN 12620 + A1 [18]) is very
important. As can be seen in the studies, vibration tables with different driving forces and dimensions are
designed and produced for different purposes. Based on our market analysis, commercial vibration tables
are generally produced and sold for these applications. In this study, a table-type vibration device for
workshop use, which can be used in general composite production, and work with non-large samples and
interchangeable frequencies, was designed, analyzed and manufactured.

2. Materials and Method

2.1 Design and Analysis
In order to avoid voids in the mortar (matrix + reinforcement) material prepared in the casting of the
composite samples and have a more homogeneous distribution, it is necessary to apply vibration and
cease it before gelling starts. The technical characteristics of industrial vibration tables were examined,
our working system was taken into consideration, and our original design was formed accordingly. In
our design, the mass with changeable weight causing imbalance can be fixed at a different amount on a
rotating disc. The electric motor can be rotated at a constant speed and also the revolutions can be applied
at different values with the addition of a frequency converter to the system.
Solidworks program was used for the design process. The preliminary design is a table-type vibrator
device that is equal to the external dimensions of the casting mold system and is given in Figure 1 with
the expected general appearance details. 20 main elements were identified in the design (Figure 2). A
total of 178 elements were obtained with two or more of some of the main elements and with the
additional required components. In accordance with this design, the assembly was completed in
Solidworks by taking the main element sequence numbers given in Figure 2 into account and with the
required additional components. “Designed solid model vibration table” ready for casting after assembly
is presented in Fig. 3.

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ISSN 2422-8702 (Online), DOI: 10.7176/JSTR/5-4-05
Vol.5, No.4, 2019

Figure 1. Design table-type vibrator.

Figure 2. Drawing parts of the design in Solidworks.

Figure 3. Assembly of the vibration table with Solidworks.

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ISSN 2422-8702 (Online), DOI: 10.7176/JSTR/5-4-05
Vol.5, No.4, 2019

The solid model with completed assembly in Solidworks (Figure 3) is ready for analysis with the
simulation module in the program. A solid model was created for analysis. The system to be analyzed is
the condition where the casting molds are full. This system was analyzed in the “non-linear dynamic
analysis module”. Analysis type was “solid mesh, mixed curvature based, Jacobean 4 points”. During
the mesh, maximum element size was taken as 103.9 mm, and minimum element size was taken as
1.14805 mm. According to mesh results “total number of knots was 177968” and “total number of
elements was 102150”.

Figure 4. Stress analysis in SolidWorks.

Figure 5. Displacement analysis in SolidWorks.

From the analysis, the highest load value was obtained as 0.895 N/mm2 with production reaching the
target and under load (401 N value). In this case, the smallest stress value was 1.148x10-12 N/mm2,
which was small enough to be neglected (Figure 4). Under load, largest and smallest displacements were
9.563x10-3 mm and 1.10x10-3 mm, respectively. Analysis results proved that, when load was applied,
the vibration table assembled by combining different materials could successfully perform the vibration
process with a high strength value.
2.2 Manufacturing
The design and analysis of the components were completed, and the components with finalized
dimensions were manufactured. The frame and table part were produced from 60x40 mm shaped material
by using TIG welding. Overall dimensions of the table were 560x320 mm and a height of 400 mm. 15
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ISSN 2422-8702 (Online), DOI: 10.7176/JSTR/5-4-05
Vol.5, No.4, 2019

mm-thick mold bottom plate with dimensions of 580x340 mm was designed with eight vertical holes
with a diameter of 16 mm that could be fixed when the plate was placed on the table and manufactured
in a CNC milling cutter. In order to ensure the continuity of the vibration between the chassis and the
table top, four compression springs with height of 67 mm and diameter of 47 mm, modulus elasticity of
31.396 N/mm, and consisting of seven helices with a wire diameter of 5 mm [19] were fixed in the slots
prepared on the table and table tray on all four sides. As a source of vibration, a mass was fixed to the
shaft of a 1.5 kW, 2820 rev/min three-phase electric motor to cause an imbalance, and the motor was
then fixed underneath the table. The vibration table was completed by assembling the manufactured
elements (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Vibration table ready for casting.

3. Receiving instant data from the working system.

In this study, data collected from certain points on the vibration table in accordance with TS2779 [20],
TS7548 [21] and TS2782 [22] standards were evaluated. For the measurements to be made on each main
bearing and near the bearing housing, measurements points were selected along the shaft axis and
perpendicular to the shaft axis, and these points were selected as visible and accessible points on the
machine. In terms of operating conditions, information such as temperature, humidity, rated voltage,
current, frequency were specified at the moment of measurement. In terms of loading, loading condition
was defined by evaluating the suitable and most difficult situation within the limits. In accordance with
the standards, frequency was applied as 50 Hz at the limit of the driving motor. As is known, the vibration
intensity is the root-mean-square (effective value) of the vibration velocity in the frequency range of 10-
1000 Hz and it is an understandable and characteristic value that determines the vibratory state of a
machine. In this study, a vibration meter which could take measurements according to these standards
was used as the main evaluation parameter.

Figure 7. Vibration measuring device.

Using the vibration meter, data were collected as path, velocity and acceleration values from the
manufactured vibration table under real load values during operation. The measurement device could
measure path, velocity and acceleration values and had two different probes for complex and flat surfaces
(Figure 7).

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ISSN 2422-8702 (Online), DOI: 10.7176/JSTR/5-4-05
Vol.5, No.4, 2019

Table 1. Comparison of data obtained from the vibration table and Solidworks analysis.
Displacements of table vertical surfaces(mm)
G 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Device 0.029 0.007 0.011 0.008 0.009 0.023 0.015 0.008
Analysis 0.009 0.009 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.008 0.008
Difference 0.02 -0.002 0.003 0 0 0.014 0.007 0
Displacements of table surface (mm)
T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Device 0.055 0.032 0.03 0.011 0.033 0.032 0.051 0.047
Analysis 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.004 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.004
Difference 0.047 0.024 0.022 0.007 0.025 0.024 0.043 0.043
Displacements of table legs (mm)
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Device 0.011 0.033 0.011 0.002 0.024 0.003 0.005 0.002
Analysis 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004
Difference 0.0106 0.0326 0.0106 0.0016 0.0236 0.0026 0.0046 0.0016

As the reference point of the table, the upper corner point of the table was selected so that the eccentric
housing remained on the left side when viewed from the long edge of the vibration table. Measurement
points were created in the coordinates determined as (20;20) in the x-z (top) plane, (-9;20) in the y-z
(height) plane, and (20;-9) in the x-y (width) plane according to the coordinate system shown in Figure
3. The measurement processes were also performed on the other three corners of the tray going counter-
clockwise around the vibration table. For the top of the tray, these measurement points were defined as
T1 to T8, respectively. For the side and width surfaces of the body, measurements points were defined
around the corner points (similar to the determination of reference points for the tray) as G1 to G8. In the
area under the springs, on the chassis where the pieces the springs were seated in were fixed, the distance
from the coordinate system to the center of the chassis profile in the current position of the table and
under load was taken as 20 mm in the z axis and defined as A1 to A8. Data obtained from the tray, body,
and bearings are presented in Table 1. The points selected in the measurements are not detachable
elements connected to each other but are single piece parts on the spring system. The aim here is to
prevent any additional effect on the measurement results due to the coupling system. When the values
presented in Table 1 were examined, it was seen that the maximum and minimum difference between the
displacements on the “tray side surfaces” was 0.02 mm and -0.002 mm, respectively. The maximum and
minimum difference between the displacements on the “top surface of the tray” was 0.047 mm and 0.007
mm, respectively. When the difference between “displacements in the bearings” was examined, it was
found that maximum difference was 0.0326 mm and minimum difference was 0.0016 mm. When the
device is taken as reference, the differences when compared with the analysis results are acceptable.

4. Results
Table was designed in the Solidworks program and analyzed by the simulation module; as the results
were observed to be sufficient in terms of strength and function, the table was manufactured.
Displacement was measured by a vibration meter from measurement points specified on the
manufactured vibration table. Data obtained from the vibration meter were compared with the data
obtained from Solidworks analysis, and it was found that the difference between the results was five
percent or less. It can be concluded that the vibration table is suitable for the target job and therefore
meets its design purpose.
In the analysis performed according to the force applied to the tray in the vibration table, the resulting
stresses indicated that the table was extremely safe. The reason for the large weight of the tray was to
ensure that the tray could perform its function despite the applied load, as a rigid structure without any
displacement when it was placed on the springs in a horizontal plane. When the springs used in the
vibration table are examined, it can be seen that the used springs can vibrate safely under current working
conditions in case of a certain collapse under the load conditions, when not fully closed, due to the
eccentric load. We can see this from the displacement results. The reason for the high modulus elasticity
of the compression springs used in the vibration table is to ensure that they can withstand the large loads
that will be applied on them.

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ISSN 2422-8702 (Online), DOI: 10.7176/JSTR/5-4-05
Vol.5, No.4, 2019

The profiles dimensioned in the design process were larger than the analysis results; this was due to the
possibility of the vibration table being exposed to a larger load aside from the mold system used in the
current study. In the case of transition from design to manufacturing, it can be seen that the method
applied in this study can be used conveniently in similar activities demonstrating whether the product is
reliable and suitable for the intended work.

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Vol.5, No.4, 2019

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