CCG 2011
CCG 2011
Page | 1
Return to table of contents
• Market Overview
• Market Challenges
• Market Opportunities
• Market Entry Strategy
Greece finds itself in one of its most challenging economic periods in recent history. The
global financial crisis has exposed and exacerbated fiscal and other structural
weaknesses in the Greek economy that led to a ballooning fiscal deficit estimated at
15.4 percent of GDP in 2009, compared to the E.U. ceiling of three percent, and one of
the highest levels of public debt in the Eurozone. Compounding its economic problems,
Greece has a history of other business challenges such as high levels of corruption and
tax evasion, and very low levels of business transparency. To address its economic
crisis, Greece has received loans from the European Central Bank and the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) and has instituted a number of austerity measures and reforms in
compliance with the loan stipulations. Implementation of these measures has been
challenging, with frequent strikes and other forms of social unrest. The Greek
government continues to institute changes and is confident that Greece can weather this
storm. While unemployment remains high (around 13 percent), consumption has
dropped and consumer confidence has declined. Some success has been attained,
most notably a drop in the deficit to 9.6 percent of GDP.
In spite of the market challenges, many U.S. companies have been quite successful in
the Greek market. Key to successfully doing business in Greece is conducting due
diligence and partnering with a local representative, and there are many effective Greek
companies assisting U.S. firms in this market. U.S. products are viewed favorably in
Greece for their innovation and quality, and despite stiff competition from the E.U. and
Asia, are ubiquitous in this market.
Page | 2
The United States and the European Union (E.U.), with its 27 member states, enjoy a
mature economic relationship that is characterized by massive two-way trade of $550
billion and an extensive $3 trillion two way investment relationship. In 2010, U.S.-E.U.
trade continued to grow, despite the world financial crisis. U.S. exports of goods and
services to the E.U.-27 in 2010 are estimated to have been $237 billion and imports from
the E.U., $318 billion. By some estimates, the transatlantic economy employs more than
14 million people in various in-sourced jobs.
Because of the financial crisis, GDP growth in the E.U. is expected to be slightly more
than 1.8 percent for 2010 but this compares favorably to a contraction in 2009 of around
4.5 percent. The euro remains strong, although there are structural issues in some
member states that have negatively impacted its value in 2010 and those are expected
to continue in 2011. Unemployment in the Euro zone, after slowly declining to 7 percent
in 2007, has increased to just below of 10 percent for the past two years.
The long awaited E.U. Lisbon Treaty entered into force on December 1, 2009. The
Treaty’s primary purpose was to compound and simplify the various treaties and
legislation under which the E.U. previously operated. This clarification was intended to
make the E.U. more efficient and democratically accountable. In the long term, the treaty
may result in some changes in the negotiation of trade agreements between the E.U.
and U.S., and it is expected that the European Parliament will have an increasing role in
developing E.U. laws. However, the impact of the Lisbon Treaty should not impact most
U.S. exporters in the short term, and its full implementation could take up to two years.
• Stiff competition from Greece’s traditional E.U. trading partners - Italy, Germany,
France, U.K. and the Netherlands.
• E.U. suppliers have duty-free status and proximity to the Greek market (lower
transportation costs and faster service).
• Competition in many industry sectors in Greece can be characterized as
oligopolistic, making it difficult for new entrants.
• Eurostat ranks Greece at the bottom of its Payment Index, meaning that the risk
of non or delayed payment is high, especially for public sector contracts.
• According to the OECD, Greece has one of the more restrictive business
environments as pertains to inward investment. Business is heavily regulated.
• The public sector share of the GDP approaches 40 percent. Public procurement
is consequently an important feature of the commercial landscape. The
government of Greece (GoG) prefers, and often requires, foreign bidders to
partner with Greek companies.
While the European Union continues to move in the direction of a Single Market, the
reality today is that U.S. exporters in some sectors continue to face barriers to entry in
the E.U. In the world of the Internet and e-commerce, some of these barriers are still
very pronounced.
Page | 3
E.U. legislation generally takes two forms. “Regulations” have mandatory language and
are directly translated when implemented. “Directives” are interpreted and implemented
differently by each member state.
Additionally, while the E.U. Community Customs Code establishes a standard legal
framework for basic customs procedures, it is currently being modernized and the E.U.
as yet does not operate as a single customs administration. The implementation of a
modernized customs code that should bring the E.U. closer to a single authority on
customs is currently scheduled to come into place by 2013 but will likely be delayed.
• The U.S. trade surplus with Greece in 2009 totaled 1.6 billion dollars.
• Among agricultural products, the best U.S. prospects are seeds, tree nuts, wood
products and frozen seafood.
• Services represent the largest and fastest growing sector of the Greek economy.
Trade, banking, insurance, transportation and shipping, communications,
healthcare, education, and tourism are the largest service sub-sectors. The
world-wide economic slowdown has negatively impacted some of these sectors.
• Energy is a best prospect sector for U.S. companies because of recent
deregulation of Greece’s energy sector. There are many opportunities for U.S.
businesses in the electricity, gas and renewable energy sectors.
• Other best prospect sectors for U.S. companies are discussed later in this
document.
• Greece’s proximity to other countries in southeastern Europe, and the traditional
trade ties of Greek business people with these neighboring countries, offer a
variety of additional opportunities for U.S. businesses with Greek partners.
Greece, particularly through its northern port city of Thessaloniki, sees itself as a
natural gateway to the Balkan countries. Greek firms enjoy good commercial ties
to central and eastern European markets as well, including the Black Sea region.
U.S. firms may wish to target these markets from a base in Greece or to explore
three-way arrangements with Greek companies or partners.
U.S. businesses benefit from several recent developments in the European Union:
• Enlargement in 2007 added two new member states (Romania and Bulgaria) for a
total of 27 countries and nearly 500 million individuals that adhere to E.U. law and
comprise a single market for U.S. goods and services. The E.U. is currently close to
bringing in Croatia and Iceland into the fold and is in discussions with several other
Balkan states as well as Turkey.
• An increase in the size of the euro-zone, adding Estonia in January 2011, brought
the total to 17 countries. Businesses face lower business transaction costs and
more transparent pricing throughout the euro-zone compared to the challenges and
costs of dealing in multiple currencies prior to the euro’s introduction.
• The border free E.U. Schengen area now covers 25 countries, including some non-
E.U. members, and greatly eases the movement of goods and people across air,
land, and sea borders.
Page | 4
Historically, U.S. exporters and investors have faced relatively low barriers to doing
business in the E.U. Nonetheless, the United States has a number of ongoing disputes
with the E.U., a situation to be expected given the breadth and depth of the commercial
relationship. Discussions on a range of existing and potential trade irritants are ongoing,
including such issues as current and proposed E.U. restrictions on genetically-modified
organisms, biotechnology and nanotechnology; different approaches to transparency in
regulatory procedures; and different approaches to the role of standards and their
development. To ensure that U.S. companies get the full benefits of the trade
agreements the United States has negotiated, the U.S. Government has developed a
trade compliance initiative. U.S. trade agencies work closely and diligently with the
business community to ensure that the E.U. and its member states comply with their
bilateral and multilateral trade obligations, and to minimize market access problems
affecting U.S. firms.
U.S. firms doing business in Europe should also be aware of the business facilitating
activities of the Transatlantic Business Dialogue (TABD). The TABD is a forum for U.S.
and European businesses that provides voluntary input to the U.S. Government and the
European Commission on impediments to transatlantic business. For more information
on TABD initiatives visit the TABD website: http://www.tabd.com/. Similar transatlantic
dialogues are also held between governments and labor, as well as environmental and
consumer constituencies.
The European Union market is a differentiated one, with specific supply and demand
needs varying from member state to member state. While a pan-European business
strategy is critical, exact market entry strategies must be considered on a country-by-
country basis. For details of these tactics, please consult the Commerce Department’s
Country Commercial Guides of the 27 E.U. member states found at the following
website: E.U. Member States' Country Commercial Guides
Page | 5
To conduct a more thorough search for market research reports on specific industries
and sectors within E.U. member states please consult the Commerce Department’s
Market Research Library: http://www.export.gov/mrktresearch/index.asp
Page | 6
Return to table of contents
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3395.htm
Page | 7
Return to table of contents
The key to success in the Greek market is to have an experienced agent or joint venture
partner with suitable experience and an extensive sales network. A commitment to
offering full after-sales support to the end-user, along with spare parts, is also crucial.
Historically, the government of Greece (GoG) has accounted for most major purchases.
Whether the end user is the GoG or the private sector, it is essential that local agents or
joint venture partners have the knowledge and experience to participate in government
tenders and private sales transactions on behalf of U.S. suppliers. The decisive factor in
government purchases is low price and strict adherence to specifications. Private sector
purchasers are more likely to weigh price in relation to the quality and after-sales support
of the goods or services being purchased.
Page | 8
Key Link:
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31986L0653:EN:HTML
Key Link:
http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2001/c_368/c_36820011222en00130015.p
df
The E.U. also looks to combat payment delays with Directive 2000/35/EC which was
reevaluated in 2010. The amended text covers all commercial transactions within the
E.U., whether in the public or private sector, primarily dealing with the consequences of
late payment. Transactions with consumers, however, do not fall within the scope of this
Directive. In sum, the Directive, as amended, entitles a seller who does not receive
payment for goods and/or services within 30 days of the payment deadline to collect
interest (at a rate of eight percent above the European Central Bank rate) as well as €40
as compensation for recovery of costs. For business-to-business transactions, a 60 day
period may be negotiated, subject to certain conditions. The seller may also retain the
title to goods until payment is completed and may claim full compensation for all
recovery costs.
Key Links:
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/single-market-goods/documents/late-
payments/index_en.htm
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P7-TA-2010-
0374+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&language=EN#BKMD-20
Companies’ agents and distributors can take advantage of the European Ombudsman
when they feel that their situation has not been properly handled by an E.U. institution or
body. Complaints can be made to the European Ombudsman only by businesses and
other bodies with registered offices in the E.U. The Ombudsman can act upon these
complaints by investigating cases in which E.U. institutions fail to act in accordance with
the law, fail to respect the principles of good administration, or violate fundamental
rights. In addition, SOLVIT, a network of national centers, offers online assistance to
citizens and businesses who encounter problems with transactions within the borders of
the single market.
Key Links:
http://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/home/en/default.htm
http://ec.europa.eu/solvit/site/about/index_en.htm
Page | 9
Establishing an Office Return to top
In order to establish any type of business office in Greece, a certified, original copy of
the company's articles and relevant agreements needs to be filed with the Court of
Misdemeanors. The next step is to go with the copies of these documents to record the
newly established entity with the local Merchants’ Social Insurance system. With this
done, the local Chamber of Commerce can issue the license number under which a
company can operate in Greece.
• Corporation
• Limited Liability Company
• General or common partnership
• Limited partnership
• Sole proprietorship or individual enterprise
• Cooperative
• Joint venture or consortium
Under Greek law, joint ventures and consortia are not recognized as different forms of
legal entities. The law governing joint ventures has been developed through court
decisions and directives issued by the Ministry of Finance. In general, each participant
in a joint venture is liable for his share of the total debt, including taxes. Current tax law
recognizes the existence and special nature of joint ventures and provides specific rules
as to the maintenance of the joint venture’s accounting records.
If none of the above types of business structures is appropriate, a foreign firm may
establish a branch office in Greece. This requires the written approval of the Ministry of
Development and a power of attorney designating a person who permanently resides in
Greece to act as the foreign corporation's legal representative in the country.
The U.S. Commercial Service has a list of reputable attorneys licensed to practice in
Greece who are knowledgeable about Greek and American law. For more information,
please visit: http://www.buyusa.gov/greece/en and go to Business Service Providers
Network.
The E.U.’s general data protection Directive (95/46/EC) spells out strict rules concerning
the processing of personal data. Businesses must tell consumers that they are collecting
data, what they intend to use it for, and to whom it will be disclosed. Data subjects must
be given the opportunity to object to the processing of their personal details and to opt-
out of having them used for direct marketing purposes. This opt-out should be available
at the time of collection and at any point thereafter. The current legislation is undergoing
review; a proposal for a new data protection legal framework is expected in 2011. This
Page | 10
general legislation is supplemented by specific rules set out in the "Directive on the
processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic
communications sector" (2002/58/EC). This requires companies to secure the prior
consent of consumers before sending them marketing emails. The only exception to this
opt-in provision is if the marketer has already obtained the intended recipient’s contact
details in the context of a previous sale and wishes to send them information on similar
products and services.
Key Link:
http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/fsj/privacy/index_en.htm
The Department of Commerce and the European Commission negotiated the Safe
Harbor agreement to provide U.S. companies with a simple, streamlined means of
complying with the adequacy requirement. It allows those U.S. companies that commit
to a series of data protection principles (based on the Directive), and who publicly state
that commitment by "self-certifying" on a dedicated website, to continue to receive
personal data from the E.U. Signing up is voluntary but the rules are binding on those
who do. The ultimate means of enforcing Safe Harbor is that failure to fulfill the
commitments will be actionable as an unfair and deceptive practice under Section 5 of
the FTC Act or under a concurrent Department of Transportation statute for air carriers
and ticket agents. While the United States as a whole does not enjoy an adequacy
finding, transfers that are covered by the Safe Harbor scheme will. Companies whose
activities are not regulated by the FTC or DoT (e.g. banks, credit unions, savings and
loan institutions, securities dealers, insurance companies, not-for-profit organizations,
meat packing facilities, or telecommunications carriers) are not eligible to sign up to the
Safe Harbor.
E.U. based exporters or U.S. based importers of personal data can also satisfy the
adequacy requirement by including data privacy clauses in the contracts they sign with
each other. The Data Protection Authority in the E.U. country from where the data is
being exported must approve these contracts. To fast track this procedure the European
Commission has approved sets of model clauses for personal data transfers that can be
inserted into contracts between data importers and exporters. The most recent clauses
were published at the beginning of 2005 and were complemented in 2010 by
constructual clauses on “sub-processing” (outsourcing by an E.U. based exporter of its
processing activities to other sub-processors outside the E.U.). The updating of these
clauses is ongoing. Most transfers using contracts based on these model clauses do not
require prior approval. Companies must bear in mind that the transfer of personal data to
third countries is a processing operation that is subject to the general data protection
Directive regardless of any Safe Harbor, contractual or consent arrangements.
Page | 11
E.U. countries’ Data Protection Authorities (DPAs) and large multinational companies
are also developing a third major approach to compliance with E.U. rules on transfers of
personal data to countries outside the E.U. This is based on country-by-country
approval of “binding corporate rules” (BCRs). Companies that set up BCRs that satisfy
European DPAs will be able to use the presumption of conformity that these approvals
provide to transfer personal data from the E.U. to any location in the world – not just the
United States. BCRs can be a tool for compliance with privacy rules on a global scale.
The process of negotiation and approval of the BCRs is currently lengthy and complex,
and has not been attempted by small or medium-sized companies.
Key Links:
http://www.export.gov/safeharbor/
http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/fsj/privacy/modelcontracts/index_en.htm
http://ec.europa.eu/justice/policies/privacy/workinggroup/index_en.htm
U.S. businesses looking to establish a franchise within the European Union will likely find
that the market is quite robust and friendly to franchise systems in general. There are a
number of laws that govern the operation of franchises within the E.U., but these laws
are fairly broad and generally do not constrain the competitive position of U.S.
businesses. The potential franchiser should take care to look not only at the E.U.
regulations, but also at the local laws concerning franchising.
Direct mail advertising is increasing in Greece. However many companies tend to reach
their consumers through off-peak hour TV ads which invite consumers to dial-in.
Personal checks are not often used, but credit cards are used extensively. Delivering
direct mail purchases to people’s homes remains a problem and direct sales companies
tend to deliver to a person’s work address during business hours, often engaging the
services of a courier company. Some employers are starting to object to this growing
practice. Door-to-door selling exists on a limited scale as Greeks have become more
cautious about opening their door to strangers. Although door-to-door delivery is limited,
door-to-door advertising is very popular with large organized companies which hand out
pamphlets at homes, Metro stations and venues. Employee health insurance, and
income tax laws and regulations are less flexible in allowing direct sales companies to
develop sales forces than in the U.S. and other E.U. countries, so many of these people
are uninsured.
Press Advertising
In addition to the regular press, the concept of no-cost publications has recently picked
up remarkably well in Athens and a few other cities, with a host of free daily and weekly
Page | 12
publications to match a range of interest groups. Advertising in these publications is
becoming popular.
There is a wide range of E.U. legislation that impacts the direct marketing sector.
Compliance requirements are stiffest for marketing and sales to private consumers.
Companies need to focus, in particular, on the clarity and completeness of the
information they provide to consumers prior to purchase, and on their approaches to
collecting and using customer data. The following gives a brief overview of the most
important provisions flowing from E.U.-wide rules on distance selling and on-line
commerce. It is worth noting that the E.U. is currently overhauling its consumer
protection legislation (a merger of four existing Directives into a single rulebook - “the
Consumer Rights Directive” – was tabled and will be examined in 2011). Companies are
advised to consult the information available via the hyper-links, to check the relevant
sections of national Country Commercial Guides, and to contact the Commercial Service
at the U.S. Mission to the European Union for more specific guidance.
Key Links:
Consumer Affairs Homepage: http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/index_en.htm
Distance Selling:
http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/cons_int/safe_shop/dist_sell/index_en.htm
Door-to-Door Selling:
http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/cons_int/safe_shop/door_sell/index_en.htm
Page | 13
establishes criteria for the presentation of contract information. Given the special nature
of financial markets, specifics are also laid out for contractual withdrawal.
Key Link:
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32002L0065:EN:NOT
Key Link:
http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/e-commerce/index_en.htm
Licensing agreements have to be filed with the Industrial Property Organization and
Greek tax authorities. All procedures for payment and transfer of royalties to E.U. and
non-E.U. residents are handled by commercial banks operating in Greece. No foreign
exchange regulations apply to royalties. The Ministry of National Economy and the Bank
of Greece intervene only when a foreign firm requests an unusually high royalty
percentage. Rates over 10 percent are considered exorbitant and are not permitted.
U.S. firms should be aware that royalties are subject to a 20 percent withholding tax until
the Greek company submits IRS tax forms obtained by the U.S. company showing
residency in the U.S. For more information, please link to the following website:
http://www.irs.gov/businesses/small/international/article/0,,id=122559,00.html
Public tenders may have a stipulation that foreign bidders must submit their offers in a
venture with a local company. In major projects, the utilization of local resources,
(engineering services, manpower supplies, manufacturing, or assembly), is an important
factor in bid evaluations. Foreign, as well as local bidders, must quote and accept
payment in Euro, unless otherwise specified in the tender documents.
Page | 14
Government procurement must adhere to three principles: publicity, i.e., how tenders
are publicized; transparency of the rules and how rules are applied; and equal treatment
towards foreign and domestic participants. Greece follows the approach of engaging
one central procurement agency:
The Greek government has attempted to establish one central procurement agency to
offer the country economies of scale, and optimal control and application of common
technical specifications. The General Directorate of State Procurement, plans, modifies
and implements Greece’s Unified Government Supply Program. Procurement actions
follow three stages: Stage one is the determination of all agency needs and the drafting
of the procurement program; Stage two is publicizing the tender, selecting the best offer
and awarding the contract to the winner; Stage three is the execution of the contract.
The armed forces, when procuring defense systems, certain agencies such as
municipalities, and the Public Power Corporation, carry out procurement independently,
pursuant of special procurement rules and regulations. In certain instances the General
Secretariat of Commerce involvement is limited to the first phase of the tender.
The planning of state procurement is an annual exercise starting each September with
the Directorate of State Procurement asking for all authorities and agencies to submit
their “wish lists”. All approved needs are entered into the Unified Government Supply
Program http://www.gge.gr/3/sub.asp?120 (2009). Military requirements appear in a
separate Unified Program of Ministry of Defense.
CS Athens received verification from the Greek Ministry of Regional Development and
Competitiveness (formerly Greek Ministry of Economy, Competitiveness & Shipping),
that U.S. company sworn affidavits can be submitted in place of documents normally
issued in the U.S. but are not produced by U.S. federal government authorities in the
United States. http://www.buyusainfo.net/docs/x_1173304.pdf . This had been a
significant barrier to U.S. firms bidding on Greek government tenders.
These affidavits must be backed up with a letter from the Commercial Service. If you
need such a letter or have any questions, please contact Commercial Service Athens at:
[email protected] or Tel: +30/210/720 2331.
Defense procurement and military construction projects are governed by Law 3433/06,
effective February 1, 2007, as well as other ministerial decrees, clarifications and
decisions. This law regulates procurement issues such as Domestic Added Value,
Industrial Participation, Defense Materials Specifications, and the Offsets Programs.
The newly enacted Law 3883/2010 regulates the transitional arrangements for Offset
Contracts that have been signed between the Ministry of Defense and various defense
equipment suppliers. The law impacts contracts that have expired without having been
fulfilled, thus resulting in penalties by the Ministry of Defense. These contracts may be
re-established within six months from the date of issuance and the Ministry of Defense
must provide a written declaration accompanying the re-established contract. Additional
information on this new law is available from CS Athens.
Page | 15
•Greek Law on Public Private Partnerships (PPPs)
In a PPP scheme, the private partner bears, in whole or in part, the implementation cost
of the project, as well as a substantial part of the risks related with its construction and
operation. The public partner, on the other hand, lays out a set of output specifications
on the design, technical, and operational characteristics of the project and determines
the private partner’s payment mechanism, either through partial (e.g. annual) payments,
or through direct payments by the end-users via fees.
The Greek law intends to create a market-friendly legal framework, to abolish the
approval of all concession agreements by Parliament (a requirement under the current
regime) and to set a standardized procedure for the tendering of concession
agreements.
The law mainly attempts to set a comprehensive procedure regarding the planning,
approval, award and implementation phases of the whole range of PPPs by clearly
defining the scope and minimum requirements of such projects. Its ultimate aim is to
ensure the attainment of the most efficient outcome by supporting the positive aspects of
the whole scheme on the one hand, and by minimizing the possibilities for the
occurrence of potential risks on the other. Detailed information on the PPP law is
available at: http://www.sdit.mnec.gr/en
Remedies directives cover legal means for companies who face discriminatory public
procurement practices. These directives are implemented in the national procurement
legislation of the 27 E.U. member states.
A new Late Payment Directive was voted into E.U. parliament, involving payment
obligations for the public sector. The new elements of the directive stipulate that
Page | 16
member states will have to pay their invoices within 30 calendar days. For Public
entities providing healthcare, this period can be extended up to a maximum of 60
calendar days, in which case member states have to submit a progress report to the
European Commission. Following the submission of this report, the European
Commission will assess the impact of this extension, particularly on small and medium-
sized enterprises (MSEs). Other improvements in the revised directive include an
increase of the statutory interest from seven to eight percent, and the stipulation that
member states waiving their interest obligations are committing unfair practices.
Following the vote in the European parliament, the text was adopted by the Council,
replacing the existing Late Payment Directive 2000/17/EC, and will have to be
transposed by member states into national law within two years after publication. This is
particularly important in the case of Greece given the hospital debt that has accrued.
The U.S. and the E.U. are signatories of the World Trade Organization’s (WTO)
Government Procurement Agreement (GPA), which grants access to most public
supplies and services, and some contracts published by national procurement
authorities of the countries that are parties to the Agreement. In practice, this means
that U.S.-based companies are eligible to bid on supplies and services contracts from
European public contracting authorities above the agreed thresholds. However, there
are restrictions for U.S. suppliers in the E.U. utilities sector, both in the E.U. Utilities
Directive and in the E.U. coverage of the Government Procurement Agreement (GPA).
The Utilities Directive allows E.U. contracting authorities in these sectors to either reject
non-E.U. bids where the proportion of goods originating in non-E.U. countries exceeds
50 percent of the total value of the goods constituting the tender, or is entitled to apply a
three percent price difference to non-E.U. bids in order to give preference to the E.U.
bid. These restrictions are applied when no reciprocal access for E.U. companies in the
U.S. market is offered. Those restrictions, however, were waived for the electricity
sector.
For more information, please visit the U.S. Commercial Service at the U.S. Mission to
the European Union website dedicated to E.U. public procurement. This site also has a
database of all European public procurement tenders that are open to U.S.-based firms
by virtue of the Government Procurement Agreement. Access is free of charge.
A large amount of Greece's import trade is handled through sales agents or distributors.
Agency agreements are not required to be exclusive and may be signed for any period
of time. Distributorship agreements, however, usually guarantee exclusive sales rights
for certain districts, or the entire country. Distributors operate on a wholesale, and in
some cases, a retail basis. Importers usually maintain offices in Athens, Piraeus, or
Thessaloniki with branch offices, subagents, and traveling sales staff covering the rest of
the country. Small importers may join together to form cooperatives.
Sales agents representing foreign firms are required to obtain an operating license from
a special committee of the local Chamber of Commerce. The issuance of the license is
subject to verification that Greek nationals are accorded reciprocal treatment in the
applicant's country of residence. Reciprocity must be proven through a certificate from a
Page | 17
Greek consular officer stationed in the applicant's country. Prospective sales agents are
screened on the basis of reputation, experience and financial standing. It should be
noted that a presidential decree mandates that a supplier of goods and services, rather
than a purchaser, pay an agent’s commission.
Greek retail and wholesale trade has traditionally been characterized by small, family-
owned and operated businesses, each of which deals in a narrow range of goods. Until
a few years ago there were approximately 800,000 businesses in Greece, and 660,000
of them were sole proprietorships, following the above family-owned pattern. Moreover,
out of the 800,000 firms, 100,000 were Limited Liability Companies and Societe
Anonyms (S.A.s), and 40,000 were General and Limited Partnerships. Many businesses
exist but have no activity.
There is a diminishing number of supermarket chains in Greece and only a handful are
Greek-owned. Department stores operate like small shopping centers where the "shop-
in-shop" concept is applied. Most retail sales in Greece are still made in small,
specialized shops, but the financial crisis and competition from the larger domestic and
international chains is having an impact, with the chains being more successful in
reaching out to younger consumers. In the last few years, several major European
chains have purchased existing large department stores and supermarkets or
established their own outlets. Only a handful of American style shopping malls operate
in Greece.
The selling factors and techniques applicable to Greece are generally the same as those
in other western European countries and the United States. Retail stores were heavily
dependent on credit card purchases which were settled in monthly installments.
However, this trend is becoming less popular as banks have become more stringent with
extending credit.
Greece:
Both Business to Consumer and Business-to-Business (B2B) have been slow to develop
in Greece. The relatively high cost of internet services to-date, as a result of the
dominant telecommunications firm OTE’s access costs, has kept alternative operators
from growing rapidly. These costs have also limited internet penetration to the 25
percent range until recently, despite high fixed-line penetration. However, according to
the latest available data, the current Internet penetration in Greece is 46 percent (Q3
2010 official data). The new government of Greece elected on October 4, 2009 is
committed to continuing this trend with plans to improve internet connectivity, reduce
broadband costs and further liberalize the telecom market.
Local, broadband penetration has reached 16 percent (1,800,000 connections), and has
strong potential to close in on the European average penetration of 24 percent. Also, it
is noteworthy that mobile broadband growth has surpassed the 10 percent rate of total
broadband connections via fixed line. The main stimulant for this is increased
competition and decreased mobile broadband connection prices.
Page | 18
The future of electronic commerce in Greece is promising. E-Commerce revenues in
Greece are expected to total $1.8 billion (up by 75 percent from 2009), with an average
online purchase totaling $1,995. Funding from E.U. Support Framework IV is expected
to provide 20.1 billion euros through 2013 to help finance Greece’s modernization of its
IT infrastructure and communications networks. Also, with Digital Strategy as key
objective, Greece is targeting broadband convergence to the E.U. by 2010 and has
already set in motion the new operational program “Digital Convergence”, featuring a
two billion euro Fiber-to-the Home (FttH) project, scheduled for tendering by 2011.
European Union:
In July 2003, the E.U. started applying Value Added Tax (VAT) to sales by non-E.U.
based companies of Electronically Supplied Services (ESS) to E.U. based non-business
customers. U.S. companies that are covered by the rule must collect and submit VAT to
E.U. tax authorities. European Council Directive 2002/38/EC further developed the E.U.
rules for charging Value Added Tax. These rules were indefinitely extended following
adoption of directive 2008/8/EC
U.S. businesses mainly affected by the 2003 rule change are those that are U.S. based
and selling ESS to E.U. based, non-business customers or those businesses that are
E.U. based and selling ESS to customers outside the E.U. who no longer need to charge
VAT on these transactions. There are a number of compliance options for businesses.
The Directive created a special scheme that simplifies registering with each Member
State. The Directive allows companies to register with a single VAT authority of their
choice. Companies have to charge different rates of VAT according to where their
customers are based, but VAT reports and returns are submitted to just one authority.
The VAT authority responsible for providing the single point of registration service is then
responsible for reallocating the collected revenue among the other E.U. VAT authorities.
Key Link:
http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/taxation/vat/how_vat_works/e-
services/index_en.htm
General Legislation
Laws against misleading advertisements differ widely from member state to member
state within the E.U. In response, the Commission adopted a Directive, in force since
October 1986, to establish minimum and objective criteria regarding truth in advertising.
The Directive was amended in October 1997 to include comparative advertising. Under
the Directive, misleading advertising is defined as any "advertising which in any way,
including its presentation, deceives or is likely to deceive the persons to whom it is
addressed or whom it reaches and which, by reason of its deceptive nature, is likely to
affect their economic behavior or which for those reasons, injures or is likely to injure a
competitor." member states can authorize even more extensive protection under their
national laws.
Page | 19
Member states can, and in some cases have, restricted misleading or comparative
advertising.
The E.U.’s Audiovisual Media Services Directive lays down legislation on broadcasting
activities allowed within the E.U. Since 2009 the rules allow for U.S.-style product
placement on television and the three-hour/day maximum of advertising will be lifted.
However, a 12-minute/hour maximum will remain. Child programming will be subject to
a code of conduct that will include a limit of junk food advertising to children.
Following the adoption of the 1999 Council Directive on the Sale of Consumer Goods
and Associated Guarantees, product specifications, as laid down in advertising, are now
considered as legally binding on the seller. (For additional information on Council
Directive 1999/44/EC on the Sale of Consumer Goods and Associated Guarantees, see
the legal warranties and after-sales service section below.)
The E.U. adopted Directive 2005/29/EC concerning fair business practices in a further
attempt to tighten up consumer protection rules. These rules outlaw several aggressive
or deceptive marketing practices such as pyramid schemes, "liquidation sales" when a
shop is not closing down, and artificially high prices as the basis for discounts in addition
to other potentially misleading advertising practices. Certain rules on advertising to
children are also set out.
Key Link:
http://ec.europa.eu/comm/consumers/cons_int/safe_shop/fair_bus_pract/index_en.htm
http://ec.europa.eu/avpolicy/reg/avms/index_en.htm
Medicine
The advertising of medicinal products for human use is regulated by Council Directive
2001/83/EC, as amended by Directive 2004/27/EC. Generally speaking, the advertising
of medicinal products is forbidden if market authorization has not yet been granted or if
the product in question is a prescription drug. Mentioning therapeutic indications where
self-medication is not suitable, is not permitted, nor is the distribution of free samples to
the general public. The text of the advertisement should be compatible with the
characteristics listed on the product label, and should encourage rational use of the
product. The advertising of medicinal products destined for professionals should contain
essential characteristics of the product as well as its classification. Inducements to
prescribe or supply a particular medicinal product are prohibited and the supply of free
samples is restricted.
Key Link:
http://ec.europa.eu/health/human-use/information-to-patient/index_en.htm
Page | 20
applies to any food or drink product produced for human consumption that is marketed in
the E.U. Only foods that fit a certain nutrient profile (below certain salt, sugar and/or fat
levels) will be allowed to carry claims. Nutrition and health claims will only be allowed on
food labels if they are included in one of the E.U. positive lists. Food products carrying
claims must comply with the provisions of nutritional labeling directive 90/496/EC and its
amended version to come into effect in 2011.
The development of nutrient profiles, originally scheduled for January 2009, has been
delayed. Nutrition claims can fail one criterion, i.e. if only one nutrient (salt, sugar or fat)
exceeds the limit of the profile, a claim can still be made provided the high level of that
particular nutrient is clearly marked on the label. For example, a yogurt can make a low-
fat claim even if it has high sugar content but only if the label clearly states “high sugar
content”. Health claims cannot fail any criteria.
As of November 2010, EFSA had published 200 opinions providing scientific advice on
more than 1,700 “general function” health claims. EFSA expects to complete the
evaluation of the general function health claims prioritized by the Commission by the end
of June 2011.
A simplified authorization procedure has been established for health claims based on
new scientific data. A guidance document on how companies can apply for health
claim authorizations can be downloaded from EFSA’s website at:
Key Link:
http://www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/ScientificPanels/NDA/efsa_locale-
1178620753812_1178684448831.htm.
Food Supplements
Regulation 1925/2006, applicable as of July 1, 2007, harmonizes rules on the addition of
vitamins and minerals to foods. The regulation lists the vitamins and minerals that may
be added to foods. This list was most recently revised in November 2009. A positive list
of substances other than vitamins and minerals has not been established yet, although it
is being developed. Until then, member state laws will govern the use these substances.
Key Link:
http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/labellingnutrition/supplements/index_en.htm
Tobacco
The E.U. Tobacco Advertising Directive bans tobacco advertising in printed media, radio,
and internet as well as the sponsorship of cross-border events or activities. Advertising
in cinemas and on billboards or merchandising is allowed though these are banned in
many member states. Tobacco advertising on television has been banned in the E.U.
since the early 1990s and is governed by the TV without Frontiers Directive. The E.U.
plans to revise the Tobacco Products Directive in 2012 with possible changes to include
bigger, double-sided health pictorial warnings on cigarette packages and plain
packaging.
Key link:
http://ec.europa.eu/health/tobacco/law/advertising/index_en.htm
Page | 21
Pricing Return to top
Greece has no price controls, except for pharmaceutical and food products. When
pricing a product, firms should consider payment and credit terms. Orders are usually
small and Greek importers will request special consideration if a U.S. supplier requires
large orders.
The Greek government regulates the price of pharmaceuticals, and its methodology has
been a source of debate for several years. Although prices are set on the three lowest
prices in the E.U. they have also been discounted. These pricing directives are currently
being reviewed.
Key Link:
http://www.sfee.gr/en/price-determination
Certain food prices, particularly on fresh products like fruits and vegetables, are
controlled by the Ministry of Rural Development and Food (Former Ministry of
Development & Public Order), which sets a maximum wholesale margin of 26 percent
over farmer's prices, and a 10 percent retailer's margin above wholesale prices. In
reality, these margins are “theoretical”, with sporadic enforcement resulting in artificial
price increases.
Greek importers generally expect a C.I.F. quotation, except when the purchasing
company does a large amount of direct buying and provides its own insurance.
American firms should be prepared to quote prices on whatever basis is preferred by the
prospective buyer. The VAT is 19 percent.
The Greek Sales Service/Customer Support standards are consistent with American and
Western European standards.
Product Liability
Under the 1985 Directive on liability of defective products, amended in 1999, the
producer is liable for damage caused by a defect in his product. The victim must prove
the existence of the defect and a causal link between defect and injury (bodily as well as
material). A reduction of liability of the manufacturer is granted in cases of negligence
on the part of the victim.
Key link:
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/single-market-goods/product-liability/
Page | 22
Product Safety
The 1992 General Product Safety Directive introduces a general safety requirement at
the E.U. level to ensure that manufacturers only place safe products on the market. It
was revised in 2001 to include an obligation on the producer and distributor to notify the
Commission in case of a problem with a given product, provisions for its recall, the
creation of a European Product Safety Network, and a ban on exports of products to
third countries that are not deemed safe in the E.U. The legislation is currently
undergoing review.
Key link:
http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/safety/prod_legis/index_en.htm
Key link:
http://ec.europa.eu/comm/consumers/cons_int/safe_shop/guarantees/index_en.htm
Other issues pertaining to consumers’ rights and protection, such as the New Approach
Directives, CE marking, quality control and data protection are dealt with in Chapter 5 of
this report.
The protection and enforcement of IPR in Greece is a fairly complex issue. Although
Greece was placed on the USTR’s Watch List in 2008, 2009, and in 2010, it has made
some progress in increasing the awareness of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) issues
and has had some enforcement successes. Companies must register their intellectual
property in Greece in order to have legal recourse. Companies may wish to seek advice
from local attorneys or IP consultants. The U.S. Commercial Service can provide a list of
local lawyers upon request.
Specifically, regarding copyrights, all E.U. member states are parties to the Berne
Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, so E.U. copyright protection
is automatic and no formal registration is necessary. If a company has copyright
protection in the U.S. under the Berne Convention, that company will equally have
protection in the E.U.-27. E.U. member states are also party to the Berne Union, which
Page | 23
allows them to offer more, but not less, protection than is required under the Berne
Convention. Many E.U. member states have, therefore, created domestic registration
systems that provide additional benefits to the copyright holder.
As for patents, the E.U. countries have a first-to-file approach to patent applications, as
opposed to the U.S.’s first to invent system, making early filing a top priority for
innovative companies in the E.U. Unfortunately, in the E.U., it is not yet possible to file
for a single patent that will be administered and enforced like those in the U.S.. Since the
E.U. does not yet have a harmonized patent law, inventors need to get protection in
each of their target markets either by the European Patent Organization (EPO) or
national patent offices.
While the U.S. Government stands ready to assist, there is little that can be done if the
rights holders have not taken these fundamental steps necessary to securing and
enforcing their IP in a timely fashion. Moreover, in many countries, rights holders who
delay enforcing their rights on a mistaken belief that the USG can provide a political
resolution to a legal problem may find that their rights have been eroded or abrogated
due to legal doctrines such as statutes of limitations, laches, estoppel, or unreasonable
delay in prosecuting a law suit. In no instance should U.S. Government advice be seen
as a substitute for the obligation of a rights holder to promptly pursue its case.
It is always advisable to conduct due diligence on potential partners. Negotiate from the
position of your partner and give your partner clear incentives to honor the contract. A
good partner is an important ally in protecting IP rights. Consider carefully, however,
whether to permit your partner to register your IP rights on your behalf. Doing so may
create the risk that the partner will list itself as the IP owner and fail to transfer the rights
should the partnership end. Keep an eye on cost structure and reduce the margins (and
the incentive) of would-be bad actors. Projects and sales in the E.U. require constant
attention. Work with legal counsel familiar with E.U. laws to create a solid contract that
includes non-compete clauses, and confidentiality/non-disclosure provisions.
Page | 24
- International Anti-Counterfeiting Coalition (IACC)
- Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)
- Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO)
IP Resources
Page | 25
an increase in the quality and degree of support they are receiving from relevant Greek
government IPR and enforcement offices, especially in the area of software. However,
in 2010, industry observed a setback in this activity, especially given the priority given to
other issues impacting the economic crisis. Although violations continue and street-
enforcement remains weak, the GOG is also showing an increased willingness to work
with local IPR industry representatives on longer-term solutions, including judicial
training seminars and public outreach (anti-piracy ad campaigns), and a focused
approach towards Software IPR by several GoG ministries.
For additional information you may visit the USTR Special 301 Report at:
http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/reports-and-publications/2009/2009-special-
301-report
Page | 26
Tel: +30/210/618 3500 (switchboard)
+30/210/618 3538 (Director General)
+30/210/618 3548 (Receipt of European & Int’l Applications)
Fax: +30/210/681 9231
Product safety testing and certification is mandatory for the E.U. market. U.S.
manufacturers and sellers of goods have to perform due diligence in accordance with
mandatory E.U. legislation prior to exporting.
Greek banks adhere to OECD and E.U. Due Diligence rules and regulations, especially
as to money laundering. In Greece, Law 3424/05 prohibits money laundering.
Regulation, with the exception of accounting, is similar to that of American and Western
European professional services.
Page | 27
Medical Association in Thessaloniki: http://www.isth.gr
Institute of Certified Public Accountants: http://www.soel.gr
Swear-in Valuers: http://www.soe.gr
Hellenic Bank of Association: http://www.hba.gr
Local service providers focusing on E.U. law, consulting, and business development can
be viewed on the website maintained by the Commercial Service at the U.S. Mission to
the European Union at: http://www.buyusa.gov/europeanunion/services.html .
Greek websites:
http://www.buyusa.gov/greece/en
http://www.amcham.gr
http://www.acci.gr
http://www.hellasweb.com
http://www.franchising.gr
http://www.infofranchise.gr
http://europa.eu.int/comm/eurostat/
http://www.kepe.gr
http://europa.eu.int
http://www.tda.gov
http://athens.usembassy.gov/index.html
http://athens.usembassy.gov/service.html
http://athens.usembassy.gov/visas.html
http://www.parliament.gr
http://www.infosoc.gr/infosoc/en-UK/default.htm
E.U. websites:
Page | 28
Safe Harbor: http://www.export.gov/safeharbor/
E.U.-27 FAIRS Subject Report Health Claims - E.U. Authorization Procedure 2008:
GAIN Report E48055
Guidance document on how companies can apply for health claim authorizations
Tobacco:
http://ec.europa.eu/health/tobacco/policy/index_en.htm
Page | 29
Product Liability:
http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/consumers/consumer_safety/l32012_en.htm
Product Safety:
http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/safety/prod_legis/index_en.htm
Copyright: http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/copyright/documents/documents_en.htm
U.S. websites:
Page | 30
Return to table of contents
Agricultural Sectors
o Tree Nuts (Almonds & Pistachios)
o Field Crops (Soybeans & Lentils)
o Fish and Seafood Products
o Wood Products
Page | 31
Renewable Energy Power Plants, Systems and Equipment (REQ)
The following developments provide U.S. companies with new opportunities to export
technology and equipment, and to serve as consultants in the Greek renewable energy
market.
Page | 32
The increase in the installed capacity of wind parks comprising 2,500-3,000 MW will also
help Greece achieve it RES goals. By the end of 2009, wind turbine installed capacity
reached around 1,280 MW; by 2012, the government of Greece forecasts that the
installed wind energy capacity will count for 10.09 percent of total domestic electricity
production. Additionally, by the end of 2013, photovoltaic solar system capacity is
expected to reach around 900 MW. Many projects are also planned for new biomass,
and small hydroelectric and geothermal plants.
Energy market liberalization and the solid growth in demand noted over the last few
years create significant opportunities for U.S. firms in this industry subsector. U.S.
manufacturers, exporters, and consulting or engineering firms should enjoy new
opportunities for supplying, contracting or subcontracting in the Greek renewable energy
market.
U.S. firms have very good sales opportunities for the following products: wind
generators; crystalline silicon solar cells and materials technology; amorphous and
microcrystalline silicon; CIS and other thin-film technologies; PVE modules and
components of PVE systems; and other PVE related materials; biomass generators;
geothermal wells equipment and systems; automatic circuit breakers; inverters;
switchgear and parts; insulators and transformers; and automation equipment and
devices.
The E.U. funded National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) 2007 – 2013 will
provide the majority of the funding for new projects, and through grants, will provide up
to 40 percent of funding for renewable energy, and more specifically, wind and
photovoltaic-solar projects. The GoG will also be pursuing energy development through
completion of its National Renewable Energy Action Plan.
http://www.ypeka.gr
http://www.rae.gr
http://www.dei.gr
http://www.eurelectric.org
http://www.ypoian.gr
http://www.espa.gr
http://www.investingreece.gov.gr/
http://www.desmie.gr
http://www.cres.gr
Page | 33
Telecommunications: Convergence & Broadcasting (TES)
Rigorous investment activity has taken place in recent years, including shareholder buy-
out of WIND, Deutsche Telecom buying 50 percent of OTE, Dubai Investment Group
acquiring Forthnet shares, the buy-out of InfOTE by Capital LLC and Zarkona Trading,
and Cyta opening a subsidiary to offer fixed and broadband services. Significant recent
foreign investments in the ICT sector of Greece also include the establishment of a
Microsoft Innovation center in Athens in 2008, and the opening of a NOKIA R&D center
in Athens (one of four in Europe). In addition, IBM Corporation and Intracom IT Services
signed a business agreement in December 2009 to co-develop and offer total solutions
and applications for customs unions within the E.U. and worldwide.
Within the fixed space, by the beginning of 2008, with 6.3 million lines in-use, the fixed-
line penetration reached 56 percent, among the highest in the world. The incumbent
fixed-line operator, OTE, effectively acted as a monopoly until 2007, when various
players offering bundled services (double-play, triple and even quad play), entered the
market. In terms of double play/triple play, there was a significant annual increase in the
penetration of double / triple play services, estimated at 33.9 percent as of September
2009 – a significant rise in comparison to 17.8 percent in 2008.
The relatively mature mobile market consists of three operators: Cosmote (part of OTE),
Vodafone, and Wind in coordination with Q-Telecom. Mobile penetration surpassed
over 18 million lines in use and includes unused connections, as well as users owning
two or three lines. Actual mobile penetration is estimated at 91 percent, and despite
market saturation, there was a 13 percent growth in subscriber numbers during the last
couple of years.
Page | 34
Mobile Operator Approximate Market Subscribers
share percent (in millions)
Cosmote 45 8,730
Vodafone 31 6,014
Wind 24 4,559
Total 100 19,400
*According to Data provided by the Telecommunications providers
Given the situation, mobile operators in Greece are focused on maintaining and growing
ARPU (Average Revenue per User), via competitive price offers and bundles, as well as
value-added services. As the data users constitute only 11 percent of the entire base,
this leaves ample room for content and data services growth, as well as usage increase.
With respect to internet and broadband, the relatively high cost of internet services to-
date, as a result of OTE infrastructure cost, kept alternative operators from growing
rapidly. However, in December 2010 internet penetration was reported to have grown to
46 percent of the population.
The market began changing in late 2007, as indicated by the 12.7 percent growth in
broadband penetration by November 2008, (amounting to 1,506,614 connections,
representing the sixth position worldwide in broadband penetration increase).
Broadband penetration reached 16 percent (1,800,000 connections) by September
2009, and still has strong growth potential as it continues to approach the European
average penetration rate of 24 percent. Apart from OTE, the main service providers are
Forthnet, Wind Tellas, Hellas-On-Line, and On Telecom, (which also includes Vivodi). It
is noteworthy that mobile broadband growth has surpassed the 10 percent rate of total
broadband connections via fixed line. The main stimulant for this explosion is increased
competition and decreased mobile broadband connection prices.
Additional internet penetration, along with additional investment, is expected in this area.
OTE is already committed to building out WiMAX-based services in urban areas, with no
fixed broadband infrastructure. Overall, with internet penetration on the rise, IT/Tel
convergence and new broadband infrastructure, the outlook is positive for a new
generation of content and application services. Telecoms providers will look for
alliances and partnerships with IT vendors and content aggregators to offer complete
solutions, establishing a good export opportunity for players in this arena.
Greece exhibits the highest percentage of fast broadband connections (above 10 Mbps)
among E.U. countries with 88 percent of the broadband connections in Greece having
connection speeds higher than 10 Mbps. In 2010 broadband penetration in Greece
marked another record increase among E.U. members with an increase of three
percentage points, reaching a penetration level of 18.6 percent of the population. At this
time, Greece is below the European average (26 percent) but is closing the gap.
Page | 35
Best Prospects/Services Return to top
Funding from E.U. Support Framework IV is 20.1 billion euros through 2013 to help
finance Greece’s modernization of its IT infrastructure and communications networks.
Greece’s new government is committed to improving internet connectivity, reduce
broadband costs and further liberalize the telecom market.
With Digital Strategy as one of the government of Greece’s (GoG) key objectives,
Greece is targeting broadband convergence to the E.U. and has already set in motion
the new operational program “Digital Convergence”, which features a two billion euro
Fiber-to-the Home (FttH) project scheduled for international public tender by 2011.
The E.U. recommendation for Greece to switch from analog to digital broadcasting by
2012, and the directive for a complete analog switch-off by 2015, create opportunities in
the broadcasting arena.
http://www.weeklytelecom.gr/
http://www.yme.gr
http://www.ote.gr
http://www.ypan.gr
http://www.naftemporiki.gr
http://www.psifiakiellada.gr/
http://www.eito.com
http://www.emea.gr/index.php
http://www.kerdos.gr
netfax
Page | 36
Information Technology (IT) and Business Software
Greece has one of the highest growth rates in the Information Technology (IT) sector in
Europe. Hardware is currently its largest category, while business software has the
strongest growth outlook. IT services, however, are becoming the leading category as
there is an ongoing increase in relevant market needs and spending. Imports make up
over 70 percent of the computer hardware and peripherals segment, and over 60
percent of that market is dominated by U.S. suppliers. Estimates for consumer
computer sales in Greece for 2010 are 2 percent lower than the 2009 revenues of
$3.144 billion. The only positive jump in computer sales during this year was the 5
percent increase of laptop computer sales for professional users.
Last year’s economic developments in Greece, triggered by the recent financial crisis,
created a new economic environment for all market industries and sectors. Greece faces
a tough year economically. The new government elected in October 2009 set out to
reduce the government deficit by reducing public spending, such as reductions in civil
servant wages and economic benefits given by the state, while at the same time re-
directing the public sector strategy and budget towards operational efficiency including
‘digitization’ and ‘infrastructure modernization’. This current focus on ICT development
is further enhanced by Greece’s established market presence in Southeast Europe for
telecommunications companies and banks, which are heavy IT users, use of E.U.
Community Support Framework funds, and the convergence of IT and
Telecommunications companies (Telecoms).
Despite the difficult economic environment, ICT spending in Greece for 2010 is expected
to amount to $18.3 billion compared to $16.9 billion in 2009. Of this amount, $1.4 billion
is expected to be spent for equipment, $938.2 million for software, $1.1 billion for
services, and $14.8 billion on telecommunications. Consumers, despite strong
downward pressure on their income, continue to spend on technology, projected at $9.8
billion for 2010.
Rigorous activity also exists in microchip design and software, as well as upgrading of
Telecoms infrastructure and e-services. The ICT products leading the growth to-date
are software products, Telecoms access, and internet services. The three main
customer categories are: businesses (70 percent), consumers (20 percent) and public
Page | 37
sector (10 percent), with 98 percent of businesses having access to the internet and
more than 75 percent possessing a broadband connection.
The IT services market growth was assisted by the depreciated U.S. dollar relative to the
euro and the release of E.U. Support Framework III funds for increased IT projects
spending, particularly by the consulting and government sectors. The increase in PC
literacy, a wave of technology upgrades and demand for high value solutions by better
trained personnel making IT-related decisions, further stimulated the growth.
The largest share of IT services revenue in Greece last year came from systems
integration, followed by hardware support and installation, software support and
installation, and finally, the outsourcing of these services. The leading IT service
companies in terms of revenue in Greece are: IBM, Intracom, Hewlett Packard, Altec,
Accenture, Unisystems, Singular Logic, Oracle, Info-Quest, and Byte Computer.
The greatest demand is in the finance and telecommunications sectors. Last year, the
finance vertical market spent the most on IT services, with banking in the lead. Greek
banking has transformed, modernized and increased its international orientation over the
past few years. Hence, a number of banks have invested in modern IT systems and are
also now offering services over the Internet and mobile phones.
Some of the IT projects awarded or completed during the last couple of years for the
finance and telecoms sectors include: Eurobank’s datacenter, software development for
Marfin Popular Bank, IS system development for Pireaus Bank, data migration and
cleansing for OTE, a high volume billing system for Vodafone, and a CRM system for
another mobile operator. The government of Greece (GoG) was also active in IT project
spending including software development and office management automation projects
for OPAP (Greek Organization of Football Prognostics), Information Society, Hellenic
Posts, and over 10 courts across the country, as well as projects in the Ministry of
Finance and the Ministry of Agriculture, including design and applications for the new e-
government portal for the latter.
Over and above the environment described before, and given the increase of PC
penetration and e-commerce opportunities, there are a few other areas within the IT
sector that are growing in importance: enterprise application software, systems
integration services, IT security, IT consulting, outsourcing, and customized solutions.
These opportunities are especially relevant as the Greek market consists mainly of small
and medium sized companies that are looking more and more for IT services to manage
their costs and data, and better support their customers.
Page | 38
Business process technology / enterprise application market in Greece
The Greek market for business software, also termed as enterprise application software
(EAS), is expanding, and international vendors of integrated suites are making progress,
as they bring to bear their experience on the developing markets of the Central Eastern
European (CEE) region. Furthermore, a few local players that broke off from the original
Greek software giants are now making major inroads into the market, primarily in the
SME and Small Office Home Office (SOHO) segments.
Vendor Consolidation is also contributing to EAS expansion; one such example being
the merger of two software and services giants, LogicDIS and Singular, in June 2006, to
form SingularLogic. Although such consolidations are not likely to impact big players’
shares, they nonetheless provide a solid base in several verticals on which IT can begin
building a presence in the Greek market.
As Greek businesses strive to expand locally and abroad they will increasingly turn to IT
consulting to drive them towards advanced solutions linked to their future strategies. As
such, IT/IS consulting is a key growth area for vendors, as markets mature and end-
users become more knowledgeable about IT needs, risks and technologies. Third
parties will be required to come in and help businesses evaluate and make decisions on
systems management, infrastructure needs and solutions, as well as IT security.
Another area that businesses will be looking for assistance is that of IT outsourcing. As
the possibilities for outsourcing vary (i.e., network and desktop hosted services,
infrastructure, information systems, applications, etc..), companies will look towards this
option in cases where direct benefits are established and this is deemed cost effective,
especially for SMEs which lack the relevant in-house expertise. The most prominent
outsourcing categories in the current Greek environment appear to be within IT
operation management, particularly in the network, desktop and IT infrastructure areas.
Additional opportunities exist in government projects related to the digital upgrade of the
public administration and the State. The National Digital Strategy (2006-2013) and the
Digital Convergence programs specialize in a wide array of services and fields targeting
the modernization of the State and the services that they provide to the public. The
Digital Convergence Program (Psifiaki Singlisi) includes the establishment of e-
government; the development of e-Health in Greece, a new electronic system for
medical prescriptions; the use of latest information technologies in education; and the
use of upgraded IT systems from the Ministries, in order to provide easier access to
Page | 39
citizens and to the services provided to them. For many of these projects, the Greek
government has already made announcements or invitations to the business community,
and many more are expected to follow.
Finally, as packaged software is increasingly entering the Greek market, the need for
customized solutions is gaining importance. Such applications address business
intelligence and customer needs of companies as they are dealing with a changing and
challenging business environment.
GoG incentives for the IT sector include lower corporate tax rates (from 35 percent in
2004 to 25 percent in 2009), and generous investment incentives, such as usage
subsides and cash grants reaching up to 60 percent of project funds. Furthermore,
Greece has signed an Information Technology Accord under the WTO to eliminate tariffs
of most of IT products.
Emphasis is primarily on PCs and peripherals, but also on services, software and the
expansion of the Internet. This creates numerous business opportunities for U.S. firms.
American businesses should be aware that Greece has well trained IT engineers and
professionals with a high level of expertise, as well as E.U. funding for IT projects.
http://www.ebusinessforum.gr
http://www.ktpae.gr
http://www.grnet.gr
http://www.infosoc.gr
http://www.gsrt.gr
http://www.sepe.gr
http://www.idc.com
http://www.gfkrt.com/
NetFax
TechBusiness
Page | 40
Energy Equipment and Systems (ELP and OMG)
The Greek energy sector as a whole is expected to grow from 2012-2014 as Greece
moves towards becoming an energy hub for Southeast Europe. Greece is assuming this
role through energy market deregulation and modernized energy laws; modernized
plans for older power units and the development of new units with participation from both
the private and public sectors; an increased emphasis on, and incentives for clean
energy initiatives; and major natural gas and oil pipeline, and refineries expansion
projects. Big projects are also underway in the fossil fuel, natural gas and wind energy
sectors, along with ongoing private investments, primarily in the wind, photovoltaic /
solar and biomass sectors. An additional factor reinforcing rapid growth in the energy,
and specifically renewable energy, sector is the European Union financing of private and
public sector projects through subsidies and grants under the NSRF (National Strategic
Reference Framework) 2007–2013.
The major strategic objectives of the Greek Ministry of Environment Energy and Climate
Change (GMEECC) are:
Page | 41
• Liberalization of the market, increased competitiveness and elimination of
monopolies in the electricity and natural gas sectors
• Establishment of a healthy investment climate for businesses in the energy
sector
• Energy savings for industry, transport, buildings and homes, and
• Establishment of national targets for the increased penetration of energy
generated from RES, the reduction of green house gas emissions and energy
saving.
Greek energy policy is intensifying the introduction of natural gas as a fuel source
although Greece currently does not have any domestic gas production capability A
primary goal of Greece’s natural gas policy is to diversify its gas portfolio and, at the
same time, become interconnected with the European gas network and the networks of
neighboring Balkan countries. The Hellenic Gas Transmission System Operator
(DESFA) is interested in the construction of a subterranean storage facility for natural
gas at the Prinos oil field in Kavala in northern Greece.
The Public Power Corporation (PPC-DEI) is moving towards diversification of its power
generation portfolio, with an emphasis on natural gas and Renewable Energy Sources
(RES), and the modernization of old lignite powered units in order to become more
efficient and environmentally friendly. From 2010 – 2014, PPC plans to invest $ 7.58
billion in energy production (conventional lignite / natgas thermo – electric), $1.41 billion
in (lignite) mining operations and $ 2.6 billion in RES. Greece is committed to increasing
its usage of RES in total domestic energy production with a target of 20 percent share by
the year 2020. Additional power plants are expected over the next few years, either by
private companies alone or in cooperation with the PPC.
Greece’s oil production is limited to about 30,000 barrels per year from the Prinos oil
fields in the Aegean, off the coast of Kavala. New oil exploration works in the same
region are also underway. Major investments are also projected for the four refineries in
this region.
Investment projects valued at around $30 billion are expected to take place in new
energy networks (construction, expansion and/or connection with natural gas and oil
pipelines) such as the Trans Adriatic (natgas) Pipeline (TAP) that will connect Greece,
Albania and Italy; the South Stream and ITGI gas pipelines; and the Burgas–
Alexandroupolis oil pipeline. In addition, further electricity grid interconnections with
neighboring countries are also projected to start soon, especially since PPC is currently
seeking expansion opportunities in foreign markets.
The development of the Greek energy sector creates strong potential sales
opportunities and new opportunities for U.S. companies to export technology and
equipment, and provide consulting services including those for engineering firms for
designing, managing and operating new industrial and commercial electrical power and
cogeneration systems. In addition, there are opportunities for joint venture or licensing
arrangements for the local production of wind energy equipment, and for the supply of
accessories, automation instruments and parts. Greek manufacturers of energy
Page | 42
equipment and energy-related service providers, are currently unable to meet domestic
needs, therefore, foreign presence in this market is considerable.
U.S. firms also have very good sales opportunities for the following products: gas
generating sets; cogeneration systems including gas and steam turbines for medium and
small size enterprises, automatic circuit breakers; switchgear and parts; insulators and
transformers, natural gas and oil equipment, as well as RES equipment. All products
imported into Greece must be manufactured according to E.U. Standards, have a CE
Mark, and meet E.U. environmental and safety requirements.
The National Strategic Reference Framework program is providing the majority of the
funding for these projects.
http://www.ypan.gr
http://www.rae.gr
http://www.dei.gr
http://www.eurelectric.org
http://www.investingreece.gov.grhttp://espa.gr/en/Pages/default.aspx
http://www.eurelectric.org
Page | 43
Environmental Equipment and Engineering Services (POL)
The environment is one of most important issues of this decade in Greece andthe Greek
market for environmental equipment and services is expected to far outstrip local
capacity in the future. Although, according to European Union (E.U.) statistics, Greece
has one of the poorest records on tackling environmental problems in the E.U., the
Greek government’s efforts to improve environmental quality are impressive. According
to market sources, the Greek environmental market was estimated at approximately 2.5
billion dollars in 2010.
Greece must also follow applicable E.U. directives stipulating that all member states
must recycle 55-80 percent of packaging material by 2011 and decrease organic waste
by 25 percent through composting processes at-source. This target should increase to
50 percent by 2013, and 65 percent by 2020.
One of the main priorities of the Greek government is to move forward to implement new
policies and programs to address the critical issue of waste management, including
hazardous and medical waste, and alternative management of waste material from
excavations, construction, and demolitions.
Other priorities for environmental projects include recycling, water and water treatment,
purification systems, and initiatives regarding green buildings and their energy efficiency.
Incentives will be also given for “zero footprint” buildings.
Page | 44
newly established National Operational Program for Environment and Sustainable
Growth 2007 - 2013 (EPPERAA), funded by the National Strategic Reference
Framework (NSRF) 2007 -2013, and the Government of Greece. EPPERAA, as the
successor of EPPER 2000 – 2006, addresses major environmental problems and
facilitates the financing of new environmental infrastructure around Greece, including the
construction of numerous wastewater and solid waste treatment facilities, and the
building of new recycling plants, composting facilities and treatment plants for industrial
and hazardous waste materials. The Greek Development Law (3299/2004) also
encourages private investment in the environmental market. However, this law has been
suspended since January 29, 2010 and an open discussion with all relevant parties is
being held in order for reforms to take place.
As these efforts continue, the Greek market for environmental equipment and services
will have excellent growth potential over the next several years. Municipalities or other
government entities control over 98 percent of Greek waste collection, waste and water
management, recycling and treatment facilities. This means that providing
environmental engineering services in the Greek market, means contracting with Greek
government authorities at various levels. In order to do so successfully, foreign firms
usually align themselves with Greek engineering companies in partnerships and
consortia. These partnerships make U.S. business interests eligible for E.U. funding.
U.S. engineering and consulting firms that specialize in environmental projects enjoy a
very good reputation for superior project planning and delivery. An unofficial estimate of
the U.S. share of this market is around 10-12 percent, not including equipment supplied
by European subsidiaries of U.S. firms. European companies - mainly British, German
and French, Austrian and Swedish - dominate around 65 percent of the import market.
They are favored because of the proximity and knowledge of the Greek market versus
U.S. companies that may find it expensive and time consuming to enter this new market.
Despite the strong competition from European companies, U.S. share may increase over
the next few years, as many decision-makers in search of environmental solutions visit
the U.S. and various sites in Europe where U.S. companies operate landfills and
recycling sites utilizing modern technology.
The areas that hold the greatest potential for U.S. firms to export technology and
equipment, and to serve as consultants in the Greek environmental market are:
Page | 45
• Photovoltaic plants
• Technologies that convert energy from olive waste (Greece is one of the major olive
producers in the world)
• Innovative technologies for asbestos removal treatment and disposal
• Physiochemical treatment of liquid industrial waste
• Waste minimization techniques for industry, and sewage sludge processing with
energy recovery.
Greece’s efforts to catch up with its previous commitments under the Kyoto Protocol,
and E.U. environmental legislation, and the new government’s “green” emphasis mean
that numerous opportunities are becoming available for U.S. companies, including waste
management, recycling, and water treatment. Since there is insufficient domestic
capacity to meet the needs of the waste management market, investment opportunities
for U.S. companies are exceptional. The Greek government, local waste management
authorities, and private waste management service companies need the expertise of
foreign firms to fill this significant gap.
http://www.ypeka.gr
http://www.environ-sustain.gr
Page | 46
Security and Safety Equipment (SEC)
According to the National Statistical Service of Greece and market sources, the Greek
market for safety and security equipment was estimated at $2.8 billion dollars in 2010.
The market consists of two principle segments: the private sector, mainly dealing with
residential and/or commercial safety and surveillance, and the public sector which
includes surveillance of mainly political targets, e.g., cities, ports, airports, Metro
stations, highways, government offices, and in general, public and crowded areas.
Depending on the economic situation and financial resources, market sources expect an
increased demand for 2011 and 2012 due to some large projects that the government of
Greece is planning to implement, such as the development of the new airport in Crete,
the privatization of regional airports, and the need for detection equipment in both public
and private sector buildings.
The market is almost entirely dependent on imports, and primary suppliers of such
equipment are manufacturers from the E.U. (United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy),
Israel, China and Taiwan, and other East Asian countries. Specifically, U.S. suppliers
account for approximately three to five percent of Greece’s total imports in this sector. It
should be noted that the actual share of U.S. imports is much higher than what is
indicated in official statistics, since a large percentage of imported safety & security
equipment is produced by European subsidiaries of U.S. firms, and thus registered as
E.U. trade.
This market holds interesting prospects both in the private and public sectors as there is
constant re-evaluation and upgrading of systems. Until recently, security and
surveillance systems were mainly used for the protection of military facilities and
borders. Given the increasing rate of crime, commercial fraud, wildfires and the new
types of threats at the international level, more and better security is mandated.
Increased market potential is associated with the upgrading of security systems at Greek
ports and airports, funded by the Greek national budget, E.U. funds, and public-private
partnerships. Technology and equipment will be needed for detection of drug and
weapons, and illegal immigrants, and for parcels and mail delivered to government and
Page | 47
private offices. There will also be a demand for detection systems for schools and
banks.
New-to-market U.S. exporters are in a good position to take advantage of the increasing
number of opportunities as Greece continues to upgrade its safety and security
equipment, particularly given that U.S. technology is well respected as a world leader in
the global marketplace. Despite the strong competition from European companies, U.S.
companies could capture a good share of this lucrative market. Major U.S. security
companies, specialized in the above fields, already have a presence in the Greek
market, but there is room for more.
Security and safety equipment with the greatest sales potential in Greece includes:
airport passenger and baggage screening equipment, cargo/container scanning
equipment, parcel and mail scanning equipment for the public and private sector,
cameras, access control systems, biometric identification systems, CCTV systems,
perimeter protection systems, trace detection equipment, security equipment for airports,
thermal and night vision cameras, border control equipment, fire-fighting equipment and
systems, personal protection equipment, anti-intrusion systems, burglar alarms and
automated home protection solutions.
U.S. firms specializing in safety and security equipment enjoy a very good reputation for
their superior know-how and technical proficiency as well as for the design and
execution of large-scale projects.
A. Security systems at the new airport in Crete which will be developed at Kastelli (35
kilometers from Heraklion Airport), most likely through the Public Private Partnership
(PPP) model. The tender documents are available from the Ministry since January
17, 2011. The deadline for the submission of proposals has not yet been decided,
but it is expected to be around April 2011..
C. The demand for biometric technologies related to E.U. policy, including biometric
identifiers in travel documents which will push growth for systems that provide
multiple functions in the collection of data. Opportunities for U.S. security firms in
biometrics include biometrics for national IDs and border control technology for
immigrants.
Page | 48
D. A tender by the Customs Office of the Ministry of Finance has been announced for
the supply of two X-ray mobile cargo machines for use by Customs.
E. A tender by the Hellenic Coast Guard for the supply of two or three mobile cargo X-
ray machines will be announced on/about February or March 2011.
2. X-Ray parcel, mail and baggage equipment both for government facilities and
private installations.
3. The private sector will require security products and equipment including CCTV,
wireless surveillance systems, IT security, and access control systems. The
home security market is another promising area. Home alarms are very popular,
especially those that are connected with 24/7 call centers. About 250,000 homes
in Greece have systems installed, 150,000 being in the Attica region including
Athens.
4. Fire detection systems are a requirement for all buildings, regardless of their use,
according to Presidential Decree 71/1998. In addition, high demand is shown by
the transportation industry, hotel and recreation industry, and government and
law enforcement agencies.
www.yen.gr
www.ypes-dt.gr
www.ypan.gr
www.hcaa.gr
www.fireservice.gr
Page | 49
Travel and Tourism (TRA)
According to U.S. Department of Commerce Statistics, Greek visitor entries for the
period January-October 2009 were around 45,590, compared to the same period in
2010 which numbered around 51,676, an increase of 13.3 percent. However, Greek
travel sources indicate that the 2010 figure number is actually around 90,000, as entries
from Greece to the U.S. through other countries, mainly European, are not counted.
Despite the current economic crisis in Greece, the visa waiver act in April 2010 created
the increase in visitors, aided by the favorable euro-dollar exchange rate which still
makes a trip to the U.S. affordable for many Greek travelers.
The outbound Greek travel market has increased substantially during the last 15 years,
particularly the last five years, with the arrival of low-cost carriers in Greece, the use of
the internet for booking air travel and hotels, and the addition of international routes by
local carriers. Over 2 million Greeks travel abroad annually, spending around one billion
dollars on their travel. Greeks travel abroad primarily for leisure and holidays, business,
education, shopping and incentive tours, and are generally considered “high spenders”.
The latter is an important consideration for U.S. entities destinations, hotels, tour-
operators, car rentals agencies, and other companies that offer travel and tourism
services.
Market sources indicate that within Europe, Italy is the most popular destination for
Greek travelers, enjoying very close proximity by sea and air, with daily passenger and
car ferry service, and short duration flights. The second most popular travel destination
for Greeks is the United Kingdom. Greeks travel to the UK primarily for studying and
shopping. Moreover, low-fare airlines, offering very attractive prices and frequent flights
have contributed to the growing popularity of the UK among Greek travelers. Other
European countries that attract Greek vacationers are France, Cyprus, Turkey, Spain,
Germany, Russia, and Malta. Over the last few years, the Czech Republic (Prague in
particular), Croatia and Bulgaria have also become a favored destination.
Other attractive destinations include Egypt, Morocco, Dubai, Tunisia, Bali, Thailand,
Singapore, India, Mexico, and Hong Kong, primarily because well-promoted and
convenient packaged tours to these destinations are readily available. The average stay
is 10-15 days.
The duration of the average travelers stay in the U.S. varies from one week to 10 days
and they stay in hotels and with relatives. A Greek traveler to the U.S. visits 1-2 different
U.S. destinations per trip and spends an average of $3,000 - $4,000 per trip. The
Page | 50
average income of Greek travelers to the United States is around $50,000. The most
popular destinations in the U.S. are New York, Chicago, Boston, Los Angeles, and Las
Vegas. Other U.S. destinations that have become very popular, especially for
honeymoon trips, are U.S. possessions in the Caribbean. Most popular attractions for
Greek travelers are cities and towns, theme parks, museums, and casinos, while
shopping and visiting expensive restaurants are always high priorities.
Delta Airlines, Continental, and U.S. Airways operate direct/non-stop flights from Athens
to the U.S. Delta Airlines operates year round flights to New York and seasonal flights
(May-October) to Atlanta. U.S. Airways offers direct seasonal (May-October) flights to
Philadelphia (May-October). Continental Airlines is offering direct year-round flights but
with reductions on daily flights during the winter season. It is worth mentioning that
Olympic Air, the previously state owned airline company which is now under the control
of Marfin Investment Group, has stopped all its flights from/to Greece to the U.S. Many
European Airlines, such as British Airways, Lufthansa, Air France, and KLM, offer very
attractive ticket prices to U.S. destinations through European capitals (London,
Frankfurt, Paris, and Amsterdam), and are becoming popular for Greek travelers,
especially for those aged 20-35.
Greek travel sources indicate that travel to the U.S. has the potential for further growth
as travelers from all parts of Greece, including the islands, benefit from the visa waiver.
In addition, they foresee an increase in incentive travel as the visa requirement was an
important barrier for travel to the United States.
For U.S. firms planning to enter the Greek tourism market, it is strongly advisable to form
a partnership with a local Greek firm. More often than not, it is the local company’s
expertise that determines the success of the U.S. firm in Greece. Greek business
practices may not be readily understandable to U.S. firms, and only through an alliance
with a local Greek travel agent can U.S. firms expect to effectively penetrate the Greek
travel and tourism market, particularly the outbound travel market.
U.S. business interests expected to profit most from Greek travel and tourism to the U.S.
include:
Page | 51
Opportunities Return to top
Participation of U.S. companies in Greek and European trade shows is important for
networking and meeting with Greek travel and tourism companies, and individual
travelers. Greek business representatives frequently visit and/or participate in major
tourism events held in Europe, including Greece. The promotion of U.S. destinations
and convenient packaged tours are crucial for the increase of travel to the United States.
http://www.tinet.ita.doc.gov/tinews/archive/tinews2010/20110106.html
Greek travel sources
Page | 52
Agricultural Sectors Return to top
Despite frequent disputes, bilateral agricultural trade between the United States and the
E.U.-27 totaled $23.7 billion in FY 2007. The E.U. is the fourth largest export market for
U.S. agricultural products after Canada, Mexico and Japan. For the ninth year in a row,
the trade balance of agricultural, forestry, and fishery goods continued in the E.U.’s favor
($14.5 billion vs. $9.2 billion). U.S. imports from the E.U. included European wine and
beer, essential oils, olive oil, processed products, and cheese.
The main U.S products exported to the E.U. (by value) are consumer-oriented products
including tree nuts, fish products, soybeans, processed fruit and vegetables, wine and
beer, and tobacco. Increases were seen in U.S. exports of soybean meal, poultry meat,
eggs and products, breakfast cereals, wheat flour, crab and meat, and soybean oil.
Greece is in the middle of a serious financial crisis that affects all areas of the economy,
including agriculture, which accounts for about 5 percent of total GDP. Greece’s top five
suppliers are Turkey, Germany, Bulgaria, France, and Netherlands, while the main
importers of Greece’s goods are Italy, Germany, Cyprus, and Albania. Greek primary
agricultural imports include cheese, beef, wheat, pork, and sugar. Olives dominate
Greece's food exports, followed by canned peaches, cotton, olive oil, and cheese. In
2010, tree nuts and soybeans were the leading U.S. agricultural exports to Greece,
while olives, processed fruits, vegetables, and cheese were the leading Greek
agricultural exports to the United States. During 2010, imports of U.S. bulk products
(mainly tobacco and soybeans) grew sharply to $38 million compared to $29 million for
the same period in 2009.
Greece imports significantly more food and drink products than it exports. There may be
significant opportunities to invest in Greek production plants that would manufacture
Page | 53
food and drink products that Greece currently imports. Other products with good sales
potential include meat, alcoholic beverages, organic foods, dairy products, some exotic
fruits, common fruit in seasons of shortage, a variety of non-GMO food ingredients for
the domestic food processing industries and the confectionary & ice cream sectors.
Advantages and challenges for U.S. exporters in the Greek market are reflected at the
below table.
Advantages Challenges
Implementation of the new E.U. CAP since 2006 A gradually increased demand for new
and economic crisis have brought changes in crop planting seeds & propagation
the Greek market, leading to a differentiated material (Sunflower, rapeseed, pulses,
demand for imported goods sweet sorghum, forage plants, tree
nursery products, etc), raw material for
biofuel production (vegetable oils,
oilseeds for crushing, other) and a wide
variety of basic food items and animal
feed.
High reputation of U.S. food products, Only a limited number of importers and
beverages, and food ingredients. distributors is aware of the wider
variety of innovative U.S. food products
that can be exported to meet the Greek
needs.
Weak dollar versus a strong euro favors U.S. The detention of U.S. products by
exports. Greek border inspectors for not
conforming to E.U. sanitary standards.
The geographical location of Greece in the The Balkan Region (Albania, Bosnia –
Balkan peninsula and the easy access to the Herzegovina, FYROM, Serbia,
ports of Piraeus, Thessaloniki, and Heraklion. Montenegro, Kosovo, and Croatia) is a
net importer of agricultural
commodities and processed food
products. Greece has a strategic
geographic location for exporters and
investors to Bulgaria, Romania, the W.
Balkans, Russia, Black Sea States,
and Near East.
Page | 54
Tree Nuts (Almonds & Pistachios)
The United States is the main supplier of the Greek almond and pistachio markets,
accounting for 80 percent of the total imports. Greek imports of U.S. pistachios slightly
increased during 2010 (from $10.3 million in 2009 to $11.2 million), while almonds
steadily lost market share. However, U.S. tree nuts continue to enter the Greek market
with highly competitive prices, positively influenced by the value of the U.S. Dollar
against the Euro. Moreover, the enforcement of E.U. aflatoxin requirements makes
purchases from other third countries more prohibitive than from the United States.
Almonds are still the Greece’s 3rd largest agricultural import from the United States (after
tobacco and soybeans).
Opportunities for U.S. exporters exist within the Greek tree nuts market.
http://ec.europa.eu/index_en.htm
http://www.greekembassy-press.be
http://www.greekembassy.org
Page | 55
http://www.e-oikonomia.gr
http://www.gsis.gr
Page | 56
Field Crops (Soybeans & Lentils)
In 2008, soybeans were Greece’s largest agricultural import from the United States, in
terms of value ($44 million).
Opportunities for U.S. exporters exist within the Greek field crop market. Beans and
lentils have a strong potential in the Greek market, with declining domestic production
and their appeal to the consumer as a healthy food.
http://ec.europa.eu/index_en.htm
http://www.greekembassy-press.be
http://www.greekembassy.org
http://www.e-oikonomia.gr
http://www.gsis.gr
Page | 57
Fish and Seafood Products
Fish consumption in Greece has been increasing since 1995 (Greek per capita seafood
consumption is 24 kg), in line with public awareness that seafood is healthy and
together with white meats can substitute for red meat consumption.
The best prospects for U.S. seafood exports to Greece are cuttlefish, squid, and frozen
fish fillet. U.S. exporters supply mollusks, crustaceans, Pacific Salmon, squid, shellfish,
and dogfish (in dried, salted or in brine and frozen fillets) valued at about $3.5 million in
2010.
Other products with good sales potential include frozen and salted fish as well as other
frozen foods.
http://ec.europa.eu/index_en.htm
http://www.greekembassy-press.be
http://www.greekembassy.org
http://www.e-oikonomia.gr
http://www.gsis.gr
Page | 58
Wood Products
The main U.S. wood types imported from Greece are mainly hardwood lumber (tropical
timber, oak, ash, beech), logs & chips, and panel products including plywood.
White oak is the main U.S. wood product sold to Greece, making up nearly 50 percent
of total U.S. lumber exports to Greece.
http://ec.europa.eu/index_en.htm
http://www.greekembassy-press.be
http://www.greekembassy.org
http://www.e-oikonomia.gr
http://www.gsis.gr
Page | 59
Return to table of contents
• Import Tariffs
• Trade Barriers
• Import Requirements and Documentation
• U.S. Export Controls
• Temporary Entry
• Labeling and Marking Requirements
• Prohibited and Restricted Imports
• Customs Regulations and Contact Information
• Standards
• Trade Agreements
• Web Resources
Greece is a full member of the European Union and applies the E.U. tariff schedule. The
Ministry of Finance http://www.minfin.gr/portal/ has the authority for Greek customs and
for applying the E.U. tariff schedule. U.S. firms interested in the surcharges applicable
to their products can visit http://www.export.gov/logistics/exp_001015.asp .
As of Jan 1, 2011, Greece applies a Value Added Tax (VAT) of 23 percent for the
majority of product categories. The VAT for foodstuff, including served food and non-
alcoholic beverages, taxi fares and utilities is at 13 percent. The VAT on imported goods
from non-E.U. countries is payable at the time of import.
U.S. firms may discuss any questions with their potential Greek importer and suggest
that the importer also consult their customs broker in Greece.
The TARIC can be searched by country of origin, Harmonized System (HS) Code, and
product description on the interactive website of the Directorate-General for Taxation
and the Customs Union. The online TARIC is updated daily
Key Link:
http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_duties/tariff_aspects/customs_ta
riff/index_en.htm
Page | 60
Trade Barriers Return to top
Through Law 3693/2008, Greece harmonized its regulation of auditing services with
European Directive EE L157/09.06.2006. Audits can now be performed by any
company, regardless of nationality, with the appropriate license. Presidential Decree
341/1997 sets minimum fees for auditing services. A government supervisory
committee determines minimum hours and a minimum hourly fee for auditors. Auditors
are free to increase fees, but total fees cannot exceed 1/10th of the audited company’s
total income for the previous fiscal year. According to the Greek government, these
rules are necessary to ensure the quality and objectivity of audits.
For information on existing trade barriers, please see the National Trade Estimate
Report on Foreign Trade Barriers, published by USTR and available through the
following website:
http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/reports/2009/NTE/asset_upload_file348_1
5473.pdf
To report existing or new trade barriers and get assistance in removing them, contact
either the Trade Compliance Center at http://www.trade.gov/tcc or the U.S. Mission to
the European Union at http://www.buyusa.gov/europeanunion
Page | 61
Import Requirements and Documentation Return to top
Many E.U. member states maintain their own list of goods subject to import licensing.
For example, Germany's "Import List" (Einfuhrliste) includes goods for which licenses
are required, their code numbers, any applicable restrictions, and the agency that will
issue the relevant license. The Import List also indicates whether the license is required
under German or E.U. law. For information relevant to member state import licenses,
please consult the relevant member state Country Commercial Guide: E.U. Member
States' Country Commercial Guides or conduct a search on the Commerce
Department’s Market Research Library, available from:
http://www.export.gov/mrktresearch/index.asp.
Import Documentation
Non-agricultural Documentation
The official model for written declarations to customs is the Single Administrative
Document (SAD). European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries including
Norway, Iceland, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein also use the SAD. However, other
forms may be used for this purpose. Information on import/export forms is contained in
Title VII, of Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2454/93, which lays down provisions for the
implementation of Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2913/92 establishing the Community
Customs Code (Articles 205 through 221). Articles 222 through 224 provide for
computerized customs declarations and Articles 225 through 229 provide for oral
declarations.
Page | 62
• 45 days from the date on which the summary declaration is lodged in the case of
goods carried by sea;
• 20 days from the date on which the summary declaration is lodged in the case of
goods carried other than by sea.
Where circumstances so warrant, the customs authorities may set a shorter period or
authorize an extension of the period.
The Modernized Customs Code (MCC) of the European Union is expected to be fully put
into place by 2013 although there are concerns that this deadline may be missed due to
the complexity of the project. Some facets of the MCC implementation have already
been put into place such as Economic Operators Registration and Identification (EORI)
numbers. The MCC will replace the existing Regulation 2913/92 and simplify various
procedures such as introducing a paperless environment, centralized clearance, and
more. Check the E.U.’s Customs website periodically for updates:
http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/procedural_aspects/general/community_c
ode/index_en.htm.
REACH
REACH is a major reform of E.U. chemicals policy that was adopted in December 2006
and became national law in the 27 E.U. member states in June 2007 (Regulation
1907/2006). Virtually every industrial sector, from automobiles to textiles, is affected by
the new policy. REACH stands for the "Registration, Evaluation and Authorization and
Restriction of Chemicals." Since June 1 2008, REACH requires chemicals produced or
imported into the E.U. in volumes above one ton per year per to be registered with a
central European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), including information on their properties,
uses and safe ways of handling them. Chemicals pre-registered before December 1
2008, benefit from extended registration deadlines, from three to eleven years
depending on the volume of the substance and its hazard properties. U.S. companies
without a presence in Europe cannot register directly and must have their chemicals
registered through their importer or E.U.-based ‘Only Representative of non-E.U.
manufacturer’. A list of Only Representatives can be found on the website of the U.S.
Mission to the E.U.: http://www.buyusa.gov/europeanunion/reach.html.
U.S. exporters to the E.U. should carefully consider the REACH ‘Candidate List’ of
substances of very high concern. Substances on that list are subject to communication
requirements and may at a later stage require Authorization for the E.U. market. For
more information, see the ECHA website:
http://echa.europa.eu/chem_data/authorisation_process/candidate_list_table_en.asp
Page | 63
electronic equipment; U.S. exporters seeking more information on WEEE and RoHS
regulations should visit: http://www.buyusa.gov/europeanunion/weee.html
Agricultural Documentation
Phytosanitary Certificates: Phytosanitary certificates are required for most fresh fruits,
vegetables, and other plant materials.
Sanitary Certificates (Fisheries): In April 2006, the European Union declared the U.S.
seafood inspection system as equivalent to the European one. Consequently, a specific
public health certificate must accompany U.S. seafood shipments. Commission
Decision 2006/199/EC places specific conditions on imports of fishery products from the
U.S. Unlike for fishery products, the U.S. shellfish sanitation system is not equivalent to
E.U.’s one. The E.U. and the U.S. are currently negotiating a veterinary equivalency
agreement on shellfish. In the meantime the E.U. has put a ban in place since July 1,
2010, that prohibits the import of U.S. bivalve mollusks, in whatever form, into the E.U.
territory. This ban doesn’t apply to wild roe-off scallops.
With the implementation of the second Hygiene Package, aquaculture products coming
from the United States must be accompanied by a public health certificate according to
Commission Decision 2006/199/EC and the animal health attestation included in the
new fishery products certificate, covered by Regulation (EC) 1250/2008. This animal
health attestation is not required in the case of live bivalve mollusks intended for
immediate human consumption (retail).
Since June 2009, the unique U.S. competent authority for issuing sanitary certificates for
fishery and aquaculture products is the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Marine
Fisheries Service (NOAA-NMFS).
In addition to sanitary certificates, all third countries wishing to export fishery products to
the E.U. are requested to provide a catch certificate. This catch certificate certifies that
the products in question have been caught legally.
For further information on the issuance of this specific certificate please see the link
below.
For detailed information on import documentation for seafood, please contact the NOAA
Fisheries office at the U.S. Mission to the E.U. ([email protected] ) or visit
the following NOAA dedicated web site:
http://www.seafood.nmfs.noaa.gov/EU_Export.html
Page | 64
U.S. Export Controls Return to top
Most export transactions do not require specific approval from the U.S. Government.
Licenses are required in certain situations involving national security, foreign policy,
short-supply, nuclear non-proliferation, missile technology, chemical and biological
weapons, regional stability, crime control, or terrorist concerns. In order for such export
transactions to take place legally, however, an exporter must obtain, in advance, special
export permission, called a license.
Four U.S. Government agencies have primary export licensing responsibilities: the
Departments of Commerce, Energy, State, and the Treasury. The majority of exports,
which do require a license, are either controlled on the Commerce Control List (CCL),
administered by the Commerce Department, or the U.S. Munitions List (USML),
administered by the State Department.
Export License Control is a highly technical and specialized area. For further
information, please consult the following Web Sites:
http://www.bis.doc.gov/licensing/exportingbasics.htm
http://www.export.gov/regulation/exp_000967.asp
There are specific regulations governing temporary entry of goods and persons in
Greece. Regarding goods please see:
http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/index_en.htm
An overview of E.U. mandatory and voluntary labeling and marking requirements has
been compiled in a market research report that is available at:
http://www.buyusainfo.net/docs/x_4171929.pdf.
The subject has been also been covered in the section about standards (see below).
The TARIC is designed to show various rules applying to specific products being
imported into the customs territory of the E.U. or, in some cases, when exported from it.
To determine if a product is prohibited or subject to restriction, check the TARIC for that
product for the following codes:
Page | 65
For information on how to access the TARIC, see the Import Requirements and
Documentation Section above.
Key Link:
http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_duties/tariff_aspects/customs_ta
riff/index_en.htm
• The Security and Safety Amendment to the Customs Code, which provides for
full computerization of all procedures related to security and safety;
• The Decision on the paperless environment for customs and trade (Electronic
Customs Decision) which sets the basic framework and major deadlines for the
electronic customs projects;
• The modernized Community Customs Code which provides for the completion of
the computerization of customs
Key Link:
http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/policy_issues/electronic_customs_initiativ
e/electronic_customs_legislation/index_en.htm
Customs Valuation – Most customs duties and value added tax (VAT) are expressed
as a percentage of the value of goods being declared for importation. Thus, it is
necessary to dispose of a standard set of rules for establishing the goods' value, which
will then serve for calculating the customs duty.
The E.U. imports in excess of one trillion euro worth of goods annually (year 2008
estimate). It is vitally important that the value of such commerce is accurately
measured, for the purposes of:
• Economic and commercial policy analysis,
• Application of commercial policy measures,
• Proper collection of import duties and taxes, and
• Import and export statistics.
These objectives are met using a single instrument: the rules on customs value.
The value of imported goods is one of the three 'elements of taxation' that provides the
basis for assessment of the customs debt, which is the technical term for the amount of
Page | 66
duty that has to be paid, the other ones being the origin of the goods and the customs
tariff.
Key Link:
http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_duties/declared_goods/index_e
n.htm
Customs and Security – At the end of July 2003, the Commission presented to the
Parliament and Council a series of measures to address security issues. These
measures can be found in two communications and a proposal for amending the
Community Customs Code. This package brings together the basic concepts underlying
the new security-management model for the E.U.'s external borders, such as a
harmonized risk assessment system. The security amendment to the Community
Customs Code (Regulation (EC) n° 648/2005 of 13 April 2005) has been published in
the Official Journal of the European Union on 4 May 2005. With this amendment the
European Union introduces a number of measures to tighten security around goods
crossing international borders. The measures will mean faster and better-targeted
checks. The results are positive for customs authorities, the public and industry.
Key Link:
http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/policy_issues/customs_security/index_en.
htm
http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/taxation/personal_tax/savings_tax/contact_points/i
ndex_en.htm
• Overview
• Standards Organizations
• Conformity Assessment
• Product Certification
• Accreditation
• Publication of Technical Regulations
• Labeling and Marking
• Contacts
Page | 67
Overview Return to top
Products tested and certified in the United States to American standards are
likely to have to be retested and re-certified to E.U. requirements as a result of
the E.U.’s different approach to the protection of the health and safety of
consumers and the environment. Where products are not regulated by specific
E.U. technical legislation, they are always subject to the E.U.’s General Product
Safety Directive as well as to possible additional national requirements.
European Union standards created under the New Approach are harmonized
across the 27 E.U. member states and European Economic Area countries to
allow for the free flow of goods. A feature of the New Approach is CE marking.
For a list of new approach legislation, go to
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/european-
standards/documents/harmonised-standards-legislation/list-
references/index_en.htm
While harmonization of E.U. legislation can facilitate access to the E.U. Single
Market, manufacturers should be aware that regulations and technical standards
might also function as barriers to trade if U.S. standards are different from those
of the European Union.
Agricultural Standards
The establishment of harmonized E.U. rules and standards in the food sector has
been ongoing for several decades, but it took until January 2002 for the
publication of a general food law establishing the general principles of E.U. food
law. +This Regulation introduced mandatory traceability throughout the feed and
food chain as of Jan 1, 2005. For specific information on agricultural standards,
please refer to the Foreign Agricultural Service’s website at:
http://www.fas.usda.gov/posthome/useu/
There are also export guides to import regulations and standards available on the
Foreign Agricultural Service’s website: http://www.fas.usda.gov/posthome/useu/
The majority of imported products require the approval of ELOT, thus major end
users request all certificates, such as UCL, and TUV, in addition to those for fire,
environmental and health protection, from ELOT. ELOT also accepts appraisal
certificates issued by one of the E.U. recognized agencies.
Page | 68
E.U. standards setting is a process based on consensus initiated by industry or
mandated by the European Commission and carried out by independent
standards bodies, acting at the national, European or international level. There is
strong encouragement for non-governmental organizations, such as
environmental and consumer groups, to actively participate in European
standardization.
Many standards in the E.U. are adopted from international standards bodies such
as the International Standards Organization (ISO). The drafting of specific E.U.
standards is handled by three European standards organizations:
Due to the E.U.’s vigorous promotion of its regulatory and standards system as
well as its generous funding for its development, the E.U.’s standards regime is
wide and deep - extending well beyond the E.U.’s political borders to include
affiliate members (countries which are hopeful of becoming full members in the
future) such as Albania, Belarus, FYR Macedonia, and Turkey, among others.
Another category, called "partner standardization body" includes the standards
organization of Australia, which is not likely to become a CEN member or affiliate
for political and geographical reasons. Many other countries are targets of the
E.U.’s extensive technical assistance program, which is aimed at exporting E.U.
standards and technical Regulations to developing countries, especially in the
Mediterranean and Balkan countries, Africa, as well as programs for China and
Latin America.
Page | 69
To know what CEN and CENELEC have in the pipeline for future
standardization, it is best to visit their websites. CEN’s "sectors" page provides
an overview by sector and/or technical committee whereas CENELEC offers the
possibility to search its database. ETSI’s portal
(http://portal.etsi.org/Portal_Common/home.asp ) leads to ongoing activities.
With the need to adapt more quickly to market needs, European standards
organizations have been looking for "new deliverables" which are standard-like
products delivered in a shorter timeframe. While few of these "new deliverables"
have been linked to E.U. Regulations, expectations are that they will eventually
serve as the basis for E.U.-wide standards.
Key Link:
http://www.cen.eu/cenorm/products/cwa/index.asp
Key Link:
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/newapproach/nando/
Page | 70
Products manufactured to standards adopted by CEN, CENELEC and ETSI, and
published in the Official Journal as harmonized standards, are presumed to
conform to the requirements of E.U. Directives. The manufacturer then applies
the CE marking and issues a declaration of conformity. With these, the product
will be allowed to circulate freely within the E.U. A manufacturer can choose not
to use the harmonized E.U. standards, but then must demonstrate that the
product meets the essential safety and performance requirements. Trade
barriers occur when design, rather than performance, standards are developed
by the relevant European standardization organization, and when U.S.
companies do not have access to the standardization process through a
European presence.
The Official Journal is the official gazette of the European Union. It is published
daily on the internet and consists of two series covering draft and adopted
legislation as well as case law, studies by committees, and more (http://eur-
lex.europa.eu/JOIndex.do ). It lists the standards reference numbers linked to
legislation (http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/european-
standards/documents/harmonised-standards-legislation/list-
references/index_en.htm ).
Page | 71
National technical Regulations are published on the Commission’s website
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/tris/index_en.htm to allow other countries and
interested parties to comment.
Member countries of the World Trade Organization (WTO) are required under the
Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreement to report to the
WTO all proposed technical regulations that could affect trade with other member
countries. Notify U.S. is a free, web-based e-mail subscription service that
offers an opportunity to review and comment on proposed foreign technical
regulations that can affect access to international markets. Register online at
Internet URL: http://tsapps.nist.gov/notifyus/data/index/index.cfm
Manufacturers are advised to take note that all labels require metric units
although dual labeling is also acceptable. The use of language on labels has
been the subject of a Commission Communication, which encourages
multilingual information, while preserving the right of member states to require
the use of language of the country of consumption.
The E.U. has mandated that certain products be sold in standardized quantities.
Council Directive 2007/45/EC, harmonizes packaging of wine and spirits
throughout the E.U. Existing national sizes will be abolished with a few
exceptions for domestic producers.
Key Link:
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/prepack/packsize/packsiz_en.htm
The Eco-label
The E.U. eco-label is a voluntary label which U.S. exporters can display on
products that meet high standards of environmental awareness. The eco-label is
intended to be a marketing tool to encourage consumers to purchase
environmentally-friendly products. The criteria for displaying the eco-label are
strict, covering the entire lifespan of the product from manufacture, to use, to
disposal. T hese criteria are reviewed every three to five years to take into
account advances in manufacturing procedures. There are currently twenty-
three different product groups, and approximately 250 licenses have been
awarded for several hundred products.
Page | 72
community. However, the minimum annual fee is currently set at €500 and
maximum €25,000.
There are plans to significantly reform the eco-label in the near future, reducing
the application and annual fees and expanding the product ranges significantly.
It is also possible that future eligibility criteria may take into account carbon
emissions.
Key Links:
Eco-label Home Page
Product Categories eligible for the Eco-label
Eco-Label Catalogue
List of Competent Bodies
Revision of the Eco-label
The Eco-label and Carbon Footprint
http://buyusainfo.net/docs/x_4284752.pdf
http://ec.europa.eu/comm/environment/ecolabel/index_en.htm
http://www.eco-label.com/default.htm
For a list of trade agreements with the E.U. and its member states, as well as concise
explanations, please see http://tcc.export.gov/Trade_Agreements/index.asp .
E.U. websites:
ECHA: http://echa.europa.eu/doc/press/pr_08_38_candidate_list_20081028.pdf
Decision N° 70/2008/EC:
http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/policy_issues/electronic_customs_initiativ
e/electronic_customs_legislation/index_en.htm
Page | 73
Regulation (EC) 450/2008): Modernized Community Customs Code
Page | 74
European Co-operation for Accreditation:
http://www.european-accreditation.org/content/home/home.htm
Page | 75
American Hellenic Chamber of Commerce: www.amcham.gr
Government website about business: www.business.gov
U.S. Small Business Administration: www.sba.gov
Business Research Center: www.morebusiness.com
European Union: http://europa.eu/
Eurostat: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eurostat/home/
Greek Parliament: www.parliament.gr
Ministry of Internal Affairs: www.ypes.gr
Ministry of Foreign Affairs: www.mfa.gr
Ministry Of Economy, Competitiveness and Shipping (Former Ministry of Development):
http://www.ypeka.gr/Default.aspx?tabid=37&locale=en-US&language=el-GR
Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity: http://www.yyka.gov.gr/
Ministry of Infrastructure, Transportation & Networks (Former Ministry of Transportation
& Telecommunications): www.yme.gr
Ministry of Environment, Energy & Climate Change (Former Ministry of Environment
Physical Planning & Public Works): www.ypeka.gr
National Drug Organization: http://www.eof.gr/web/guest
National Statistical Service: http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE
Hellenic Food Authority: http://www.efet.gr/index_en.html
Foundation for Economic and Industrial Research: www.iobe.gr/index.asp?a_id=122
ICAP S.A.: http://www.icap.gr/Default.aspx?id=0&nt=0&lang=2
Trade Information Center – E.U. Tariff Schedule:
http://www.trade.gov/td/tic/tariff/eu_schedule/index.html
Page | 76
Return to table of contents
Greece, a member of the European Union, provides a somewhat hospitable climate for
foreign investment. Greece’s membership in the E.U.’s Economic and Monetary Union
offers currency stability, the infrastructure has improved significantly in the last six years,
and if fully implemented, the ongoing liberalization of the energy, telecommunication and
tourism markets will offer investment significant opportunities. Ongoing liberalization of
the labor market may also make Greece more attractive to investors. The road
transportation sector has been liberalized, as have several other “closed” professions
(notaries, lawyers, pharmacists, engineers, etc.). Greek businesses are among the
leading investors in Southeast Europe, and Greece has actively worked to position itself
as a hub for Balkan trade.
After a decade of high GDP growth (between 1997 and 2007 Greece averaged 4
percent GDP growth, almost twice the E.U. average) the financial crisis and resulting
slowdown of the world economy took their toll on Greece’s growth rate. Growth slowed
to 1.1 percent in 2008 and the economy entered recession in 2009, contracting -2
percent in 2009 as a result of the world financial crisis’ impact on access to credit, world
trade, and domestic consumption--the engine of growth in Greece. The economy
contracted by -4.5 percent (estimate) in 2010, and is expected to contract by an
additional -3.0 percent in 2011, before returning to growth in 2012. Macroeconomic
problems with which the government is currently contending include a burgeoning
government deficit (-15.4 percent of GDP in 2009) and rapidly increasing public debt
(126.8 percent of GDP for 2009), both of which are the highest in the Eurozone. Greece
had to call on Brussels (E.U. and ECB) and the IMF for a €110-billion-euro ($150 billion)
Page | 77
rescue package in May 2010, when it could no longer raise fresh funds on the financial
markets at sustainable interest rates. In return for the rescue, Athens agreed to a series
of tough and very unpopular austerity measures with the aim of restoring its strained
public finances to health. The 2010 state budget deficit fell to €19.6 billion ($25.4 billion)
from €30.87 billion in 2009.
Historically, growth has been financed by private sector borrowing, public sector
spending and absorption of E.U. structural adjustment funds, which totaled roughly $24
billion in the period 2000-2006. The E.U. has allocated a similar amount of funding,
approximately $26.5 billion for Greece for 2007-2013.
Although Greece previously restricted foreign and domestic private investment in public
utilities, it recently opened its telecommunications market and is in the process of slowly
liberalizing its energy sector. Restrictions exist on land purchases in border regions and
on certain islands due to national security considerations. Greece is working to
complete a land registry in 2011, which upon completion is expected to increase
transparency of real estate management. U.S. and other non-E.U. investors in Greece’s
banking, mining, broadcasting, maritime, and air transport sectors are required to obtain
licenses and other approvals that are not required of Greek and E.U. investors. Foreign
investors can buy shares on the Athens Stock Exchange on the same basis as local
investors.
- Legislative Decree 2687 of 1953 which, in conjunction with Article 112 of the
Constitution, gives approved foreign "productive investments" (basically
manufacturing and tourism enterprises) property rights, preferential tax treatment
Page | 78
and work permits for foreign managerial and technical staff. The Decree also
provides a constitutional guarantee against unilateral changes in the terms of a
foreign investor's agreement with the government, but the guarantee does not cover
changes in the tax regime.
- Law 3299/2004 provides investment incentives, mainly tax breaks and capital grants,
to boost entrepreneurship, technological change, and regional development
throughout Greece. Law 3299/2004 has been amended several times. The most
recent amendment in early 2011 extends tax breaks to small and medium investment
projects (foreign and Greek) for up to 6 years for investments in existing companies
and 8 year for startup companies. The amendment provides for some capital grants,
but in a change from previous practice, requires investors to compete for the grants.
Investors seeking grants must submit a business plan to the Ministry of Regional
Development, which ranks the plan based on several criteria, including viability of the
planned investment. The limited capital grants are awarded to the highest ranked
projects. The 2011 amendment also builds on a 2009 amendment (Law 3752/2009),
which gives preference to projects in renewable energy, tourism, and high tech. The
2011 amendment extends this preference to investments in innovative technologies
and “green” projects.
- Law 3894/2011 (also known as “fast track”), provides foreign and Greek investors
with incentives for “strategic” investment. Strategic is defined as: 1) exceeding €200
million, or 2) at least €75 million and creating at least 200 jobs, or 3) at least €3
million invested annually over three years in high tech, environment, education, or
R&D, or 4) creating at least 250 new and viable jobs. Projects must be in key
sectors to receive fast track incentives. Key sectors include construction, industry,
energy, tourism, transportation, communications, health, waste management, high
tech, or innovation. The incentive offered is primarily expedited issuance of
licenses/approvals, hence the term “fast track.” More information on the fast track
law can be found at http://www.investingreece.gov.gr
- Law 89/67, as amended by Law 3427/2005, provides special tax treatment for
offshore operations of foreign companies established in Greece. The Greek
government recently announced that special tax treatment would be offered only to
operations in countries that comply with OECD internationally-agreed tax standards.
The most up-to-date list of countries in compliance can be found at
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/50/0/43606256.pdf
- Law 468/76 governs oil exploration and development in Greece. Law 2289/95
amended this legislation, allowing private (both foreign and domestic) participation in
oil exploration and development.
- Law 2773/99 opened up 34 percent of the Greek energy market in compliance with
E.U. Directive 96/92 concerning the regulation of the internal electricity market. Law
3175/2003 harmonizes Greek legislation with the requirements of E.U. Directive
2003/54/EC on common rules for the internal market in electricity. Law 3426/05
Page | 79
completed Greece’s harmonization with E.U. Directive 2003/54/EC and provided for
the gradual deregulation of the electricity market.
- Law 2364/95 as amended by Laws 2528/97, 2992/02, 3175/03 and 3428/05 governs
investment in the natural gas market in Greece.
When Greece joined the European Monetary Union (EMU) Eurozone on January 1,
2001, it committed to serious structural reforms to meet EMU convergence criteria. To
this end, the government has opened the telecommunications market, and the energy
market has undergone some deregulation. Since 2001, about 34 percent of eligible
consumers of middle and high-tension voltage have had the choice to obtain their
electricity from producers other than the parastatal monopoly, the Public Power
Corporation (PPC). The electricity market in Greece is currently partially deregulated
and already 6 companies are operating in the market. The European Commission is
pressing for the complete deregulation of the market by selling or privatizing the energy
producing factories of PPC.
The PASOK government elected in October 2009 pledged fiscal and structural reforms
to enhance competitiveness. The new administration promised fiscal consolidation and
tax reforms, reduction of red tape in business transactions and expedited market
deregulation. The administration also planned to generate €3 from privatizations. As
part of the E.U/IMF rescue agreement signed in early 2010, this target was revised
upwards, first to €7 by 2013 and then to €50 billion by 2015. The government recently
announced a list of some 20 companies to be privatized, including ATE bank, Postal
Savings Bank, gaming firm OPAP, and railway company TRAIONSE. Foreign and
domestic investor participation in privatization programs is generally not subject to
restrictions, though the global economic environment may make it difficult for the private
sector to raise funds to purchase privatized firms.
The Greek government announced in December 2007 that it would cap private
investment in companies of "strategic importance" (corporations which own, exploit, or
manage national infrastructure networks such as telecommunications, energy etc.) at 20
percent unless special approval is granted by an inter-ministerial privatization committee.
The European Commission contested the policy on investment in strategic firms, saying
that it contravened E.U. regulations on free movement of capital. The Commission
issued a final warning to Greece in November 2008 to change the policy or face court
action. In February 2011 the European Commission indicated it would send the matter
to the European Court of Justice, noting that Greece had also not indicated which
companies or sectors were bound by the policy, or could be in the future.
Greece’s foreign exchange market is in line with E.U. rules on free movement of capital.
Receipts from productive investments can be repatriated freely at market exchange
rates. Remittance of investment returns is made without delay or limitation.
Page | 80
Private property may be expropriated for public purposes, but the law requires this be
done in a nondiscriminatory manner and with prompt, adequate and effective
compensation. Due process and transparency are mandatory, and investors and
lenders receive compensation in accordance with international norms. There have been
no expropriation actions involving the real property of foreign investments in recent
history.
The Embassy is aware of a few ongoing investment disputes, most dating from more
than ten years ago. Greece accepts binding international arbitration of investment
disputes between foreign investors and the Greek government, and foreign firms have
found satisfaction through this arbitration. International arbitration and European Court
of Justice Judgments supersede local court decisions. Greece has an independent
judiciary, but the court system is a time-consuming means for enforcing property and
contractual rights. Foreign companies report that Greek courts do not always provide
unbiased and effective recourse. The judicial system provides for civil court arbitration
proceedings for investment and trade disputes. Although an investment agreement
could be made subject to foreign legal jurisdiction, this is not common, particularly if one
of the contracting parties is the Greek government. Foreign court judgments are
accepted and enforced, albeit slowly, by the local courts. Although the Greek
government has been energetically prosecuting corrupt judges and attorneys in the last
few years, problems with corruption still exist.
Commercial and bankruptcy laws in Greece are in accordance with international norms.
Under Greek bankruptcy law, private creditors receive compensation after claims from
the government and insurance funds have been satisfied. Monetary judgments are
usually made in Euros unless explicitly stipulated otherwise. Greece has a reliable
system of recording security interests in property.
Greece is a member of both the International Center for the Settlement of Investment
Disputes and the New York Convention of 1958 on the Recognition and Enforcement of
Foreign Arbitral Awards.
Page | 81
gives priority to investments in innovative technology and “green” projects. Law 2687/53
also provides additional tax incentives to foreign investors if they establish export-
oriented businesses.
In evaluating applications for tax and other financial incentives for investment, the Greek
authorities consider several criteria, including: the viability of the planned investment,
the expected impact on the economy and regional development (job creation, export
orientation, local content use, energy conservation, environmental protection, etc.), the
use of innovative technology, and the creditworthiness and capacity of the investor.
Progress assessments are conducted on projects receiving incentives, and companies
that fail to implement projects as planned may be forced to give up the incentives initially
granted. All information transmitted to the government for the approval process is, by
law, to be treated confidentially.
Foreign and domestic private entities have the right to establish and own business
enterprises. They may engage in all forms of remunerative activity, including the right to
establish, acquire, and dispose of interests in businesses. Private enterprises enjoy the
same treatment as public enterprises with respect to access to markets and other
business operations, such as licenses and supplies. Liberalization of the banking
system and increased compliance with E.U. norms has made credit also equally
accessible to private and public enterprises.
Greek laws extend protection of property rights to both foreign and Greek nationals, and
the legal system protects and facilitates acquisition and disposition of all property rights.
As far as real property is concerned, development of a land registry is in progress, but
the multiple layers of authority concerning land use and zoning permits is one of the
most significant disincentives to greenfield investments.
On IPR, Greece is a member of the World Intellectual Property Organization, the Paris
Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, the European Patent Convention,
the Washington Patent Cooperation Treaty, and the Bern Copyright Convention. As a
member of the E.U., Greece has harmonized its legislation with E.U. rules and
regulations. The WTO-TRIPS agreement has been incorporated into Greek legislation
since February 28, 1995 (Law 2290/1995). The Greek government has also signed and
Page | 82
ratified the WIPO Internet treaties and incorporated them into Greek legislation (Laws
3183 and 3184/2003) in 2003. Greece's legal framework for copyright protection is
contained in Law 2121 of 1993 on copyrights and Law 2328 of 1995 on media.
Enforcement of patent rights is adequate in Greece. Patents are available for all areas
of technology, and compulsory licensing is not used. The law protects patents and trade
secrets for a period of twenty years. Violations of trade secrets and semiconductor chip
layout design are not problems in Greece, though some companies have expressed
concern about possible problems protecting test data of non-patented products.
Although patent rights are adequately enforced, overall enforcement of IPR laws is not
rigorous, and rights holders continue to experience problems in Greece. Audiovisual,
music, and software industries bear the brunt of IPR violations in Greece. Unlicensed
sharing of a licensed copy among multiple computers is the largest problem for the
software industry, while street vending of pirated DVDs and CDs is also common.
Trademark violations, especially in the apparel sector, are widespread. The judiciary is
not focused on the issue and has little training on IPR issues. The lack of enforcement
resulted in Greece being put back on the U.S. Special 301 Watch List in 2008, after
having been removed from the list in 2005 for resolving issues related to broadcasting of
copyrighted materials on national airwaves. Recently the government improved
enforcement by establishing a department at the Ministry of Citizen’s Protections for
economic and cyber crimes, including copyright infringement; shutting down copyright-
infringing Internet sites; and preparing a code of conduct for Internet service providers.
To date, however, Greece remains on the Special 301 Watch List for lack of consistent
IPR enforcement.
As an E.U. member, Greece is required to have transparent policies and laws for
fostering competition. Foreign companies consider the complexity of government
regulations and procedures and their inconsistent implementation to be the greatest
impediment to investing and operating in Greece. On occasion, foreign companies
report that they encounter cases where there are multiple laws governing the same
issue, resulting in confusion over which law is applicable. As part of the IMF/E.U./ECB
bailout package for Greece to avoid default in early 2010, the Greek government
committed to implement reforms to simplify the investment framework, including
eliminating bureaucratic obstacles. The recently passed “fast track” law aims to simplify
the licensing/approval process for “strategic” investments, i.e., large scale investments
that will have a significant impact on the national economy. The Invest in Greece
agency is responsible for providing all licenses/approvals for fast track investment
projects within two months.
Greek labor laws define working hours, limit overtime, and apply certain rules for the
dismissal of personnel. A labor law (3385/2005) passed in July 2005 gives greater
flexibility to employers to ask employees to work without overtime premium pay during
peak times, in return for compensatory time off during non-peak times. Under current
regulations, both private and public companies are prohibited from firing or laying off
more than 2 percent of their total workforce per month without government authorization.
Greece’s tax regime lacks stability, predictability, and transparency. The government
often makes small adjustments to tax levels and has not hesitated to impose retroactive
Page | 83
taxation. Although foreign investors object to the frequent changes in tax policies,
foreign firms are not subject to discriminatory taxation. The government has committed
to comprehensive tax reform as part of the IMF/E.U./ECB bailout package in early 2010,
and is in the process of implementing this commitment.
Greece has a reasonably efficient capital market that offers the private sector a wide
variety of credit instruments. Credit is allocated by public and private banks on market
terms prevailing in the Eurozone and credits are equally accessible by Greek and foreign
investors. Two American banks operate in Greece (Citibank and Bank of America),
serving both the local and international business communities. An independent
regulatory body, the Hellenic Capital Market Commission, supervises brokerage firms,
investment firms, mutual fund management companies, portfolio investment companies,
real estate investment trusts, financial intermediation firms, clearing houses and their
administrators (e.g., the Athens Stock Exchange), and investor indemnity and
transaction security schemes (e.g., the Common Guarantee Fund and the
Supplementary Fund) and encourages and facilitates portfolio investments. Owner-
registered bonds and shares are traded on the Athens Stock Exchange (ASE), which
has held "developed country" status since 2001, according to key Western investment
firms. ASE was placed on the FTSE group’s “watch list” for 2011, but the newly
appointed CEO expects high frequency traders to begin investing in ASE in January
2012, when the tax on stock sales (currently 20 percent) is abolished by a provision of
the draft tax bill currently being considered by the Greek government. It is mandatory for
the shares of banking, insurance and public utility companies to be registered. Greek
corporations listed on the ASE that are also state contractors are required to have all
their shares registered.
Private Greek and foreign banks hold about 70 percent of the banking system's assets.
Following an ambitious privatization program, only two banks remain under state control:
Agricultural Bank of Greece and Postal Savings Bank (there is limited state participation
through government controlled social security funds in another three banks: National
Bank of Greece, Bank of Attica and First Business Bank). State banks operate on free
market criteria and limit their exposure to public enterprises of questionable financial
health. According to Greece’s central bank, the Bank of Greece, the loan-deposit ratio
for private banks in Greece has deteriorated as a result of Greece’s debt crisis, from
113.8 percent in 2009 to 120 percent in the first nine months of 2010. Total combined
assets of the five largest banks are estimated at €370 billion (based on 2010 data).
Despite Greek banks’ limited exposure to risky financial products at the center of the
2008-2009 global financial crisis, bank liquidity has deteriorated as a result of Greece’s
debt crisis and resulting sovereign downgrades. The Greek government has provided
€68 billion in state support to the financial system since October 2008 (the initial €28
billion was part of the response to the global crisis, while the support since then has
Page | 84
been to help banks contend with liquidity constraints resulting from Greece’s debt crisis)
through a combination of state guarantees (€55 billion) and state participation in share
capital and liquidity support.
Most Greek banks have made use of the government support, particularly the state
guarantees; Greek banks have used the guarantees as collateral to borrow from the
European Central Bank (ECB) for liquidity. Greek banks are currently dependent upon
ECB financing for liquidity to offset dwindling deposits and lack of international capital
market access. Credit expansion continues to slow, and according to the latest data
from the Bank of Greece (the central bank), the non-performing loans ratio rose 8.2
percent on average for Greek banks, up from a 7.7 percent rate at the end of 2009 to 10
percent at the end of the third quarter of 2010. Though only one Greek bank (state-
owned ATEBank) failed the stress tests conducted during the European-wide stress
tests in July 2010 and Greek banks’ capital adequacy remains resilient, the Greek
banking sector will continue to face market pressures until the government is able to re-
access capital markets and its sovereign ratings improve.
Greek state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are active in utilities, the defense industry, and
banking. In sectors where the SOE is practically a monopoly, i.e. water and sewage,
urban transportation, private companies are not allowed to enter the market. As
mentioned above, the electricity market is currently partially deregulated and the
European Committee is pressing for the complete deregulation of the market. In sectors
which have been opened to private investment, such as the telecommunications market
and the banking sector, private enterprises compete with public enterprises under the
same terms and conditions with respect to access to markets, credit and other business
operations, such as licenses and supplies. The SOEs in Greece are governed by a
board of directors. The majority of the members of the board and all senior
management are appointed by the government. The appointment of senior
management is subject to parliamentary approval. Representatives of labor unions and
minority shareholders are also sitting on the board. The Chairman of the Board and the
Managing Director are usually technocrats with political affiliation with the ruling party.
Although they enjoy a fair amount of independence, they report to the relevant Minister.
SOEs are required by law to publish annual reports and to submit their books to
independent audit. There are no sovereign wealth funds in Greece, but public pension
funds may invest up to 20 percent of their reserves in state or corporate bonds.
Awareness of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been growing over the last
decade among both producers and consumers. Several enterprises, particularly large
ones, in all fields of production and services have accepted and promoted CSR
principles. A number of non-profit business associations have been established in the
last few years (Hellenic Network for Corporate Social Responsibility, Eurocharity, etc.) in
Page | 85
order to disseminate the values of CSR and promote it in both the business world and
society as a whole. Their members have incorporated in their practices programs that
contribute to the economic and sustainable development of the communities in which
they operate; minimize the effects that their activities may have on the environment and
natural resources; create healthy and safe working conditions for their employees;
provide equal opportunities for employment and professional development; and provide
shareholders with satisfactory returns through responsible social and environmental
management. Firms that pursue CSR in Greece enjoy public acceptance and respect.
Corruption, including bribery, raises the costs and risks of doing business. Corruption
has a corrosive impact on both market opportunities overseas for U.S. companies and
the broader business climate. It also deters international investment, stifles economic
growth and development, distorts prices, and undermines the rule of law.
It is important for U.S. companies, irrespective of their size, to assess the business
climate in the relevant market in which they will be operating or investing, and to have an
effective compliance program or measures to prevent and detect corruption, including
foreign bribery. U.S. individuals and firms operating or investing in foreign markets
should take the time to become familiar with the relevant anticorruption laws of both the
foreign country and the United States in order to properly comply with them, and where
appropriate, they should seek the advice of legal counsel.
The U.S. government seeks to level the global playing field for U.S. businesses by
encouraging other countries to take steps to criminalize their own companies’ acts of
corruption, including bribery of foreign public officials, by requiring them to uphold their
obligations under relevant international conventions. A U. S. firm that believes a
competitor is seeking to use bribery of a foreign public official to secure a contract
should bring this to the attention of appropriate U.S. agencies, as noted below.
U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: In 1977, the United States enacted the Foreign
Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), which makes it unlawful for a U.S. person, and certain
foreign issuers of securities, to make a corrupt payment to foreign public officials for the
purpose of obtaining or retaining business for or with, or directing business to, any
person. The FCPA also applies to foreign firms and persons who take any act in
furtherance of such a corrupt payment while in the United States. For more detailed
information on the FCPA, see the FCPA Lay-Person’s Guide at:
http://www.justice.gov/criminal/fraud/docs/dojdocb.html.
Page | 86
Corruption (UN Convention), but generally all countries prohibit the bribery and
solicitation of their public officials.
OECD Antibribery Convention: The OECD Antibribery Convention entered into force in
February 1999. As of December 2009, there are 38 parties to the Convention including
the United States (see http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/59/13/40272933.pdf ). Major
exporters China, India, and Russia are not parties, although the U.S. government
strongly endorses their eventual accession to the Convention. The Convention obligates
the Parties to criminalize bribery of foreign public officials in the conduct of international
business. The United States meets its international obligations under the OECD
Antibribery Convention through the U.S. FCPA. Greece is a member of the OECD
Convention, and implemented Law 2656/1998 on December 1, 1998.
Council of Europe Criminal Law and Civil Law Conventions: Many European countries
are parties to either the Council of Europe (CoE) Criminal Law Convention on
Corruption, the Civil Law Convention, or both. The Criminal Law Convention requires
criminalization of a wide range of national and transnational conduct, including bribery,
money-laundering, and account offenses. It also incorporates provisions on liability of
legal persons and witness protection. The Civil Law Convention includes provisions on
compensation for damage relating to corrupt acts, whistleblower protection, and validity
of contracts, inter alia. The Group of States against Corruption (GRECO) was
established in 1999 by the CoE to monitor compliance with these and related anti-
corruption standards. Currently, GRECO comprises 49 member States (45 European
countries, the United States, Andora, Armenia and Azerbaijan). As of December 2009,
the Criminal Law Convention has 42 parties and the Civil Law Convention has 34 (see
www.coe.int/greco ) Greece has been a member of the Criminal Law Convention since
1999.
Page | 87
Local Laws: U.S. firms should familiarize themselves with local anticorruption laws, and,
where appropriate, seek legal counsel. While the U.S. Department of Commerce cannot
provide legal advice on local laws, the Department’s U.S. Commercial Service can
provide assistance with navigating the host country’s legal system and obtaining a list of
local legal counsel.
Assistance for U.S. Businesses: The U.S. Department of Commerce offers several
services to aid U.S. businesses seeking to address business-related corruption issues.
For example, the U.S. Commercial Service can provide services that may assist U.S.
companies in conducting their due diligence as part of the company’s overarching
compliance program when choosing business partners or agents overseas. The U.S.
Commercial Service can be reached directly through its offices in every major U.S. and
foreign city, or through its Website at http://www.trade.gov/cs .
The Departments of Commerce and State provide worldwide support for qualified U.S.
companies bidding on foreign government contracts through the Commerce
Department’s Advocacy Center and State’s Office of Commercial and Business Affairs.
Problems, including alleged corruption by foreign governments or competitors,
encountered by U.S. companies in seeking such foreign business opportunities can be
brought to the attention of appropriate U.S. government officials, including local embassy
personnel and through the Department of Commerce Trade Compliance Center “Report
A Trade Barrier” Website at http://tcc.export.gov/Report_a_Barrier/index.asp
Guidance on the U.S. FCPA: The Department of Justice’s (DOJ) FCPA Opinion
Procedure enables U.S. firms and individuals to request a statement of the Justice
Department’s present enforcement intentions under the antibribery provisions of the
FCPA regarding any proposed business conduct. The details of the opinion procedure
are available on DOJ’s Fraud Section Website at www.justice.gov/criminal/fraud/fcpa.
Although the Department of Commerce has no enforcement role with respect to the
FCPA, it supplies general guidance to U.S. exporters who have questions about the
FCPA and about international developments concerning the FCPA. For further
information, see the Office of the Chief Counsel for International Counsel, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Website, at http://www.ogc.doc.gov/trans_anti_bribery.html .
More general information on the FCPA is available at the Websites listed below.
Exporters and investors should be aware that generally all countries prohibit the bribery
of their public officials, and prohibit their officials from soliciting bribes under domestic
laws. Most countries are required to criminalize such bribery and other acts of
corruption by virtue of being parties to various international conventions discussed
above. Public sector corruption, including bribery of public officials, remains a major
challenge for U.S. firms operating in Greece.
Bribery is considered a criminal act and the law provides severe penalties for infractions,
although diligent implementation and enforcement of the law remains an issue. The
problem is most acute in the area of government procurement, as political influence and
other considerations are widely believed to play a significant role in the evaluation of
bids. As a signatory of the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign
Government Officials and all relevant E.U.-mandated anti-corruption agreements, the
Greek government is committed to penalizing those who commit bribery in Greece or
abroad. The OECD Convention has been in effect since 1999.
Page | 88
The Greek government has tried to fight corruption in public administration and has
established a number of inspection bodies to investigate cases of corruption. The main
authority is the Public Administration’s Inspectors and Auditors Unit, established in 1997,
at the Ministry of Interior. Independent inspection divisions exist at various Ministries
and in the Greek Police and the Hellenic Coast Guard. Investigation procedures and
preliminary inquiries on financial crimes come under the jurisdiction of a special unit in
the Ministry of Finance, the Special Audits Service (Greek acronym: YPEE). The
responsibility for the prosecution of bribery cases lies with the Ministry of Justice. In
cases where politicians are involved, the Greek Parliament decides whether
parliamentary immunity should be lifted to allow a special court action to follow. The
Greek Chapter of Transparency International closely follows developments to press for
investigation and prosecution of corruption cases. Greece dropped to the 78th position
on the Transparency Corruption Perception Index in 2010 from the 71st position in 2009
(Greece lies in the last position among E.U. countries.)
International and domestic NGOs as well as U.S. firms believe that anticorruption efforts
need to increase. Mutual accusations of corruption between political parties are frequent
and the center-left government, elected in October 2009, based its pre-electoral
campaign on promises for increased anti-corruption efforts. To show how seriously the
new government is taking its anti-graft platform, the Deputy Minister of Interior was
forced to resign weeks after his appointment on suspicion of favoritism in transfers of
policemen and other personnel in the Ministry. There were a number of corruption
cases, including one involving the Greek Orthodox Vatopedi monastery, in the previous
government’s tenure which led to the resignation of four Ministers and had a tremendous
impact on the popularity of the leading party which eventually lost the elections.
Corruption in the judiciary has been confronted more drastically than in the political
world. The Greek judiciary is under continuing corruption investigation resulting in
dismissals, suspension from duty, disciplinary action, even imprisonment in about 100
cases of corruption. Greece is also investigating whether German engineering group
Siemens bribed companies and officials to win deals. A prosecutor has filed charges
and an investigating judge has launched an inquiry.
Anti-Corruption Resources
Some useful resources for individuals and companies regarding combating corruption in
global markets include the following:
• Information about the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), including a
“Lay-Person’s Guide to the FCPA” is available at the U.S. Department of Justice’s
Website at: http://www.justice.gov/criminal/fraud/fcpa.
Page | 89
• Transparency International (TI) publishes an annual Corruption Perceptions
Index (CPI). The CPI measures the perceived level of public-sector corruption in 180
countries and territories around the world. The CPI is available at:
http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009 .
TI also publishes an annual Global Corruption Report which provides a systematic
evaluation of the state of corruption around the world. It includes an in-depth analysis of
a focal theme, a series of country reports that document major corruption related events
and developments from all continents and an overview of the latest research findings on
anti-corruption diagnostics and tools. See http://www.transparency.org/publications/gcr .
• The World Economic Forum publishes the Global Enabling Trade Report, which
presents the rankings of the Enabling Trade Index, and includes an assessment of the
transparency of border administration (focused on bribe payments and corruption) and a
separate segment on corruption and the regulatory environment. See
http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/GlobalEnablingTradeReport/index.htm .
• Additional country information related to corruption can be found in the U.S. State
Department’s annual Human Rights Report available at
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/ .
Greece has bilateral investment protection agreements with Albania, Algeria, Argentina,
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Chile, China, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, India, Iran, Jordan, Kazakhstan,
Korea, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Mexico, Moldova, Morocco, Poland, Romania,
Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine,
Uzbekistan, and Zaire. Investments by E.U. member states are governed and protected
by E.U. regulations.
Greece and the United States signed the 1954 Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and
Navigation, which covers a few investment protection issues, such as acquisition and
protection of property and impairment of legally acquired rights or interests. Also,
Greece and the United States signed the 1950 Treaty for the Avoidance of Double
Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income.
Page | 90
OPIC and Other Investment Insurance Programs Return to top
Full Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) insurance coverage for U.S.
investment in Greece is currently available only on an exceptional basis. OPIC and the
Greek Export Credit Insurance Organization signed an agreement in April 1994 to
exchange information relating to private investment, particularly in the Balkans. Other
insurance programs that also offer coverage for investments in Greece include the
German investment guarantee program HERMES, the French agency COFACE, the
Swedish Export Credits Guarantee Board (EKN), the British Export Credits Guarantee
Facility (ECGF), and the Austrian Kontrollbank (OKB). Greece became a member of the
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) in 1989.
The unemployment rate in Greece in the 3rd quarter of 2010 is estimated at 12.4
percent, increased by almost 3 percent (from 9.3 percent the same quarter of 2009) as a
result of the recession. Labor-management relations in the private sector are generally
good, but have come under some strain due to the recession. While private sector labor
unions have participated in the most recent strikes against austerity measures, the
majority of strikers are from public sector labor unions, which have legislative guarantees
of job security.
Greece has ratified ILO Conventions protecting workers' rights. Specific legislation
provides for the right of association and the rights to strike, organize, and bargain
collectively. Greek labor laws prohibit forced or compulsory labor, set a minimum age
(15) for employment and determine acceptable work conditions and minimum
occupational health and safety standards. Legislation passed in mid December 2010
allows private firms to bypass national collective bargaining agreements and negotiate
in-house labor agreements with employees under certain circumstances. The
government also passed legislation in 2010 to liberalize the road transportation sector
and as of early 2011, is considering legislation to open several other “closed”
professions, including pharmacists, lawyers, notaries, engineers, etc.
Page | 91
Greece has three free-trade zones, located at Piraeus, Thessaloniki and Heraklion port
areas. Greek and foreign-owned firms enjoy the same advantages in these areas.
Goods of foreign origin may be brought into these zones without payment of customs
duties or other taxes and remain free of all duties and taxes if subsequently transshipped
or re-exported. Similarly, documents pertaining to the receipt, storage, or transfer of
goods within the zones are free from stamp taxes. Handling operations are carried out
according to E.U. regulations 2504/1988 and 2562/1990. Transit goods may be held in
the zones free of bond. The zones also may be used for repackaging, sorting and re-
labeling operations. Assembly and manufacture of goods are carried out on a small
scale in the Thessaloniki Free Zone. Storage time is unlimited, as long as warehouse
charges are promptly paid every six months.
Statistics on foreign direct investment can be found mainly from Bank of Greece and
Invest in Greece organization. Greek statistical data were previously based on records
of investment approvals kept by the (former) Ministry of National Economy or the Bank
of Greece, but there has been less monitoring of investment since the lifting of foreign
exchange restrictions, and the Ministry of Regional Development (formerly Ministry of
National Economy) now keeps records of only the investments that seek government
incentives. Bank of Greece records of capital inflows do not distinguish among
greenfield investments, acquisitions, foreign borrowing by Greek companies, and other
capital transfers. The Greek government has claimed for several years now that a new
data system based on surveys is being set up.
Although there is no official estimate of total foreign investment in Greece, the total stock
of foreign investment is estimated at around $35 billion, or approximately 10 percent of
2008 GDP. Until the Greek government provides more reliable data, this estimate
should serve only as a guideline. It is also estimated that for the period 2003-2009, total
FDI inflows from the U.S. were approximately €1 billion. U.S. firms employ about 11,200
people in Greece.
Page | 92
Greek investment in neighboring countries contributes to the development and stability
of the region. A dynamic network of more than 4,000 Greek companies does business
in the Balkans and the Eastern Mediterranean in a multitude of sectors ranging from
manufacturing to services. Greek investment in southeast Europe over the last decade
has exceeded €16 billion. Greece is currently the leading foreign investor in Albania and
FYROM and ranks among the three leading foreign investors in Bulgaria, Romania, and
Serbia.
*Amount represents 23 percent U.S. ownership of the Greek subsidiary’s total assets
Page | 93
Major non-U.S. foreign investments in Greece are:
CHINESE
China Ocean Shipping – COSCO (Piraeus Port Container) 123.5
BRITISH
Vodafone 1,861.1
BC Partners (Regency Entertainment) 1,675
Dixons Overseas Limited (Kotsovolos) 449.8
GlaxoSmithKline 392.8
British American Tobacco 249.6
Imperial Tobacco Hellas 120.9
Tui Hellas 110.3
Cadbury Hellas 55.9
TOTAL 4,923.7
FRENCH
Carrefour 1,683.7
Lafarge (Heracles General Cement) 1,362.1
Sanofi Aventis 405.7
L'Oreal 114.7
Alcatel (Nexans Hellas) 72.2
Air Liquide 92.4
Servie 33.7
Page | 94
TOTAL 3,764.7
DUTCH
Amstel-Heineken (Athenian Brewery) 658.3
Unilever (Elais – Unilever) 462.5
Friesland 132.9
TOTAL 1,253.8
ITALIAN
Italcimenti (Halyps Building Materials) 189.2
Fulgorcavi Halia (Fulgor Greek Electric Cables) 180.8
Barilla (Misko) 79.6
TOTAL 589.9
SWISS
Roche (Roche Hellas S.A.C.I.) 782.6
Nestle 425.4
Novartis (Novartis Hellas S.A.C.I.) 322.9
TOTAL 1,531
Page | 95
Web Resources Return to top
http://www.icap.gr
http://www.invgr.com
http://athens.usembassy.gov/
Page | 96
Return to table of contents
Banks represent the main source of financing in Greece. Time and sight deposits
constitute the largest item on the liability side of Greek commercial bank balance sheets.
The majority of bank loans are short-and medium-term; only one-fifth of bank loans are
long-term.
Checks are used predominately for commercial transactions and large ticket item
purchases. One interesting Greek practice is the wide-spread acceptance of post-dated
checks as credit instruments, not payment. Banks accept checks as loan collateral and
they are even officially taxed at 0.03 percent of nominal value. U.S. business persons
should be aware that 30 – 90 day or more terms of payment are common.
Credit card penetration is extensive for retail transactions, although not near U.S. levels.
The credit card market has been increasing by almost 20 percent annually for the last
five years rapidly approaching E.U. parity. However, due to the economic slowdown,
there was a 15 percent reduction in the number of credit cards in the market in 2010
compared to 2009. Figures indicate that in 2010 there was a decrease in the number of
credit cards, and the volume of transactions, but there was also an increase in the
number and volume of debit cards and transactions. Electronic payments (via credit
cards, debit cards, bank transactions) are expected to increase, as the Ministry of
Finance is considering moving to a system of electronic payment for any amount over €
1,500. Household debt in Greece was at 50.8 percent of GDP in November 2010, still
well below the average in the Eurozone (60.1 percent of GDP).
The bond market in Greece is fully deregulated; however; it is still dominated by the
issuance and trading of government bonds. Corporate bonds are subject to a tax rate of
ten percent, the same rate as government bonds, regardless of whether they are listed
or not on the Athens Stock Exchange (ASE). The tax rate withheld on the interest of all
other corporate bonds is 20 percent for private investors and 40 percent for legal
entities.
ASE has been widely used as a source of capital financing. The decrease in demand
and volume on the ASE continued in 2010, which was one of the worst years in ASE’s
history, not only because of the decrease in share prices (from the debt crisis), but
mainly due to large capital flows from developed to emerging stock markets. The ASE
index lost 35.62 percent of its value in 2010. Capitalization dropped from €141,455
billion at the onset of the crisis in 2007 to €54,935 billion in 2010. Total value of banks’
Page | 97
shares at the end of 2010 was €18 billion. Participation of international investors in the
ASE increased slightly to 50.04 percent in November 2010 from 49.3 percent in
November 2009.
The Greek banking system has been substantially liberated from political patronage,
prevalent in the past, and extends credit based on international best practices and credit
risk scoring models. A large and profitable firm can secure financing at rates lower than
those offered to a self-employed professional because of the problems assessing an
individual’s creditworthiness. Most banks following the 2007-2008 financial crisis have
tightened their credit risk scoring rules, making credit more difficult and more expensive
to access for households and companies. A credit bureau has only recently been set up
by the Federation of Greek Banks, but it is still of limited use (Greek personal data
protection authority limits its scope as it is regarded as an infringement of personal
rights). Matters are made worse by widespread tax evasion (estimated to be anywhere
between 20 and 40 percent of GDP), with some individuals hiding income from the tax
authorities, and subsequently, higher interest rates for the general public when
attempting to secure a loan.
The Greek banking system consists of a central bank (The Bank of Greece), 41
commercial banks, three specialized banks, 15 local cooperative banks and the Postal
Savings Bank. Two of the twenty-four foreign-owned commercial banks are American.
Greek-owned banks command the lion’s share of the market with about 80 percent of
total asset value. Foreign-owned banks hold 12 percent, and the remaining eight
percent is shared between specialized institutions and local cooperative banks. It is
worth noting that the top five banks control 70 percent of the market, which is one of the
highest concentration ratios in Europe. Another notable development has been the full
privatization of the fourth largest bank (Emporiki, sold to Credit Agricole of France) and
the floating of shares of the Postal Savings bank on the Athens Stock Exchange, which
leaves the Greek state with substantial holdings only in four banks (Agricultural, Postal
Savings bank, Attikis, and National Bank of Greece; the latter two through holdings of
the government pension funds).
As of January 1, 2001, Greece entered the European Monetary Union (Eurosystem) and
implemented its single currency monetary policy in Greece through the central bank, the
Bank of Greece. The Eurosystem is comprised of the European Central Bank and the
national central banks of European Union states that have adopted the euro. The Bank
of Greece is also the depository for government accounts. It also regulates and
supervises the commercial banking industry in Greece, as well as Greek banks
operating outside of Greece, and approves the establishment of foreign banks in the
country.
Greece's foreign exchange market conforms to E.U. rules on the free movement of
capital. Controls only exist to facilitate the enforcement of money laundering and
terrorist financing laws. As of January 1, 2001, Greece became part of the Eurozone
and all transactions have been conducted in eurosince March 1, 2002.
Page | 98
U.S. Banks and Local Correspondent Banks Return to top
Two U.S. banks have branches in Greece: Citibank (full range of banking services), and
Bank of America (lending services).
Most of the current infrastructure projects in Greece are co-financed by the E.U.,
(approximately 24 billion dollars in the period 2000-2006 and another 26.5 billion dollars
has been allocated for Greece for the 2007-2013 period). The European Investment
Bank also participates in the financing of many large infrastructure projects in Greece.
E.U. financial assistance programs provide a wide array of grants, loans, loan
guarantees and co-financing for feasibility studies and infrastructure projects in a
number of key sectors (e.g., environmental, transportation, energy, telecommunications,
tourism, public health). From a commercial perspective, these initiatives create
significant market opportunities for U.S. businesses, U.S.-based suppliers, and
subcontractors.
The E.U. supports projects within its member states, as well as E.U.-wide "economic
integration" projects that cross both internal and external E.U. borders. In addition, the
E.U. provides assistance to accession countries in eastern and southern Europe and
Turkey, as well as some central Asian republics.
The E.U. provides project financing through grants from the European Commission and
loans from the European Investment Bank. Grants from the Structural Funds are
distributed through the member states’ national and regional authorities, and are only
available for projects in the 27 E.U. member states. All grants for projects in non-E.U.
countries are managed through the EuropeAid Cooperation agency in conjunction with
various European Commission departments, called "Directorates-General."
Page | 99
promoting E.U. socioeconomic objectives. Member states negotiate regional and
“sectoral” programs with officials from the regional policy Directorate-General at the
European Commission. For information on approved programs that will result in future
project proposals, please visit:
http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/atlas2007/index_en.htm
For projects financed through the Structural Funds, member state officials are the key
decision-makers. They assess the needs of their country; investigate projects; evaluate
bids; and award contracts. To become familiar with available financial support programs
in the member states, it is advisable for would-be contractors to meet with local officials
to discuss local needs.
Tenders issued by member states’ public contracting authorities for projects supported
by E.U. grants are subject to E.U. public procurement legislation if they meet the E.U.
minimum contract value requirement for the eligible sector. Below this threshold, tender
procedures are subject to national procurement legislation. There are no overt
prohibitions against the participation of U.S. companies, either as developers or
concessionaires of projects supported partially by the Structural Funds, or as bidders on
subsequent public tenders related to such projects, but it is advisable to team up with a
local partner. All Structural Fund projects are co-financed by national authorities and
most may also qualify for a loan from the European Investment Bank. The private sector
is also involved in project financing. For more information on these programs, please
see the market research section on the website of the U.S. Mission to the E.U.:
http://www.buyusa.gov/europeanunion/mrr.html
Page | 100
as manuals to help interested parties understand the relevant contract law. However,
participation to calls for tender for contracts financed by EuropeAid is reserved for
enterprises located in the E.U. member states and requires that the products used to
respond to these projects are manufactured in the E.U. or in the aid recipient country.
But consultants of U.S. nationality employed by a European firm are allowed to form part
of a bidding team. European subsidiaries of U.S. firms are eligible to participate in these
calls for tender.
All tenders related to E.U.-funded programs outside the territory of the European Union
(including the accession countries) are located on the EuropeAid Cooperation Office
website: http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/work/funding/index_en.htm
Two new sets of programs have been approved for the financing period 2007-2013. The
E.U. provides specific Pre-Accession financial assistance to the accession candidate
countries that seek to join the E.U. through the “Instrument for Pre-accession
Assistance” (IPA). Also, the European Neighborhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI)
will provide assistance to countries that are the Southern Mediterranean and Eastern
neighbors of the E.U.
• IPA replaces the following programs: PHARE (Poland and Hungary Assistance
for Restructuring of the Economy), ISPA (Instrument for Structural Pre-Accession
financing transport and environment projects), SAPARD (projects in the agriculture
sector), CARDS (aid to southern Balkans) and the Turkey Facility Fund. IPA focuses on
priorities linked to the adoption of the acquis communautaire (the body of European
Union law that must be adopted by accession candidate countries as a precondition to
accession), i.e., building up the administrative and institutional capacities and financing
investments designed to help them comply with European Commission law. IPA will
also finance projects destined to countries that are potential candidate countries,
especially in the Balkans. The budget of IPA for 2007-2013 is €11.4 billion.
Key Links: http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/index_en.htm
http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/how-does-it-work/financial-assistance/index_en.htm
• ENPI: replaces the former TACIS and MEDA programs. The European
Neighborhood Policy program covers the E.U.’s neighbors to the east and along the
southern and eastern shores of the Mediterranean i.e., Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Belarus, Egypt, Georgia, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Moldova, Morocco, the
Palestinian Authority, Syria, Tunisia and Ukraine. ENPI budget is €11.9 billion for 2007-
2013.
http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/index_en.htm
Page | 101
The Greek vice-president of EIB recently stated that EIB, in cooperation with Greece’s
development and finance ministries, will lend €1 billion annually to SME’s in Greece
over the next three years. According to relevant statistical data, from 2007 until late
2010, EIB, in cooperation with 10 Greek commercial banks, has offered funds totalling
€1.3 billion to small enterprises in Greece, while more than 1,600 enterprises have
been offered loans in the last two years. The “Jeremie” programme will offer more than
€400 million to SMEs in 2011.
While the EIB mostly funds projects within the E.U., it lends outside the E.U. as well
(e.g., in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe; Latin America; and Pacific and
Caribbean states). In 2009, the EIB approved loans for projects worth €103,898 billion,
of which around ten percent was approved for projects outside the E.U. The EIB also
plays a key role in supporting E.U. enlargement with loans used to finance
improvements in infrastructure, research and industrial manufacturing to help those
countries prepare for eventual E.U. membership. Projects financed by the EIB must
contribute to the socioeconomic objectives set out by the European Union, such as
fostering the development of less favored regions; improving European transport and
telecommunication infrastructure; protecting the environment; supporting the activities of
SMEs; assisting urban renewal; and, generally promoting growth, competitiveness and
employment in Europe. Last year, the EIB created a list of projects to be considered for
approval and posted the list on its website. As such, the EIB website is a source of
intelligence on upcoming tenders related to EIB-financed projects:
http://www.eib.org/projects/pipeline/index.htm
The EIB presents attractive business opportunities to U.S. businesses. EIB lending
rates are lower than most other commercial rates. Like all EIB customers, however,
U.S. firms must apply the loan proceeds to a project that contributes to the European
objectives cited above.
The U.S. Mission to the European Union in Brussels has developed a database to help
U.S.-based companies bid on EIB public procurement contracts in non-E.U.. The EIB-
financed contracts that are open to U.S.-based companies are featured in this database.
All the tenders in this database are extracted from the E.U.’s Official Journal. The EIB
database contains on average 50 to 100 tenders and is updated twice per week.
E.U. websites:
The E.U. regional policies, the E.U. Structural and Cohesion Funds:
http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/index_en.htm
Page | 102
EuropeAid Co-operation Office: http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/index_en.htm
IPA: http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/how-does-it-work/financial-
assistance/index_en.htm
U.S. websites:
Market research section on the website of the U.S. Mission to the E.U.:
http://www.buyusa.gov/europeanunion/mrr.html
OPIC: http://www.opic.gov
Page | 103
Return to table of contents
• Business Customs
• Travel Advisory
• Visa Requirements
• Telecommunications
• Transportation
• Language
• Health
• Local Time, Business Hours and Holidays
• Temporary Entry of Materials and Personal Belongings
• Web Resources
In Greece, business-related customs, etiquette and dress are basically the same as in
the United States and other Western European countries. A handshake is the
customary business greeting for both men and women and business cards are usually
exchanged in the initial meeting. An exchange of gifts is not customary in Greece,
unless you have already established a business relationship with Greek business
people. During the Christmas and New Year’s holidays, an exchange of greeting cards
and/or gifts is common.
American businesspersons should note that personal contact is very important in Greece
and a personal business presence in Greece is often essential. If one is doing business
in rural areas or the islands, it is best to ask the advice of a business person familiar with
the region.
Current travel advisory information is available on the Department of State’s website at:
http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1127.html
Strikes and demonstrations are common throughout Greece. They are usually peaceful
but can escalate quickly. U.S. travelers are cautioned to avoid these types of gatherings
and to register with the U.S. Embassy before their arrival in Greece via the following:
http://athens.usembassy.gov/demonstrations_update2.html
Effective April 5, 2010, travelers from Greece to the U.S. no longer need a visa to enter
the country. Bearers of Greek passports that contain a microchip may qualify to travel
Page | 104
under the Visa Waiver Program or VWP. This means that if a Greek passport holder is
traveling to the U.S. for tourism for no longer than 90 days, they may do so without
applying for a visa. However, anyone traveling under the VWP – meaning traveling
without a visa – must complete an online application in the Electronic System for Travel
Authorization (ESTA). Before initiating the ESTA application procedure, Greek passport
holders must check their passport with the Greek Police Authorities to determine if their
passport contains the microchip. If it contains the microchip they may apply for an
ESTA and, if approved, travel to the U.S.A. However, if the passport does not contain
the microchip, they will still need to apply for a visa. The U.S. Embassy Athens web
page contains all necessary information on how you may schedule an appointment for
the visa, and the required documents, as well as information on the ESTA procedure
(http://athens.usembassy.gov/vwp-greece.html ). ESTA is available free of charge and
can be completed in 16 languages at http://www.cbp.gov/esta. Please note that those
who wish to spend more than 90 in the US cannot use ESTA/VWP and must apply for a
visa.
Citizens and eligible nationals of current VWP member countries who would like more
detailed information on ESTA may visit http://www.CBP.gov
Like all travelers from Europe that are a part of the Visa Waiver Program (VWP), bearers
of Greek passports that do not contain a microchip who wish to travel to the United
States must apply for a visa at the U.S. Embassy. Information on how to make an
appointment and apply for a visa can be found at our website
http://athens.usembassy.gov/non-immigrant_visas.html.
VWP travelers should be aware that unauthorized third-parties have established web
sites which charge visitors seeking to travel to the United States under the VWP for
information about ESTA and for submitting ESTA applications to DHS on behalf of the
traveler. These businesses and web sites are not endorsed or associated with the
United States Government. The United States Government does not charge a fee to
obtain information about, apply for, or obtain a travel authorization through the ESTA
web site.
U.S. companies that require travel of foreign businesspersons to the United States
should be advised that security options are handled via an interagency process. Visa
applicants should go to the following link:
For information on this topic please consult the Commerce Department’s Country
Commercial Guides on E.U. member states: E.U. Member States' Country Commercial
Guides
Page | 105
Telecommunications Return to top
OTE, formerly a state monopoly, is the primary service provider throughout Greece.
Telecommunications to and from Athens are similar to those in any large U.S. city.
Telephone calls to the U.S. may be charged to international telephone cards such as
OTE’s Tilekarta «ΤΗΛΕΚΑΡΤΑ».
The country code for Greece is 30 and the main city code for Athens is 210, while you
may also come across 211, 212, or 213. Public telephones use phone cards, or pre-
paid phone cards, which may be purchased at kiosks.
The cellular network throughout Greece is excellent. One needs a tri-band cell phone
(GSM) to be able to make calls within Greece, from Greece to the U.S.A. and vice-versa.
Many U.S. cell phones do not work in Greece, but GSM cell phones may be rented or
purchased. There are three mobile operators, e.g., Cosmote, Vodafone and WIND that
offer cellular services in Greece. In addition, facilities for video conferencing are
available.
Internet use in Greece is not as extensive as in other European Union (E.U.) countries or
the U.S. However, existing fiber-optic network and high-speed broadband provides
users with easy access and connectivity. In larger cities, high-speed Internet access is
available and more and more businesses have wireless Internet service. Also, there are
“Internet Cafés” in large cities.
Currently business is not conducted over the web in Greece to the extent that it is
conducted in other countries. Many smaller and medium sized businesses do not have
websites. Web-based publishing is in its infancy. (Please see Chapter 3: Selling U.S.
Products and Services, and Chapter 4: Leading Sectors for U.S. Export and Investment
for a detailed explanation.) However, this is changing as Greece becomes a more
“wired” country.
The Greek transportation system benefited greatly from the countrywide infrastructure
improvements made prior to the 2004 Olympic Games and which continue throughout
Greece. In addition, Greece has a major airport southeast of Athens, the Athens metro
system continues to expand, and roads and bridges throughout Greece have been
modernized.
Air: The new Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport (AIA) in Spata, less than 28 km.
outside of Athens, is one of the most modern and efficient airports in the world. Over 75
airlines utilize AIA. According to the AIA Management Information system, for the
period January to November 2010, the number of flights at Athens International Airport
experienced a drop of 7.6 percent, with domestic services decreasing more than
international flights (-9.7 percent vs. -5.6 percent, respectively), reflecting the
consolidation of Greek carriers’ domestic services. In 2009, Athens International Airport
offered direct scheduled services to 113 destinations (80 international) in 52 countries,
serviced by 70 airlines. It also added 6 new destinations (Abu Dhabi, Izmir, Krasnodar,
Krakow, Sharjah, and Tripoli) to its network, and 11 new airlines (Air Arabia, Athens
Airways, Atlant Soyuz, Cimber Sterling, Etihad.Kuban Airlines, Libyan Arab, Lviv,
Page | 106
Pegasus, Sun Express, Transavia). In 2010 it handled over 179,170 domestic and
international flights, and moved over 14,439,000 passengers. There are daily direct
flights from AIA to all major European cities and the United States. Specifically, there
are almost daily direct flights to New York throughout the year, and to Atlanta, Newark
and Philadelphia, from mid-May to October, and from June to October, respectively.
Airline connections to other parts of Greece and the rest of the world are excellent.
Greece has two other major airports and more than twenty smaller airports. E.U.
liberalization has opened the Greek domestic airline market to E.U. carriers, though non-
Greek airlines are still barred from serving the Greek islands.
Olympic Air, which started operations on October 1, 2009, is the former state-owned
Olympic Airlines which was privatized in 2009, and now is controlled and managed by
the Marfin Investment Group (MIG). Aegean Air is Greece’s other major private airline
and operates flights throughout Europe, and Turkey and the Middle East. Private Greek-
owned companies also operate charter flights (passenger and cargo), domestically and
internationally.
Transportation to and from AIA is excellent. The airport is easily accessible by auto,
taxi, public transportation, (Metro and bus). You may purchase:
• A bus ticket at the price of euro€5.00from the drivers and/or the Bus Ticket
Kiosks. This ticket, which you need to validate when entering the bus, allows
ONE trip ONLY to or from the Athens International Airport “Eleftherios
Venizelos”.
• A Metro ticket at the price of euro€8.00 from the Metro Stations. Airport Metro
tickets are valid for a single trip to or from the Airport. Airport Line Tickets valued
at or more than €4.00 (reduced ticket), provide for free transfer between the
metro and the other modes within 90 minutes from its validation on the first
transportation mode used. In cases of transfer from one mode to another, one
should validate their ticket again and then prior to the expiry of the 90-minute
period. The second validation should be noted on the opposite side of the ticket.
NOTE: Free transfer is not permitted from Metro or Suburban Rail Networks to Airport
express buses (X92, X93, X94, X95, X96, X97). It is imperative that the more expensive
Airport – Metro fare be purchased and that the ticket is properly validated. Failure to do
so can result in penalties of 60 times the cost of the ticket.
Auto: There are many car rental agencies at the airport and throughout Athens. Driving
in Athens can be nerve-wracking as both large and narrow streets are crowded. Traffic
is denser because of the creation of bus lanes. Moreover, as parking is difficult, private
cars are parked on the sides of the street, and even on sidewalks, creating greater
circulation problems. Road accident deaths rates in Greece are among the highest in
the E.U., so it is important to stay alert and focused when driving in Greece.
Page | 107
Main streets and highways throughout Greece are paved, while secondary roads are
generally rough. Most roads are two-lane, except the Attiki Odos, a toll road, and parts
of the Ethniki Odos, the National Road, which have four lanes. The road network is
good and constantly being expanded.
Taxis: Taxis are plentiful throughout Athens. Taxi drivers are required to use a meter
and provide a printed receipt upon request. Though taxis are a major means of
transportation for business people, cabs are often difficult to hail. While the sharing of
taxis with strangers that may hail the cab en route is prohibited in Athens, it is
nonetheless a common practice.
According to a ministerial decision effective February 1, 2011, taxi fares for journeys
from and to the AIA have increased to euro€35.00 for day time hours (5:00 – 24:00) and
to euro€50.00 for night time hours (00:00 – 05:00). In case the starting and ending time
of the route is earlier or later than 05:00 or 00:00 hrs, then the price is defined by the
arrival time at your destination. Above prices include VAT, the flat rate, airport charges,
luggage and tolls from Attiki Odo, one of the major Athens highways. Taxi drivers must
provide a receipt and operate their meter for all taxi journeys.
Taxi Charges Taxi Tariff
Start of the meter – Flat rate €1.19
Rate per km inside City limits €0.68
Rate per km outside City limits €1.19
Regular Call for Immediate Service €1.92
Appointment Call €3.39-5.65
Night Tariff (24:00 – 05:00) €1.19
Minimum Fare €3.16
From and to Airport €3.84
From Sea Ports, Railways and Coach stations €1.07
Waiting time per hour (waiting time over 20 €10.85
minutes must be negotiated)
Each piece of Luggage over 10 kg €0.40
Rail: The length of the railroad network is 2,571 kilometers, of which 764 km are
electrified. Of this, 1,500 kilometers is standard gauge rail and connects Greece with the
Republic of Macedonia and Western Europe on the north, and Turkey and the Middle
East on the east. A suburban railway system consisting of an approximately 150 km-
long network is also in operation in Attiki/Viotia and Corinth regions. The remainder of
the rail system consists of narrow gauge tracks used for national routes. The railway
system is currently being upgraded according to the 2007 – 2015 development,
expansion and development program of the Hellenic Railway Organization (HRO).
Page | 108
validate their ticket once again. The above are currently subject to change according to
an upcoming Parliamentary bill. According to this bill, the current one “unified” ticket for
all transportation means will change to two tickets:one ticket for the electric train, metro
and tram valued at euro€1.50 and one ticket for bus and trolley valued at euro€1.20.
Moreover, the validity of the tickets will be reduced to one hour.
Additionally, there is a Seven (7) Day ticket (€14.00) which is valid for seven days and
provides unlimited travel by all transport modes (bus, trolley, metro, tram) except for
transportation to or from the Athens Airport and bus line E22. You need to validate the
7-Day ticket ONCE on the first trip. Since August 2004, trams go from the center of
Athens to Glyfada, a southern suburb of Athens. One may purchase a ticket from an
automated machine at any tram station. The full price tram ticket price is €1.50.
Athens Metro: The Athens Metro was substantially expanded and modernized for the
Olympics. There are now 52 stations, and three lines (including the old Piraeus to
Kifissia suburban railway). There are plans for expansion and development of additional
tracks. The one-way Metro fare is €1.00 and tickets must be purchased at each station
or at a kiosk before boarding. Subject ticket is valid for trips within the city area, i.e.,
Magoula – Athens – Piraeus – Koropi. After Koropi, one must either purchase the €4.00
ticket, if going to Palini – Kantza, or the €6.00 ticket if going to the Athens Airport.
Announcements on trains are made in both Greek and English.
Ferries: Ferries are the most common means of transportation to the islands. Fares
vary and one may take a fast or slow boat. (Fares on the fast boats are more
expensive.) Most ferries leave from Piraeus, Rafina or Patras. (The larger and most
tourist-oriented islands, of Astypalea, Crete, Corfu, Ikaria, Karpathos, Kefallonia, Kos,
Leros, Limnos, Mikonos, Milos, Mitilini, Naxos, Rhodes, Samos, Sitia, Skiathos, Skiros,
Syros, Santorini, and Zakynthos, have air service also.)
Ships: The largest ports are Piraeus (adjacent to of Athens), Thessaloniki, and Patras.
Almost no direct passenger ship service is available between the U.S. and Greece.
Cargo services from the United States are provided by American Export Lines, Farrell
Lines, Prudential, and Sea Land Service on a regularly scheduled basis with port calls at
Piraeus, Thessaloniki, and Patras. Seaborne cargo shipped from the East Coast of the
United States reaches Greece in 11 or 12 days.
Greek is the official language of Greece and is spoken by 96 percent of the population.
Language is not a major barrier to conducting business because a high percentage of
Greek business people and government officials speak English. Also, many speak
German and/or French. Most newspapers are written in Greek, but major U.S. and
European papers are available at some kiosks (i.e., in the center of Athens, Omonoia,
and Syntagma Square), business hotels and AIA. The daily International Herald Tribune
and the Athens Weekly, both published in English, are also widely available.
Greece has a public healthcare system. Athens has a number of public and private
general hospitals and clinics, including specialized pediatric and maternity hospitals.
Page | 109
The medical care at these facilities is good. Most hospitals, particularly private facilities,
are equipped with modern diagnostic equipment and trained technicians. A general
hospitalization, emergency care, and most routine surgery can be handled at local
facilities. Athens has many English-speaking medical and dental specialists who were
trained in the U.S. or Western Europe.
In Greece:
The time in Athens is two hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, i.e., when it is 9:00
a.m. in Athens, it is 7:00 a.m. in London. Athens is seven hours ahead of the east coast
of the United States, i.e., when it is 9:00 a.m. in New York or Washington D.C., it is 4:00
p.m. in Athens. Greece is a member of the E.U. and, thus, observes Daylight Savings
Time.
Greece is a Mediterranean country, and as such, did not adopt the five-day workweek
and standard eight hour work day until the 1970’s. Greek business hours vary and the
following listing is an approximation of business hours in major urban areas:
Private sector office hours are from 8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. (with a one hour lunch).
Manufacturing establishments operate from 7:00 a.m. – 3:00 p.m., Monday through
Friday. Banking hours are 8:00 a.m. – 2:00 p.m., Monday through Friday. (Some banks
close at 1:30 p.m. on Fridays.) Several of the larger banks (mainly located at Syntagma
Square), are open on Saturday mornings also.
The Greek government implemented flexi-time and the government office hours are from
7:30 a.m. – 4:00 p.m., Monday through Friday, throughout the year.
Nevertheless, many businesses, especially small and medium-sized Greek stores, keep
the traditional Greek office hours and are generally open from 8:00 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. or
9:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. from Monday through Saturday and again, from 5:30 p.m. to 9:00
p.m., Monday to Friday. Many shops and supermarkets keep late shopping hours on
Tuesdays, Thursdays and Fridays from 5:30 p.m. – 900 p.m. A draft law to extend the
hours of shops and supermarkets was introduced in 2005, but was not well received.
Holidays:
Greek holidays to take into account when planning a business itinerary include the
following:
2011
Page | 110
May Day, May 1, 2011
*Whit Monday, June 13, 2011
Assumption Day, August 15, 2011
OXI Day, October 28, 2011
Christmas Eve, December 24, 2011 (half day holiday)
Christmas Day, December 25, 2011
Boxing Day, December 26, 2011
New Year's Eve, December 31, 2011 (half-day holiday)
2012
* Whit Monday is not observed by all Greek businesses, but government offices, banks
and some businesses will be closed.
2011
2012
Page | 111
The Greek business community begins its summer slowdown in late June and
traditionally observes a long, uninterrupted summer hiatus from mid-July through
August. Business does not resume until after the Thessaloniki International Fair in mid-
September. Gathering even basic business information and obtaining business
appointments are difficult during this period. No commitments or consideration of
business proposals should be expected during this time. U.S. business visitors are
advised to avoid Greece for business purposes during the summer, especially during
August.
Two other periods that U.S. business visitor may have problems gathering basic
business information or arranging appointments are the Christmas Holidays from
December 20, through January 6, and the Easter Holidays, starting with Holy Week and
ending the week after Easter.
The European institutions generally follow the holidays of the E.U. member state in
which they are located. During the month of August, the European institutions are
staffed with minimum personnel. For information on local holidays in the E.U. member
states, please see their Country Commercial Guides. The following is a list of holidays
observed by the European Commission in Belgium during calendar year 2011:
The above-mentioned dates also apply to Luxembourg, except that Thursday 21 July is
replaced by Thursday 23 June, Luxembourg National Holiday. The Commission
reserves the right to modify the decisions, should the needs of service so require. Work
will resume as normal on Monday 3 January 2011. Without prejudice to the schedule of
public holidays for 2011.
The U.S. Mission to the European Union is closed on most U.S. and Belgian holidays.
For local time and business hours, please refer to Member State Country Commercial
Guides.
Business travelers to the European Union seeking appointments with officials in the U.S.
Mission to the European Union in Brussels, Belgium, should contact the Commercial
Service in advance. The Commercial Service at the U.S. Mission to the European Union
can be reached by telephone at +32-2 508-2746, fax at +32-2 513-1228, or e-mail at:
[email protected] . A current directory of staff and locations worldwide may
be accessed on the Commercial Service website http://www.buyusa.gov/.
Page | 112
Temporary Entry of Materials and Personal Belongings Return to top
If you enter Greece by air and/or sea, items valued at euro€430 or less are duty-free.
The monetary threshold for travelers of all other transport means has decreased to
euro€300. The quantitative limits of tax-exempted tobacco products include as many as
to 200 cigarettes, or 100 cigarillos, or 50 cigars, or 250 grams of smoking tobacco, or a
proportional combination of these different products. The quantitative limits of tax-
exempted alcoholic beverages include four liters of wine, 16 liters of beer, one liter of an
alcoholic beverage exceeding 22 percent vol. (i.e., whisky, vodka, etc.), or two liters of
an alcoholic beverage not exceeding 22 percent vol. (i.e., sparkling wines, liqueur wines,
aperitifs, etc). Medications for the personal needs of the traveler are also tax-exempt.
One each of the following articles may also be brought in duty-free for the traveler’s
personal use, provided that the articles are re-exported upon departure: still and movie
cameras, with suitable film; binoculars; portable radios; record players; typewriters; CD
players; and, computer lap tops. Travelers must obtain special permission from Greek
police authorities before bringing firearms and ammunition into the country. Also
travelers are prohibited from bringing flower bulbs, plants, and fresh fruit into Greece.
Foreigners residing permanently in Greece may import used personal effects duty-free.
Foreign currency in any amount may be imported into Greece freely. However, travelers
carrying bank notes or personal checks (including travelers’ checks) exceeding the
equivalent of euro€10,000 must make a declaration upon entry.
Though the export of foreign exchange was liberalized in May 1994, Greek and foreign
travelers must declare any amount exceeding the equivalent of euro€2,000 upon
departure.
When traveling outside the E.U., Greek residents need a certificate from the Greek tax
authorities confirming that they have no outstanding tax obligations in order to export
foreign currency exceeding the equivalent of 10,000 Euro.
Interested businessmen may find additional information at the official booklets issued by
the Greek Ministry of Economy available in the English language on-line at:
http://www.gsis.gr/teloneia/xrisimes_plirofories_teloneia/plirofories.html for “Customs
Tax Relief and Facilities” and “Information for individuals bringing Private passenger-
cars to Greece from other countries”.
http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/common/travellers/enter_eu/index_en.htm
http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1127.html
http://athens.usembassy.gov/
http://www.greekembassy.org
http://www.hellenicnews.com
http://www.worldexecutive.com/cityguides
http://www.ametro.gr
http://www.aia.gr
http://www.ferries.gr
Page | 113
http://www.oasa.gr/index.asp?lang=en
http://www.gsis.gr/teloneia/xrisimes_plirofories_teloneia/apal_diefkol/atelies_taxidioton.h
tm
http://www.gsis.gr/teloneia/faq_teloneia/faq_2.html
http://www.gsis.gr/teloneia/xrisimes_plirofories_teloneia/plirofories.html
Page | 114
Return to table of contents
• Contacts
• Market Research
• Trade Events
Government of Greece
Page | 115
Mr. Nikolaos Toskas
Director, Alternate Minister of Defense Office
227 – 231 Messogeion Avenue, Athens
GR-154 51 Holargos, Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 659-8237
Fax: +30/210/ 653-8093
E-mail: N/A
Page | 116
GR-101 92 Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 696 9877 - 8
Fax: +30/210/ 696 9608
E-mail: [email protected]
Ministry of Finance
Mr. Elias Plaskovitis
Secretary General of the Ministry of Finance
5-7 Nikis Street, Syntagma Square
GR-101 80 Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 333-2496
Fax: +30/210/ 333-2499
E-mail: [email protected]
Ministry of Finance
Mr. Elias Pentazos
Secretary General, Fiscal Policy, General Accounting Office
37 Panepistimiou Street
GR-101 65 Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 333-8447, 333-8448, 323-0472
Fax: +30/210/ 323-9980
E-mail: [email protected]
Page | 117
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Mr. Spyros Kouvelis
Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs
10 Zalokosta Street
GR-106 71 Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 368 9808, +30/210 368-2902
Fax: +30/210/ 368 2831
E-mail: [email protected]
Page | 118
Fax: +30/210/ 650-8097
E-mail: [email protected]
Page | 119
48 Zaimi Street
GR-106 83 Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 822 2717
Fax: +30/210/ 822 2787
E-mail: [email protected]
Page | 120
Dimokritos National Research Center
EKEFE Dimokritos
Mr. Konstantinos Spyropoulos
Vice - President
Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos Streets
GR-153 10 Aghia Paraskevi, Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 650-3022, 650-3018
Fax: +30/210/ 651-0594
E-mail: [email protected]
DEPANOM (Greek government agency within the Ministry of Health, responsible for the
development of new state hospitals, and the upgrade or expansion of current state
hospitals)
Page | 121
Mr. Konstantinos Kapelonis
President
5 Tsoha Street
GR-115 21 Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 870-1600
Fax: +30/210/ 870-1601
E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]
Page | 122
Greek Standards Organization (ELOT)
Mr. Christos Zakolikos
Managing Director
50 Kifissou Street
GR-121 33 Peristeri, Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 212-0418, 212-0420
Fax: +30/210/ 228-3034
E-mail: [email protected]
Page | 123
The Propeller Club of the United States
Mrs. Despina Foros - Tsirozidis
Secretary General
87 Akti Miaouli Street
GR-185 38 Piraeus
Tel: +30/210/ 429-0976
Fax: +30/210/ 429-0974
E-mail: [email protected]
Association of Pharmaceutical
Companies of Greece (SFEE)
Mr. Dionisios Filiotis
President
280 Kifissias Avenue & 3 Agriniou Street
GR-152 32 Halandri, Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 689-1101
Fax: +30/210/ 689-1060
E-mail: [email protected]
Athens Association of
Commercial Agents
Mr. John Papageorgakis
President
15 Voulis Street
GR-105 63 Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 323-2622
Fax: +30/210/ 323-8378
E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]
Athens Chamber of
Commerce and Industry
Mr. Konstantinos Michalos
President
7 Academias Street
GR-106 71 Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 362-4280
Fax: +30/210/ 364-5803
E-mail: [email protected]
Page | 124
Hellenic Federation of Enterprises (SEV)
Mr. Dimitris Daskalopoulos
President
5 Xenofontos Street
GR-105 57 Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 323-7083, +30/211/500 6000
Fax: +30/210/ 322-2929
E-mail: [email protected]
Piraeus Chamber of
Commerce and Industry
Mr. George Kassimatis
President
1 Loudovikou Street, Odyssou Square
GR-185 31 Piraeus
Tel: +30/210/ 417-9480, 417-7241, 417 4371
Fax: +30/210/ 427-4084, 417-8680
E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] and [email protected]
Page | 125
Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE)
Mr. Christos Spirtzis
President
4 Nikis Street
GR-102 48, Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 329-1733, 329-1200
Fax: +30/210/ 322-2504
E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]
Thessaloniki Chamber of
Commerce and Industry
Mr. Dimitris Bakatselos
President
29 Tsimiski Street
GR-546 24, Thessaloniki
Tel: +30/2310/ 370-100, 370-110 up to 11
Fax: +30/2310/ 370-114
E-mail: [email protected]
Page | 126
Institute of Energy For South East Europe (IENE)
Mr. Costis Stambolis
Managing Director
3 Alexandrou Soutsou Street
GR-106 71 Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 364-0278, 362-8457
Fax: +30/210/ 364-6144
E-mail: [email protected] and [email protected]
Kantor S.A.
Mr. Charalambos Dolkas
President of BoD
1, Visarionos & Omirou Streets
GR-106 72, Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 729-7500
Fax: +30/210/ 724-9528
E-mail: [email protected]
Page | 127
Fax: +30/210/ 606-2111
E-mail: [email protected]
LDK S.A.
Mr. Leonidas Damianides
Managing Director
21 Parodos Thivaidos Street
GR-145 64 Nea Kifissia, Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 819-6700
Fax: +30/210/ 819-6709
E-mail: [email protected]
MRB Hellas
Mr. Dimitrios Alexandrou Mavros
General Manager
74 Panormou Street
GR-115 23, Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 697-1000
Fax: +30/210/ 698-5813
E-mail: [email protected]
Page | 128
Trek Consulting S.A.
Mr. Thomas Papapolizos
President
59 Konstantinou Karamanli Street
GR- 151 25 Maroussi Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 699-6157, 699-6411, 617-9414
Fax: +30/210/ 699-5450, 617-9288
E-mail: [email protected]
Conference Guide
(Annual magazine)
Published by Naftemporiki Newspaper
205 Lenorman Street
GR-104 42, Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 519-8000
Fax: +30/210/ 513-9905
E-mail: [email protected]
Business Partners
(Bi-monthly business magazine)
Published by the
American-Hellenic Chamber of Commerce
Mr. Raymond Matera, Editor
34 Panepistimiou Street
GR-106 79 Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 363-7787
Fax: +30/210/ 363 4325
E-mail: [email protected]
Page | 129
Fax: +30/210/ 325-2283
E-mail: [email protected]
TO VIMA
(Daily electronic newspaper – available through internet only at Website: www.tovima.gr)
Published by Lambrakis Press
Mr. Stavros Psicharis, President & Managing Director
80 Michalakopoulou Street
GR-115 28, Athens
Tel: +30/211/ 365 7000, 365 7540
Fax: +30/211/365 7501
E-mail: [email protected] and [email protected]
Ergotaxiaka Themata
(Monthly magazine on construction & building products)
Published by Technoekdotiki S.A.
Mr. Elias Antoniadis, Editor
3 Pentelis Avenue & Pileos Streets
GR-152 35, Vrilissia
Tel: +30/210/ 680-0470
Fax: +30/210/ 680-0476
E-mail: [email protected]
Page | 130
Franchise Business
(Bi-monthly magazine)
Published by Alexander Moor S.A.
Mr. Platonas Malikourtis and Mr. Evangelos Kanellopoulos, Editor
4 Faneromenis Street
GR-155 61, Holargos, Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 654-0681, 654-3067
Fax: +30/210/ 653-3108
E-mail: [email protected]
Franchise Success
(Bi-monthly magazine)
Published by TFC Ltd.
Ms. Loukia Karori, Publisher
84A Ethnikis Antistaseos Street
GR-152 31, Halandri
Tel: +30/210/ 675-6200
Fax: +30/210/ 675-2864
E-mail: [email protected]
THESIS (Bi-mMonthly)
Published by the
Hellenic Association of Pharmaceutical Companies
280 Kifissias Avenue & 3 Agriniou Street
GR-15232, Halandri
Tel: +30/210/ 689-1101
Fax: +30/210/ 689-1060
E-mail: [email protected]
Page | 131
Kerdos (Daily financial newspaper)
Mr. Dimitris Evangelodimos, General Director
44 Vas. Georgiou & Kalvou Streets
GR-152 33 Halandri, Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 674-7881 up to 9
Fax: +30/210/ 674-7893
E-mail: [email protected]
Naftiliaki
(Shipping magazine published two times a year)
Published by A. Vassiliki D. Glass O.E
Mr. David Glass, Publisher
132, Syngrou Avenue
GR-176 71, Kalithea
Tel: +30/210/ 921-4205
Fax: +30/210/ 921-4675
E-mail: [email protected]
News Front
(Weekly shipping magazine)
Published by A. Vassiliki D. Glass O.E
Mr. David Glass, Publisher
132, Syngrou Avenue
GR-176 71, Kalithea
Tel: +30/210/ 921-4205
Fax: +30/210/ 921-4675
E-mail: [email protected]
Page | 132
Peripolos (Patrol) (Quarterly)
Published by “Communications” S.A.
Mr. Anastasios Gouriotis, General Director
2 Messogion Avenue, Athens Tower
Building B
GR-115 27, Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 748-9941
Fax: +30/210/ 748-8367
E-mail: [email protected]
Page | 133
SHIPPING International Monthly Review
(Monthly magazine)
Ms. Letta Demopoulou-Makri, President & Publisher
9 Sotiros Dios Street
GR-185 35, Piraeus
Tel: +30/210/ 422-6486
Fax: +30/210/ 422-6487
E-mail: [email protected]
Commercial Banks
Bank of America
Konstantina Kapetanaki
General Manager, Head of Greece & Cyprus
68 Vas. Sophias Avenue & Eginitou Street
GR-115 28 Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 741-5000
Fax: +30/210/ 724-3102
E-mail: [email protected]
Citibank NA
Mr. Christos Vassiliades
General & Market Manager
3 Achaias Street
GR-145 64 Nea Kifisia
Tel: +30/210/ 329-2300, 329-2301, 818-6721
Fax: +30/210/ 620-3770
E-mail: [email protected]
Page | 134
Emporiki Bank of Greece S.A.
Mr. Nikolaos Embeoglou
Chairman
11 Sofokleous Street
GR-105 59 Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 324-4436
Fax: +30/210/ 324-3508
E-mail: [email protected]
Alpha Bank
Mr. Yannis Costopoulos
Chairman
40 Stadiou Street
GR-102 52 Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 326-2121
Fax: +30/210/ 326-2138
E-mail: [email protected]
Eurobank-Ergasias
Mr. Efthymios Christodoulou
President
20 Amalias & 5 Souri Streets
GR-105 57 Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 323-8904, 333-7896
Fax: +30/210/ 333-7091
E-mail: [email protected]
Geniki Bank
Mr. Francois Turkot
Managing Director
109-111 Messoghion Street
GR-115 10 Athens
Tel: +30/210/ 697-5002
Fax: +30/210/ 697-5917
E-mail: N/A
Page | 135
Fax: +30/210/ 334-1003
E-mail: [email protected]
Legal Services
A list of bilingual attorneys specializing in commercial, corporate and tax law is available
upon request from:
U.S. Embassy
91 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue
GR-101 60 Athens, Greece
Tel: +30/210/ 721-2951
Fax: +30/210/ 645-6282
E-mail: [email protected]
Commercial Affairs
David McNeill
Tel: +30/210/ 720-2303
Fax: +30/210/ 721-8660
E-mail: [email protected]
William Kutson
Tel: +30/210/ 720-2303
Fax: +30/210/ 721-8660
E-mail: [email protected]
Agricultural Affairs
Page | 136
Email: [email protected]
Economic Affairs
Paul Malik
Tel: +30/210/ 720-2312
Fax: +30/210/ 729-4312
E-mail: [email protected]
Page | 137
Website: http://export.gov/advocacy/questionnaire.html
Dale Miller
Director
Office of Trade Programs - Trade Services
1400 Independence Avenue, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20250-1052
Tel: 202-690-0752
Fax: 202 690 0193
Email: [email protected]
Embassy of Greece
Office of the Counselor for Economic & Commercial Affairs
Mrs. Ioanna Annita Mavromichalis, Minister Counselor for Economic & Commercial
Affairs
2217 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20008
Tel: (202) 939-1365, (202) 939-1327, (202) 332-2844
Fax: (202) 939-1324, (202) 328-3105
E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]
Embassy of Greece
Offices of the Military & Defense Attachés
Colonel Taxhiarchis Sardellis, Defense Attaché
Colonel Georgios Tzastas , Military Attaché
2228 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20008
Tel: (202) 234 5695
Fax: (202) 232 2605
E-mail: [email protected]
Page | 138
Tel: (212) 751 2404, 751 2405, 751 2406
Fax: (212) 593 2278
E-mail: [email protected]
Greek Consulate
Mrs. Alexandra Theodoropoulou
520 Post Oak Boulevard, Suite #450
Houston, Texas 77027
Tel: (713) 840 7522, 840-7523
Fax: (713) 840 0614
E-mail: [email protected]
Page | 139
Greek Consulate General
Commercial Office
11835 W. Iympic Blv., Suite 405
Los Angeles, CA 9006
Tel: (310) 914-3434
Fax: (310) 826-8670
E-mail: [email protected]
United States Department of Commerce - Contacts at the U.S. Mission to the E.U.:
Standards Attaché
William Thorn 32.2.811.5034 [email protected]
Commercial Attaché
John Fay 32.2.811.5632 [email protected]
Page | 140
NOAA Fisheries Representative
Stephane Vrignaud 32.2.811.5831 [email protected]
United States Department of Agriculture - Contacts at the U.S. Mission to the E.U.:
Page | 141
For Information on Customs-related Matters within the European Union:
Mr. Walter Deffaa, Director General
Directorate General Taxation and Customs Union
Rue de la Loi 200
B-1049 Brussels
Tel: 32.2.295.43.76
Fax: 32.2.296.90.46
Website: http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/index_en.htm
Standards Contacts:
Mr. Gordon Gillerman
Chief of the Global Standards and Information Program
National Centers for Standards and Certification Information (NCSCI)
National Institute of Standards & Technology
100 Bureau Dr.
Mail Stop 2100
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Tel: (301) 975-2573
Website: http://ts.nist.gov/Standards/Global/about.cfm
Page | 142
Enterprises for Standardization
Rue Jacques de Lalaing 4
B – 1040 Brussels, Belgium
Tel: 32.2.282.05.30
Fax: 32.2.282.05.35
Website: http://www.normapme.com/
Amcham E.U.
53 Avenue des Arts
B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
Tel: 32.2.513.68.92
Fax: 32.2.513.79.28
Website: http://www.amchameu.eu/
Business Europe
The Confederation of European Business
Avenue de Cortenbergh 168
1000 Brussels
Tel: 32.2.237.65.11
Fax: 32.2.231.14.45
Website: www.businesseurope.eu
Page | 143
European-American Business Council – U.S. Office
919 18th Street, NW #220
Washington, DC 20006
Tel: (202) 828-9104
Fax: (202) 828-9106
Website: http://www.eabc.org/
Page | 144
Residence Palace
115 Rue de la Loi, 4th floor
B-1040 Brussels, Belgium
Tel: 32.2. 238.52.40
Fax: 32.2.238.52.42
Website: http://www.tabd.com/
E.U.’s “One Stop Internet Shop for Business” (E.U. funds, technical standards,
intellectual property law, and free access to public procurement tender notices via the
Tenders Electronic Daily (TED) database).
http://ec.europa.eu/youreurope/business/index_en.htm
E.U. market access database (information on tariffs and other trade information)
http://madb.europa.eu/
Page | 145
European Commission Statistical Office (Eurostat) http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/
Page | 146
Website: http://www.e-oikonomia.gr
To view market research reports produced by the U.S. Commercial Service please go to
the following website: http://www.export.gov/marketresearch.html and click on Country
and Industry Market Reports.
Please note that these reports are only available to U.S. citizens and U.S. companies.
Registration to the site is required, but free of charge.
Please click on the link below for information on upcoming trade events.
http://www.export.gov/tradeevents.html
http://www.buyusa.gov/greece/en/tradeevents2011.html
The following is a list of upcoming 2011 key Agricultural Trade Events:
HO.RE.CA 2011
6th Hotel – Restaurant – Cafe Exhibition
Date: February 3-6, 2011
The Tourist Industry moves toward a new period, which is primarily determined by the
world’s financial crisis. The tourist product upgrade, as well as the quality-price relation
is considered to be the only way road for the Greek heavy industry. The goal of the 6th
HO.RE.CA. 2011 is to become an important commercial forum, as well as to offer an
optimistic point of view against this difficult financial period.
Venue: Expo Athens
Organizer: Forum S.A.
Page | 147
Tel.: +(30)-(210)-5242100; +(30)-(210)-5200328
Fax: +(30)-(210)-5246581
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: http://www.forumsa.gr
IFDTEX 2011
24th International Food, Drink, and Technology Exhibition
Date: February 11-14, 2011
The International Food & Drinks Exhibition is the leading part of this technology forum. It
showcases all kinds of food processing and packaging machines, materials, systems,
and products under one roof. This is a unique opportunity to meet senior buyers and
decision makers from all facets of the user industry.
Venue: Metropolitan Expo, Athens
Organizer: Mack Brooks Hellas A.E.
Tel.: +(30)-(210)-6564411
Fax: +(30)-(210)-6564410
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: http://www.mackbrookshellas.gr
ZOOTECHNIA 2011
7th International Fair for Livestock and Poultry
Date: February 3-6, 2011
ZOOTECHNIA is the only specialized exhibition concerning the breeding, meat, and
dairy animal farming sectors in Greece and the Balkans. It opens its gates every two
years at the Thessaloniki International Exhibition Centre and presents developments in
the animal husbandry-aviculture sector.
Venue: International Exhibition Center of Thessaloniki
Organizer: HELEXPO
Tel.:+(30)-(2310)-291101
Fax: +(30)-(2310)-291551
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: http://www.helexpo.gr/default.aspx?lang=en-US&loc=1&page=1630
ARTOZA
6th International Exhibition for Bakery – Confectionery – Raw Materials – Equipment –
Products
Date: 26 February - 1 March, 2011
Venue: Athens Metropolitan Expo
Organization: Forum Ltd.
Tel: +(30)-(210)-5242100
Fax: +(30)-(210)-5246581
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.forumltd.gr
Page | 148
winning wines at a wine tasting event that is held every year after the end of the
competition while winners receive the awards at an official awards ceremony.
Venue: Thessaloniki International Exhibition Centre
Organizer: Wine Producers Association of the Northern Greece Vineyard - HELEXPO
Tel.: +(30)-(2310)-281617; +(30)-(2310)-281632
Fax: +(30)-(2310)-281619
Ε-mail: [email protected]
Website: http://www.wineroads.gr/
BIOLOGICA
4th Exhibition of Organic Products
Date: March 11-14, 2011
BIOLOGICA is a fair dedicated exclusively to organic products. Visitors will have the
opportunity to directly contact producers and learn about methods of cultivation and
production of the products.
Venue: Thessaloniki International Exhibition Centre
Organizer: HELEXPO
Tel.: +(30)-(2310)-291201
Fax: +(30)-(2310)-291658
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.helexpo.gr
DETROP
21st International Exhibition of Food, Beverages, Machinery, Equipment
Date: March 11-14, 2011
DETROP is the first quality and food and beverages show in Thessaloniki. DETROP is
exclusively dedicated to the suppliers, distributors, manufacturers, retailers, and small-
scale producers of food and beverage products to meet the needs of the rising demands
of the food service and hospitality industry.
Venue: Thessaloniki International Exhibition Centre, Thessaloniki, Greece
Organizer: HELEXPO
Tel.: +(30)-(2310)-291201
Fax: +(30)-(2310)-291658
Email: [email protected]
OENOS
3rd International Wine Fair
Date: March 11-14, 2011
Oenos is an international wine fair that offers a wide range of products from the
Agriculture & Wine Industry.
Venue: Thessaloniki International Exhibition Centre
Organizer: HELEXPO
Tel.: +(30)-(2310)-291201
Fax: +(30)-(2310)-291658
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.helexpo.gr
ELEOTECHNIA 2011
Mediterranean Exhibition for Olive and Olive Oil
Date: April 01-03, 2011
Page | 149
ELEOTECHNIA is an Olive oil and edible olives exhibition. ELEOTECHNIA is organized
under the auspices of agencies and vocational organizations, in collaboration with
International Organizations, the participation of foreign organizations and important
Mass Media as media partners or sponsors.
Venue: Expo Athens Exhibition Centre
Organizer: COMPASSexpo Ltd.
Tel.: +(30)-(210)-756 8888
Fax:+(30)-(210)-756 8889
E-mail: [email protected]
AGROTECH 2011
2nd Fair for Agricultural and Animal Breeding Machinery, Equipment & Supplies
Date: September 29 – October 2, 2011
This event aims at promoting products of Greek and global production, providing
information on technology developments and hosting trade contacts, both for specialized
trade visitors and for the general public.
Venue: Exhibition Centre of Lamia
Organization: HELEXPO S.A.
Tel.: +(30)-(2310)-291101
Fax: +(30)-(2310)-291551
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.helexpo.gr
PHILOXENIA 2011
27th International Tourism Exhibition
Date: November 18-20, 2011
PHILOXENIA Expo aims at introducing the variety of the touristic climate and develops
the environment of tourism in the region in order to attract as much visitors and tourists
as they can to visit the outstanding features of our country.
Venue: Thessaloniki International Exhibition Centre
Organizer: HELEXPO S.A.
Tel.: +(30)-(2310)-291293
Fax: +(30)-(2310)-291656
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.helexpo.gr
HOTELIA 2011
Date: November 18-20, 2011
HOTELIA is the definitive event for the restaurant, hotel, and motel industry. It is the
essential showcase for hotel, leisure and related products, services, and technologies.
Venue: Thessaloniki International Exhibition Centre
Organizer: HELEXPO S.A.
Tel: +(30)-(2310)-291293
Fax: +(30)-(2310)-291656
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.helexpo.gr
XENIA 2011
42rd International Tourism & Hospitality Industry
Date: November 25-28, 2011
Page | 150
Related Industries: Catering & Hospitality Industries, Food Processing
Industries,Tourism-Travel
Venue: Metropolitan Expo Exhibition Centre
Organizer: XENIA Exhibitions S.A.
Tel: +(30)-(210)- 8842916
Fax: +(30)-(210)-8216720
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.xenia.gr
Page | 151
Return to table of contents
The U.S. Commercial Service offers customized solutions to help U.S. exporters,
particularly small and medium sized businesses, successfully expand exports to new
markets. Our global network of trade specialists will work one-on-one with you through
every step of the exporting process, helping you to:
To learn more about the Federal Government’s trade promotion resources for new and
experienced exporters, please click on the following link: www.export.gov
For more information on the services the U.S. Commercial Service offers to U.S.
exporters, please click on the following link:
http://www.buyusa.gov/greece/en/4.html
We value your feedback on the format and contents of this report. Please send
your comments and recommendations to: [email protected]
To the best of our knowledge, the information contained in this report is accurate as of the date
published. However, The Department of Commerce does not take responsibility for actions
readers may take based on the information contained herein. Readers should always conduct
their own due diligence before entering into business ventures or other commercial
arrangements. The Department of Commerce can assist companies in these endeavors.
Page | 152