Who Are Taxpayers

WHO ARE “TAXPAYERS” AND WHO NEEDS
A “TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER”?
Who are “Taxpayers” and who needs a “Taxpayer Identification Number”? 1 of 131
Copyright Sovereignty Education and Defense Ministry, http://sedm.org
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
TABLE OF CONTENTS:...................................................................................................................................................... 2
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................................. 2
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ................................................................................................................................................. 3
1 “Taxpayer” v. “Nontaxpayer”: Which One Are You? ............................................................................................ 16
2 Why the Internal Revenue Code does not describe a lawful “tax” in the case of private parties other than
public officers ............................................................................................................................................................. 26
3 Why Subtitle A of the Internal Revenue Code only applies to “aliens/residents” engaged in a “trade or
business” who are domiciled on federal territory ................................................................................................... 30
4 Two Taxing Jurisdictions under the I.R.C.: “National” v. “Federal” ................................................................... 32
5 Legal Authorities Proving that Most Americans are Not the Proper Subject of Federal Income Taxes ............ 39
6 Who needs “Taxpayer Identification Numbers”? .................................................................................................... 46
7 Private Companies can’t act as a “withholding agent” ........................................................................................... 49
8 Why states of the Union are “Foreign Countries” and “foreign states” with respect to most federal jurisdiction51
9 Citizenship summary .................................................................................................................................................. 52
9.1 The Four “United States” ......................................................................................................................................... 53
9.2 Statutory v. constitutional contexts .......................................................................................................................... 56
9.3 Statutory v. Constitutional Citizens ......................................................................................................................... 57
9.4 Citizenship Status v. Tax Status ............................................................................................................................... 62
9.5 Four Types of American Nationals .......................................................................................................................... 66
9.6 Effect of Domicile on Citizenship Status ................................................................................................................. 69
9.7 Meaning of Geographical “Words of Art” ............................................................................................................... 71
9.8 Citizenship and Domicile Options and Relationships .............................................................................................. 72
9.9 Statutory Rules for Converting Between Various Domicile and Citizenship Options ............................................. 74
9.10 Effect of Federal Franchises and Offices Upon Your Citizenship and Standing in Court ....................................... 76
9.11 Federal Statutory Citizenship Statuses Diagram ...................................................................................................... 81
9.12 Citizenship Status on Government Forms ................................................................................................................ 83
9.12.1 Table of options and corresponding form values .............................................................................................. 83
9.12.2 How to describe your citizenship on government forms ................................................................................... 86
9.13 HOW HUMAN BEINGS BECOME “INDIVIDUALS” AND “PERSONS” UNDER THE REVENUE
STATUTES ........................................................................................................................................................................ 90
9.13.1 How alien nonresidents visiting the geographical United States** become statutory “individuals” whether or
not they consent .............................................................................................................................................................. 90
9.13.2 “U.S. Persons” .................................................................................................................................................. 94
9.13.3 The Three Types of “Persons” .......................................................................................................................... 96
9.13.4 Why a “U.S. Person” who is a “citizen” is NOT a statutory “person” or “individual” in the Internal Revenue
Code 97
9.13.5 “U.S. Persons” who are ALSO “persons” ....................................................................................................... 101
9.14 Four Withholding and Reporting Statuses Compared ............................................................................................ 102
9.15 Withholding and Reporting by Geography ............................................................................................................ 107
9.16 Rebuttal of Those Who Fraudulently Challenge or Try to Expand the Statutory Definitions In Thie Document . 113
10 How “nontaxpayers” are deceived into declaring themselves to be “taxpayers” on government forms:
Removing “Not subject” and offering only “Exempt” ......................................................................................... 116
11 Legal remedies for “nontaxpayers” who are the subject of unlawful collection activity .................................... 122
12 Conclusions................................................................................................................................................................ 122
13 Resources for further Study ..................................................................................................................................... 126
14 Questions that Readers, Grand Jurors, and Petit Jurors Should be Asking the Government .......................... 127
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Two jurisdictions within the I.R.C. ......................................................................................................................... 36

Table 2: Statutes authorizing "withholding agents" .............................................................................................................. 49
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Table 3: Geographical terms used throughout this page........................................................................................................ 53
Table 4: “Citizenship status” v. “Income tax status” ............................................................................................................. 63
Table 2: Meanings assigned to "United States" by the U.S. Supreme Court in Hooven & Allison v. Evatt ........................ 67
Table 5: Effect of domicile on citizenship status................................................................................................................... 69
Table 6: Meaning of geographical “words of art” ................................................................................................................. 71
Table 7: Tabular Summary of Citizenship Status on Government Forms ............................................................................. 84
Table 6: Comparison of "person" to "U.S. Person" .............................................................................................................. 101
Table 7: Withholding, reporting, and SSN requirements of various civil statuses .............................................................. 103
Table 8: Income Tax Withholding and Reporting by Geography ....................................................................................... 108
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
Constitutional Provisions
14th Amend. Sect.1 ................................................................................................................................................................ 60
14th Amend., Sect. 1 ........................................................................................................................................................ 81, 82
14th Amendment Section 3 .................................................................................................................................................... 43
9th and 10th Amendments ...................................................................................................................................................... 64
Annotated Fourteenth Amendment, Congressional Research Service ................................................................................... 93
Art. 1 , 2 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 35
Art. 1, § 2, cl. 3, § 9, cl. 4 ....................................................................................................................................................... 76
Art. 1, 8 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 35
Art. 1, 9, 4 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 35
Art. 4, 4 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 36
Article 1, Section 10 ....................................................................................................................................................... 27, 118
Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3 ................................................................................................................................................. 26
Article 1, Section 8, Clause 17 ....................................................................................................................30, 33, 34, 124, 128
Article 1:8:17.......................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Article I, Section 8, Clause 17 ................................................................................................................................................ 64
Article III, Section 2 ............................................................................................................................................................... 51
Article IV ............................................................................................................................................................................. 120
Article IV, Sect. 2 ................................................................................................................................................................... 93
Bill of Rights .......................................................................................................................................................... 30, 108, 109
Constitution 1:9:5 ................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Declaration of Independence .................................................................................................................................... 25, 26, 107
Federalist No. 45, pp. 292-293 (C. Rossiter ed. 1961) ........................................................................................................... 49
Federalist Paper No. 39 .......................................................................................................................................................... 31
First Amendment .............................................................................................................................................................. 26, 87
Sixteenth Amendment ............................................................................................................................................................ 76
Thirteenth Amendment......................................................................................................................................................... 118
Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments ................................................................................................................................ 56
U.S. Const. amend XIV, § 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 56
U.S. Const. amend. XIII, § 1 .................................................................................................................................................. 56
U.S. Const. art. I, § 8 .............................................................................................................................................................. 56
U.S. Constitution Article IV, Section 2 .................................................................................................................................. 68
U.S.A. Constitution ................................................................................................................................................................ 63
USA Constitution ........................................................................................................................................................... 84, 105
Statutes
1 U.S.C. §204 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 25
12 Stat. 432............................................................................................................................................................................. 77
17 Stat. 401............................................................................................................................................................................. 77
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18 U.S.C. §1001 ................................................................................................................................................................... 124
18 U.S.C. §1201 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 35
18 U.S.C. §1542 ................................................................................................................................................................... 124
18 U.S.C. §1621 ................................................................................................................................................................... 124
18 U.S.C. §201 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 123
18 U.S.C. §208 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 109
18 U.S.C. §654 ............................................................................................................................................................... 40, 124
18 U.S.C. §911 ................................................................................................................................................................. 40, 59
18 U.S.C. §912 .......................................................................................................................... 40, 99, 101, 115, 117, 123, 124
19 Stat. 419............................................................................................................................................................................. 77
26 U.S.C. .............................................................................................................................................................................. 101
26 U.S.C. §§7701(a)(9) and (a)(10), 7701(a)(39), and 7408(d) ............................................................................................. 67
26 U.S.C. §1 ................................................................................................................................................................. 106, 107
26 U.S.C. §1313 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 14
26 U.S.C. §1402(b) ................................................................................................................................................................ 41
26 U.S.C. §1441 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 47
26 U.S.C. §1442 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 47
26 U.S.C. §1443 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 47
26 U.S.C. §1446 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 47
26 U.S.C. §1461 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 18
26 U.S.C. §162 ................................................................................................................................................................. 19, 41
26 U.S.C. §3121(e) ..................................................................................................................................................... 34, 85, 87
26 U.S.C. §3401 ................................................................................................................................................................... 107
26 U.S.C. §3401(a)(6) ............................................................................................................................................................ 41
26 U.S.C. §3401(c) ....................................................................................................................................................... 101, 106
26 U.S.C. §3401(d) .............................................................................................................................................................. 128
26 U.S.C. §3402 ................................................................................................................................................................... 101
26 U.S.C. §3402(p)(3)(A) ...................................................................................................................................................... 39
26 U.S.C. §3406 ................................................................................................................................ 41, 48, 101, 103, 106, 129
26 U.S.C. §4612 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 34
26 U.S.C. §6012 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 18
26 U.S.C. §6013(g) and (h) ........................................................................................................................................ 30, 63, 72
26 U.S.C. §6014 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 23
26 U.S.C. §6041 ........................................................................................................................................................... 101, 107
26 U.S.C. §6041(a) ................................................................................................................................................. 18, 101, 103
26 U.S.C. §6065 ............................................................................................................................................................. 17, 113
26 U.S.C. §6109 ................................................................................................................................................................... 101
26 U.S.C. §6109(d) ................................................................................................................................................................ 46
26 U.S.C. §63 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 122
26 U.S.C. §63(a) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 21
26 U.S.C. §6331 ................................................................................................................................................................... 128
26 U.S.C. §6364 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 39
26 U.S.C. §6671 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 75
26 U.S.C. §6671(b) ................................................................................................................................................................ 75
26 U.S.C. §6901 ................................................................................................................................................................... 122
26 U.S.C. §6903 ................................................................................................................................................................... 122
26 U.S.C. §7001 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 34
26 U.S.C. §7206 and 7207 ............................................................................................................................................. 40, 124
26 U.S.C. §7343 ................................................................................................................................................... 19, 58, 72, 75
26 U.S.C. §7408(d) ................................................................................................................................................................ 67
26 U.S.C. §7426 ............................................................................................................................................................. 19, 120
26 U.S.C. §7426(c) ............................................................................................................................................................... 120
26 U.S.C. §7426(h)(2) .......................................................................................................................................................... 120
26 U.S.C. §7433 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 23
26 U.S.C. §7434 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 40
26 U.S.C. §7701 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 98
26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(1) ..................................................................................................................... 93, 95, 96, 97, 99, 102, 103
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26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(10) .......................................................................................................................................................... 93
26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(14) .......................................................................................................................................... 14, 103, 118
26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(26) ................................................................................................. 28, 34, 40, 75, 103, 115, 118, 122, 127
26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(30) ........................................................................................... 14, 44, 46, 67, 73, 94, 96, 97, 99, 101, 126
26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(30)(A)........................................................................................................................................... 100, 102
26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(31) .......................................................................................................................................... 41, 101, 115
26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(39) .............................................................................................................................................. 64, 67, 73
26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(9) ...................................................................................................................................29, 34, 48, 93, 125
26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(9) and (a)(10) ..........................................................................................................96, 100, 106, 117, 126
26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(1) .......................................................................................................................................................... 107
26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(1)(A) ...............................................................................................................................90, 101, 102, 106
26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(1)(B)................................................................................................................................97, 101, 103, 126
26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(4) ............................................................................................................................................................ 30
26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(4)(B)....................................................................................................................................................... 72
26 U.S.C. §7805 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 39
26 U.S.C. §7806 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 93
26 U.S.C. §861(a)(3)(C)(i) ..................................................................................................................................................... 41
26 U.S.C. §864(b)(1) .............................................................................................................................................................. 29
26 U.S.C. §864(c)(3) ............................................................................................................................................................ 122
26 U.S.C. §871 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 41
26 U.S.C. §871(a) ................................................................................................................................................................... 35
26 U.S.C. §871(a)(3) .............................................................................................................................................................. 21
26 U.S.C. §871(b)(1) .............................................................................................................................................................. 41
26 U.S.C. §911 ....................................................................................................................................................... 96, 106, 126
26 U.S.C. §911(d) ................................................................................................................................................................ 102
26 U.S.C. §911(d)(1) ........................................................................................................................................................ 96, 98
26 U.S.C. Chapter 24 ........................................................................................................................................................... 103
26 U.S.C. Subtitle A ............................................................................................................................................................. 109
26 U.S.C. Subtitle A, Chapter 3, Subchapter A...................................................................................................................... 97
26 U.S.C. Subtitle C ............................................................................................................................................................. 106
28 U.S.C. §1332 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 52
28 U.S.C. §1332(e) ................................................................................................................................................................. 52
28 U.S.C. §144 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 109
28 U.S.C. §1605 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 91
28 U.S.C. §1605(a) ............................................................................................................................................................... 121
28 U.S.C. §2201 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 17
28 U.S.C. §297 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 49
28 U.S.C. §3002(15)(A) ........................................................................................................................................... 65, 74, 121
28 U.S.C. §455 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 109
3 Stat. at L. 216, chap. 60 ....................................................................................................................................................... 36
31 U.S.C. §5331 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 19
4 U.S.C. §§110-113 ................................................................................................................................................................ 36
4 U.S.C. §106 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 36
4 U.S.C. §110(d) ...................................................................................................................................................... 69, 96, 107
4 U.S.C. §72 ............................................................................................................................................29, 102, 106, 118, 123
40 U.S.C. §3111 ................................................................................................................................................................... 125
42 U.S.C. §408 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 46
42 U.S.C. §418 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 43
48 U.S.C. .............................................................................................................................................................................. 106
5 U.S.C. §2105 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 122
5 U.S.C. §2105(a) ............................................................................................................................................28, 102, 106, 122
5 U.S.C. §5517 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 36
5 U.S.C. §552a(a)(2) ........................................................................................................................................................ 68, 86
5 U.S.C. §553(a)(1) ................................................................................................................................................................ 37
5 U.S.C. §553(a)(2) ................................................................................................................................................................ 37
53 Stat. 1, Section 4, Part 1, Chapter 2, p. 1 ........................................................................................................................... 26
68A Stat. 917 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 39
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8 U.S.C. §§1401-1459 ............................................................................................................................................................ 59
8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(2) .............................................................................................................................................................. 21
8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21) ........................................................................................................... 61, 62, 64, 67, 73, 82, 83, 87, 126
8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(22) ...................................................................................................................................................... 67, 72
8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(22)(A)........................................................................................................................61, 64, 67, 82, 83, 102
8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(22)(B) ............................................................................................................ 61, 62, 64, 67, 72, 82, 87, 102
8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(29) ...................................................................................................................................................... 61, 82
8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(3) ............................................................................................................................................................ 102
8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(36) ............................................................................................................................................................ 29
8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(38) ............................................................................................................................................................ 87
8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(38), (a)(36) ................................................................................................................................... 61, 82, 84
8 U.S.C. §1401 .................................................................... 51, 52, 57, 58, 59, 61, 64, 65, 67, 68, 73, 82, 83, 85, 87, 102, 106
8 U.S.C. §1401–1459 ............................................................................................................................................................. 58
8 U.S.C. §1408 ............................................................................................................................................................. 102, 106
8 U.S.C. 1401 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 85
86 Stat. 944............................................................................................................................................................................. 39
Act of February 21, 1871, ch. 62, § 34, 16 Stat. 419, 426 ...................................................................................................... 57
California Revenue and Taxation Code, section 17018 ......................................................................................................... 69
California Revenue and Taxation Code, section 6017 ........................................................................................................... 69
Corporation Excise Tax Act of 1909 ...................................................................................................................................... 77
Corporation Tax Law of 1909 ................................................................................................................................................ 77
District of Columbia Act of 1871, 16 Stat. 419, 426, Sec. 34 ................................................................................................ 67
Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, 28 U.S.C. Chapter 97 .................................................................................................... 91
I.R.C. ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
I.R.C. §§1441, 1442, 1443 ..................................................................................................................................................... 43
I.R.C. §6201 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 43
I.R.C. §6301 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 42
I.R.C. §7214(a)(2) .................................................................................................................................................................. 44
I.R.C. §7433 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 44
I.R.C. §7608 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 43
I.R.C. §7608(b)....................................................................................................................................................................... 43
I.R.C. §7701(a)(16) ................................................................................................................................................................ 43
Internal Revenue Code of 1954 .............................................................................................................................................. 42
Internal Revenue Code, Subtitle A .......................................................................... 26, 33, 35, 37, 40, 115, 121, 122, 124, 125
Internal Revenue Code, Subtitle C ......................................................................................................................................... 16
Internal Revenue Code, Subtitles A and C ........................................................................................................................... 125
Internal Revenue Code, Title 26 ............................................................................................................................................. 25
Social Security Act ............................................................................................................................................................... 101
Statutes at Large, 53 Stat 1, Section 4 .................................................................................................................................... 26
Statutes at Large, Volume 53, Part 1, Chapter 2, Page 1 ........................................................................................................ 26
Title 26 of the U.S. Code ........................................................................................................................................................ 95
Title 28 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 49
Title 28, U.S.C., §§754 and 959(a)......................................................................................................................................... 75
Title 48 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 64
Title 8 of the U.S. Code.............................................................................................................................................. 46, 84, 85
Regulations
20 C.F.R. §422.103(d) ............................................................................................................................................................ 21
20 C.F.R. §422.104 ................................................................................................................................................................ 85
26 C.F.R. ................................................................................................................................................................................ 42
26 C.F.R. §1.1-1 ..............................................................................................................................................14, 28, 58, 61, 85
26 C.F.R. §1.1-1(a)(2)(ii) ...................................................................................................................... 28, 41, 68, 96, 100, 126
26 C.F.R. §1.1-1(c)..................................................................................................................................................... 64, 72, 73
26 C.F.R. §1.1441 .................................................................................................................................................................. 99
26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1 ................................................................................................................................................. 45, 99, 107
26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1(b)(2)(i) ............................................................................................................................................ 98, 99
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26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1(b)(3)(iii) ...................................................................................................................................... 101, 103
26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1(c)........................................................................................................................................................... 41
26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1(c)(3) ........................................................................................... 45, 63, 68, 87, 95, 96, 99, 100, 102, 103
26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1(c)(3)(i) ............................................................................................................................................ 72, 97
26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1(c)-3 ....................................................................................................................................................... 30
26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1(d)(1) .................................................................................................................................... 101, 103, 106
26 C.F.R. §1.1441-6(c)(1) .................................................................................................................................................... 126
26 C.F.R. §1.1441-7 ............................................................................................................................................................... 43
26 C.F.R. §1.6151-1 ............................................................................................................................................................... 23
26 C.F.R. §1.864-2(b) ............................................................................................................................................................ 29
26 C.F.R. §1.871-1(b)(i)......................................................................................................................................................... 41
26 C.F.R. §1.871-2 ........................................................................................................................................................... 73, 89
26 C.F.R. §1.871-4 ................................................................................................................................................................. 89
26 C.F.R. §1.871-4(b) .................................................................................................................................................... 72, 101
26 C.F.R. §1.871-4(c)(ii) .................................................................................................................................................. 72, 73
26 C.F.R. §1.871-5 ................................................................................................................................................................. 90
26 C.F.R. §1.872-2(f) ............................................................................................................................................................. 41
26 C.F.R. §301.6109-1(b) ................................................................................................................................................ 44, 85
26 C.F.R. §301.6109-1(b)(1) ................................................................................................................................ 101, 103, 106
26 C.F.R. §301.6109-1(b)(2) ................................................................................................................................................ 101
26 C.F.R. §301.6361-4 ........................................................................................................................................................... 42
26 C.F.R. §301.7513-1(b)(1) and (b)(2) ................................................................................................................................. 43
26 C.F.R. §301.7701(b)-1(d) .................................................................................................................................................. 63
26 C.F.R. §301.7701(b)-7 ............................................................................................................................................ 102, 106
26 C.F.R. §301.7701-16 ......................................................................................................................................................... 43
26 C.F.R. §301.7701-5 . ........................................................................................................................................... 18, 30, 121
26 C.F.R. §31.3401(a)(6)-1(b) ............................................................................................................................................... 41
26 C.F.R. §31.3401(a)-3......................................................................................................................................................... 40
26 C.F.R. §31.3401(c) .................................................................................................................................................... 48, 128
26 C.F.R. §31.3401(c)-1............................................................................................................................................... 103, 129
26 C.F.R. §31.3402(p)-1 ........................................................................................................................................................ 40
26 C.F.R. §31.3402(p)-1(a) .................................................................................................................................................... 18
26 C.F.R. §31.3402(p)-1(b)(2) ............................................................................................................................................... 39
26 C.F.R. §31.3406(h)-3(c)(2) ............................................................................................................................................. 103
26 C.F.R. §601.702 ................................................................................................................................................................ 37
26 C.F.R.§1.1-1(a)(2)(ii) ........................................................................................................................................................ 61
26 C.F.R.§1.1441-1(c)(3) ....................................................................................................................................................... 61
26 C.F.R.§1.1441-1(c)(3)(i) ................................................................................................................................................... 61
31 C.F.R. §103.30(d)(2) ......................................................................................................................................................... 19
31 C.F.R. §103.34 ................................................................................................................................................................ 127
31 C.F.R. §215.2(h)(1)(i) ....................................................................................................................................................... 41
31 C.F.R. §215.2(n)(1) ........................................................................................................................................................... 39
31 C.F.R. §306.10 ................................................................................................................................................................ 127
31 C.F.R. §306.10, Note 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 101, 106
31 C.F.R. Subpart B-Standard Agreement 215.6 ................................................................................................................... 43
31 C.F.R., Part 215 ................................................................................................................................................................. 43
8 C.F.R. §215.1(f) .................................................................................................................................................................. 84
Federal Register...................................................................................................................................................................... 48
Rules
Calif.Evid.Code, §600 .......................................................................................................................................................... 111
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 17(b) ........................................................................................................................... 75, 102
Federal Rule of Evidence 611(c ) ......................................................................................................................................... 119
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Cases
7 Cranch, 144 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 89
American Banana Co. v. U.S. Fruit, 213 U.S. 347 at 357-358 ............................................................................................. 118
Armstrong v. United States, 182 U.S. 243, 21 S.Ct. 827, 45 L.Ed. 1086 (1901) ................................................................... 58
Ashton v. Cameron County Water Improvement District No. 1, 298 U.S. 513, 56 S.Ct. 892 (1936) .............................. 23, 50
Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority, 297 U.S. 288, 56 S.Ct. 466 (1936) .................................................................. 111
Atchison, T. & S. F. R. Co. v. Railroad Commission, 283 U.S. 380, 392 –393 (1931) ......................................................... 46
Bailey v. Alabama, 219 U.S. 219 (1911)................................................................................................................................ 96
Balzac v. Porto Rico, 258 U.S. 298 (1922) .......................................................................................................................... 111
Bank of Augusta v. Earle, 38 U.S. (13 Pet.) 519, 10 L.Ed. 274 (1839).................................................................................. 50
Bente v. Bugbee, 137 A. 552, 103 N.J. Law. 608 (1927) ....................................................................................................... 17
Berea College v. Kentucky, 211 U.S. 45 (1908) .................................................................................................................... 95
Blair v. Commissioner, 300 U.S. 5, 9 , 10 S., 57 S.Ct. 330, 331 ............................................................................................ 36
Board of County Com'rs of Lemhi County v. Swensen, Idaho, 80 Idaho 198, 327 P.2d. 361, 362 ....................................... 27
Botta v. Scanlon, 288 F.2d. 504, 508 (1961) .......................................................................................................................... 17
Boutilier v. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 387 U.S. 118, 123 (1967) ................................................................... 74
Bowers v. Kerbaugh-Empire Co., 271 U.S. 170, 174, (1926) ................................................................................................ 78
Brown v. Babbitt Ford, Inc., 117 Ariz. 192, 571 P.2d. 689, 695 ............................................................................................ 37
Budd v. People of State of New York, 143 U.S. 517 (1892).......................................................................................... 41, 123
Bullock v. Latham, 306 F.2d. 45 (1962) ................................................................................................................................ 20
Burgin v. Forbes, 293 Ky. 456, 169 S.W.2d. 321, 325 ...................................................................................97, 109, 112, 128
Burk-Waggoner Oil Association v. Hopkins, 269 U.S. 110, 111 , 114 S., 46 S.Ct. 48, 49 .................................................... 36
Burnet v. Harmel, 287 U.S. 103, 110 , 53 S.Ct. 74, 77 .......................................................................................................... 36
C.I.R. v. Trustees of L. Inv. Ass'n, 100 F.2d.18 (1939) ......................................................................................................... 19
Carlisle v. U. S., 16 Wall. 147, 155 (1872) ............................................................................................................................ 90
Carter v. Carter Coal Co., 298 U.S. 238, 56 S.Ct. 855 (1936) ........................................................................22, 33, 46, 48, 50
Chae Chan Ping v. U.S. (1889) 130 U.S. 581, 603, 604, 9 Sup.Ct. 623 ................................................................................. 90
Chae Chan Ping v. U.S., 130 U.S. 581 (1889) ................................................................................................................. 74, 75
City of Boerne v. Florez, Archbishop of San Antonio, 521 U.S. 507 (1997) ............................................................... 111, 122
Cohens v. Virginia, 19 U.S. 264, 6 Wheat. 265, 5 L.Ed. 257 (1821) ............................................................................... 32, 55
Cohens v. Virginia, 6 Wheat. 264, 413 .................................................................................................................................. 74
Colautti v. Franklin, 439 U.S. at 392-393, n. 10 .................................................................................................... 97, 109, 112
Cornell v. Coyne, 192 U.S. 418, 430; Strathearn S.S. Co. v. Dillon, 252 U.S. 348, 354 ....................................................... 95
Cotton v. United States, 11 How. 229, 231 (1851)............................................................................................................... 122
Crooks v. Harrelson, 282 U.S. 55, 59, 51 S.Ct. 49, 50 ........................................................................................................... 36
Davis v. Davis. TexCiv-App., 495 S.W.2d. 607. 611 .......................................................................................................... 124
De Lima v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 1, 21 S.Ct. 743, 45 L.Ed. 1041 (1901) ................................................................................... 58
Delaware, L.&W.R.Co. v. Petrowsky, C.C.A.N.Y., 250 F. 554, 557 .................................................................................... 60
Dooley v. United States, 182 U.S. 222, 21 S.Ct. 762, 45 L.Ed. 1074 (1901) ......................................................................... 58
Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244 (1901) ............................................................................................................................... 38
Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244, 251, 21 S.Ct. 770, 773, 45 L.Ed. 1088 (1901) ................................................................ 58
Downes, 182 U.S. at 261, 21 S.Ct. at 777 .............................................................................................................................. 58
Doyle v. Mitchell Brothers Co., 247 U.S. 179, 185 ............................................................................................................... 78
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393, 509-510 (1856) ......................................................................................................... 124
Economy Plumbing & Heating v. U.S., 470 F.2d. 585 (1972) ..................................................................................... 118, 119
Economy Plumbing & Heating v. United States, 470 F.2d. 585 (1972)................................................................................. 20
Edwards v. Cuba Railroad, 268 U.S. 628, 633 ....................................................................................................................... 78
EEOC v. Information Systems Consulting CA3-92-0169-T .................................................................................................. 43
Eisner v. Macomber, 252 U.S. 189, 207 ................................................................................................................................ 78
Electric Co. v. Dow, 166 U.S. 489, 17 S.Ct. 645, 41 L.Ed. 1088......................................................................................... 111
Federal Crop Insurance vs. Merrill, 33 U.S. 380 at 384 (1947) ............................................................................................. 44
Flesch v. Circle City Excavating & Rental Corp., 137 Ind.App. 695, 210 N.E.2d. 865....................................................... 125
Flint v. Stone Tracy Co., 220 U.S. 107 (1911) ...................................................................................................................... 78
Flora v. U.S., 362 U.S. 145 (1960) ................................................................................................................................... 23, 47
Fong Yue Ting v. United States, 149 U.S. 698 (1893) ..................................................................................................... 57, 74
Fox v. Standard Oil Co. of N.J., 294 U.S. 87, 95-96 (1935) ................................................................................................ 112
Fulton Light, Heat & Power Co. v. State, 65 Misc.Rep. 263, 121 N.Y.S. 536..................................................................... 124
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
Georgia R. & Power Co. v. Atlanta, 154 Ga. 731, 115 S.E. 263 .................................................................................. 123, 124
Goodrich v. Edwards, 255 U.S. 527, 535 ............................................................................................................................... 78
Gould v. Gould, 245 U.S. 151, at 153 (1917)....................................................................................................................... 129
Great Falls Mfg. Co. v. Attorney General, 124 U.S. 581, 8 S.Ct. 631, 31 L.Ed. 527........................................................... 111
Gregory v. Ashcroft, 501 U.S. 452, 458 (1991) ..................................................................................................................... 51
Grosjean v. American Press Co., 297 U.S. 233, 244 (1936) .................................................................................................. 95
Hammer v. Dagenhart, 247 U.S. 251, 275 , 38 S.Ct. 529, 3 A.L.R. 649, Ann.Cas.1918E 724 .......................22, 33, 46, 48, 50
Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964) ............................................................................. 111, 122
Heiner v. Donnan, 285 U.S. 312 (1932) ............................................................................................................................... 112
Higley v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 69 F.2d. 160 (1934) ....................................................................................... 17
Hoffmann v. Kinealy, Mo., 389 S.W.2d. 745, 752............................................................................................................... 124
Holmstrom v. PPG Industries, 512 F.Supp. 552, 554 DC WD Pa. 1981................................................................................ 43
Hooven & Allison Co. v. Evatt, 324 U.S. 652 (1945) ............................................................................................................ 66
Hooven and Allison v. Evatt, 324 U.S. 652 (1945) .......................................................................................................... 52, 56
In re Young, 235 B.R. 666 (Bankr.M.D.Fla., 1999) ....................................................................................................... 89, 110
Insurance Co. v. New Orleans, 13 Fed.Cas. 67 (C.C.D.La. 1870) ......................................................................................... 95
Irwin v. Gavit, 268 U.S. 161, 167 .......................................................................................................................................... 78
James v. Bowman, 190 U.S. 127, 139 (1903) .............................................................................................................. 111, 122
Jones v. Mayer, 392 U.S. 409 (1798) ..................................................................................................................................... 65
Kleindienst v. Mandel, 408 U.S. 753 (1972) .......................................................................................................................... 74
Labberton v. General Cas. Co. of America, 53 Wash.2d. 180, 332 P.2d. 250, 252, 254...................................................... 124
Labine v. Vincent, 401 U.S. 532, 91 S.Ct. 1917, 28 L.Ed.2d. 288 ......................................................................................... 59
Lamm v. Bekins Van Lines, Co, 139 F.Supp.2d. 1300, 1314 (M.D. Ala. 2001).................................................................... 53
Leonard v. Vicksburg, etc., R. Co., 198 U.S. 416, 422, 25 S.Ct. 750, 49 L.Ed. 1108 .......................................................... 111
Liberty Warehouse Co. v. Tobacco Growers, 276 U.S. 71, 89 (1928) ................................................................................... 95
License Tax Cases, 72 U.S. 462 (1866) ................................................................................................................................. 78
License Tax Cases, 72 U.S. 462, 18 L.Ed. 497, 5 Wall. 462, 2 A.F.T.R. 2224 (1866) .......................................... 23, 110, 125
Lippencott v. Allander, 27 Iowa 460 ............................................................................................................................ 123, 124
Loan Association v. Topeka, 20 Wall. 655 (1874) ................................................................................................................. 26
Long v. Rasmussen, 281 F. 236, 238 (1922) .................................................................................................................... 20, 25
Loughborough v. Blake, 18 U.S. 317 (1820) ......................................................................................................................... 49
Loughborough v. Blake, 5 Wheat. 317, 5 L.Ed. 98 ................................................................................................................ 37
Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137, 163 (1803) ........................................................................................................................ 52
Meese v. Keene, 481 U.S. 465, 484-485 (1987) .................................................................................................................. 112
Merchants' L. & T. Co. v. Smietanka, 255 U.S. 509, 219 ...................................................................................................... 78
Miles v. Safe Deposit Co., 259 U.S. 247, 252-253................................................................................................................. 78
Miller Brothers Co. v. Maryland, 347 U.S. 340 (1954).......................................................................................................... 15
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 491.................................................................................................................................. 44
Morrissey v. Commissioner, 296 U.S. 344, 356 , 56 S.Ct. 289, 294 ...................................................................................... 36
Murray v. City of Charleston, 96 U.S. 432 (1877) ................................................................................................................. 43
Newblock v. Bowles, 170 Okl. 487, 40 P.2d. 1097, 1100 ...............................................................................97, 109, 112, 128
Ngiraingas v. Sanchez, 495 U.S. 182 (1990).................................................................................................................. 98, 122
Nowell v. Nowell, Tex.Civ.App., 408 S.W.2d. 550, 553 ....................................................................................................... 37
O’Malley v. Woodrough ........................................................................................................................................................ 28
O’Malley v. Woodrough, 307 U.S. 277 (1938) ...................................................................................................................... 28
Oceanic Navigation Co. v. Stranahan, 214 U.S. 320, 339 (1909) .......................................................................................... 74
Orient Ins. Co. v. Daggs, 172 U.S. 557, 561 (1869)............................................................................................................... 95
Osborn v. Bank of U.S., 22 U.S. 738 (1824) ................................................................................................................ 104, 110
Paul v. Virginia, 75 U.S. (8 Wall.) 168 (1869)....................................................................................................................... 95
Paul v. Virginia, 8 Wall (U.S.) 168, 19 L.Ed 357 (1868) ....................................................................................................... 75
Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714, 24 L.Ed. 565 ....................................................................................................................... 125
People ex re. Atty. Gen. V. Naglee, 1 Cal. 234 (1850) ......................................................................................................... 51
Perry v. U.S., 294 U.S. 330 (1935)......................................................................................................................................... 27
Pierce v. Somerset Ry., 171 U.S. 641, 648, 19 S.Ct. 64, 43 L.Ed. 316 ................................................................................ 111
Poe v. Seaborn, 282 U.S. 101, 109 , 110 S., 51 S.Ct. 58 ........................................................................................................ 36
Poindexter v. Greenhow, 114 U.S. 270 (1885) .................................................................................................................... 111
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
Pollock v. Farmer’s Loan & T. Co., 157 U.S. 429, 29 L.Ed. 759, 15 Sup.St. Rep. 673, 158 U.S. 601, 39 L.Ed. 1108, 15 Sup.
Ct. Rep. 912 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 78
Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., 158 U.S. 601 ............................................................................................................. 78
Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co., 157 U.S. 429, 158 U.S. 601 (1895).......................................................................... 26
Powe v. United States, 109 F.2d 147 (1940) .......................................................................................................................... 57
Proprietors of Charles River Bridge v. Proprietors of Warren Bridge, 36 U.S. 420 (1837) ................................................... 75
Radich v. Hutchins , 95 U.S. 210 (1877)................................................................................................................................ 90
Raffaele v. Granger, 196 F.2d. 620 (1952) ............................................................................................................................. 20
Railroad Trainmen v. B. & O.R. Co. 331 U.S. 519 (1947) .................................................................................................... 95
Reid v. Colorado, 187 U.S. 137, 148 (1902) .......................................................................................................................... 46
ReMine ex rel. Liley v. District Court for City and County of Denver, Colo., 709 P.2d. 1379, 1382 ................................. 125
Roberts v Roberts (1947) 81 CA.2d. 871, 185 P.2d. 381 ....................................................................................................... 89
Rogers v. Bellei, 401 U.S. 815 (1971) ................................................................................................................................... 59
Rothensis v. Ullman, 110 F.2d. 590(1940)............................................................................................................................. 20
Rundle v. Delaware & Raritan Canal Company, 55 U.S. 80, 99 (1852) from dissenting opinion by Justice Daniel ............. 92
Savage v. Jones, 225 U.S. 501, 533........................................................................................................................................ 46
Schmitt v. U.S., 140 B.R. 571 (Bank W.D. Okl. 1992) .......................................................................................................... 20
Schwartz v. Texas, 344 U.S. 199, 202-203 (1952) ................................................................................................................. 46
Selover, Bates & Co. v. Walsh, 226 U.S. 112, 126 (1912)..................................................................................................... 95
Sinking Fund Cases, 99 U.S. 700 (1878) ......................................................................................................................... 26, 29
Slaughter-House Cases, 83 U.S. (16 Wall.) 36, 21 L.Ed. 394 (1873) .............................................................................. 56, 59
Sloan v. Comm’r, 53 F.3d 799 (7th Cir. 1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 897 (1995)................................................................ 21
Smith v. Smith, 206 Pa.Super. 310, 213 A.2d 94 ................................................................................................................... 15
Smith v. Smith, 206 Pa.Super. 310, 213 A.2d. 94 .................................................................................................................. 60
South Carolina v. Regan, 465 U.S. 367 (1984) ...................................................................................................................... 20
Southern Pacific Co. v. Lowe, 247 U.S. 330, 335 .................................................................................................................. 78
St. Louis Malleable Casting Co. v. Prendergast Construction Co., 260 U.S. 469, 43 S.Ct. 178, 67 L.Ed. 351 ................... 111
State ex rel. Hutton v. Baton Rouge, 217 La. 857, 47 So.2d. 665 ................................................................................ 123, 124
Stenberg v. Carhart, 530 U.S. 914 (2000) .............................................................................................................. 97, 109, 112
Stratton's Independence v. Howbert, 231 U.S. 399, 415 ........................................................................................................ 78
Terry v. Bothke, 713 F.2d. 1405, at 1414 (1983) ................................................................................................................... 17
The Chinese Exclusion Case, 130 U.S. 581, 609 (1889) ........................................................................................................ 74
Tower v. Tower & S. Street R. Co. 68 Minn. 500, 71 N.W. 691 ................................................................................. 123, 124
Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 4 Wheat. 518, 561-562 (1819) .................................................................... 122
U.S. v. Butler, 297 U.S. 1 (1936) ........................................................................................................................................... 26
U.S. v. Whiteridge, 231 U.S. 144, 34 S.Sup.Ct. 24 (1913) .................................................................................................... 78
United States v. Fisher, 2 Cranch 358, 386 ............................................................................................................................ 95
United States v. Guest, 383 U.S. 745 (1966) ................................................................................................................ 111, 122
United States v. Harris, 106 U.S. 629, 1 S.Ct. 601, 27 L.Ed. 290 (1883) ............................................................................ 110
United States v. Harris, 106 U.S. 629, 639 (1883) ......................................................................................................... 77, 111
United States v. Lee, 106 U.S. 196, 1 S.Ct. 240 (1882) ....................................................................................................... 114
United States v. Malinowski, 347 F. Supp. 352 (1992) .......................................................................................................... 43
United States v. Maurice, 26 F.Cas. 1211, 1216 (No. 15,747) (CC Va. 1823) .................................................................... 122
United States v. Phellis, 257 U.S. 156, 169 ............................................................................................................................ 78
United States v. Reese, 92 U.S. 214, 218 (1876).......................................................................................................... 111, 122
United States v. Supplee-Biddle Co., 265 U.S. 189, 194 ....................................................................................................... 78
United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649, 18 S.Ct. 456, 42 L.Ed. 890 (1898) ............................................................. 90
Utah Farm Bureau Ins. Co. v. Utah Ins. Guaranty Ass'n, Utah, 564 P.2d. 751, 754 .............................................................. 27
Valmonte v. I.N.S., 136 F.3d. 914 (C.A.2, 1998)................................................................................................................... 58
Van Brocklin v. Tennessee, 117 U.S. 151, 154 (1886) ........................................................................................................ 122
Wall v. Parrot Silver & Copper Co., 244 U.S. 407, 411, 412, 37 S.Ct. 609, 61 L.Ed. 1229 ................................................ 111
Weiss v. Wiener, 279 U.S. 333, 49 S.Ct. 337......................................................................................................................... 36
Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Lenroot, 323 U.S. 490, 502 (1945) .................................................................................. 112
Wildenhus’ Case, 120 U.S. 1, 7 Sup.Ct. 385 (1887) .............................................................................................................. 90
Wyman v. James, 400 U.S. 309, 91 S.Ct. 381, 27 L.Ed.2d. 408 (1971) ................................................................................ 59
Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 369, 6 S.Sup.Ct. 1064, 1071 ......................................................................................... 54
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
Other Authorities
"IRS Lock-In Letter" .............................................................................................................................................................. 42
1 J. Bouvier, A Law Dictionary Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States of America 318-319 (11th ed.
1866)................................................................................................................................................................................ 123
1040 form ............................................................................................................................................................................. 100
19 Corpus Juris Secundum (C.J.S.), Corporations, §883 (2003) ............................................................................................ 76
19 Corpus Juris Secundum (C.J.S.), Corporations, §886 (2003) .........................................................................47, 76, 99, 123
2 Inst. 46-7 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 76
2A N. Singer, Sutherland on Statutes and Statutory Construction § 47.07, p. 152, and n. 10 (5th ed. 1992) ...................... 113
3 H. Stephen, Commentaries on the Laws of England 166, 168 (1st Am. ed. 1845) ........................................................... 123
37 Cyc. 724, 725 .................................................................................................................................................................... 18
81A Corpus Juris Secundum (C.J.S.), United States, §29 (2003) .......................................................................................... 51
A Detailed Study into the Meaning of the term "United States" found in the Internal Revenue Code, Family Guardian
Fellowship ......................................................................................................................................................................... 55
A Treatise on the Law of Public Offices and Officers, Floyd Russell Mechem, 1890, p. 27, §74 ......................................... 42
A Treatise on the Law of Public Offices and Officers, Floyd Russell Mechem, 1890, pp. 3-4, §2 ....................................... 78
About E-Verify, Form #04.107 .............................................................................................................................................. 89
About IRS Form W-8BEN, Form #04.202................................................................................................................. 74, 86, 88
About SSNs and TINs on Government Forms and Correspondence, Form #05.012 ................................................... 103, 108
Affidavit of Citizenship, Domicile, and Tax Status, Form #02.001 ....................................................................57, 87, 88, 130
American Jurisprudence 2d, Franchises, §4: Generally (1999) ........................................................................................... 125
Babylon the Great is Falling ................................................................................................................................................... 18
Black’s Law Dictionary.......................................................................................................................................................... 61
Black’s Law Dictionary (6th ed. 1990), p. 1025 .................................................................................................................... 58
Black’s Law Dictionary (8th ed. 2004) .................................................................................................................................. 61
Black’s Law Dictionary, 4th Ed., p 1300 ............................................................................................................................... 90
Black’s Law Dictionary, Fifth Edition, p. 1095 ................................................................................................................... 125
Black’s Law Dictionary, Fourth Edition, p. 1693 ................................................................................................................ 110
Black’s Law Dictionary, Fourth Edition, p. 310 .................................................................................................................... 61
Black’s Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition, p. 1162..................................................................................................................... 27
Black’s Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition, p. 1185................................................................................................................... 113
Black’s Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition, p. 267....................................................................................................................... 38
Black’s Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition, p. 485................................................................................................................. 16, 61
Black’s Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition, p. 581................................................................................................98, 110, 113, 130
Black’s Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition, pp. 1397-1398 ......................................................................................................... 28
Citizenship Status v. Tax Status, Form #10.011, Section 13 ................................................................................................ 102
Citizenship, Domicile, and Tax Status Options, Form #10.003 ............................................................................................. 52
Civil Court Remedies for Sovereigns: Taxation, Litigation Tool #10.002 .......................................................................... 122
Collection of U.S. Supreme Court Legal Maxims, Litigation Tool #10.216, U.S. Department of Justice ........................... 116
Confucius (551 BCE - 479 BCE) Chinese thinker and social philosopher ............................................................................ 57
Cooley, Const. Lim., 479 ....................................................................................................................................................... 27
Correcting Erroneous Information Returns, Form #04.001 .................................................................................... 20, 103, 111
Correcting Erroneous IRS Form 1042’s, Form #04.003 ........................................................................................................ 20
Correcting Erroneous IRS Form W-2’s, Form #04.006 ......................................................................................................... 20
Courts Cannot Make Law, Michael Anthony Peroutka Townhall ....................................................................................... 116
Cynthia Mills Letter , IRS Disclosure Officer Hoverdale Letter, SEDM Exhibit #09.023 .................................................... 30
Department of Defense........................................................................................................................................................... 42
Department of State Form I-9 ................................................................................................................................................ 87
Eugene Pringle ....................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Family Guardian Forum 6.5: Word Games that STEAL from and deceive people, Family Guardian Fellowship .............. 116
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
Family Guardian Website, Taxation Page ............................................................................................................................ 127
Federal and State Tax Withholding Options for Private Employers, Form #04.101 ............................................................ 127
Federal and State Tax Withholding Options for Private Employers, Form #09.001, Section 25 ......................................... 106
Federal Jurisdiction, Form #05.018 ........................................................................................................................................ 53
Federal Jurisdiction, Form #05.018, Section 3 ....................................................................................................................... 96
Federal Pleading/Motion/Petition Attachment, Litigation Tool #01.002 ............................................................................... 88
Flawed Tax Arguments to Avoid, Form #08.004, Section 8.20 ........................................................................................... 109
Flawed Tax Arguments to Avoid, Form #08.004, Section 8.7 ............................................................................................... 86
Form #04.001 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 103
Form #05.008 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 101
Form #05.020 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 103
Form #05.046 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 101
Form #09.001, Section 19.7 ................................................................................................................................................. 106
Form #09.001, Section 25.9 ................................................................................................................................................. 105
FORM 10 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 103
Form 1042 .................................................................................................................................................................... 103, 109
Form 1099 .................................................................................................................................................................... 103, 109
FORM 13 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 103
FORM 9 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 103, 105
Form W-2 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 103, 109
Form W-4 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 103, 108
Form W-8 ............................................................................................................................................................. 103, 104, 108
Form W-9 ............................................................................................................................................................. 103, 105, 108
Four Law Systems Course, Form #12.039 ............................................................................................................................. 96
Government Conspiracy to Destroy the Separation of Powers, Form #05.023 ........................................................ 53, 56, 113
Government Identity Theft, Form #05.046 .................................................................................................................... 97, 105
Government Instituted Slavery Using Franchises, Form #05.030 .................................................................................... 80, 91
Great IRS Hoax, Form #11.302 ............................................................................................................................................ 127
Great IRS Hoax, Form #11.302, Chapter 6 ............................................................................................................................ 79
Great IRS Hoax, Form #11.302, Section 4.12.3 ..................................................................................................................... 70
Great IRS Hoax, Form #11.302, Section 5.6.1 ....................................................................................................................... 18
Great IRS Hoax, Form #11.302, Section 5.6.8 ....................................................................................................................... 18
Great IRS Hoax, Form #11.302, Section 6.5 .......................................................................................................................... 79
Great IRS Hoax, Form #11.302, Sections 5.4.1 through 5.4.3.6 ............................................................................................ 26
Great IRS Hoax, Form #11.302, Sections 5.4.6 through 5.4.6.6 ............................................................................................ 18
Great IRS Hoax, Form #11.302, Sections 5.6.10 and 5.6.12 .................................................................................................. 30
Guide to Freedom of Information Act, Social Security Administration ................................................................................. 89
How Judges Unconstitutionally "Make Law", Litigation Tool #01.009 .............................................................................. 115
I-9 Form Amended, Form #06.028................................................................................................................................... 86, 87
Individual Taxpayer Identification Number, Internal Revenue Service ............................................................................... 100
Internal Revenue Audit Manual (1975) .................................................................................................................................. 25
Internal Revenue Manual (I.R.M.), Section 1.1.1.1 (02-26-1999) ...................................................................................... 120
Internal Revenue Manual (I.R.M.), Section 5.1.11.6.8 .......................................................................................................... 25
Internal Revenue Manual (I.R.M.), Section 5.1.7 .................................................................................................................. 41
Internal Revenue Manual (I.R.M.), Section 5.14.10.2 ..................................................................................................... 39, 50
IRS "Questionable W-4 Program" .......................................................................................................................................... 42
IRS Document 6209 ............................................................................................................................................................... 18
IRS Due Process Meeting Handout, Form #03.008 ............................................................................................................... 39
IRS Form 1040 .................................................................................................................................. 19, 37, 43, 69, 70, 97, 100
IRS Form 1040 plus 2555 ...................................................................................................................................................... 69
IRS Form 1040: Substitute For Return (SFR) ........................................................................................................................ 19
IRS Form 1040NR ................................................................................................................................................................. 69
IRS Form 1078 ................................................................................................................................................................. 74, 75
IRS Form 12616 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 19
IRS Form 12616: Correspondence Examination History Sheet ............................................................................................. 19
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
IRS Form 13496: IRC Section 6020(b) Certification ............................................................................................................. 19
IRS Form 23C ........................................................................................................................................................................ 19
IRS Form 2678 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 45
IRS Form 3198: Special Handling Notice .............................................................................................................................. 19
IRS Form 4549: Income Tax Examination Changes .............................................................................................................. 19
IRS Form 4700: Examination Work Papers ........................................................................................................................... 19
IRS Form 5344: Examination Closing Record ....................................................................................................................... 19
IRS Form 5546: Examination Return Charge-Out ................................................................................................................. 19
IRS Form 5564: Notice of Deficiency Waiver ....................................................................................................................... 19
IRS Form 5600: Statutory Notice Worksheet......................................................................................................................... 19
IRS Form 8300 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 21
IRS Form 8655: Reporting Agent Authorizing Certificate .................................................................................................... 45
IRS Form 886-A: Explanation of Terms ................................................................................................................................ 19
IRS Form W-2 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 19
IRS Form W-4 .................................................................................................................................................................. 41, 42
IRS Form W-4 or W-9............................................................................................................................................................ 43
IRS Form W-7 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 100
IRS Form W-8 or W-9.................................................................................................................................................. 100, 101
IRS Form W-8BEN ................................................................................................................................................................ 74
IRS Form W-8BEN, Block 3 ........................................................................................................................................... 74, 86
IRS Forms 1040 or 1040NR ................................................................................................................................................... 20
IRS Forms 1040X, 1040EZ, 1040NR .................................................................................................................................... 25
IRS Forms 4549 and 5564 ...................................................................................................................................................... 19
IRS Forms W-2, 1042-S, 1098, 1099, and K-1 ...................................................................................................................... 42
IRS Forms W-2, 1042-S, 1098, 1099, or 8300 ..................................................................................................................... 125
IRS Forms W-2, 1042-S, 1098, and 1099 .............................................................................................................................. 20
IRS Humbug: IRS Weapons of Enslavement, ISBN 0-9626552-0-1, 1991, by Universalistic Publishers............................ 29
IRS Internal Memo on Zero Returns, July 29, 1998; Rochelle Hodes ................................................................................... 21
IRS Publication 1 is entitled Your Rights as a Taxpayer ....................................................................................................... 26
IRS Published Products Catalog (2003), Document 7130...................................................................................................... 37
IRS Published Products Catalog (2003), Document 7130, p. F-15 ........................................................................................ 37
IRS RACS 006 report ............................................................................................................................................................. 19
IRS website .......................................................................................................................................................................... 103
Legal Deception, Propaganda, and Fraud, Form #05.014 ...................................................................................32, 54, 97, 111
Legal Deception, Propaganda, and Fraud, Form #05.014, Section 12.4 ................................................................................ 71
Legal Deception, Propaganda, and Fraud, Form #05.014, Section 13.9 .............................................................................. 115
Legal Deception, Propaganda, and Fraud, Form #05.014, Section 15.2 .............................................................................. 114
Legal Deception, Propaganda, and Fraud, Form #05.014, Section 5 ................................................................................... 113
Legal Deception, Propaganda, and Fraud, Form #05.014, Sections 12.5, 15.1 ...................................................................... 55
Legal Notice of Change in Domicile/Citizenship Records and Divorce from the United States, Form #10.001 ................... 87
Non-Resident Non-Person Position, Form #05.020 ............................................................................................................... 75
Non-Resident Non-Person Position, Form #05.020, Section 4 .............................................................................................. 55
Non-Resident Non-Person Position, Form #05.020, Section 5.5 ........................................................................................... 53
Note 1 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 108
Note 10 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 103
Note 16 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 104
President Obama Recognizes separate POLITICAL and LEGAL components of citizenship, Exhibit #01.013 ................... 58
President Ronald W. Reagan .................................................................................................................................................. 16
Presumption: Chief Weapon for Unlawfully Enlarging Federal Jurisdiction, Form #05.017 ........................53, 101, 113, 121
Proof That There is a “Straw Man”, Form #05.042 ................................................................................................. 77, 95, 124
Reasonable Belief About Income Tax Liability, Form #05.007....................................................................................... 57, 87
Reinquist Court Canons of Statutory Construction, Litigation Tool #10.217 ...................................................................... 116
Reliability of Information on Taxpayers Claiming Many Withholding Allowances or Exemption from Federal Income Tax
Withholding, GAO-03-913R ............................................................................................................................................. 44
Resignation of Compelled Social Security Trustee, Form #06.002.................................................................................. 23, 88
Rules of Statutory Construction and Interpretation .............................................................................................................. 115
Secretary's Authority in the Several States Pursuant to 4 U.S.C. 72, Family Guardian Fellowship..................................... 108
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
SEDM Disclaimer, Section 4: Meaning of Words ............................................................................................................... 115
SEDM Exhibit #07.004 .......................................................................................................................................................... 49
SEDM Forms Page ................................................................................................................................................................. 88
Separation Between Public and Private Course, Form #12.025 ............................................................................................. 90
Social Security Program Operations Manual (POMS), Section RM 00299.005 Form SSA-L669 Request for Evidence in
Support of an SSN Application — U.S.-Born Applicant .................................................................................................. 89
Socialism: The New American Civil Religion, Form #05.016....................................................................................... 29, 121
Sovereignty and Freedom Page, Section 4.4: Litigating to Defend your Rights- Bivens Actions, Family Guardian
Fellowship ....................................................................................................................................................................... 122
Sovereignty and Freedom Page, Section 8.4: Common Law, Family Guardian Fellowship............................................... 122
Sovereignty Forms and Instructions Online, Form #10.004, Cites by Topic ......................................................................... 71
Sovereignty Forms and Instructions Online, Form #10.004, Cites by Topic: "United States" ............................................... 56
Sovereignty Forms and Instructions Online, Form #10.004, Cites by Topic: “wages” ........................................................ 106
SSA Form SS-5 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 89
SSA Form SS-5, block 5 ........................................................................................................................................................ 89
Statutes At Large, 53 Stat. 1, Section 4, Part 1, Chapter 2, p. 1, Exhibit #05.027.................................................................. 28
Statutory Interpretation: General Principles and Recent Trends, Congressional Research Service Report 97-589, Litigation
Tool #10.215.................................................................................................................................................................... 116
Substitute Form W-9 ............................................................................................................................................................ 103
Substitute W-9 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 105
T.D. 7096, 36 FR 5216, Mar. 18, 1971, as amended by T.D. 7577, 43 FR 59359, Dec. 20, 1978; T.D. 8619, 60 FR 49215,
Sept. 22, 1995 .................................................................................................................................................................... 41
T.D. 7577, 43 FR 59365, Dec. 20, 1978 ................................................................................................................................ 44
T.D. 8813, Federal Register: February 2, 1999 (Volume 64, Number 21), Page 4967-4975 ......................................... 32, 124
Tax Deposition Questions, Form #03.016 ...................................................................................................................... 52, 127
Tax Deposition Questions, Form #03.016, Section 14 on Citizenship ................................................................................... 48
Tax Form Attachment, Form #04.201 .............................................................................................................................. 57, 88
The “Trade or Business” Scam, Form #05.001 ............................................................................. 20, 21, 42, 78, 111, 117, 127
The Law of Nations, Book II, Section 81, Vattel ................................................................................................................... 93
The Law of Nations, Vattel, Book 1, Chapter 19, Section 213, p. 87 .................................................................................... 92
The Spirit of Laws, Charles de Montesquieu, 1758, Book XI, Section 6 ............................................................................. 111
The Spirit of Laws, Charles de Montesquieu, Book XI, Section 6, 1758 ............................................................................. 114
Thomas Jefferson to Charles Hammond, 1821. ME 15:331................................................................................................... 55
Thomas Jefferson to Charles Hammond, 1821. ME 15:332................................................................................................... 55
Thomas Jefferson to Gideon Granger, 1800. ME 10:168 ....................................................................................................... 55
Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Ritchie, 1820. ME 15:297 ....................................................................................................... 55
Thomas Jefferson: Autobiography, 1821. ME 1:121 ............................................................................................................. 55
Treasury Order 150-02 ......................................................................................................................................................... 120
Treatise on Government, Form #11.207, Joel Tiffany, p. 49, Section 78 ............................................................................... 34
U.S. Supreme Court ............................................................................................................................................................... 79
Unalienable Rights Course, Form #12.038 .......................................................................................................................... 112
USA Passport Application Attachment, Form #06.007.......................................................................................................... 88
Voter Registration Attachment, Form #06.003 ...................................................................................................................... 88
W. Anderson, A Dictionary of Law 261 (1893) ................................................................................................................... 123
Who are “Taxpayers” and Who Needs a “Taxpayer Identification Number”?, Form #05.013 ........................................ 78, 87
Why Domicile and Becoming a “Taxpayer” Require Your Consent, Form #05.002 ........................ 17, 23, 54, 58, 87, 90, 105
Why It is Illegal for Me to Request or Use a “Taxpayer Identification Number”, Form #04.205 ....................................... 103
Why It’s a Crime for a State Citizen to File a 1040 Income Tax Return, Form #08.021 ............................................... 97, 100
Why Statutory Civil Law is Law for Government and Not Private Persons, Form #05.037.......................................... 90, 122
Why the Government Can’t Lawfully Assess Human Beings With an Income Tax Liability Without Their Consent, Form
#05.011 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 19
Why You are a “national”, “state national”, and Constitutional but not Statutory Citizen, Form #05.006 ..48, 54, 57, 75, 104,
127
Why You are a “national”, “state national”, and Constitutional but not Statutory Citizen, Form #05.006, Section 15.1 ...... 86
Why You are a “national”, “state national”, and Constitutional but not Statutory Citizen, Form #05.006, Sections 4 and 5 57
Why You Aren’t Eligible for Social Security, Form #06.001 ........................................................................................ 86, 103
Why Your Government is Either a Thief or You are a “Public Officer” for Income Tax Purposes, Form #05.008 37, 77, 127
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
Wrong Party Notice, Form #07.105 ....................................................................................................................................... 26
You’re Not a “Citizen” Under the Internal Revenue Code, Family Guardian Fellowship ..................................................... 47
Your Exclusive Right to Declare or Establish Your Civil Status, Form #13.008........................................................... 90, 101
Your Rights as a Nontaxpayer, Form #08.008 ....................................................................................................................... 26
Scriptures
Exodus 18:20 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 121
Hos. 12:7, 8 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 120
Hosea 4:6 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 121
Isaiah 42:21-25 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 120
James 4:3-4............................................................................................................................................................................. 17
James 4:4 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 17
Joshua 1:8-9 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 121
Matt. 17:24-27 ................................................................................................................................................................ 98, 102
Matthew Henry’s Commentary on the Whole Bible; Henry, M., 1996, c1991, under Prov. 11:1 ....................................... 120
Prov. 21:6 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 119
Psalm 50:18 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 17
Rev. 17:5 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 17, 18
Revelation, Chapter 17 ........................................................................................................................................................... 17
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 1 “Taxpayer” v. “Nontaxpayer”: Which One Are You?
2 "The taxpayer-- that's someone who works for the federal government but doesn't have to take the civil service
3 examination."
4 [President Ronald W. Reagan]
5 The word “taxpayer” is defined in 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(14) and 26 U.S.C. §1313 as someone who is “liable for” and
6 “subject to” the income tax in Internal Revenue Code Subtitle A.
7 TITLE 26 > Subtitle F > CHAPTER 79 > § 7701

8 § 7701. Definitions
9 (a) When used in this title, where not otherwise distinctly expressed or manifestly incompatible with the intent
10 thereof—
11 (14) Taxpayer
12 The term ''taxpayer'' means any person subject to any internal revenue tax.
13 The “person” they are referring to above is further characterized as a “citizen of the United States” or “resident of the
14 United States” (alien). The tax is not on nonresident aliens, but on their INCOME, therefore they cannot lawfully be
15 “taxpayers”:
16 TITLE 26--INTERNAL REVENUE

17 CHAPTER I--INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
18 PART 1_INCOME TAXES--Table of Contents
19 Sec. 1.1-1 Income tax on individuals.
20 (a) General rule.
21 (1) Section 1 of the Code imposes an income tax on the income of every individual who is a citizen or resident of
22 the United States and, to the extent provided by section 871(b) or 877(b), on the income of a nonresident alien
23 individual.
24 What “U.S. citizens” and “U.S. residents” share in common is a domicile on federal territory that is no part of the exclusive
25 jurisdiction of any state of the Union. Collectively, they are called “U.S. persons” as defined in 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(30).
26 Remember:
27 “U.S. person=domicile or residence on federal territory and not any state of the Union”
28 The “United States” they mean in the term “U.S. citizen” is defined as the “District of Columbia” in 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(9)
29 and (a)(10) and nowhere includes any state of the Union because they are sovereign and foreign in respect to the federal
30 government. In that sense, income taxes are a franchise tax associated with the domicile/protection franchise.
31 "Thus, the Court has frequently held that domicile or residence, more substantial than mere presence in
32 transit or sojourn, is an adequate basis for taxation, including income, property, and death taxes. Since the
33 Fourteenth Amendment makes one a citizen of the state wherein he resides, the fact of residence creates
34 universally reciprocal duties of protection by the state and of allegiance and support by the citizen. The latter
35 obviously includes a duty to pay taxes, and their nature and measure is largely a political matter. Of course,
36 the situs of property may tax it regardless of the citizenship, domicile, or residence of the owner, the most
37 obvious illustration being a tax on realty laid by the state in which the realty is located."
38 [Miller Brothers Co. v. Maryland, 347 U.S. 340 (1954)]
39 "domicile. A person's legal home. That place where a man has his true, fixed, and permanent home and
40 principal establishment, and to which whenever he is absent he has the intention of returning. Smith v. Smith,
41 206 Pa.Super. 310, 213 A.2d 94. Generally, physical presence within a state and the intention to make it one's
42 home are the requisites of establishing a "domicile" therein. The permanent residence of a person or the place
43 to which he intends to return even though he may actually reside elsewhere. A person may have more than one
44 residence but only one domicile. The legal domicile of a person is important since it, rather than the actual
45 residence, often controls the jurisdiction of the taxing authorities and determines where a person may
46 exercise the privilege of voting and other legal rights and privileges."
47 [Black’s Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition, p. 485]
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 Those who don’t want to pay the tax or be “taxpayers” simply don’t partake of the government protection franchise and
2 instead declare themselves as “nonresidents” with no “residence” or “permanent address” within the jurisdiction of the
3 taxing authority on every government form they fill out. That is why “nonresident aliens” cannot be “taxpayers”. For
4 further details, see:
Why Domicile and Becoming a “Taxpayer” Require Your Consent, Form #05.002
http://sedm.org/Forms/FormIndex.htm
5 The IRS refers to everyone as “taxpayers” because making this usually false presumption against innocent “nontaxpayers”
6 is how they recruit new “taxpayers”. Here is the way one of our readers describes how he reacts to being habitually and
7 falsely called “taxpayer” by the IRS:
8 I refuse to allow any IRS or State revenue officer to call me or any client a "taxpayer". Just because I may look
9 like one or have the attributes of one does not necessarily make me one. To one IRS lady, and I have no reason
10 to doubt that she fits this category, I use the following example. "Miss you have all of the equipment to be a
11 whore, but that does not make you one by presumption." Until it is proven by a preponderance of evidence I
12 must assume you are a lady and you will be treated as such. Please have the same respect for me, and don't
13 slander my reputation and defame my character by calling me a whore for the government, which is what a
14 "taxpayer" is.
15 [Eugene Pringle]
16 Funny! But guess what? This is not a new idea. We refer you to the Bible book of Revelation, Chapter 17, which
17 describes precisely who this whore or harlot is: Babylon the Great! Check out that chapter, keeping in mind that “Babylon
18 the Great” is symbolic of the city full of all the ignorant and idolatrous people who have unwittingly made themselves into
19 government whores by becoming surety for government debts in the pursuit of taxable government privileges and benefits
20 they didn’t need to begin with. The Bible describes these harlots and adulterers below:
21 “Adulterers and adulteresses! Do you not know that friendship [and citizenship] with the world [and the
22 governments/states of the world] is enmity with God? Whoever therefore wants to be a friend of the world
23 makes himself an enemy of God.”
24 [James 4:4, Bible, NKJV]
25 “When thou sawest a thief [the IRS] then thou consentedst with him, and hast been partaker with adulterers.”
26 [Psalm 50:18, Bible, NKJV]
27 “Where do wars and fights [and tyranny and oppression] come from among you? Do they not come from your
28 desires for pleasure [pursuit of government “privileges”] that war in your members?….You ask [from your
29 government and its THIEF the IRS] and do not receive, because you ask amiss, that you may spend it on your
30 own pleasures. Adulterers and adulteresses [and HARLOTS]! Do you not know that friendship with the
31 world is enmity with God? Whoever therefore wants to be a friend of the world makes himself an enemy of
32 God.”
33 [James 4:3-4, Bible, NKJV]
34 These “taxpayer” and citizen government idolaters have made government their new pagan god (neo-god), their friend, and
35 their source of false man-made security. That is what the “Security” means in “Social Security”. The bible mentions that
36 there is something “mysterious” about “Babylon the Great Harlot”:
37 “And on her forehead a name was written: MYSTERY, BABYLON THE GREAT, THE MOTHER OF HARLOTS
38 AND OF THE ABOMINATIONS OF THE EARTH.”
39 [Rev. 17:5, Bible, NKJV]
40 _________________________________________________________________________________________
41 GOVERNMENT ANNOUNCEMENT April 15, 20__
42 [Washington, D.C.]
43 The federal government announced today that it is changing its emblem from an eagle to a condom,
44 because that more clearly reflects its political stance. A condom stands up to inflation, halts production,
45 destroys the next generation, protects a bunch of pricks, and gives you a sense of security while it's actually
46 screwing you.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 The mystery about this harlot/adulterous woman described in Rev. 17:5 is symbolic of the ignorance and apathy that these
2 people have about the law and their government. For a fascinating read into this subject, we refer you to the free book on
3 the internet below referred to us by one of our readers:
Babylon the Great is Falling

http://www.babylonthegreatisfalling.net/
4 The IRS DOES NOT have the authority conferred by law under Subtitle A of the Internal Revenue Code to bestow the
5 status of “taxpayer” on any natural person who doesn’t first volunteer for that “distinctive” title. Below are some facts
6 confirming this:
7 1. There is no statute making anyone liable for the income tax. Therefore, the only way you can become subject is by
8 volunteering. Subtitle A of the Internal Revenue Code is therefore “private law” and “special law” that only applies to
9 those who individually consent by connecting their earnings to a “trade or business”, which is a “public office” in the
10 United States government. These people are referred to in the Treasury Regulations as “effectively connected with a
11 trade or business”. BEFORE they consent, they are called "nontaxpayers". AFTER they consent, they are called
12 "taxpayers".
13 "To the extent that regulations implement the statute, they have the force and effect of law...The regulation
14 implements the statute and cannot vitiate or change the statute..."
15 [Spreckles v. C.I.R., 119 F.2d, 667]
16 "..liability for taxation must clearly appear[from statute imposing tax]."

17 [Higley v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 69 F.2d. 160 (1934)]
18 “While Congress might have the power to place such a personal liability upon trust beneficiaries who did not
19 renounce the trust, yet it would require clear expression of such intent, and it cannot be spelled out from
20 language (as that here) which can be given an entirely natural and useful meaning and application excluding
21 such intent."
22 [Higley v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 69 F.2d. 160 (1934)]
23 "A tax is a legal imposition, exclusively of statutory origin (37 Cyc. 724, 725), and, naturally, liability to
24 taxation must be read in statute, or it does not exist."
25 [Bente v. Bugbee, 137 A. 552, 103 N.J. Law. 608 (1927)]
26 "…the taxpayer must be liable for the tax. Tax liability is a condition precedent to the demand. Merely
27 demanding payment, even repeatedly, does not cause liability."
28 [Terry v. Bothke, 713 F.2d. 1405, at 1414 (1983)]
29 If you want to know more about this subject see:

30 1.1. Great IRS Hoax, Form #11.302, Section 5.6.1, which covers the subject of no liability in excruciating detail
31 http://famguardian.org/Publications/GreatIRSHoax/GreatIRSHoax.htm
32 1.2. The following link:
33 http://famguardian.org/Subjects/Taxes/Articles/NoStatuteLiable.htm
34 1.3. Great IRS Hoax, Form #11.302, Sections 5.4.6 through 5.4.6.6 prove that the Internal Revenue Code is “private
35 law” and a private contract/agreement. Those who have consented are called “taxpayers” and those who haven’t
36 are called “nontaxpayers”.
37 2. The federal courts agree that the IRS cannot involuntarily make you into a “taxpayer” when they said the following:
38 "A reasonable construction of the taxing statutes does not include vesting any tax official with absolute power
39 of assessment against individuals not specified in the statutes as a person liable for the tax without an
40 opportunity for judicial review of this status before the appellation of 'taxpayer' is bestowed upon them and
41 their property is seized..."
42 [Botta v. Scanlon, 288 F.2d. 504, 508 (1961)]
43 3. IRS has no statutory authority to convert employment withholding taxes under I.R.C. Subtitle C into “income taxes”
44 under Internal Revenue Code, Subtitle A. It is proven in Great IRS Hoax, Form #11.302, Section 5.6.8 that
45 employment withholding taxes deducted under the authority of Internal Revenue Code, Subtitle C using a W-4
46 voluntary withholding agreement and that the IRS classifies them in IRS Document 6209 as “Tax Class 5”, which is
47 “Estate and gift taxes”. Therefore, they are gifts to the U.S. government, not taxes that may not be enforced. It is also
48 proven in Great IRS Hoax, Form #11.302, Section 5.6.8 that taxes paid under the authority of Subtitle A of the Internal
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 Revenue Code are classified as Tax Class 2, “Individual Income Tax”. It is also proven with evidence in Great IRS
2 Hoax, Form #11.302, Section 5.6.16 that IRS has no statutory or regulatory authority to convert what essentially
3 amounts to a voluntary “gift” paid through withholding to a “tax”. Only you can do that by assessing yourself. That is
4 why the IRS Form 1040 requires that you attach the information returns to it, such as the W-2: So that the gift and the
5 tax are reconciled and so that the accuracy of the W-2, which is unsigned hearsay evidence, is guaranteed by the
6 penalty of perjury signature on the IRS Form 1040 itself.
7 The consequence of the IRS not having any lawful authority to make anyone into a “taxpayer” is that they cannot do a
8 lawful Substitute For Return (SFR) or penalty assessment under Internal Revenue Code, Subtitle A, as you will learn later.
9 This is also confirmed by the following document:
Why the Government Can’t Lawfully Assess Human Beings With an Income Tax Liability Without Their Consent, Form
#05.011
10 If you have been the victim of an involuntary IRS assessment and do a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request for
11 assessment documents as we have, and you examine all of the documents returned, you will not see even one document
12 signed by any IRS employee that purports to be an assessment and which has your name on it as the only subject of the
13 assessment. The reason they won’t sign the assessment document, such as the IRS Form 23C or the IRS RACS 006 report,
14 under penalty of perjury is that no one is STUPID enough to accept legal liability for violating the Constitution and the
15 rights of those they have done wrongful assessments against. The IRS knows these people are involved in wrongdoing,
16 which is why they assign “pseudo names” (false names) to their employees: To protect them from lawsuits against them for
17 their habitual violation of the law. The documents you will get back from the IRS in response to your FOIA include the
18 following forms, none of which are signed by the IRS employee:
19 1. IRS Form 886-A: Explanation of Terms

20 2. IRS Form 1040: Substitute For Return (SFR)
21 3. IRS Form 3198: Special Handling Notice
22 4. IRS Form 4549: Income Tax Examination Changes
23 5. IRS Form 4700: Examination Work Papers
24 6. IRS Form 5344: Examination Closing Record
25 7. IRS Form 5546: Examination Return Charge-Out
26 8. IRS Form 5564: Notice of Deficiency Waiver
27 9. IRS Form 5600: Statutory Notice Worksheet
28 10. IRS Form 12616: Correspondence Examination History Sheet
29 11. IRS Form 13496: IRC Section 6020(b) Certification
30 If you want to look at samples of the above forms, see section 6 of the link below, under the column "Examples":
31 http://famguardian.org/TaxFreedom/Forms/IRS/IRSFormsPubs.htm
32 We have looked at hundreds of these assessment documents and every one of them is required by 26 U.S.C. §6065 to be
33 signed under penalty of perjury by the IRS employee who prepared them but none are. As a matter of fact, the examination
34 documents prepared by the IRS Examination Branch to do the illegal Substitute for Returns (involuntary assessments)
35 purport to be a “proposal” rather than an involuntary assessment, have no signature of an IRS employee, and the only
36 signature is from the “taxpayer”, who must consent to the assessment in order to make it lawful. See, for instance, IRS
37 Forms 4549 and 5564. What they do is procure the consent invisibly using a commercial default process by ignoring your
38 responsive correspondence, and therefore “assume” that you consented. This, ladies and gentlemen, is constructive
39 FRAUD, not justice. It is THEFT! The IRS Form 12616 above is the vehicle by which they show that the “taxpayer”
40 consented to the involuntary assessment, because they can’t do ANYTHING without his consent.
41 Furthermore, 28 U.S.C. §2201 also removes the authority of federal courts to declare the status of “taxpayer” on a
42 sovereign American also!:
43 United States Code

44 TITLE 28 - JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE
45 PART VI - PARTICULAR PROCEEDINGS
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 CHAPTER 151 - DECLARATORY JUDGMENTS
2 Sec. 2201. Creation of remedy
3 (a) In a case of actual controversy within its jurisdiction,except with respect to Federal taxes other than
4 actions brought under section 7428 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, a proceeding under section 505 or
5 1146 of title 11, or in any civil action involving an antidumping or countervailing duty proceeding regarding a
6 class or kind of merchandise of a free trade area country (as defined in section 516A(f)(10) of the Tariff Act of
7 1930), as determined by the administering authority, any court of the United States, upon the filing of an
8 appropriate pleading, may declare the rights and other legal relations of any interested party seeking such
9 declaration, whether or not further relief is or could be sought. Any such declaration shall have the force and
10 effect of a final judgment or decree and shall be reviewable as such.
11 (b) For limitations on actions brought with respect to drug patents see section 505 or 512 of the Federal Food,
12 Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
13 The federal courts themselves agree that they do not have the jurisdiction to bestow the status of “taxpayer” upon someone
14 who is a “nontaxpayer”:
15 "And by statutory definition the term "taxpayer" includes any person, trust or estate subject to a tax imposed by
16 the revenue act. ...Since the statutory definition of taxpayer is exclusive, the federal [and state] courts do not
17 have the power to create nonstatutory taxpayers for the purpose of applying the provisions of the Revenue
18 Acts..."
19 [C.I.R. v. Trustees of L. Inv. Ass'n, 100 F.2d.18 (1939)]
20 26 U.S.C. §1461 is the only statute within the Internal Revenue Code, Subtitle A which creates an explicit liability or “legal
21 duty”. That duty is enforceable only against those subject to the I.R.C., who are “taxpayers” with “gross income” above the
22 exemption amount identified in 26 U.S.C. §6012. All amounts reported by third parties on Information Returns, such as the
23 IRS Forms W-2, 1042-S, 1098, and 1099, document receipt of “trade or business” earnings. All “trade or business”
24 earnings, as defined in 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(26), are classified as “gross income”. A nonresident alien who has these
25 information returns filed against him or her becomes his or her own “withholding agent”, and must reconcile their account
26 with the federal government annually by filing a tax return. This is a requirement of all those who are engaged in a “public
27 office”, which is a type of business partnership with the federal government. That business relationship is created through
28 the operation of private contract and private law between you, the natural person, and the federal government. The method
29 of consenting to that contract is any one of the following means:
30 1. Assessing ourselves with a liability shown on a tax return.

31 2. Voluntarily signing a W-4, which is identified in the regulations as an “agreement” to include all earnings in the
32 context of that agreement as “gross income” on a 1040 tax return. See 26 C.F.R. §31.3402(p)-1(a) . For a person who
33 is not a “public official” or engaged in a “public office”, the signing of the W-4 essentially amounts to an agreement to
34 procure “social services” and “social insurance”. You must bribe the Beast with over half of your earnings in order to
35 convince it to take care of you in your old age.
36 3. Completing, signing, and submitting a IRS Forms 1040 or 1040NR and indicating a nonzero amount of “gross
37 income”. Nearly all “gross income” and all information returns is connected with an excise taxable activity called a
38 “trade or business” pursuant to 26 U.S.C. §871(b) and 26 U.S.C. §6041, which activity then makes you into a
39 “resident”. See older versions of 26 C.F.R. §301.7701-5:
40 http://famguardian.org/TaxFreedom/CitesByTopic/Resident-26cfr301.7701-5.pdf
41 4. Filing information returns on ourself or not rebutting information returns improperly filed against us, such as the IRS
42 Forms W-2, 1042-S, 1098, and 1099. Pursuant to 26 U.S.C. §6041(a), all of these federal forms associate all funds
43 documented on them with the taxable activity called a “trade or business”. If you are not a federal “employee” or a
44 “public officer”, then you can’t lawfully earn “trade or business” income. See the following for details:
45 4.1. 26 U.S.C. §6041.
46 4.2. The “Trade or Business” Scam, Form #05.001
47 http://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/TradeOrBusScam.pdf
48 4.3. Correcting Erroneous Information Returns, Form #04.001
49 http://sedm.org/Forms/FormIndex.htm
50 4.4. Correcting Erroneous IRS Form W-2’s, Form #04.006:
52 4.5. Correcting Erroneous IRS Form 1042’s, Form #04.003:
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
5 5. Allowing Currency Transaction Reports (CTR’s), IRS Form 8300, to be filed against us when we withdraw 10,000 or
6 more in cash from a financial institution. The statutes at 31 U.S.C. §5331 and the regulation at 31 C.F.R.
7 §103.30(d)(2) only require these reports to be filed in connection with a “trade or business”, and this “trade or
8 business” is the same “trade or business” referenced in the Internal Revenue Code at 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(26) and 26
9 U.S.C. §162. If you are not a “public official” or if you do not consent to be treated as one in order to procure “social
10 insurance”, then banks and financial institutions are violating the law to file these forms against you. See:
The “Trade or Business” Scam, Form #05.001
11 6. Completing and submitting the Social Security Trust document, which is the SSA Form SS-5. This is an agreement
12 that imposes the “duty” or “fiduciary duty” upon the natural person and makes him into a “trustee” and an officer of a
13 the federal corporation called the “United States”. The definition of “person” for the purposes of the criminal
14 provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, codified in 26 U.S.C. §7343, incidentally is EXACTLY the same as the
15 above. Therefore, all tax crimes require that the violator must be acting in a fiduciary capacity as a Trustee of some
16 kind or another, whether it be as an Executor over the estate of a deceased “taxpayer”, or over the Social Security Trust
17 maintained for the benefit of a living trustee/employee of the federal corporation called the “United States
18 Government”. See the following for details:
19 https://sedm.org/Forms/06-AvoidingFranch/SSTrustIndenture.pdf
20 Unless and until we do any of the above, our proper title is “nontaxpayer”. The foundation of American Jurisprudence is
21 the presumption that we are “innocent until proven guilty”, which means that we are a “nontaxpayer” until the government
22 proves with court-admissible evidence signed under penalty of perjury that we are a “taxpayer” who is participating in
23 government franchises that are subject to the excise tax upon a “trade or business” which is described in Internal Revenue
24 Code, Subtitle A. For cases dealing with the term "nontaxpayer" see: Long v. Rasmussen, 281 F. 236, 238 (1922);
25 Rothensis v. Ullman, 110 F.2d. 590(1940); Raffaele v. Granger, 196 F.2d. 620 (1952); Bullock v. Latham, 306 F.2d. 45
26 (1962); Economy Plumbing & Heating v. United States, 470 F.2d. 585 (1972); and South Carolina v. Regan, 465 U.S. 367
27 (1984).
28 "The revenue laws are a code or system in regulation of tax assessment and collection. They relate to taxpayers,
29 and not to nontaxpayers. The latter are without their scope. No procedure is prescribed for nontaxpayers, and
30 no attempt is made to annul any of their rights and remedies in due course of law. With them Congress does not
31 assume to deal, and they are neither of the subject nor of the object of the revenue laws..."
32 "The distinction between persons and things within the scope of the revenue laws and those without is vital."
33 [Long v. Rasmussen, 281 F. 236, 238 (1922)]
34 Since the above ruling, Congress has added new provisions to the I.R.C. which obtusely mention “nontaxpayers”, but not
35 by name, because they don’t want people to have a name to describe their proper status. The new provision is found in 26
36 U.S.C. §7426, and in that provision of the I.R.C., “nontaxpayers” are referred to as “Persons other than taxpayers”. So far
37 as we know, this is the ONLY provision within the I.R.C. that provides any remedy or standing to a “nontaxpayer”.
38 The behavior of the IRS confirms the above conclusions. See the following IRS internal memo proving that a return that is
39 signed under penalty of perjury and saying “not liable” or words to that effect is treated as a non-return:
40 IRS Internal Memo on Zero Returns, July 29, 1998; Rochelle Hodes
41 http://famguardian.org/TaxFreedom/Evidence/Refunds/1998-053IRSMemoZeroRet.pdf
42 Look what the above internal top secret IRS memo says (are they trying to hide something?.. cover-up and obstruction of
43 justice!). Pay particular attention to the use of the word “taxpayer” in this excerpt, by the way, which doesn’t include most
44 people:
45 “A taxpayer can also negate the penalties of perjury statement with an addition. In Schmitt v. U.S., 140 B.R.
46 571 (Bank W.D. Okl. 1992), the taxpayers filed a return with the following statement at the end of the penalties
47 of perjury statement, "SIGNED UNDER DURESS, SEE STATEMENT ATTACHED." In the addition, the
48 taxpayers denied liability for tax on wages. The Service argued that the statement, added to the "return",
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 qualified the penalties of perjury statement, thus making the penalties of perjury statement ineffective and the
2 return a nullity. Id. at 572.
3 In agreeing with the Service, the court pointed out that the voluntary nature of our tax system requires the
4 Service to rely on a taxpayer’s self-assessment and on a taxpayer’s assurance that the figures supplied are true
5 to the best of his or her knowledge. Id. Accordingly, the penalties of perjury statement has important
6 significance in our tax system. The statement connects the taxpayer’s attestation of tax liability (by the signing
7 of the statement) with the Service’s statutory ability to summarily assess the tax.
8 Similarly, in Sloan v. Comm’r, 53 F.3d 799 (7th Cir. 1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 897 (1995), the taxpayers
9 submitted a return containing the words "Denial & Disclaimer attached as part of this form" above their
10 signatures. In the addition, the taxpayers denied liability for any individual income tax. In determining the
11 effect of the addition on the penalties of perjury statement, the court reasoned that it is a close question whether
12 the addition negates the penalties of perjury statement or not. The addition, according to the court, could be
13 read just to mean that the taxpayers reserve their right to renew their constitutional challenge to the federal
14 income tax law. However, the court concluded that the addition negated the penalties of perjury statement. Id.
15 at 800.
16 In both Schmitt and Sloan the court questioned the purpose of the addition. Both courts found that the addition
17 of qualifying language was intended to deny tax liability. Accordingly, this effect rendered the purported
18 returns invalid.”
19 The reason is clear: If you are a “nontaxpayer” who is “not liable”, then you essentially are outside their jurisdiction and
20 can’t even ask for a refund of the money you paid in. All of your property is consequently classified as a “foreign estate”,
21 as defined in 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(31):
22 TITLE 26 > Subtitle F > CHAPTER 79 > Sec. 7701.

23 Sec. 7701. - Definitions
25 thereof—
26 (31) Foreign estate or trust
27 (A) Foreign estate
28 The term ''foreign estate'' means an estate the income of which, from sources without the United States which is
29 not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, is not includible in
30 gross income under subtitle A.
31 If you indeed are a “nontaxpayer” and act like one, the IRS will pretend like you don’t even exist, that is, until in their
32 ignorance and greed they try years later to go after you wrongfully and unlawfully for willful failure to file, notice of
33 deficiency, or some other contrived nonsense to terrorize you into paying and filing again. That’s how they make
34 “nontaxpayers” “volunteer” into becoming “taxpayers”: with terrorism and treason against the rights of sovereign
35 Americans, starting with “mailing threatening, false, and harassing communications” in violation of 18 U.S.C. §876.
36 Lawyer hypocrites! Jesus was right!
37 “Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you pay tithe of mint and anise and cummin, and have
38 neglected the weightier matters of the law: justice and mercy and faith. These you ought to have done,
39 without leaving the others undone.”
40 [Matt. 23:23, Bible]
41 Now that we understand the difference between “taxpayer” and a “nontaxpayer”, allow us to make a very critical
42 distinction that is the Achilles Heel of the IRS fraud. Ponder for a moment in your mind the following very insightful
43 question:
44 “Is a person in law always either a ‘taxpayer’ or a ‘nontaxpayer’ as a whole? Can a person simultaneously be
45 BOTH?”
46 Once you understand the answer to this crucial question, you will understand how to get your money back in an IRS refund
47 claim without litigating! The answer, by the way, is YES! Let us now explain why this is the case.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 We said above that if you are a “nontaxpayer”, the IRS will basically try to completely ignore your refund claim and you
2 are lucky if they even respond. At worst, they will illegally try to penalize you and at best, they will ignore you. We must
3 remember, however, that it is “taxable income” that makes you a “taxpayer”. “Taxable income” is “gross income” minus
4 “deductions”, as described in 26 U.S.C. §63(a). Therefore, we must earn “gross income” as legally defined in order to have
5 “taxable income”. One cannot earn “gross income” unless they fit into one of the following categories:
6 1. Domestic taxable activities: Activities within the “United States”, which is defined in 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(9) and
7 (a)(10) as the District of Columbia.
8 1.1. Federal “Employees”, Agencies, and “Public Officials” – meaning those who are federal “public officers”, federal
9 “employees”, and elected officials of the national government. This is one reason why 26 U.S.C. §6331(a) lists
10 only federal officers, federal employees, federal instrumentalities, and elected officials as ones who can be served
11 with a levy upon their compensation, which is actually a payment from the federal government.
12 1.2. Federal benefit recipients. These people are receiving “social insurance” payments such as Medicare, Social
13 Security, or Unemployment. These benefits are described as “gross income” in 26 U.S.C. §871(a)(3). When they
14 signed up for these programs, they became “trustees”, “employees”, and instrumentalities of the U.S. government.
15 They are described as “federal personnel” in the Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. §552a(a)(13). Neither the Constitution nor
16 the Social Security Act authorize these benefits to be offered to anyone domiciled outside of federal territories
17 and possessions. For details on this scam, see:
Resignation of Compelled Social Security Trustee, Form #06.002
18 1.3. Those who operate in a representative capacity in behalf of the federal government via contract. This includes
19 those who have a valid Taxpayer Identification Number, which constitutes a constructive trust contract with the
20 federal government and use that federal property [number] as per 20 C.F.R. §422.103(d). They are identified as
21 federal trustees and/or federal employees as referenced in 20 C.F.R. “Employee Benefits”. For details on this
22 scam, see:
Resignation of Compelled Social Security Trustee, Form #06.002
23 2. Foreign taxable activities: Activities in the states of the Union or abroad.
24 2.1. Domiciliaries of the federal zone abroad and in a foreign country pursuant to 26 U.S.C. §911 who are engaged in
25 a “trade or business”:
26 2.1.1. Statutory “U.S. citizens” - those are federal statutory creations of Congress and defined specifically at 8
27 U.S.C. §1401 to be those who were born in a U.S. territory or possession AND who have a legal domicile
28 there.
29 2.1.2. Statutory “Residents” (aliens). These are foreign nationals who have a legal domicile within the District of
30 Columbia or a federal territory or possession. They are defined in 26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(1)(A) and 8 U.S.C.
31 §1101(a)(2).
32 If you would like to know more about why the above are the only foreign subjects of taxation, see:
33 2.2. States of the Union. Neither the IRS nor the Social Security Administration may lawfully operate outside of the
34 federal zone. See:
35 2.2.1. 4 U.S.C. §72 limits all “public offices” to the District of Columbia. It says that the “public offices” that are
36 the subject of the tax upon a “trade or business” must be exercised ONLY in the District of Columbia and
37 not elsewhere, except as expressly provided by law.
38 2.2.2. 26 U.S.C. §7601 limits IRS enforcement to internal revenue districts. The President is authorized to
39 establish internal revenue districts pursuant to 26 U.S.C. §7621, but he delegated that authority to the
40 Secretary of the Treasury pursuant to Executive Order 10289. Treasury Order 150-02, signed by the
41 Secretary of the Treasury, says that the only remaining internal revenue district is in the District of
42 Columbia. It eliminated all the other internal revenue districts.
43 2.2.3. 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(9) and (a)(10) define the term “United States” as the District of Columbia. Nowhere
44 anyplace else is the tax described in Subtitle A expanded to include anyplace BUT the “United States”.
45 2.2.4. The U.S. Supreme Court said Congress enjoys NO LEGISLATIVE JURISDICTION within states of the
46 Union and the Internal Revenue Code is “legislation”.
47 “It is no longer open to question that the general government, unlike the states, Hammer v. Dagenhart, 247
48 U.S. 251, 275 , 38 S.Ct. 529, 3 A.L.R. 649, Ann.Cas.1918E 724, possesses no inherent power in respect of the
49 internal affairs of the states; and emphatically not with regard to legislation.“
50 [Carter v. Carter Coal Co., 298 U.S. 238, 56 S.Ct. 855 (1936)]
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 "The difficulties arising out of our dual form of government and the opportunities for differing opinions
2 concerning the relative rights of state and national governments are many; but for a very long time this court
3 has steadfastly adhered to the doctrine that the taxing power of Congress does not extend to the states or
4 their political subdivisions. The same basic reasoning which leads to that conclusion, we think, requires like
5 limitation upon the power which springs from the bankruptcy clause. United States v. Butler, supra."
6 [Ashton v. Cameron County Water Improvement District No. 1, 298 U.S. 513, 56 S.Ct. 892 (1936)]
7 2.2.5. The U.S. Supreme Court said Congress Cannot establish a “trade or business’ in a state and tax it. A “trade
8 or business” is the main subject of Subtitle A of the Internal Revenue Code. See the following court cite:
9 “Thus, Congress having power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and
10 with the Indian tribes, may, without doubt, provide for granting coasting licenses, licenses to pilots, licenses to
11 trade with the Indians, and any other licenses necessary or proper for the exercise of that great and extensive
12 power; and the same observation is applicable to every other power of Congress, to the exercise of which the
13 granting of licenses may be incident. All such licenses confer authority, and give rights to the licensee.
14 But very different considerations apply to the internal commerce or domestic trade of the States. Over this
15 commerce and trade Congress has no power of regulation nor any direct control. This power belongs
16 exclusively to the States. No interference by Congress with the business of citizens transacted within a State is
17 warranted by the Constitution, except such as is strictly incidental to the exercise of powers clearly granted to
18 the legislature. The power to authorize a business within a State is plainly repugnant to the exclusive power of
19 the State over the same subject. It is true that the power of Congress to tax is a very extensive power. It is given
20 in the Constitution, with only one exception and only two qualifications. Congress cannot tax exports, and it
21 must impose direct taxes by the rule of apportionment, and indirect taxes by the rule of uniformity. Thus limited,
22 and thus only, it reaches every subject, and may be exercised at discretion. But, it reaches only existing
23 Congress cannot authorize a trade or business within a State in
subjects.
24 order to tax it.”
25 [License Tax Cases, 72 U.S. 462, 18 L.Ed. 497, 5 Wall. 462, 2 A.F.T.R. 2224 (1866)]
26 Based on options above, most people do not have “gross income” as legally defined, and they are actually deceiving the
27 government if they put anything but zero on their income tax return. Because none of the earnings of the typical person
28 who is employed in the private sector can legally be classified as either “income” or “gross income”, what you put down for
29 “gross income” on your tax return boils down to the question of:
30 “How much of my receipts do I want to ‘volunteer’ or ‘elect’ or ‘choose’ to call ‘income’ or ‘gross income’ for
31 the purposes of federal taxes?”
32 How you choose to answer that question then determines the net “donation” (not “tax”, but “donation”) you are making to
33 the federal government based on the tax rate schedule that your fictitious and fabricated “gross income” falls into. As the
34 Great IRS Hoax, Form #11.302 said at the beginning of chapter 5 section 5.1.5, the income tax is “voluntary” and it really
35 meant it! Not only that, but the U.S. Supreme Court agrees with us!
36 “Our system of taxation is based upon voluntary assessment and payment, not distraint.”
37 [Flora v. U.S., 362 U.S. 145 (1960)]
38 Returning to our original question, then, “Can a person be simultaneously BOTH a ‘taxpayer’ and a ‘nontaxpayer’?”, the
39 answer is YES. Why? Because so long as we as biological people aren’t “employees” (synonymous with elected or
40 appointed officers of the U.S. government) any amount we put down for “gross income” on our tax return is a voluntary
41 choice and not REAL “gross income” as legally defined. That amount, and ONLY that amount, which we volunteer to
42 define as “gross income” on our tax return makes us a into a “taxpayer”, but only for the specific sources of revenue we
43 voluntarily identified as “gross income”! All other monies that we earned are, by definition and implication, not taxable
44 and not “gross income”, which means that for those “sources” of revenue that are not “gross income”, we are a
45 “nontaxpayer” and NOT a “taxpayer”.
46 So when someone asks you if you are a “taxpayer”, both the question and your answer must be put in the context of a
47 specific source of income. You should respond by first asking: “for which revenue source?” The answer can seldom be a
48 general “yes” or “no” for ALL RECEIPTS. Consequently, if we put down one cent for “gross income” on our tax return,
49 then ONLY for that source of revenue do we become “taxpayers”. All other sources of revenue for us are, by implication,
50 NOT either “gross income” or “taxable income”, which means that for those revenues and receipts, we are a
51 “nontaxpayer”. Furthermore, once we make the determination of “gross income” and self-assessment on the tax return that
52 only we can do on ourselves, the IRS has NO AUTHORITY to make us into a “taxpayer” or assess us an involuntary
53 liability associated with any receipts other than those that we specifically identify as “gross income”:
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 "Our tax system is based on individual self-assessment and voluntary compliance".
2 [Mortimer Caplin, Internal Revenue Audit Manual (1975)]
3 Remember, the only amount we are responsible for paying is the amount we assess ourselves that appears on a tax return
4 that ONLY WE FILL OUT. The Internal Revenue Manual (I.R.M.), Section 5.1.11.6.8 confirms that the IRS is NOT
5 LEGALLY AUTHORIZED to do a Substitute For Return (SFR) on our behalf for the IRS Form 1040 or any of its
6 derivatives (e.g. IRS Forms 1040X, 1040EZ, 1040NR, etc). Furthermore, 26 C.F.R. §1.6151-1 confirms that you are only
7 responsible for paying the amount shown on a return (because it says “shall pay”).
8 [Code of Federal Regulations]

9 [Title 26, Volume 12]
10 [Revised as of April 1, 2002]
11 From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access
12 [CITE: 26CFR1.6151-1]
13 [Page 980]
14
17 Procedure and Administration--Table of Contents
18 Sec. 1.6151-1 Time and place for paying tax shown on returns.
19
20 (a) In general.
21
22 Except as provided in section 6152 and paragraph (b) of this section, the tax shown on any income tax return
23 shall, without assessment or notice and demand, be paid to the internal revenue officer with whom the return
24 is filed at the time fixed for filing the return (determined without regard to any extension of time for filing the
25 return). For provisions relating to the time for filing income tax returns, see section 6072 and Secs. 1.6072-1 to
26 1.6072-4, inclusive. For provisions relating to the place for filing income tax returns, see section 6091 and
27 Secs. 1.6091-1 to 1.6091-4, inclusive.
28
29 (b)(1) Returns on which tax is not shown. If a taxpayer files a return and in accordance with section 6014 and
30 the regulations thereunder, elects not to show the tax on the return, the amount of tax determined to be due
31 shall be paid within 30 days after the date of mailing to the taxpayer a notice stating the amount payable and
32 making demand upon the taxpayer therefor. However, if the notice is mailed to the taxpayer more than 30 days
33 before the due date of the return, payment of the tax shall not be required prior to such due date.
34 26 U.S.C. §6020(b) does not authorize the IRS to do an assessment on you because only you (as the “sovereign”) can do an
35 assessment on yourself for a voluntary donation program called the Internal Revenue Code Subtitle A. The only exception
36 to this rule is under 26 U.S.C. §6014, where you can delegate to the IRS the authority to do a return on your behalf, which
37 we don’t recommend. Are you beginning to see through the fog? It took us four years of diligent study to figure this scam
38 out and we are trying to save you some time.
39 We wish to conclude this section by revealing some very important implications of being a "nontaxpayer" that we need to
40 be very aware of in order to avoid jeopardizing our status and creating a false presumption that we are a "taxpayer", which
41 are summarized below:
42 1. You cannot quote any section of the Internal Revenue Code that requires you to be a "taxpayer" in order to claim its
43 benefit. For instance, 26 U.S.C. §7433, which purports to allow anyone to file a suit against an IRS agent for wrongful
44 collection actions, says the following:
45 TITLE 26 > Subtitle F > CHAPTER 76 > Subchapter B > § 7433

46 § 7433. Civil damages for certain unauthorized collection actions
47 (a) In general
48 If, in connection with any collection of Federal tax with respect to a taxpayer, any officer or employee of the
49 Internal Revenue Service recklessly or intentionally, or by reason of negligence, disregards any provision of
50 this title, or any regulation promulgated under this title, such taxpayer may bring a civil action for damages
51 against the United States in a district court of the United States. Except as provided in section 7432, such civil
7H
52 action shall be the exclusive remedy for recovering damages resulting from such actions.
53 Note the phrase above “with respect to a taxpayer”, which is no accident. If you are a “nontaxpayer”, then you have no
54 recourse under the above statute. HOWEVER, you still have recourse under the constitution for deprivation of
55 property without due process of law under the Fifth Amendment. If you filed a lawsuit against an IRS agent, your
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 remedy would then have come from citing the Constitution and possibly also cite the criminal code, which is also
2 positive law, but NOT any part of the I.R.C.
3 2. You cannot call the Internal Revenue Code "law" or a "statute", but only a "code" or a "title". It can only be "law" if
4 you are a "taxpayer". What makes anything "law" is your consent, according to the Declaration of Independence, and
5 calling the IRC "law" is an admission that you consent to its provisions and are subject to them. See Great IRS Hoax,
6 Form #11.302, Sections 5.4.1 through 5.4.3.6 for details on this scam.
7 3. You cannot fill out and submit any form that can only be used by “taxpayers” nor can you sign any form that uses the
8 word “taxpayer” to identify you. Family Guardian has gone through and created substitute versions of most major IRS
9 Forms to remove such false presumptions from the forms at:
10 http://famguardian.org/TaxFreedom/Forms/IRS/IRSFormsPubs.htm
11 4. When you get an IRS notice that either calls you a “taxpayer” or uses a “Taxpayer Identification Number” (TIN), then
12 the notice is in error and you have a duty to bring this to the attention of the IRS. Only “taxpayers” can have a TIN.
13 Below is an example form which satisfies this purpose:
Wrong Party Notice, Form #07.105
http://sedm.org/Forms/ResponseLetters/General/WrongParty.pdf
14 5. You must include the following language in all your correspondence with the tax authorities in order to emphasize your
15 status as a "nontaxpayer":
16 I look forward to being corrected promptly in anything you believe is inconsistent with reality found in this
17 correspondence or any of its attachments. If you do not respond, I shall conclude that you believe I am a
18 “nontaxpayer” who is neither subject to nor liable for any internal revenue tax.
19 "The revenue laws are a code or system in regulation of tax assessment and collection.
20 They relate to taxpayers, and not to nontaxpayers. The latter are without their scope. No
21 procedure is prescribed for nontaxpayers, and no attempt is made to annul any of their
22 rights and remedies in due course of law. With them Congress does not assume to deal,
23 and they are neither of the subject nor of the object of the revenue laws..."
24 "The distinction between persons and things within the scope of the revenue laws and
25 those without is vital."
26 [Long v. Rasmussen, 281 F. 236, 238 (1922)]
27 I remind you that your own IRS mission statement says that you can only help “taxpayers” to understand their
28 tax responsibilities and therefore, if you won’t talk with me, the only thing I can logically conclude is that I must
29 not be a “taxpayer” and instead am a “nontaxpayer” not subject to any provision within the I.R.C. In that
30 case, thank you for confirming that I am person outside your jurisdiction and not “liable” for any internal
31 revenue tax:
32 IRM 1.1.1.1 (02-26-1999) TA \l "Internal Revenue Manual (I.R.M.), Section 1.1.1.1 (02-
33 26-1999)" \s "Internal Revenue Manual (I.R.M.), Section 1.1.1.1 (02-26-1999)" \c 3
34 IRS Mission and Basic Organization
35 The IRS Mission: Provide America’s taxpayers top quality service by helping them
36 understand and meet their tax responsibilities and by applying the tax law with integrity
37 and fairness to all.
38 6. Any IRS publication addressed to “taxpayers” isn’t meant for you and you cannot rely upon it. For instance, IRS
39 Publication 1 is entitled Your Rights as a Taxpayer. The title of this publication is an oxymoron: Taxpayers don’t have
40 rights! A “nontaxpayer” cannot cite this pamphlet as authority for defending his rights. We called the IRS and asked
41 them if they have an equivalent pamphlet for “nontaxpayers” and they said no. Then we asked whether the rights
42 mentioned in the pamphlet also apply to “nontaxpayers” and they reluctantly said “yes”. Someone wrote an
43 “improved” version of this pamphlet below:
Your Rights as a Nontaxpayer, Form #08.008
44 2 Why the Internal Revenue Code does not describe a lawful “tax” in the case of private parties other than
45 public officers
46 According to the Supreme Court, it is an abuse of the government’s taxing power to involve itself in “wealth transfer”.
47 Wealth transfer is the essence of socialism. Its purpose is to take from the “haves” and give it to the “have nots”, which is
48 institutionalized “theft” if the “haves” do not explicitly consent to the taking.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 "To lay, with one hand, the power of the government on the property of the citizen, and with the other to
2 bestow it upon favored individuals to aid private enterprises and build up private fortunes, is none the less a
3 robbery because it is done under the forms of law and is called taxation. This is not legislation. It is a decree
4 under legislative forms [TYRANNY!].
5 Nor is it taxation. ‘A tax,’ says Webster’s Dictionary, ‘is a rate or sum of money assessed on the person or
6 property of a citizen by government for the use of the nation or State.’ ‘Taxes are burdens or charges
7 imposed by the Legislature upon persons or property to raise money for public purposes.’ Cooley, Const.
8 Lim., 479."
9 [Loan Association v. Topeka, 20 Wall. 655 (1874)]
10 ______________________________________________________________________________
11 "A tax, in the general understanding of the term and as used in the Constitution, signifies an exaction for the
12 support of the government. The word has never thought to connote the expropriation of money from one group
13 for the benefit of another."
14 [U.S. v. Butler, 297 U.S. 1 (1936)]
87H
15 "In Calder v. Bull, which was here in 1798, Mr. Justice Chase said, that there were acts which the Federal
16 and State legislatures could not do without exceeding their authority, and among them he mentioned a law
17 which punished a citizen for an innocent act; a law that destroyed or impaired the lawful private [labor]
18 contracts [and labor compensation, e.g. earnings from employment through compelled W-4 withholding] of
19 citizens; a law that made a man judge in his own case; and a law that took the property from A [the worker].
20 and gave it to B [the government or another citizen, such as through social welfare programs]. 'It is against
21 all reason and justice,' he added, 'for a people to intrust a legislature with such powers, and therefore it
22 cannot be presumed that they have done it. They may command what is right and prohibit what is wrong; but
23 they cannot change innocence into guilt, or punish innocence as a crime, or violate the right of an
24 antecedent lawful private [employment] contract [by compelling W-4 withholding, for instance], or the right
25 of private property. To maintain that a Federal or State legislature possesses such powers [of THEFT!] if
26 they had not been expressly restrained, would, in my opinion, be a political heresy altogether inadmissible in
27 all free republican governments.' 3 Dall. 388."
306H
28 [Sinking Fund Cases, 99 U.S. 700 (1878)]
29 Consequently, what “taxpayers” pay to the IRS is not a lawful “tax” as legally defined, but a “donation”. If it were a “tax”,
30 then it would amount to theft and would be unconstitutional because it’s main goal is to abuse the government’s taxing
31 power to transfer wealth. The government has no lawful authority to act as a thief on behalf of the less privileged members
32 of society.
33 “Here I close my opinion. I could not say less in view of questions of such gravity that they go down to the very
34 foundations of the government. If the provisions of the Constitution can be set aside by an act of Congress,
35 where is the course of usurpation to end?
36 The present assault upon capital [THEFT!] is but the beginning. It will be but the stepping stone to others
37 larger and more sweeping, until our political contest will become war of the poor against the rich; a war of
38 growing intensity and bitterness.”
39 [Supreme Court in Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co., 157 U.S. 429, 158 U.S. 601 (1895), hearing the case
40 against the first income tax passed by Congress that included people in states of the Union. They declared that
41 first income tax UNCONSTITUTIONAL, by the way]
42 At present, over 56% of federal revenues are used for wealth transfer, according to the Treasury Financial Management
43 Service Website. For a detailed analysis proving this conclusion using the government’s own figures, see:
44 http://famguardian.org/Subjects/Taxes/Research/Analysis-011020.pdf
45 According to the legislative notes under 1 U.S.C. §204, the Internal Revenue Code, Title 26, is NOT enacted into “positive
90H
46 law”. That means the Internal Revenue Code cannot be described as “law” but instead is simply a “Code”, or a “Statute”,
47 or “Title”, but not “law”.
48 “Positive law. Law actually and specifically enacted or adopted [approved and consented to] by proper
49 authority for the government [We the People] of an organized jural society. See also Legislation.”
51 “Proper authority” above is the people’s elected representatives, because all power in this country derives from We The
52 People.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 “In the United States, sovereignty resides in the people…the Congress cannot invoke sovereign power of the
2 People to override their will as thus declared.”
3 [Perry v. U.S., 294 U.S. 330 (1935)]
4 “Sovereignty itself is, of course, not subject to law, for it is the author and source of law…While sovereign
5 powers are delegated to…the government, sovereignty itself remains with the people.”
6 [Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356 (1886)]
7 Since the people living in the states never enacted the Internal Revenue Code into “positive law”, they as the “sovereigns”
8 in our system of government never consented to enforce it upon themselves. “Positive law” is the only evidence that the
9 people ever explicitly consented to enforcement actions by their government, because legislation can only become positive
10 law by a majority of the representatives of the sovereign people voting to enact the law. Since the people never consented,
11 then the “code” cannot be enforced against the general public and is not “public law” that applies equally to everyone. The
12 Declaration of Independence says that all just powers of government derive from the “consent” of the governed. Anything
13 not consensual is, ipso facto, unjust by implication. In fact, the sovereign People REPEALED, not ENACTED the Internal
14 Revenue Code. It has been nothing but a repealed law since 1939, in fact. An examination of the Statutes at Large, 53 Stat
15 1, Section 4, reveals that the Internal Revenue Code and all prior revenue laws were REPEALED. Below is an excerpt
16 from that section where it was repealed in the Statutes at Large, Volume 53, Part 1, Chapter 2, Page 1:
17 "Sec. 4 REPEAL and SAVINGS PROVISIONS.-
18 (a) The Internal Revenue Title, as hereinafter set forth, is intended to include all general laws of the United
19 States and parts of such laws, relating exclusively to internal revenue, in force on the 2d day of January 1939
20 (1) of a permanent nature and (2) of a temporary nature if embraced in said Internal Revenue Title. In
21 furtherance of that purpose, all such laws and parts of laws codified herein, to the extent they relate exclusively
22 to internal revenue, are repealed, except as provided in section 5, on the day following the date of enactment of
23 this act."
24 [53 Stat. 1, Section 4, Part 1, Chapter 2, p. 1]
25 See below for the original version of the above:
Statutes At Large, 53 Stat. 1, Section 4, Part 1, Chapter 2, p. 1, Exhibit #05.027

http://sedm.org/Exhibits/ExhibitIndex.htm
26 If the Internal Revenue Code is not “positive law”, then every regulation that implements it does not have the force of
27 “law” either except against those who privately and individually consented to it. Consequently, the “code” and the
28 regulations that implement it are nothing but a state-sponsored official religion not unlike the early Anglican Church was.
29 The Internal Revenue Code, Subtitle A is a government franchise agreement that is private law which has been craftily
30 disguised by covetous lawyers to “look” like “public law” and in which your consent to the agreement was procured
31 stealthily and invisibly.
32 “Private law. That portion of the law which defines, regulates, enforces, and administers relationships among
33 individuals, associations, and corporations. As used in contradistinction to public law, the term means all that
34 part of the law which is administered between citizen and citizen, or which is concerned with the definition,
35 regulation, and enforcement of rights in cases where both the person in whom the right inheres and the person
36 upon whom the obligation is incident are private individuals. See also Private bill; Special law. Compare
37 Public Law.”
39 “special law. One relating to particular persons or things; one made for individual cases or for particular
40 places or districts; one operating upon a selected class, rather than upon the public generally. A private law.
41 A law is "special" when it is different from others of the same general kind or designed for a particular purpose,
42 or limited in range or confined to a prescribed field of action or operation. A "special law" relates to either
43 particular persons, places, or things or to persons, places, or things which, though not particularized, are
44 separated by any method of selection from the whole class to which the law might, but not such legislation, be
45 applied. Utah Farm Bureau Ins. Co. v. Utah Ins. Guaranty Ass'n, Utah, 564 P.2d. 751, 754. A special law
46 applies only to an individual or a number of individuals out of a single class similarly situated and affected, or
47 to a special locality. Board of County Com'rs of Lemhi County v. Swensen, Idaho, 80 Idaho 198, 327 P.2d. 361,
48 362. See also Private bill; Private law. Compare General law; Public law.”
49 [Black’s Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition, pp. 1397-1398]
50 The only reasons anyone follows a repealed “code” or volunteers for a government franchise that conveys NO BENEFITS
51 is one of the following:
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 1. They are dangerously stupid.
2 2. They want to be part of the official state sponsored religion and be “politically correct”.
3 3. They are addicted to some government benefit or “privilege” that they are afraid they will lose if they stop paying
4 income taxes.
5 4. They are more afraid of what a corrupted tyrant judge with a conflict of interest will do to them than what God will to
6 them for disobeying His laws. God’s laws say we cannot be slaves to any man and that we cannot worship false gods
7 or “priests” of false gods such as tyrant judges who are perpetuating the worship and obedience to socialism and
8 humanism.
9 5. They have never been taught what the truth is about the nature of the I.R.C. as a franchise and a state sponsored
10 religion.
11 We call this state-sponsored religion the “Civil Religion of Socialism and Humanism” and we have written an entire book
12 about it:
Socialism: The New American Civil Religion, Form #05.016

13 One of the reasons why the I.R.C. isn’t “public law” and can never be anything other than private law that only applies to
14 those who individually consent is that the First Amendment prohibits establishing religion by law and prohibits involuntary
15 servitude, such as in connection with one’s earnings from labor. Therefore, Congress wrote a “proposal” or franchise
16 agreement called the Internal Revenue Code, lied about and omitted to talk about in the courts its true nature, and then
17 duped everyone into accepting the contract by sending in the wrong tax form to the IRS which is the IRS Form 1040.
18 Compliance with this constructive franchise contract is then maintained by “judge made law”, because Congress put the
19 federal judiciary under the control of the IRS for the first time starting in 1932. The judges rebelled, but Congress was so
20 sneaky how they did it that the Supreme Court essentially admitted in 1938 in O’Malley v. Woodrough that they couldn’t
21 stop them. From that point on, the judges would be afraid of being destroyed or terrorized by the IRS if they didn’t rule in
22 the IRS’ favor 1. The First Amendment doesn’t prohibit the judiciary from establishing a religion, and that is exactly what
0F
23 these corrupted judges have done under the influence of IRS extortion. Remember what the Declaration of Independence
24 says on this subject and the complaint we had about the British King that caused us to rebel during the American
25 Revolution? Well the very same problem is again back in our midst, and what, pray tell, are you, a concerned and patriotic
26 American, going to do to eliminate this corruption?:
27 “He has made Judges dependent on his [the Executive Branch/President and the IRS he controls] Will alone,
28 for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
29 ”He has erected a multitude of New [IRS] Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people,
30 and eat out their substance.”
31 [SOURCE: http://www.archives.gov/national_archives_experience/charters/declaration_transcript.html]
32 Instead, the IRC can only be enforced against legal “persons” whose consent is not required. The only persons that fit that
33 description are federal instrumentalities, “public officers”, and “employees”. The Internal Revenue Code amounts to an
34 implied employment agreement or contract between the United States government and the federal “public officers”,
35 “employees”, and “benefit recipients” who work for it. Those who don’t want to consent to the employment contract
36 simply will do so by not seeking federal office or employment. Those who work for or contract with the federal
37 government, by virtue of being granted the privilege, must refund a portion of their paycheck back to the government. The
38 amount “returned” is the “tax” and the “gross income” upon which it is based is all the earnings from the “public office”,
39 which is called “income effectively connected with a trade or business in the United States” under the I.R.C. That is why
40 what “taxpayers” file at the end of every year is called a “return”. There is a very good reason it is called a “return”, folks!
41 Those who receive this government “overpayment”, while it is temporarily in their possession, are treated as “transferees”
42 and fiduciaries of the federal government until the money is returned to its rightful owner. What this scheme amounts to
43 essentially is a “federal employee kickback program” disguised to look like a lawful income tax. The nature of this
44 kickback program is exhaustively explained in the fascinating book IRS Humbug: IRS Weapons of Enslavement, ISBN 0-
45 9626552-0-1, 1991, by Universalistic Publishers.
46 Why was this elaborate kickback deception necessary rather than just enacting a real positive law income tax? The reason
47 is because the Constitution forbids direct taxes in Article 1, Section 9, Clause 4 and Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3. The
48 slick weasel lawyers in Congress knew that the Constitution forbade them from interfering with the private right to contract
1
See O’Malley v. Woodrough, 307 U.S. 277 (1938) and Great IRS Hoax, Form #11.302, Section 6.12.9.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 between people living in the states and the employers and businesses they worked for.2 Therefore, our dishonest public
2 servants took the back door by essentially modifying the only employment agreement they had direct control over, which
3 was that of their own federal employees and officers. Then they tried to deceive the people living in the states into falsely
4 believing that they were also the subject of this federal employee kickback program so that they could literally STEAL their
5 money under the pretext of lawful authority. This deception was accomplished by obfuscating the Internal Revenue Code
6 and by using several key “words of art” with special definitions that people would overlook. Now do you know why they
7 call it “the code”? It’s encrypted. What this “scheme” amounts to essentially is constructive fraud and “extortion under the
8 color of law” and it is highly illegal if anyone else BUT the IRS does it. The scam started in 1862 and was instituted as an
9 “emergency measure” to pay for the Civil War, but it survives to this day to plague us. Since that time, the scoundrels have
10 taken great pains to obfuscate IRS Forms, publications, and the Internal Revenue Code to fool the average person into
11 believing that they are STATUTORY “employees” (government public officers under 5 U.S.C. §2105(a))under the I.R.C
12 and thereby expand the operation of the “scheme”. See the following for more complete details on this monumental scam.
Great IRS Hoax, Form #11.302, Sections 5.6.10 and 5.6.12

http://famguardian.org/Publications/GreatIRSHoax/GreatIRSHoax.htm
13 Don’t believe us? We’ve got a signed admission by one of the government’s own employees that this is the case. See:
Cynthia Mills Letter , IRS Disclosure Officer Hoverdale Letter, SEDM Exhibit #09.023
14 3 Why Subtitle A of the Internal Revenue Code only applies to “aliens/residents” engaged in a “trade or
15 business” who are domiciled on federal territory
16 The tax is imposed only on “aliens” and “nonresident aliens”, both of whom MUST have income “effectively connected
17 with a trade or business in the United States”:
18 NORMAL TAXES AND SURTAXES

19 DETERMINATION OF TAX LIABILITY
20 Tax on Individuals
21 Sec. 1.1-1 Income tax on individuals.
22 (a)(2)(ii) For taxable years beginning after December 31, 1970, the tax imposed by section 1(d) [Married
23 individuals filing separate returns], as amended by the Tax Reform Act of 1969, shall apply to the income
24 effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States by
25 a married alien individual who is a nonresident of the United States for all or part of the taxable year or by a
26 foreign estate or trust. For such years the tax imposed by section 1(c) [unmarried individuals], as amended by
27 such Act, shall apply to the income effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United
28 States by an unmarried alien individual (other than a surviving spouse) who is a nonresident of the United
29 States for all or part of the taxable year. See paragraph (b)(2) of section 1.871-8.” [26 C.F.R. §1.1-1(a)(2)(ii)]
30 Therefore, the only “taxpayers” are aliens engaging in a privileged “trade or business”, which the code then defines as a
31 “public office” in the United States government.
32 26 U.S.C. § 7701(a)(26)
33 "The term 'trade or business' includes [is limited to] the performance of the functions of a public office."
96H 97H
34 _______________________________________________________________________
35 Public Office, pursuant to Black’s Law Dictionary, Abridged Sixth Edition, means:
36 “Essential characteristics of a ‘public office’ are:
37 (1) Authority conferred by law,

38 (2) Fixed tenure of office, and
39 (3) Power to exercise some of the sovereign functions of government.
40 (4) Key element of such test is that “officer is carrying out a sovereign function’.
41 (5) Essential elements to establish public position as ‘public office’ are:
42 (a) Position must be created by Constitution, legislature, or through authority conferred by legislature.
43 (b) Portion of sovereign power of government must be delegated to position,
2
See U.S. Constitution, Article 1, Section 10, as well as the U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling in the Sinking Fund Cases, 99 U.S. 700 (1878).
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 (c) Duties and powers must be defined, directly or implied, by legislature or through legislative authority.
2 (d) Duties must be performed independently without control of superior power other than law, and
3 (e) Position must have some permanency.”
4 The only place that public offices may exist is in the seat of government, as required by 4 U.S.C. §72:
5 TITLE 4 > CHAPTER 3 > Sec. 72.

6 Sec. 72. - Public offices; at seat of Government
7 All offices attached to the seat of government shall be exercised in the District of Columbia, and not elsewhere,
8 except as otherwise expressly provided by law
9 The above explains why the “United States” is defined ONLY as the “District of Columbia” in the Internal Revenue Code:
10 TITLE 26 > Subtitle F > CHAPTER 79 > Sec. 7701 [Internal Revenue Code]
13 thereof—
14 (9) “United States
15 The term ''United States'' when used in a geographical sense includes only the States and the District of
16 Columbia.”
17 (10)“State
18 The term ''State'' shall be construed to include the District of Columbia, where such construction is necessary to
19 carry out provisions of this title.”
20 _________________________________________________________________________________________
21 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(36): State [Aliens and Nationality]
22 The term ''State'' includes the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands of the United
23 States.
24 Those who do not hold “public office” do not earn “gross income”, as confirmed by the code:
25 TITLE 26 > Subtitle A > CHAPTER 1 > Subchapter N > PART I > Sec. 864.
26 Sec. 864. - Definitions and special rules
27 (b) Trade or business within the United States
28 For purposes of this part [part I], part II, and chapter 3, the term ''trade or business within the United States''
29 includes the performance of personal services within the United States at any time within the taxable year, but
30 does not include -
31 (1) Performance of personal services for foreign employer
32 The performance of personal services -
33 (A) for a nonresident alien individual, foreign partnership, or foreign corporation, not engaged in trade
34 or business within the United States, or
35 (B) for an office or place of business maintained in a foreign country or in a possession of the United
36 States by an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States or by a domestic partnership or a
37 domestic corporation, by a nonresident alien individual temporarily present in the United States for a
38 period or periods not exceeding a total of 90 days during the taxable year and whose compensation for
39 such services does not exceed in the aggregate $3,000.
40 _______________________________________________________________________
41 26 C.F.R.
42 Sec. 1.864-2 Trade or business within the United States.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 (b) Performance of personal services for foreign employer--(1) Excepted services. For purposes of paragraph
2 (a) of this section, the term `èngaged in trade or business within the United States'' does not include the
3 performance of personal services--
4 (i) For a nonresident alien individual, foreign partnership, or foreign corporation, not engaged in
5 trade or business within the United States at any time during the taxable year, or
6 Incidentally, the states of the Union qualify as “foreign countries” mentioned above, as you will also learn later in Section
7 7. Hence, most “taxpayers” under Subtitle A of the I.R.C. are in fact employees, agencies, or instrumentalities of the U.S.
8 government who in fact are “resident aliens”. This is further clarified in 26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1(c)-3:
9 WITHHOLDING OF TAX ON NONRESIDENT ALIENS AND FOREIGN CORPORATIONS AND TAX-FREE

10 COVENANT BONDS
11 Nonresident Aliens And Foreign Corporations
12 Sec. 1.1441-1 Requirement for the deduction and withholding of tax on payments to foreign persons.
13 (c) Definitions
14 (3) Individual.
15 (i) Alien individual.
16 The term alien individual means an individual who is not a citizen or a national of the United States. See
17 Sec. 1.1-1(c).
18 The “nonresident alien” above they are talking about became a “resident alien” by making what is called an “election”, as
19 authorized in 26 U.S.C. §6013(g) and (h) or 26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(4). The decision to engage in a privileged “trade or
20 business” and “public office” also constitutes the equivalent of an “election” by a “nonresident alien” to be treated as a
21 “resident alien” under the I.R.C., which is confirmed by older versions of Treasury Regulation 26 C.F.R. §301.7701-5:
22 26 C.F.R. §301.7701-5 Domestic, foreign, resident, and nonresident persons.
23 A domestic corporation is one organized or created in the United States, including only the States (and during
24 the periods when not States, the Territories of Alaska and Hawaii), and the District of Columbia, or under the
25 law of the United States or of any State or Territory. A foreign corporation is one which is not domestic. A
26 domestic corporation is a resident corporation even though it does no business and owns no property in the
27 United States. A foreign corporation engaged in trade or business within the United States is referred to in
28 the regulations in this chapter as a resident foreign corporation, and a foreign corporation not engaged in
29 trade or business within the United States, as a nonresident foreign corporation. A partnership engaged in
30 trade or business within the United States is referred to in the regulations in this chapter as a resident
31 partnership, and a partnership not engaged in trade or business within the United States, as a nonresident
32 partnership. Whether a partnership is to be regarded as resident or nonresident is not determined by the
33 nationality or residence of its members or by the place in which it was created or organized.
34 [Amended by T.D. 8813, Federal Register: February 2, 1999 (Volume 64, Number 21), Page 4967-4975]
35 Finally, for those who like to try to “stretch” the jurisdiction of the United States beyond its clear Constitutional limits, the
36 use of the term “includes” in any of the definitions cited in this section does not expand the definitions one iota beyond the
37 clear language used. See our article on this subject below, and please send us your rebuttal if you disagree:
Legal Deception, Propaganda, and Fraud, Form #05.014

38 4 Two Taxing Jurisdictions under the I.R.C.: “National” v. “Federal”
39 Now that we have established the fine line between lawful, public use taxation and unlawful private use taxation, next we
40 concern ourselves with the authority of the federal government to enforce the payment of either.
41 The government deception gets worst, folks. Congress legislates for two separate legal and political and territorial
42 jurisdictions:
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 1. The states of the Union under the requirements of the Constitution of the United States. In this capacity, it is called the
2 “federal/general government”.
3 2. The District of Columbia, U.S. possessions and territories, and enclaves within the states. In this capacity, it is called
4 the “national government”. The authority for this jurisdiction derives from Article 1, Section 8, Clause 17 of the
5 United States Constitution. All laws passed essentially amount to municipal laws for federal property, and in that
6 capacity, Congress is not restrained by either the Constitution or the Bill of Rights. We call the collection of all federal
7 territories, possessions, and enclaves within the states “the federal zone” throughout this document.
8 The U.S. Supreme Court confirmed the above when it held the following:
9 “It is clear that Congress, as a legislative body, exercise two species of legislative power: the one, limited as to
10 its objects, but extending all over the Union: the other, an absolute, exclusive legislative power over the District
11 of Columbia. The preliminary inquiry in the case now before the Court, is, by virtue of which of these
12 authorities was the law in question passed?”
13 [Cohens v. Virginia,, 19 U.S. 264, 6 Wheat. 265; 5 L.Ed. 257 (1821)]
14 James Madison, one of our founding fathers, described these two separate jurisdictions in Federalist Paper No. 39, when he
15 said:
16 First. In order to ascertain the real character of the government, it may be considered in relation to the
17 foundation on which it is to be established; to the sources from which its ordinary powers are to be drawn; to
18 the operation of those powers; to the extent of them; and to the authority by which future changes in the
19 government are to be introduced.
20 On examining the first relation, it appears, on one hand, that the Constitution is to be founded on the assent and
21 ratification of the people of America, given by deputies elected for the special purpose; but, on the other, that
22 this assent and ratification is to be given by the people, not as individuals composing one entire nation, but as
23 composing the distinct and independent States to which they respectively belong. It is to be the assent and
24 ratification of the several States, derived from the supreme authority in each State, the authority of the people
25 themselves. The act, therefore, establishing the Constitution, will not be a NATIONAL, but a FEDERAL act.
26 That it will be a federal and not a national act, as these terms are understood by the objectors; the act of the
27 people, as forming so many independent States, not as forming one aggregate nation, is obvious from this
28 single consideration, that it is to result neither from the decision of a MAJORITY of the people of the Union,
29 nor from that of a MAJORITY of the States. It must result from the UNANIMOUS assent of the several States
30 that are parties to it, differing no otherwise from their ordinary assent than in its being expressed, not by the
31 legislative authority, but by that of the people themselves. Were the people regarded in this transaction as
32 forming one nation, the will of the majority of the whole people of the United States would bind the minority, in
33 the same manner as the majority in each State must bind the minority; and the will of the majority must be
34 determined either by a comparison of the individual votes, or by considering the will of the majority of the
35 States as evidence of the will of a majority of the people of the United States. Neither of these rules have been
36 adopted. Each State, in ratifying the Constitution, is considered as a sovereign body, independent of all others,
37 and only to be bound by its own voluntary act. In this relation, then, the new Constitution will, if established, be
38 a FEDERAL, and not a NATIONAL constitution.
39 The next relation is, to the sources from which the ordinary powers of government are to be derived. The
40 House of Representatives will derive its powers from the people of America; and the people will be
41 represented in the same proportion, and on the same principle, as they are in the legislature of a particular
42 State. So far the government is NATIONAL, not FEDERAL. The Senate, on the other hand, will derive its
43 powers from the States, as political and coequal societies; and these will be represented on the principle of
44 equality in the Senate, as they now are in the existing Congress. So far the government is FEDERAL, not
45 NATIONAL. The executive power will be derived from a very compound source. The immediate election of the
46 President is to be made by the States in their political characters. The votes allotted to them are in a compound
47 ratio, which considers them partly as distinct and coequal societies, partly as unequal members of the same
48 society. The eventual election, again, is to be made by that branch of the legislature which consists of the
49 national representatives; but in this particular act they are to be thrown into the form of individual delegations,
50 from so many distinct and coequal bodies politic. From this aspect of the government it appears to be of a
51 mixed character, presenting at least as many FEDERAL as NATIONAL features.
52 The difference between a federal and national government, as it relates to the OPERATION OF THE
53 GOVERNMENT, is supposed to consist in this, that in the former the powers operate on the political bodies
54 composing the Confederacy, in their political capacities; in the latter, on the individual citizens composing
55 the nation, in their individual capacities. On trying the Constitution by this criterion, it falls under the
56 NATIONAL, not the FEDERAL character; though perhaps not so completely as has been understood. In several
57 cases, and particularly in the trial of controversies to which States may be parties, they must be viewed and
58 proceeded against in their collective and political capacities only. So far the national countenance of the
59 government on this side seems to be disfigured by a few federal features. But this blemish is perhaps
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 unavoidable in any plan; and the operation of the government on the people, in their individual capacities, in its
2 ordinary and most essential proceedings, may, on the whole, designate it, in this relation, a NATIONAL
3 government.
4 But if the government be national with regard to the OPERATION of its powers, it changes its aspect again
5 when we contemplate it in relation to the EXTENT of its powers. The idea of a national government involves in
6 it, not only an authority over the individual citizens, but an indefinite supremacy over all persons and things, so
7 far as they are objects of lawful government. Among a people consolidated into one nation, this supremacy is
8 completely vested in the national legislature. Among communities united for particular purposes, it is vested
9 partly in the general and partly in the municipal legislatures. In the former case, all local authorities are
10 subordinate to the supreme; and may be controlled, directed, or abolished by it at pleasure. In the latter, the
11 local or municipal authorities form distinct and independent portions of the supremacy, no more subject, within
12 their respective spheres, to the general authority, than the general authority is subject to them, within its own
13 sphere. In this relation, then, the proposed government cannot be deemed a NATIONAL one; since its
14 jurisdiction extends to certain enumerated objects only, and leaves to the several States a residuary and
15 inviolable sovereignty over all other objects. It is true that in controversies relating to the boundary between
16 the two jurisdictions, the tribunal which is ultimately to decide, is to be established under the general
17 government. But this does not change the principle of the case. The decision is to be impartially made,
18 according to the rules of the Constitution; and all the usual and most effectual precautions are taken to secure
19 this impartiality. Some such tribunal is clearly essential to prevent an appeal to the sword and a dissolution of
20 the compact; and that it ought to be established under the general rather than under the local governments, or,
21 to speak more properly, that it could be safely established under the first alone, is a position not likely to be
22 combated.
23 If we try the Constitution by its last relation to the authority by which amendments are to be made, we find it
24 neither wholly NATIONAL nor wholly FEDERAL. Were it wholly national, the supreme and ultimate authority
25 would reside in the MAJORITY of the people of the Union; and this authority would be competent at all times,
26 like that of a majority of every national society, to alter or abolish its established government. Were it wholly
27 federal, on the other hand, the concurrence of each State in the Union would be essential to every alteration
28 that would be binding on all. The mode provided by the plan of the convention is not founded on either of these
29 principles. In requiring more than a majority, and principles. In requiring more than a majority, and
30 particularly in computing the proportion by STATES, not by CITIZENS, it departs from the NATIONAL and
31 advances towards the FEDERAL character; in rendering the concurrence of less than the whole number of
32 States sufficient, it loses again the FEDERAL and partakes of the NATIONAL character.
33 The proposed Constitution, therefore, is, in strictness, neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a
34 composition of both. In its foundation it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers
35 of the government are drawn, it is partly federal and partly national; in the operation of these powers, it is
36 national, not federal; in the extent of them, again, it is federal, not national; and, finally, in the authoritative
37 mode of introducing amendments, it is neither wholly federal nor wholly national.
38 PUBLIUS.
39 [Federalist Paper No. 39, James Madison]
40 Based on Madison’s comments, a “national government” operates upon and derives its authority from individual citizens
41 whereas a “federal government” operates upon and derives its authority from states. The only place where the central
42 government may operate directly upon the individual through the authority of law is within federal territory. Hence, when
43 courts use the word “national government”, they are referring to federal territory only and to no part of any state of the
44 Union. The federal government has no jurisdiction within a state of the Union and therefore cannot operate directly upon
45 the individual there.
46 “It is no longer open to question that the general government, unlike the states, Hammer v. Dagenhart, 247
48 internal affairs of the states; and emphatically not with regard to legislation.“
50 These two political/legal jurisdictions, federal territory v. states of the Union, are separate sovereignties, and the
51 Constitution dictates that these two distinct sovereignties MUST remain separate because of the Separation of Powers
52 Doctrine:
53 “§79. This sovereignty pertains to the people of the United States as national citizens only, and not as citizens
54 of any other government. There cannot be two separate and independent sovereignties within the same limits or
55 jurisdiction; nor can there be two distinct and separate sources of sovereign authority within the same
56 jurisdiction. The right of commanding in the last resort can be possessed only by one body of people inhabiting
57 the same territory,' and can be executed only by those intrusted with the execution of such authority.”
58 [Treatise on Government, Form #11.207, Joel Tiffany, p. 49, Section 78;
59 SOURCE: http://famguardian.org/Publications/TreatiseOnGovernment/TreatOnGovt.pdf]
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 The vast majority of all laws passed by Congress apply to the latter jurisdiction above: the federal zone. The Internal
2 Revenue Code actually describes the revenue collection “scheme” for these two completely separate political and legal
3 jurisdictions and the table below compares the two. In the capacity as the “national government”, the I.R.C. in Subtitles A
4 (income tax), B (inheritance tax), and C (employment tax) acts as the equivalent of a state income tax for the municipal
5 government of the District of Columbia only. In the capacity of the “federal government”, the I.R.C. in subtitle D acts as
6 an excise tax on imports only. The difference between the “national government” and the “federal/general government” is
7 discussed in section 4.5 of the Great IRS Hoax, Form #11.302, if you would like to review:
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 Table 1: Two jurisdictions within the I.R.C.
# Description Legislative jurisdiction
“National government” of the District “Federal government” of the states
of Columbia of the Union
1 Constitutional authority for Article 1, Section 8, Clause 1 Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3
revenue collection Article 1, Section 8, Clause 17
2 Type of jurisdiction exercised Plenary Subject matter
Exclusive
3 Nature of tax Indirect excise tax upon privileges of Indirect excise tax on imports only
federal employment (“public office”) Excludes exports from states
(Constitution 1:9:5)
Excludes commerce exclusively
within states
4 Taxable objects Internal to the Federal zone External to the states of the Union
5 Region to which collections Federal zone ONLY: District of The 50 states, harbors, ports of entry
apply Columbia, territories and possessions for imports
of the United States
6 Revenue Collection Agency Internal Revenue Service (IRS) U.S. Customs (Dept. of the Treasury)
7 Authority for collection within Subtitle A: Income Taxes Subtitle D: Miscellaneous Excise
the Internal Revenue Code Subtitle B: Estate and Gift taxes Taxes
Subtitle C: Employment taxes
Subtitle E: Alcohol, Tobacco, and
Certain Other Excise Taxes
8 Revenue collection applies to 1. Federal “employees”, or those Federal corporations involved in
engaged in a “public office”. foreign commerce
2. “U.S. citizens” under 8 U.S.C.
§1401 living abroad in receipt of
federal payments.
9 Taxable “activities” 1. “trade or business”, which is Foreign Commerce under 26 U.S.C.
defined as “the functions of a §7001.
public office” in 26 U.S.C.
§7701(a)(26), conducted within the
“District of Columbia” which is
defined as the “United States” in
26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(9) and (a)(10).
2. Transfer of property from people
who died in the federal zone to
their heirs (I.R.C. Subtitle B).
10 Revenues pay for Socialism/communism Protection of states of the Union,
including military, courts, and jails.
11 Revenue collection functions Municipal/state government income tax Federal tax on foreign commerce
like
12 Definition of the term “United 1. 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(9) and (a)(10) 26 U.S.C. §4612
States” found in 2. 26 U.S.C. §3121(e)
13 Example “taxes” 1. W-4 withholding on federal Taxes on imported fuels
“employees”
2. Estate taxes
3. Social security
4. Medicare
5. Alcohol, tobacco, and firearms
under U.S.C. Title 27
14 Applicable tax forms 941, 1040, 1040NR, 1120, W-2, W-4 CF 6084 (customs bill)
2 The “plenary” jurisdiction described above means exclusive sovereignty which is not shared by any other sovereignty and
3 which is exercised over territorial lands owned by or ceded to the federal government under Article 1, Section 8, Clause 17
4 of the Constitution. Here is a cite that helps confirm what we are saying about the “plenary” word above:
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 "In dealing with the meaning and application of an act of Congress enacted in the exercise of its plenary power
2 under the Constitution to tax income and to grant exemptions from that tax [in its own territories and
3 possessions ONLY but NOT in the states of the Union], it is the will of Congress which controls, and the
4 expression of its will, in the absence of language evidencing a different purpose, should be interpreted 'so as to
5 give a uniform application to a nation-wide scheme of taxation'. Burnet v. Harmel, 287 U.S. 103, 110 , 53 S.Ct.
6 74, 77. Congress establishes its own criteria and the state law may control [in federal territories and
7 possessions] only when the federal taxing act by express language or necessary implication makes its
8 operation dependent upon state law. Burnet v. Harmel, supra. See Burk-Waggoner Oil Association v. Hopkins,
9 269 U.S. 110, 111 , 114 S., 46 S.Ct. 48, 49; Weiss v. Wiener, 279 U.S. 333 , 49 S.Ct. 337; Morrissey v.
10 Commissioner, 296 U.S. 344, 356 , 56 S.Ct. 289, 294. Compare Crooks v. Harrelson, 282 U.S. 55, 59 , 51 S.Ct.
11 49, 50; Poe v. Seaborn, 282 U.S. 101, 109 , 110 S., 51 S.Ct. 58; Blair v. Commissioner, 300 U.S. 5, 9 , 10 S., 57
12 S.Ct. 330, 331."
13 [Lyeth v. Hoey , 305 U.S. 188, 59 S. Ct 155 (1938)]
97H
14 Why is such jurisdiction “plenary” or “exclusive”? Because all those who file IRS 1040 returns implicitly consent to be
15 treated as “virtual residents” of the District of Columbia, over which Congress has exclusive legislative jurisdiction under
16 Article 1, Section 8, Clause 17 of the Constitution!:

18 Sec. 7701. – Definitions
19 (a)(39) Persons residing outside [the federal] United States
20 If any citizen or resident of the United States does not reside in (and is not found in) any United States judicial
21 district, such citizen or resident shall be treated as residing in the District of Columbia for purposes of any
22 provision of this title relating to -
23 (A) jurisdiction of courts, or

24 (B) enforcement of summons.
25 Because kidnapping is illegal under 18 U.S.C. §1201, people living in states of the Union subject to the provisions above
26 must be volunteers and must explicitly consent to participate in federal taxation by filling out the WRONG tax form, which
27 is the 1040, and signing it under penalty of perjury. The IRS Published Products Catalog (2003), Document 7130 confirms
28 that those who file IRS Form 1040 do indeed declare themselves to be “citizens or residents of the [federal] United States”,
29 which is untrue for the vast majority of Americans:
30 1040A 11327A Each

31 U.S. Individual Income Tax Return
32 Annual income tax return filed by citizens and residents of the United States. There are separate instructions
33 available for this item. The catalog number for the instructions is 12088U.
34 W:CAR:MP:FP:F:I Tax Form or Instructions

35 [IRS Published Products Catalog, Document 7130, Year 2003, p. F-15]
36 It is also worth noting that the term “individual” as used above is NOWHERE defined in the Internal Revenue Code and
37 that the ONLY definition we have found describes ONLY federal “employees”, in 5 U.S.C. §552a(a)(2). This is further
38 exhaustively analyzed in the fascinating memorandum of law below to conclude that the main “taxpayers” under Internal
39 Revenue Code, Subtitle A are all “public officers” who work for or are instrumentalities of the national and not federal
40 government:
Why Your Government is Either a Thief or You are a “Public Officer” for Income Tax Purposes, Form #05.008
41 If American Nationals domiciled in the states of the Union would learn to file with their correct status using the form
42 1040NR as “nationals” and “nonresident aliens”, then most Americans wouldn’t owe anything under the provisions of 26
43 U.S.C. §871! The U.S. Congress and their IRS henchmen have become “sheep poachers”, where you, a person living in
44 state of the Union and outside of federal legislative jurisdiction, are the “sheep”. They are “legally kidnapping” people
45 away from the Constitutional protections of their domicile within states using deceptive forms so that they volunteer into
46 exclusive federal jurisdiction.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 Notice the use of the term “nation-wide” in the Lyeth case above, which we now know means the “national government” in
2 the context of its jurisdiction over federal territories, possessions, and the District of Columbia and which excludes states of
3 the Union. They are just reiterating that federal jurisdiction over the federal zone is “exclusive” and “plenary” and that
4 state law only applies where Congress consents to delegate authority, under the rules of “comity”, to the state relating to
5 taxing matters over federal areas within the exterior limits of a state.
6 “comity. Courtesy; complaisance; respect; a willingness to grant a privilege, not as a matter of right, but out
7 of deference and good will. Recognition that one sovereignty allows within its territory to the legislative,
8 executive, or judicial act of another sovereignty, having due regard to rights of its own citizens. Nowell v.
9 Nowell, Tex.Civ.App., 408 S.W.2d. 550, 553. In general, principle of "comity" is that courts of one state or
10 jurisdiction will give effect to laws and judicial decisions of another state or jurisdiction, not as a matter of
11 obligation, but out of deference and mutual respect. Brown v. Babbitt Ford, Inc., 117 Ariz. 192, 571 P.2d. 689,
12 695. See also Full faith and credit clause.”
14 An example of this kind of “comity” is the Buck Act, 4 U.S.C. §§110-113, in which 4 U.S.C. §106 delegates authority to
15 federal territories and possessions, but not states of the Union, to tax areas within their boundaries subject to exclusive
16 federal jurisdiction. That jurisdiction then is mentioned in the context of 5 U.S.C. §5517 as applying ONLY to federal
17 “employees”.
18 The above table is confirmed by the Supreme Court in the case of Downes v. Bidwell, which said on the subjects covered by
19 the table:
20 “Loughborough v. Blake, 5 Wheat. 317, 5 L.Ed. 98, was an action of trespass or, as appears by the original
21 record, replevin, brought in the circuit court for the District of Columbia to try the right of Congress to impose
22 a direct tax for general purposes on that District. 3 Stat. at L. 216, chap. 60. It was insisted that Congress
23 could act in a double capacity: in one as legislating [182 U.S. 244, 260] for the states; in the other as a local
24 legislature for the District of Columbia. In the latter character, it was admitted that the power of levying direct
25 taxes might be exercised, but for District purposes only, as a state legislature might tax for state purposes; but
26 that it could not legislate for the District under art. 1, 8, giving to Congress the power 'to lay and collect taxes,
27 imposts, and excises,' which 'shall be uniform throughout the United States,' inasmuch as the District was no
28 part of the United States [described in the Constitution]. It was held that the grant of this power was a general
29 one without limitation as to place, and consequently extended to all places over which the government extends;
30 and that it extended to the District of Columbia as a constituent part of the United States. The fact that art. 1 , 2,
31 declares that 'representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states . . . according to
32 their respective numbers' furnished a standard by which taxes were apportioned, but not to exempt any part of
33 the country from their operation. 'The words used do not mean that direct taxes shall be imposed on states only
34 which are represented, or shall be apportioned to representatives; but that direct taxation, in its application to
35 states, shall be apportioned to numbers.' That art. 1, 9, 4, declaring that direct taxes shall be laid in proportion
36 to the census, was applicable to the District of Columbia, 'and will enable Congress to apportion on it its just
37 and equal share of the burden, with the same accuracy as on the respective states. If the tax be laid in this
38 proportion, it is within the very words of the restriction. It is a tax in proportion to the census or enumeration
39 referred to.' It was further held that the words of the 9th section did not 'in terms require that the system of
40 direct taxation, when resorted to, shall be extended to the territories, as the words of the 2d section require that
41 it shall be extended to all the states. They therefore may, without violence, be understood to give a rule when
42 the territories shall be taxed, without imposing the necessity of taxing them.'”
43 “There could be no doubt as to the correctness of this conclusion, so far, at least, as it applied to the District
44 of Columbia. This District had been a part of the states of Maryland and [182 U.S. 244, 261] Virginia. It had
45 been subject to the Constitution, and was a part of the United States[***]. The Constitution had attached to it
46 irrevocably. There are steps which can never be taken backward. The
47 tie that bound the states of Maryland and Virginia to the Constitution could not be dissolved, without at least
48 the consent of the Federal and state governments to a formal separation. The mere cession of the District of
49 Columbia to the Federal government relinquished the authority of the states, but it did not take it out of the
50 United States or from under the aegis of the Constitution. Neither party had ever consented to that
51 construction of the cession. If, before the District was set off, Congress had passed an unconstitutional act
52 affecting its inhabitants, it would have been void. If done after the District was created, it would have been
53 equally void; in other words, Congress could not do indirectly, by carving out the District, what it could not do
54 directly. The District still remained a part of the United States, protected by the Constitution. Indeed, it would
55 have been a fanciful construction to hold that territory which had been once a part of the United States ceased
56 to be such by being ceded directly to the Federal government.”
57 [. . .]
58 “Indeed, the practical interpretation put by Congress upon the Constitution has been long continued and
59 uniform to the effect [182 U.S. 244, 279] that the Constitution is applicable to territories acquired by purchase
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 or conquest, only when and so far as Congress shall so direct. Notwithstanding its duty to 'guarantee to every
2 state in this Union a republican form of government' (art. 4, 4), by which we understand, according to the
3 definition of Webster, 'a government in which the supreme power resides in the whole body of the people, and is
4 exercised by representatives elected by them,' Congress did not hesitate, in the original organization of the
5 territories of Louisiana, Florida, the Northwest Territory, and its subdivisions of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan,
6 Illinois, and Wisconsin and still more recently in the case of Alaska, to establish a form of government bearing
7 a much greater analogy to a British Crown colony than a republican state of America, and to vest the
8 legislative power either in a governor and council, or a governor and judges, to be appointed by the President.
9 It was not until they had attained a certain population that power was given them to organize a legislature by
10 vote of the people. In all these cases, as well as in territories subsequently organized west of the Mississippi,
11 Congress thought it necessary either to extend to Constitution and laws of the United States over them, or to
12 declare that the inhabitants should be entitled to enjoy the right of trial by jury, of bail, and of the privilege of
13 the writ of habeas corpus, as well as other privileges of the bill of rights.”
14 [Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244 (1901)]
15 5 Legal Authorities Proving that Most Americans are Not the Proper Subject of Federal Income Taxes
16 This section contains a list of all the sources of evidence we can find that validate the view that participation in the
17 franchise agreement and excise tax codified in Internal Revenue Code, Subtitle A is voluntary for those who choose not to
18 volunteer, which people are called “non-taxpayers” by the courts:
19 1. Federal statutory law may not be DIRECTLY enforced against members of the general public without publication in
20 the Federal Register of implementing regulations.
21 TITLE 5 > PART I > CHAPTER 5 > SUBCHAPTER II > § 552

22 § 552. Public information; agency rules, opinions, orders, records, and proceedings
23 Except to the extent that a person has actual and timely notice of the terms thereof, a person may not in any
24 manner be required to resort to, or be adversely affected by, a matter required to be published in the Federal
25 Register and not so published. For the purpose of this paragraph, matter reasonably available to the class of
26 persons affected thereby is deemed published in the Federal Register when incorporated by reference therein
27 with the approval of the Director of the Federal Register.
28 __________________________________________________________________________________________
29 26 C.F.R. §601.702 Publication and public inspection
30 (a)(2)(ii) Effect of failure to publish.
31 Except to the extent that a person has actual and timely notice of the terms of any matter referred to in
32 subparagraph (1) of this paragraph which is required to be published in the Federal Register, such person is
33 not required in any manner to resort to, or be adversely affected by, such matter if it is not so published or is
34 not incorporated by reference therein pursuant to subdivision (i) of this subparagraph. Thus, for example,
35 any such matter which imposes an obligation and which is not so published or incorporated by reference will
36 not adversely change or affect a person's rights.
37 The only exceptions to the above rule are the following

38 1.1. A military or foreign affairs function of the United States. 5 U.S.C. §553(a)(1) .
39 1.2. A matter relating to agency management or personnel or to public property, loans, grants, benefits, or contracts. 5
40 U.S.C. §553(a)(2) .
41 1.3. Federal agencies or persons in their capacity as officers, agents, or employees thereof. 44 U.S.C. §1505(a)(1).
42 There are NO regulations authorizing enforcement of the Internal Revenue Code, Subtitle A income tax, and therefore,
43 it may ONLY lawfully be enforced against members of the above three specifically exempted groups. For further
44 details on this subject along with an itemized list of the MISSING regulations, see:
IRS Due Process Meeting Handout, Form #03.008
45 2. Private entities, states and political subdivisions are NOT REQUIRED to enter into federal payroll deduction
46 agreements:
47 Internal Revenue Manual

48 5.14.10.2 (09-30-2004) Payroll Deduction Agreements
49 2. Private employers, states, and political subdivisions are not required to enter into payroll deduction
50 agreements. Taxpayers should determine whether their employers will accept and process executed agreements
51 before agreements are submitted for approval or finalized.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 [SOURCE: http://www.irs.gov/irm/part5/ch14s10.html]
2 3. The only people who earn reportable "wages" on an IRS Form W-2 are those who VOLUNTARILY sign and submit
3 IRS Form W-4. Those who don't earn no "wages". Therefore, if IRS directs the private employer to withhold at
4 "single-zero" because the employee won't sign a form W-4, they cannot withhold ANYTHING because the
5 withholding must be computed on reportable "wages" earned and NOT all earnings.
6 26 C.F.R. §31.3401(a)-3 Amounts deemed wages under voluntary withholding agreements
7 (a) In general.
8 Notwithstanding the exceptions to the definition of wages specified in section 3401(a) and the regulations
9 thereunder, the term “wages” includes the amounts described in paragraph (b)(1) of this section with respect
10 to which there is a voluntary withholding agreement in effect under section 3402(p). References in this
11 chapter to the definition of wages contained in section 3401(a) shall be deemed to refer also to this section
12 (§31.3401(a)–3).
13 (b) Remuneration for services.
14 (1) Except as provided in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph, the amounts referred to in paragraph (a) of this
15 section include any remuneration for services performed by an employee for an employer which, without
16 regard to this section, does not constitute wages under section 3401(a). For example, remuneration for
17 services performed by an agricultural worker or a domestic worker in a private home (amounts which are
18 specifically excluded from the definition of wages by section 3401(a) (2) and (3), respectively) are amounts with
19 respect to which a voluntary withholding agreement may be entered into under section 3402(p). See
20 §§31.3401(c)–1 and 31.3401(d)–1 for the definitions of “employee” and “employer”.
21 4. The filing of a withholding agreement (W-4 or W-9) or its equivalent is voluntary [26 C.F.R. 31.§3402(p)-1(b)].

26 [CITE: 26CFR31.3402(p)-1]
27 [Page 258-259]

29 CHAPTER I--INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED)
30 PART 31_EMPLOYMENT TAXES AND COLLECTION OF INCOME TAX AT SOURCE--Table of Contents
31 Subpart E
32 Collection of Income Tax at Source
33 Sec. 31.3402(p)-1 Voluntary withholding agreements.
34 (b) Form and duration of agreement.

35 (1)(i) Except as provided in subdivision (ii) of this subparagraph, an employee who desires to enter into an
36 agreement under section 3402(p) shall furnish his employer with Form W-4 (withholding exemption certificate)
37 executed in accordance with the provisions of section 3402(f) and the regulations thereunder. The furnishing of
38 such Form W-4 shall constitute a request for withholding.
39 (ii) In the case of an employee who desires to enter into an agreement under section 3402(p) with his
40 employer, if the employee performs services (in addition to those to be the subject of the agreement) the
41 remuneration for which is subject to mandatory income tax withholding by such employer, or if the employee
42 wishes to specify that the agreement terminate on a specific date, the employee shall furnish the employer with
43 a request for withholding which shall be signed by the employee, and shall contain--
44 (a) The name, address, and social security number of the employee making the request,
45 (b) The name and address of the employer,
46 (c) A statement that the employee desires withholding of Federal income tax, and applicable, of qualified
47 State individual income tax (see paragraph (d)(3)(i) of Sec. 301.6361-1 of this chapter (Regulations on
48 Procedures and Administration)), and
49 (d) If the employee desires that the agreement terminate on a specific date, the date of termination of the
50 agreement.
51 If accepted by the employer as provided in subdivision (iii) of this subparagraph, the request shall be attached
52 to, and constitute part of, the employee's Form W-4. An employee who furnishes his employer a request for
53 withholding under this subdivision shall also furnish such employer with Form W-4 if such employee does not
54 already have a Form W-4in effect with such employer.
55 (iii) No request for withholding under section 3402(p) shall be effective as an agreement between an
56 employer and an employee until the employer accepts the request by commencing to withhold from the amounts
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 with respect to which the request was made.
2 (2) An agreement under section 3402 (p) shall be effective for such period as the employer and employee
3 mutually agree upon. However, either the employer or the employee may terminate the agreement prior to the
4 end of such period by furnishing a signed written notice to the other. Unless the employer and employee agree
5 to an earlier termination date, the notice shall be effective with respect to the first payment of an amount in
6 respect of which the agreement is in effect which is made on or after the first ``status determination date''
7 (January 1, May 1, July 1, and October 1 of each year) that occurs at least 30 days after the date on which the
8 notice is furnished. If the employee executes a new Form W-4, the request upon which an agreement under
9 section 3402 (p) is based shall be attached to, and constitute a part of, such new Form W-4.
10 (86 Stat. 944, 26 U.S.C. 6364; 68A Stat. 917, 26 U.S.C. 7805)
11 [T.D. 7096, 36 FR 5216, Mar. 18, 1971, as amended by T.D. 7577, 43 FR 59359, Dec. 20, 1978; T.D. 8619, 60
12 FR 49215, Sept. 22, 1995]
13 5. The voluntary withholding agreement may be terminated at any time by the worker or the hiring entity [26 C.F.R.
14 §31.3402(p)-1(b)(2)].

17 PART 31_EMPLOYMENT TAXES AND COLLECTION OF INCOME TAX AT SOURCE--Table of Contents
18 Subpart E
19 Collection of Income Tax at Source
20 Sec. 31.3402(p)-1 Voluntary withholding agreements.
21 (b) Form and duration of agreement.
22 (2) An agreement under section 3402 (p) shall be effective for such period as the employer and employee
23 mutually agree upon. However, either the employer or the employee may terminate the agreement prior to the
24 end of such period by furnishing a signed written notice to the other. Unless the employer and employee agree
25 to an earlier termination date, the notice shall be effective with respect to the first payment of an amount in
26 respect of which the agreement is in effect which is made on or after the first ``status determination date''
27 (January 1, May 1, July 1, and October 1 of each year) that occurs at least 30 days after the date on which the
28 notice is furnished. If the employee executes a new Form W-4, the request upon which an agreement under
29 section 3402 (p) is based shall be attached to, and constitute a part of, such new Form W-4.
30 (86 Stat. 944, 26 U.S.C. 6364; 68A Stat. 917, 26 U.S.C. 7805)
31 [T.D. 7096, 36 FR 5216, Mar. 18, 1971, as amended by T.D. 7577, 43 FR 59359, Dec. 20, 1978; T.D. 8619, 60
32 FR 49215, Sept. 22, 1995]
33 6. Payroll deduction agreements for taxes apply to CONSENTING employees of government agencies, federal employees
34 and retirees, military personnel and Department of Defense employees who participate in the VOLUNTARY deduction
35 program, Internal Revenue Manual (I.R.M.), Section 5.1.7 http://www.irs.gov/irm/part5/ch01s07.html , see 26 U.S.C.
36 §3402(p)(3)(A), 31 C.F.R. §215.2(n)(1).
37 TITLE 26 > Subtitle C > CHAPTER 24 > § 3402

38 § 3402. Income tax collected at source
39 (p) Voluntary withholding agreements
40 (3) Authority for other voluntary withholding
41 The Secretary is authorized by regulations to provide for withholding— (A) from remuneration for services
42 performed by an employee for the employee’s employer which (without regard to this paragraph) does not
43 constitute wages, and
44 __________________________________________________________________________________________

47 [Revised as of July 1, 2006]
49 [CITE: 31CFR215.2]
50 [Page 61-62]
51 TITLE 31--MONEY AND FINANCE: TREASURY

52 CHAPTER II--FISCAL SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
53 PART 215_WITHHOLDING OF DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, STATE, CITY AND COUNTY
54 INCOME OR EMPLOYMENT TAXES BY FEDERAL AGENCIES--Table of Contents
55 Subpart A_General Information
56 Sec. 215.2 Definitions
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 (n) State income tax means any form of tax for which, under a State status:
2 (1) Collection is provided, either by imposing on employers generally the duty of withholding sums from the
3 compensation of employees and making returns of such sums to the State or by granting to employers generally
4 the authority to withhold sums from the compensation of employees, if any employee voluntarily elects to have
5 such sums withheld; and
6 7. The IRS "Questionable W-4 Program" and their "Lock-In Letter" apply to those employees of government agencies,
7 federal employees and retirees, active military personnel and Department of Defense employees who CONSENTED to
8 participate with the voluntary withholding agreement, not the private sector.
9 7.1. Withholding and reporting on those who do not submit IRS Form W-4 can ONLY lawfully be executed on
10 “wages” as legally defined and NOT commonly understood.
11 7.2. Only those who voluntarily signed and submitted IRS Form W-4 and who are not otherwise engaged in a public
12 office within the United States government can earn “wages” as legally defined pursuant to 26 C.F.R.
13 §31.3402(p)-1 and 26 C.F.R. §31.3401(a)-3.
14 8. Withholding and reporting only applies to earnings connected to a “trade or business”, which is defined in 26 U.S.C.
15 §7701(a)(26) as “the functions of a public office” in the United States government. See:
16 9. All IRS information returns, including IRS Forms W-2, 1042-S, 1098, 1099, and K-1 can ONLY lawfully be used to
17 report earnings connected with a “public office” in the United States government pursuant to 26 U.S.C. §6041. They
18 may NOT be used to report PRIVATE earnings. If they are completed against PRIVATE persons who are NOT
19 engaged in a public office or the “trade or business” franchise, the filer of these false reports then assumes the
20 following legal liabilities:
21 9.1. They are civilly liable for damages under 26 U.S.C. §7434 for all the taxes that are illegally withheld or collected
22 plus attorneys fees.
23 9.2. They are criminally liable for false or fraudulent reports under 26 U.S.C. §7206 and 7207 for up to ten years in
24 jail.
25 9.3. They are criminally liable for conversion of private property to a public use in violation of 18 U.S.C. §654. As
26 “withholding agents” for the U.S. government, they are prohibited from converting private property to a public
27 use without the consent of the subject:
28 “Men are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights,-'life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;'
29 and to 'secure,' not grant or create, these rights, governments are instituted. That property [or income] which a
30 man has honestly acquired he retains full control of, subject to these limitations: First, that he shall not use
31 it to his neighbor's injury, and that does not mean that he must use it for his neighbor's benefit; second,
32 that if he devotes it to a public use, he gives to the public a right to
33 control that use; and third, that whenever the public needs require, the public may take it upon
34 payment of due compensation.
35 [Budd v. People of State of New York, 143 U.S. 517 (1892)]
36 9.4. They are guilty of impersonating a “public officer” in violation of 18 U.S.C. §912. All “taxpayers” within
37 Internal Revenue Code, Subtitle A are “public officers” engaged in a “trade or business”.
38 9.5. They are guilty of impersonating a statutory “U.S. citizen” in violation of 18 U.S.C. §911. All “taxpayers” within
39 Internal Revenue Code, Subtitle A are statutory “U.S. citizen” temporarily abroad and coming under a tax treaty
40 with a foreign country pursuant to 26 U.S.C. §911. It is illegal to serve in a “public office” in the U.S.
41 government as anything other than a statutory “U.S. citizen”.
42 4. Lack of Citizenship
43 §74. Aliens can not hold Office. - -
44 It is a general principle that an alien can not hold a public office. In all independent popular governments, as
45 is said by Chief Justice Dixon of Wisconsin, “it is an acknowledged principle, which lies at the very foundation,
46 and the enforcement of which needs neither the aid of statutory nor constitutional enactments or restrictions,
47 that the government is instituted by the citizens for their liberty and protection, and that it is to be administered,
48 and its powers and functions exercised only by them and through their agency.”
49 In accordance with this principle it is held that an alien can not hold the office of sheriff.[2]
50 [A Treatise on the Law of Public Offices and Officers, Floyd Russell Mechem, 1890, p. 27, §74;
51 SOURCE: http://books.google.com/books?id=g-I9AAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage]
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 10. Those who are nonresident aliens, which includes most Americans born in and domiciled within the states of the
2 Union, cannot have a tax liability if they have no earnings from the District of Columbia or the United States
3 government under 26 U.S.C. §871.
4 11. Withholding and reporting on statutory “U.S. citizens” or “residents” (aliens) is only permitted when they are abroad
5 pursuant to 26 U.S.C. §911. There is no statute or regulation that makes the liable to pay income taxes when they are
6 situated in any one of the 50 states or federal territory. This is confirmed by the following:
7 11.1. 26 C.F.R. §1.1-1(a)(2)(ii) defines “married individual” and “unmarried individuals” as aliens with earnings
8 connected with a “trade or business”.
9 11.2. 26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1(c) defines the term “individual” appearing on IRS Form 1040 as “U.S. Individual Income
10 Tax Return” as being an “alien” or a “nonresident alien”. “Citizens” are nowhere included.
11 11.3. A statutory “U.S. citizen” only becomes a “taxpayer” when he is temporarily abroad under 26 U.S.C. §911 and
12 therefore comes under a tax treaty with a foreign country as an “alien” in relation to the foreign country. He is an
13 alien in relation to the foreign country in that condition, which is how he becomes a “taxpayer”. Even then, he
14 must have earnings from a public office in the U.S. government called a “trade or business” to have any taxable
15 income. EVERYTHING that goes on IRS Form 1040 is “trade or business” income because everything on the
16 form is subject to “trade or business” deductions pursuant to 26 U.S.C. §162. This is also confirmed by 26 U.S.C.
17 §871(b )(1), which says that all the taxes in Section 1 are “trade or business” taxes.
18 12. Employment withholdings under Internal Revenue Code, Subtitle C are classified as “gifts” to the U.S. Government,
19 and therefore are technically not “taxes”. They don’t become “taxes” until the information return is attached to a tax
20 return and the tax return is signed under penalty of perjury. This is the origin, in fact, of the requirement to attach all
21 information returns to your tax return when you file it: To convert a “gift” into a “tax”. The IRS has no statutory
22 authority to make this conversion, which is why they need your help. See Great IRS Hoax, Form #11.302, Section
23 5.6.8 for the proof:
24 http://famguardian.org/Publications/GreatIRSHoax/GreatIRSHoax.htm.
25 13. A nonresident alien not engaged in the “trade or business” franchise and defined in 26 C.F.R. §1.871-1(b)(i) who does
26 not work for the U.S. government and receives no payments from the U.S. government under 26 U.S.C. §871 can have
27 no tax liability and need not withhold. This is confirmed by:
28 13.1. 26 C.F.R. §1.872-2(f)
29 13.2. 26 C.F.R. §31.3401(a)(6)-1(b)
30 13.3. 26 U.S.C. §861(a)(3)(C)(i)
31 13.4. 26 U.S.C. §3401(a)(6)
32 13.5. 26 U.S.C. §1402(b)
33 13.6. 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(31)
34 14. Backup withholding under 26 U.S.C. §3406 is only done on “resident aliens” as defined in 26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(1)(A)
35 and not “nonresident aliens” as defined in 26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(1)(B).
36 15. The term "employee" 31 C.F.R. §215.2(h)(1)(i) does not include retired personnel, pensioners, annuitants, or similar
37 beneficiaries of the Federal Government, who are NOT performing active civilian service or persons receiving
38 remuneration for services on a contract-fee basis. They are not subject to withholding and have no duty to file any IRS
39 Form W-4 or W-9, unless they desire to VOLUNTARILY enter into agreements.

42 [Revised as of July 1, 2006]
44 [CITE: 31CFR215.2]
45 [Page 61-62]
46 TITLE 31--MONEY AND FINANCE: TREASURY

47 CHAPTER II--FISCAL SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
48 PART 215_WITHHOLDING OF DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, STATE, CITY AND COUNTY
49 INCOME OR EMPLOYMENT TAXES BY FEDERAL AGENCIES--Table of Contents
50 Subpart A_General Information
51 Sec. 215.2 Definitions
52 (h)(1) Employees for the purpose of State income tax withholding, means all employees of an agency, other than
53 members of the armed forces. For city and county income or employment tax withholding, it means:
54 (i) Employees of an agency;
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 16. In most states, the withholding and deducting from pay for any federal taxes; fees and other charges (levy, lien,
2 penalties or interest); or benefits and privileges (social security, Medicare, disability, etc.) must be knowingly and
3 VOLUNTARILY agreed to in writing by BOTH parties (worker and company). It's state jurisdiction, not federal.
4 17. No law requires you to disclose a social security number. EEOC v. Information Systems Consulting CA3-92-0169-T
5 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT NORTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS DALLAS DIVISION.
6 18. Accordingly, the federal government can only act on the States; and only in the strictly limited, exclusive jurisdiction
7 of Article 1:8:17. There are no federal income taxes imposed upon an American working and living within the 50 states
8 party to the more perfect Union, see 26 C.F.R. §301.6361-4.

13 [CITE: 26CFR301.6361-4]
14 [Page 329]
15
18 PART 301_PROCEDURE AND ADMINISTRATION--Table of Contents
19 Seizure of Property for Collection of Taxes
20 Sec. 301.6361-4 Definitions.
21 For purposes of the regulations in this part under subchapter E of chapter 64 of the Internal Revenue Code of
22 1954, relating to collection and administration of State individual income taxes--
23 (a) State agreement. The term ``State agreement'' means an agreement between a State and the Federal
24 Government which was entered into pursuant to section 6363 and the regulations thereunder, and which
25 provides for the Federal collection and administration of the qualified tax or taxes of that State.
26 (b) Qualified tax. The term ``qualified tax'' means a tax which is a ``qualified State individual income tax'', as
27 defined in section 6362 (including subsection (f)(1) thereof, which requires that a State agreement be in effect)
28 and the regulations thereunder.
29 (c) Chapters and subtitles. References in regulations in this part under subchapter E to chapters and subtitles
30 are to chapters and subtitles of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, unless otherwise indicated.
31 (d) Subchapter E. The term ``subchapter E'' means subchapter E of chapter 64 of the Internal Revenue Code
32 of 1954, relating to collection and administration of State individual income taxes, as amended from time to
33 time.
34 [T.D. 7577, 43 FR 59365, Dec. 20, 1978]
35 19. According to the United States Government Accounting Office, see (USGAO) report dated 09/15/03, it states in part,
36 "Under current law, the IRS does not have statutory authority to impose a penalty to enforce employer
37 compliance with the reporting requirement. The reporting requirement was promulgated in Treasury
38 regulations."
39 [Reliability of Information on Taxpayers Claiming Many Withholding Allowances or Exemption from Federal
40 Income Tax Withholding, GAO-03-913R]
41 20. 12. The IRS clearly violates the law when it instructs the private sector entity to disregard the worker's W-4 (or its
42 equivalent).
43 "The Company is not authorized to alter the form [W-4 or its equivalent] or to dishonor the worker's claim. The
44 certificate goes into effect automatically"
45 [U.S. District Court Judge Huyett, United States v. Malinowski, 347 F. Supp. 352 (1992)]
46 21. 13. What the federal courts say about withholding:
47 “Unless the withholder has reason to know that the party filing form 1001 is no longer eligible for exemption,
48 the withholding party “is not responsible for misstatements made on Form 1001 by an owner of income,” and
49 hence would not be liable for tax which should have been withheld.
50 Defendants manifest curiosity as to whether plaintiff would pay tax in Sweden on the benefits received under the
51 plan. But that is none of their concern.”
52 [Holmstrom v. PPG Industries, 512 F.Supp. 552, 554 DC WD Pa. 1981;
53 Also see: Murray v. City of Charleston, 96 U.S. 432 (1877)]
54 22. The private sector entity is not a duly authorized or delegated 'tax collector" under I.R.C. §6301, and no implementing
55 regulation exists under 26 C.F.R..
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 23. The private sector entity is not a duly authorized or delegated "assessment officer" under I.R.C. §6201, and no
2 implementing regulation exists under 26 C.F.R..
3 24. The private sector entity is not a duly authorized Withholding Agent (defined in I.R.C. §7701(a)(16), 26 C.F.R.
4 §301.7701-16) to withhold from one's pay or remuneration (I.R.C. §§1441, 1442, 1443, and specifically in 26 C.F.R.
5 §1.1441-7).
6 25. The private sector entity lacks requisite IRS Form 2678 filed with the IRS, or an IRS Form 8655: Reporting Agent
7 Authorizing Certificate from the Treasury Financial Management Service, specific to each worker.
8 26. No state-federal agreements for administration of qualified state income taxes are authorized by 31 C.F.R., Part 215
9 specific to each private sector worker. The authority applies exclusively to federal government agencies and personnel;
10 it does not extend to general population in States of the Union.
11 27. No Standard Agreement with the Secretary of the Treasury and Fiscal Assistant Secretary (or his delegates) pursuant to
12 31 C.F.R. Subpart B-Standard Agreement 215.6 specific to each private sector worker exists.
13 28. No Section 218 Voluntary Agreement exists for coverage of social security specific to each private sector worker,
14 pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §418.
15 29. Consent for federal or state withholding and deductions from pay must be explicit, voluntary and in writing.
16 "Where rights secured by the Constitution are involved, there can be no rule making or legislation which would
17 abrogate them."
18 [Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 491]
19 30. Employees of government agencies; federal employees, agents, representatives must act ONLY within the bounds of
20 lawful authority pursuant to the Supreme Court case of Federal Crop Insurance vs. Merrill, 33 U.S. 380 at 384 (1947)
21 that states:
22 "Anyone entering into an arrangement with the government takes the risk of having accurately ascertained that
23 he who purports to act for the government stays within the bounds of his authority."
24 [Federal Crop Insurance vs. Merrill, 33 U.S. 380 at 384 (1947)]
25 31. I.R.C. §7608 states whom the Secretary has authorized to see one's books and records. According to I.R.C. §7608(a),
26 Revenue Officers are NOT authorized to see one's books and records.
27 32. According to I.R.C. §7608(b) Revenue Officers have no enforcement authority. Only criminal investigators for the
28 intelligence division have enforcement authority and it is only for Subtitle E (liquor, tobacco, and firearms).
29 TITLE 26 > Subtitle F > CHAPTER 78 > Subchapter A > § 7608

30 § 7608. Authority of internal revenue enforcement officers
31 (b) Enforcement of laws relating to internal revenue other than subtitle E
32 (1) Any criminal investigator of the Intelligence Division of the Internal Revenue Service whom the Secretary
33 charges with the duty of enforcing any of the criminal provisions of the internal revenue laws, any other
34 criminal provisions of law relating to internal revenue for the enforcement of which the Secretary is
35 responsible, or any other law for which the Secretary has delegated investigatory authority to the Internal
36 Revenue Service, is, in the performance of his duties, authorized to perform the functions described in
37 paragraph (2). (2) The functions authorized under this subsection to be performed by an officer referred to in
38 paragraph (1) are— (A) to execute and serve search warrants and arrest warrants, and serve subpoenas and
39 summonses issued under authority of the United States; (B) to make arrests without warrant for any offense
40 against the United States relating to the internal revenue laws committed in his presence, or for any felony
41 cognizable under such laws if he has reasonable grounds to believe that the person to be arrested has
42 committed or is committing any such felony; and (C) to make seizures of property subject to forfeiture under the
43 internal revenue laws.
44 33. Every section of the private law, IRC and 26 USC- Internal Revenue Code had its origin in the legislature as a statute.
45 Then to put the statue into law, an agency had to write a regulation which puts it into force and effect. Bureau of
46 Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (BATF) is the only agency that wrote the regulation; the Internal Revenue
47 is not a federal agency. BATF is the only agency that can contract with the IRS to apply and enforce BATF
48 regulations, see 26 C.F.R. §301.7513-1(b)(1) and (b)(2).

Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 [CITE: 26CFR301.7513-1]
2 [Page 575-576]

5 PART 301_PROCEDURE AND ADMINISTRATION--Table of Contents
6 Judicial Proceedings
7 Sec. 301.7513-1 Reproduction of returns and other documents.
8 (b) Safeguards—
9 (1) By private contractor.
10 Any person entering into a contract with the Internal Revenue Service for the performance of any of the services
11 described in paragraph (a) of this section shall agree to comply, and to assume responsibility for compliance by
12 his employees, with the following requirements:
13 (i) The films or photoimpressions, and reproductions made therefrom, shall be used only for the purpose of
14 carrying out the provisions of the contract, and information contained in such material shall be treated as
15 confidential and shall not be divulged or made known in any manner to any person except as may be necessary
16 in the performance of the
17 contract;
18 (ii) All the services shall be performed under the supervision of the person with whom the contract is made or
19 his responsible employees;
20 (iii) All material received for processing and all processed and reproduced material shall be kept in a locked
21 and fireproof compartment in a secure place when not being worked upon;
22 (iv) All spoilage of reproductions made from the film or photoimpressions supplied to the contractor shall be
23 destroyed, and a statement under the penalties of perjury shall be submitted to the Internal Revenue Service that
24 such destruction has been accomplished; and
25 (v) All film, photoimpressions, and reproductions made therefrom, shall be transmitted to the Internal Revenue
26 Service by personal delivery, first-class mail, parcel post, or express.
27 (2) By Federal agency. Any Federal agency entering into a contract with the Internal Revenue Service for the
28 performance of any services described in paragraph (a) of this section, shall treat as confidential all material
29 processed or reproduced pursuant to such contract.
30 34. Employees of government agencies; federal employees, agents, representatives know or should know that when they
31 violate the 14th Amendment Section 3, they shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion, for which they may loose
32 their pay and retirement.
33 35. Employees of government agencies; federal employees, agents, representatives know or should know that under I.R.C.
34 §7433, they can be sued civilly for up to $1,000,000 for their unauthorized collection actions.
35 36. Employees of government agencies; federal employees, agents, representatives know or should know that under I.R.C.
36 §7214(a)(2), they can be sued criminally up to $10,000 or imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both for their unlawful
37 acts of demanding other or greater sums than are authorized by law.
38 6 Who needs “Taxpayer Identification Numbers”?
39 The only people who are required to have any kind of identifying number are “U.S. persons”. Such persons do not include
40 natural persons or biological people. For instance, note the use of the word “its” to describe the “U.S. person” below,
41 instead of “he” or “she”.
42 26 C.F.R. § 301.6109-1(b)
43 (b) Requirement to furnish one's own number—
44 (1) U.S. persons.
45 Every U.S. person who makes under this title a return, statement, or other document must furnish its own
46 taxpayer identifying number as required by the forms and the accompanying instructions.
47 __________________________________________________________________________________________

50
51 (a)(30) United States person
52 The term ''United States person'' means -
53 (A) a citizen or resident of the United States,
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 (B) a domestic partnership,
2 (C) a domestic corporation,
3 (D) any estate (other than a foreign estate, within the meaning of paragraph (31)), and
4 (E) any trust if -
5 (i) a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of the
6 trust, and
7 (ii) one or more United States persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust.
8 The “citizen” described above is only a corporation, as confirmed by the legal encyclopedia:
9 19 C.J.S., Corporations §886 [Legal encyclopedia]
10 "A corporation is a citizen, resident, or inhabitant of the state or country by or under the laws of which it was
11 created, and of that state or country only."
12 [19 Corpus Juris Secundum (C.J.S.), Corporations, §886 (2003)]
13 Please read and rebut the article below, which shows why people born in and living exclusively in states of the Union are
14 not “citizens” under the Internal Revenue Code or under any federal statute, including 8 U.S.C. §1401:
You’re Not a “Citizen” Under the Internal Revenue Code, Family Guardian Fellowship
http://famguardian.org/Subjects/Taxes/Citizenship/NotACitizenUnderIRC.htm
15 The only people who can be “U.S. persons” live on federal territory. He who owns the land makes the rules. On state
16 property, the federal government has no legislative jurisdiction, with very few minor exceptions that have nothing to do
17 with taxation:
18 "It should never be held that Congress intends to supersede or by its legislation suspend the exercise of the
19 police powers of the States, even when it may do so, unless its purpose to effect that result is clearly
20 manifested."
21 [Reid v. Colorado, 187 U.S. 137, 148 (1902)]
22 _________________________________________________________________________________________
23 "The principle thus applicable has been frequently stated. It is that the Congress may circumscribe its
24 regulation and occupy a limited field, and that the intention to supersede the exercise by the State of its
25 authority as to matters not covered by the federal legislation is not to be implied unless the Act of Congress
26 fairly interpreted is in conflict with the law of the State. See Savage v. Jones, 225 U.S. 501, 533 .”
27 [Atchison, T. & S. F. R. Co. v. Railroad Commission, 283 U.S. 380, 392 –393 (1931)]
28 __________________________________________________________________________________________
29 "If Congress is authorized to act in a field, it should manifest its intention clearly. It will not be presumed that
30 a federal statute was intended to supersede the exercise of the power of the state unless there is a clear
31 manifestation of intention to do so. The exercise of federal supremacy is not lightly to be presumed."
32 [Schwartz v. Texas, 344 U.S. 199, 202-203 (1952)]
33 _________________________________________________________________________________________
34 “While states are not sovereign in true sense of term but only quasi sovereign, yet in respect of all powers
35 reserved to them they are supreme and independent of federal government as that government within its sphere
36 is independent of the states.”
37 "It is no longer open to question that the general government, unlike the states, Hammer v. Dagenhart, 247
39 internal affairs of the states; and emphatically not with regard to legislation."
40 [Carter v. Carter Coal Co., 298 U.S. 238, 56 S.Ct. 855 (1936) ]
41 The IRS Form 1040 tax return is entitled “U.S. Individual Return”. Well friends, the definition of “individual” found in 26
42 C.F.R. §1.1441-1(c)(3) confirms that these people can ONLY be “aliens” or “nonresident aliens”. “citizens” are not
43 included:
44 26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1 Requirement for the deduction and withholding of tax on payments to foreign persons.
45 (c ) Definitions
46 (3) Individual.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
2 The term alien individual means an individual who is not a citizen or a national of the United States. See Sec.
3 1.1-1(c).
4 “Nonresident aliens” are NOT “aliens” as legally defined : See table 1 later and definition below.
5 26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(1)(B) Nonresident alien
6 An individual is a nonresident alien if such individual is neither a citizen of the United States nor a resident of
7 the United States (within the meaning of subparagraph (A)).
8 People domiciled in states of the Union are “nationals” under 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21) and also “nonresident aliens”. They
9 are NOT statutory “U.S. citizens” as defined under federal law or under 8 U.S.C. §1401, because for the purposes of
10 citizenship under Title 8 of the U.S. Code, “U.S.” only includes the District of Columbia and the territories of the United
11 States and excludes states of the Union. See the following resources, none of which have ever been dis-proven with any
12 law or relevant court cite:
13 1. Why You are a “national”, “state national”, and Constitutional but not Statutory Citizen, Form #05.006
15 2. Tax Deposition Questions, Form #03.016, Section 14 on Citizenship:
16 http://famguardian.org/TaxFreedom/Forms/Discovery/Deposition/Deposition.htm
17 Since “nationals” are “nonresident aliens” but NOT statutory “aliens/residents” (26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(1)(A)) or statutory
18 “citizens” (8 U.S.C. §1401) or statutory “U.S. persons” (26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(30)), then they:
19 1. Cannot lawfully obtain a Taxpayer Identification Number using IRS Form W-9 without committing perjury under
20 penalty of perjury. The perjury statement requires the applicant to declare they are a “U.S. person”.
21 2. Are not the proper subject of the Internal Revenue Code if they are not involved in public office (e.g. “trade or
22 business” in the United States government).
23 3. Cannot be compelled to use a Social Security Number as a substitute for a “Taxpayer Identification Number” without
24 their voluntary consent. 42 U.S.C. §408 makes it a criminal offense to compel use of Social Security Numbers and no
25 provision of the I.R.C. those not engaged in federal franchises to have or use a “Taxpayer Identification Number”.
26 This is another way of saying that our system of taxation is entirely voluntary and is actually a donation program for
27 the municipal government of the District of Columbia. No less than the U.S. Supreme Court said so:
28 “Our system of taxation is based upon voluntary assessment and payment, not distraint [force or
29 enforcement].”
30 [Flora v. U.S., 362 U.S. 145 (1960)]
31 Now when the issues in this section are brought up with the government in attendance, they will say frivolous things like
32 the following:
33 “Well, all that may be true, but you are overlooking something very important. Most Americans have Social
34 Security Numbers and do not need to have or apply for TINs. SSNs are what we use instead of TINs. As a
35 matter of fact, 26 U.S.C. §6109(d) says the following on this subject:

37 § 6109. Identifying numbers
38 (d) Use of social security account number
39 The social security account number issued to an individual for purposes of section 205(c)(2)(A) of the
40 Social Security Act shall, except as shall otherwise be specified under regulations of the Secretary, be
41 used as the identifying number for such individual for purposes of this title.”
42 To that comment, we ask the following questions, which always draw complete silence!, and therefore acquiescence to our
43 position:
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 1. The federal government has no legislative jurisdiction over people in states of the Union, by several rulings of the
2 Supreme Court. The Internal Revenue Code qualifies as “legislation” and whether it is “law” or not, it therefore can
3 have no jurisdiction over people in the states of the Union. State and federal legislative jurisdictions are mutually
4 exclusive with respect to each other and the federal government has no “general” jurisdiction within states of the
5 Union:
10 2. Social Security participation is VOLUNTARY, according to a letter in our possession from the Social Security
11 Administration below:
SEDM Exhibit #07.004
12 Now if Social Security participation is entirely VOLUNTARY and I choose NOT to volunteer, this leaves the IRS
13 without an identifying number to use. How then can they assign me a Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) and
14 thereby make me into a “taxpayer” as a person who is a “nonresident alien” but not an “alien”? The answer is they
15 have no lawful authority to do so. Therefore, Subtitle A income taxes MUST also be voluntary by implication, and the
16 status of being a “taxpayer” is a status I must consent to assume and which cannot be forced upon me. Comprende,
17 amigo?
18 7 Private Companies can’t act as a “withholding agent”
19 The term “withholding agent” is defined as follows in the Internal Revenue Code:

23 thereof—
24 (16) Withholding agent
25 The term ''withholding agent'' means any person required to deduct and withhold any tax under the provisions
26 of section 1441, 1442, 1443, or 1461.
27 Now if you look up each of the above four sections mentioned in the above definition, here is what we end up with:
28 Table 2: Statutes authorizing "withholding agents"

26 U.S.C./ Title of section Object of tax
I.R.C. section
1441 Withholding of tax on nonresident aliens Nonresident aliens
1442 Withholding of tax on foreign corporations Foreign corporations
1443 Foreign tax-exempt organizations Tax-exempt organizations
1461 Liability for withheld tax Nonresident aliens and foreign corporations (see
title of Chapter 3 of Subtitle A).
29 So the question is: “Which one of the above are you as a person working for a private, non-federal employer?”. The answer
30 is “nonresident alien”. The trouble is, your employer fits in the same category as you and is therefore outside of federal
31 jurisdiction and not even subject to the Internal Revenue Code. Keep in mind that the I.R.C is “legislation” as described by
32 the Supreme Court below:
167H
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 So the question then becomes: “By what lawful authority does my private employer deduct and withhold “taxes” on my
2 earnings (not “wages”, but “earnings”) and where is he even defined as an ‘employer’ in the Internal Revenue Code?”
3 We’ll now answer that question.
4 The IRS’ own Internal Revenue Manual (IRM) confirms the above, which says:
5 Internal Revenue Manual

6 Section 5.14.10.2 (09-30-2004)
7 Payroll Deduction Agreements
8 2. Private employers, states, and political subdivisions are not required to enter into payroll deduction
9 agreements. Taxpayers should determine whether their employers will accept and process executed agreements
10 before agreements are submitted for approval or finalized.
11 [SOURCE: http://www.irs.gov/irm/part5/ch13s10.html]
12 All withholding done by financial institutions on their accounts comes under Internal Revenue Code, Subtitle C, and is
13 described in 26 U.S.C. §3406 entitled “Backup Withholding”. Subtitle C is titled “Employment Taxes”, which are taxes
14 paid by those who employ “employees” under the I.R.C. Since all “employees” are elected or appointed officers of the
15 United States, then all “employers” can only be federal agencies.
16 26 U.S.C. Sec. 3401(c) Employee
17 For purposes of this chapter, the term ''employee'' includes [is limited to] an officer, employee, or elected
18 official of the United States, a State, or any political subdivision thereof, or the District of Columbia, or any
19 agency or instrumentality of any one or more of the foregoing. The term ''employee'' also includes an officer of
20 a corporation.
21 And below is the regulation that interprets the above section for clarification:
22 26 C.F.R. §31.3401(c)-1 Employee:
23 "...the term [employee] includes[is limited to] officers and employees, whether elected or appointed, of the
24 United States, a [federal] State, Territory, Puerto Rico or any political subdivision, thereof, or the District of
25 Columbia, or any agency or instrumentality of any one or more of the foregoing. The term 'employee' also
26 includes an officer of a corporation."
27 And the only definition of “employee” that we are aware of that has ever been published in the Federal Register also reads
28 as follows:
29 Employee: “The term employee specifically includes officers and employees whether elected or appointed, of
30 the United States, a state, territory, or political subdivision thereof or the District of Columbia or any agency or
31 instrumentality of any one or more of the foregoing.”
32 [8 Federal Register, Tuesday, September 7, 1943, §404.104, pg. 12267]
33 Backup withholding described in section 3406 therefore only applies to federal agencies operating in the “United States”,
34 which is defined only as the “District of Columbia” in 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(9) and (a)(10). This is a product of the fact that
35 the federal government has no police powers inside states of the Union and because the Sixteenth Amendment never
36 delegated the authority to collect direct, unapportioned taxes within states of the Union. It authorizes collection of a direct,
37 unapportioned tax inside the federal zone or federal United States, but not within states of the Union. The reason that
38 direct, unapportioned taxes by the federal government are authorized within the District of Columbia and not within the
39 states of the Union was explained by the Supreme Court as follows:
40 “... [Counsel] has contended, that Congress must be considered in two distinct characters. In one character as
41 legislating for the states; in the other, as a local legislature for the district [of Columbia]. In the latter
42 character, it is admitted, the power of levying direct taxes may be exercised; but, it is contended, for district
43 purposes only, in like manner as the legislature of a state may tax the people of a state for state purposes.
44 Without inquiring at present into the soundness of this distinction, its possible influence on the application in
45 this district of the first article of the constitution, and of several of the amendments, may not be altogether
46 unworthy of consideration.”
47 [Loughborough v. Blake, 18 U.S. 317 (1820)]
17H
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 8 Why states of the Union are “Foreign Countries” and “foreign states” with respect to most federal jurisdiction
2 Positive law from Title 28 agrees that states of the Union are foreign with respect to federal jurisdiction:
3 TITLE 28 > PART I > CHAPTER 13 > Sec. 297.

4 Sec. 297. - Assignment of judges to courts of the freely associated compact states
5 (a) The Chief Justice or the chief judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit may assign
6 any circuit or district judge of the Ninth Circuit, with the consent of the judge so assigned, to serve
7 temporarily as a judge of any duly constituted court of the freely associated compact states whenever an
8 official duly authorized by the laws of the respective compact state requests such assignment and such
9 assignment is necessary for the proper dispatch of the business of the respective court.
10 (b) The Congress consents to the acceptance and retention by any judge so authorized of reimbursement from
11 the countries referred to in subsection (a) of all necessary travel expenses, including transportation, and
12 of subsistence, or of a reasonable per diem allowance in lieu of subsistence. The judge shall report to the
13 Administrative Office of the United States Courts any amount received pursuant to this subsection
14 Definitions from Black’s Law Dictionary:
15 Foreign States: “Nations outside of the United States…Term may also refer to another state; i.e. a sister state.
16 The term ‘foreign nations’, …should be construed to mean all nations and states other than that in which the
17 action is brought; and hence, one state of the Union is foreign to another, in that sense.”
19 Foreign Laws: “The laws of a foreign country or sister state.”

21 Dual citizenship. Citizenship in two different countries . Status of citizens of United States who reside
22 within a state; i.e., person who are born or naturalized in the U.S. are citizens of the U.S. and the state wherein
23 they reside.
25 The legal encyclopedia Corpus Juris Secundum says on this subject:
26 "Generally, the states of the Union sustain toward each other the relationship of independent sovereigns or
27 independent foreign states, except in so far as the United States is paramount as the dominating government,
28 and in so far as the states are bound to recognize the fraternity among sovereignties established by the federal
29 Constitution, as by the provision requiring each state to give full faith and credit to the public acts, records, and
30 judicial proceedings of the other states..."
31 [81A Corpus Juris Secundum (C.J.S.), United States, §29 (2003)]
32 The U.S. Supreme Court also agrees with this interpretation:
17H
37 ________________________________________________________________________________________
38 "The difficulties arising out of our dual form of government and the opportunities for differing opinions
39 concerning the relative rights of state and national governments are many; but for a very long time this court
40 has steadfastly adhered to the doctrine that the taxing power of Congress does not extend to the states or
41 their political subdivisions. The same basic reasoning which leads to that conclusion, we think, requires like
42 limitation upon the power which springs from the bankruptcy clause. United States v. Butler, supra."
43 [Ashton v. Cameron County Water Improvement District No. 1, 298 U.S. 513, 56 S.Ct. 892 (1936)]
44 ________________________________________________________________________________________
45 "The States between each other are sovereign and independent. They are distinct and separate sovereignties,
46 except so far as they have parted with some of the attributes of sovereignty by the Constitution. They continue
47 to be nations, with all their rights, and under all their national obligations, and with all the rights of nations in
48 every particular; except in the surrender by each to the common purposes and objects of the Union, under the
49 Constitution. The rights of each State, when not so yielded up, remain absolute."
50 [Bank of Augusta v. Earle, 38 U.S. (13 Pet.) 519, 10 L.Ed. 274 (1839)]
51 ________________________________________________________________________________________
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 “In determining the boundaries of apparently conflicting powers between states and the general government,
2 the proper question is, not so much what has been, in terms, reserved to the states, as what has been, expressly
3 or by necessary implication, granted by the people to the national government; for each state possess all the
4 powers of an independent and sovereign nation, except so far as they have been ceded away by the
5 constitution. The federal government is but a creature of the people of the states, and, like an agent appointed
6 for definite and specific purposes, must show an express or necessarily implied authority in the charter of its
7 appointment, to give validity to its acts.”
8 [People ex re. Atty. Gen. V. Naglee, 1 Cal. 234 (1850)]
9 The motivation behind this distinct separation of powers between the state and federal government was described by the
10 Supreme Court. Its ONLY purpose for existence is to protect our precious liberties and freedoms:
11 “We start with first principles. The Constitution creates a Federal Government of enumerated powers. See U.S.
12 Const., Art. I, 8. As James Madison wrote, "[t]he powers delegated by the proposed Constitution to the federal
13 government are few and defined. Those which are to remain in the State governments are numerous and
14 indefinite." The Federalist No. 45, pp. 292-293 (C. Rossiter ed. 1961). This constitutionally mandated division
15 of authority "was adopted by the Framers to ensure protection of our fundamental liberties." Gregory v.
16 Ashcroft, 501 U.S. 452, 458 (1991) (internal quotation marks omitted). "Just as the separation and
17 independence of the coordinate branches of the Federal Government serves to prevent the accumulation of
18 excessive power in any one branch, a healthy balance of power between the States and the Federal
19 Government will reduce the risk of tyranny and abuse from either front." Ibid.
20 [U.S. v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549 (1995)]
21 9 Citizenship summary
22 This section is included to provide all succinct and relevant information required in order to determine one’s citizenship
23 status and their corresponding status under the Internal Revenue Code. It is consistent with discussion elsewhere in this
24 pamphlet. We encourage you to read the definitions yourself in the sections referenced in these tables.
25 The following subsections are also available in one compact handout that you can give to payroll and financial people at the
26 following location:
Citizenship, Domicile, and Tax Status Options, Form #10.003

27 If you want to rebut the content of this section, then please provide to us your answers to the Tax Deposition Questions,
28 Form #03.016, Section 14, found at:
Tax Deposition Questions, Form #03.016

http://famguardian.org/TaxFreedom/Forms/Discovery/Deposition/Deposition.htm
29
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 9.1 The Four “United States”
2 It is very important to understand that there are THREE separate and distinct CONTEXTS in which the term "United
3 States" can be used, and each has a mutually exclusive and different meaning. These three definitions of “United States”
4 were described by the U.S. Supreme Court in Hooven and Allison v. Evatt, 324 U.S. 652 (1945):
5 Table 3: Geographical terms used throughout this page
Term # in Meaning
diagrams
United States* 1 The country “United States” in the family of nations throughout the world.
United States** 2 The “federal zone”.
United States*** 3 Collective states of the Union mentioned throughout the Constitution.
6 In addition to the above GEOGRAPHICAL context, there is also a legal, non-geographical context in which the term
7 "United States" can be used, which is the GOVERNMENT as a legal entity. Throughout this page and this website, we
8 identify THIS context as "United States****" or "United States4". The only types of "persons" within THIS context are
9 public offices within the national and not state government. It is THIS context in which "sources within the United States"
10 is used for the purposes of "income" and "gross income" within the Internal Revenue Code, as proven by:
Non-Resident Non-Person Position, Form #05.020, Section 5.5

FORMS PAGE: http://sedm.org/Forms/FormIndex.htm
DIRECT LINK: http://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/NonresidentNonPersonPosition.pdf
11 The reason these contexts are not expressly distinguished in the statutes by the Legislative Branch or on government forms
12 crafted by the Executive Branch is that they are the KEY mechanism by which:
13 1. Federal jurisdiction is unlawfully enlarged by abusing presumption, which is a violation of due process of law. See:
Presumption: Chief Weapon for Unlawfully Enlarging Federal Jurisdiction, Form #05.017
DIRECT LINK: http://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Presumption.pdf
14 2. The separation of powers between the states and the national government is destroyed, in violation of the legislative
15 intent of the Constitution. See:
Government Conspiracy to Destroy the Separation of Powers, Form #05.023
DIRECT LINK: http://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/SeparationOfPowers.pdf
16 3. A "society of law" is transformed into a "society of men" in violation of Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803):
17 "The government of the United States has been emphatically termed a government of laws, and not of men. It
18 will certainly cease to deserve this high appellation, if the laws furnish no remedy for the violation of a vested
19 legal right."
20 [Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137, 163 (1803)]
21 4. Exclusively PRIVATE rights are transformed into public rights in a process we call "invisible eminent domain using
22 presumption and words of art".
23 5. Judges are unconstitutionally delegated undue discretion and "arbitrary power" to unlawfully enlarge federal
24 jurisdiction. See:
Federal Jurisdiction, Form #05.018
DIRECT LINK: http://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/FederalJurisdiction.pdf
25 The way a corrupted Executive Branch or judge accomplish the above is to unconstitutionally:
26 1. PRESUME that ALL of the four contexts for "United States" are equivalent.
27 2. PRESUME that CONSTITUTIONAL citizens and STATUTORY citizens are EQUIVALENT under federal law. They
28 are NOT. A CONSTITUTIONAL citizen is a "non-resident " under federal civil law and NOT a STATUTORY
29 "national and citizen of the United States** at birth" per 8 U.S.C. §1401. See:
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
Why You are a “national", “state national”, and Constitutional but not Statutory Citizen, Form #05.006
DIRECT LINK: http://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/WhyANational.pdf
1 3. PRESUME that "nationality" and "domicile" are equivalent. They are NOT. See:
DIRECT LINK: http://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Domicile.pdf
2 4. Use the word "citizenship" in place of "nationality" OR "domicile", and refuse to disclose WHICH of the two they
3 mean in EVERY context.
4 5. Confuse the POLITICAL/CONSTITUTIONAL meaning of words with the civil STATUTORY context. For instance,
5 asking on government forms whether you are a POLITICAL/CONSTITUTIONAL citizen and then FALSELY
6 PRESUMING that you are a STATUTORY citizen under 8 U.S.C. §1401.
7 6. Confuse the words "domicile" and "residence" or impute either to you without satisfying the burden of proving that
8 you EXPRESSLY CONSENTED to it and thereby illegally kidnap your civil legal identity against your will. One can
9 have only one "domicile" but many "residences" and BOTH require your consent. See:
DIRECT LINK: http://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/Domicile.pdf
10 7. Add things or classes of things to the meaning of statutory terms that do not EXPRESSLY appear in their definitions,
11 in violation of the rules of statutory construction. See:
DIRECT LINK: http://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/LegalDecPropFraud.pdf
12 8. PRESUME that STATUTORY diversity of citizenship under 28 U.S.C. §1332 and CONSTITUTIONAL diversity of
13 citizenship under Article III, Section 2 of the United States Constitution are equivalent.
14 8.1. STATUTORY and CONSTITUTIONAL diversity are NOT equal and in fact are mutually exclusive.
15 8.2. The STATUTORY definition of “State” in 28 U.S.C. §1332(e) is a federal territory. The definition of “State” in
16 the CONSTITUTION is a State of the Union and NOT federal territory.
17 8.3. They try to increase this confusion by dismissing diversity cases where only diversity of RESIDENCE (domicile)
18 is implied, instead insisting on “diversity of CITIZENSHIP” and yet REFUSING to define whether they mean
19 DOMICILE or NATIONALITY when the term “CITIZENSHIP” is invoked. See Lamm v. Bekins Van Lines,
20 Co, 139 F.Supp.2d. 1300, 1314 (M.D. Ala. 2001)(“To invoke removal jurisdiction on the basis of diversity, a
21 notice of removal must distinctly and affirmatively allege each party’s citizenship.”, “[a]verments of residence are
22 wholly insufficient for purposes of removal.”, “[a]lthough ‘citizenship’ and ‘residence’ may be interchangeable
23 terms in common parlance, the existence of citizenship cannot be inferred from allegations of residence alone.”).
24 9. Refuse to allow the jury to read the definitions in the law and then give them a definition that is in conflict with the
25 statutory definition. This substitutes the JUDGES will for what the law expressly says and thereby substitutes PUBLIC
26 POLICY for the written law.
27 10. Publish deceptive government publications that are in deliberate conflict with what the statutes define "United States"
28 as and then tell the public that they CANNOT rely on the publication. The IRS does this with ALL of their publications
29 and it is FRAUD. See:
Reasonable Belief About Income Tax Liability, Form #05.007
DIRECT LINK: http://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/ReasonableBelief.pdf
30 The above types of abuse are what is referred to as “equivocation”:
31 equivocation
32 EQUIVOCA'TION, n. Ambiguity of speech; the use of words or expressions that are susceptible of a double
33 signification. Hypocrites are often guilty of equivocation, and by this means lose the confidence of their fellow
34 men. Equivocation is incompatible with the christian character and profession.
35 [SOURCE: http://1828.mshaffer.com/d/search/word,equivocation]
36 ___________________________________________________________
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 Equivocation ("to call by the same name") is an informal logical fallacy. It is the misleading use of a term with
2 more than one meaning or sense (by glossing over which meaning is intended at a particular time). It generally
3 occurs with polysemic words (words with multiple meanings).
4 Albeit in common parlance it is used in a variety of contexts, when discussed as a fallacy, equivocation only
5 occurs when the arguer makes a word or phrase employed in two (or more) different senses in an argument
6 appear to have the same meaning throughout.
7 It is therefore distinct from (semantic) ambiguity, which means that the context doesn't make the meaning of the
8 word or phrase clear, and amphiboly (or syntactical ambiguity), which refers to ambiguous sentence structure
9 due to punctuation or syntax.
10 [Wikipedia topic: Equivocation, Downloaded 9/15/2015; SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivocation]
11 This kind of arbitrary discretion is PROHIBITED by the Constitution, as held by the U.S. Supreme Court:
12 'When we consider the nature and the theory of our institutions of government, the principles upon which they
13 are supposed to rest, and review the history of their development, we are constrained to conclude that they do
14 not mean to leave room for the play and action of purely personal and arbitrary power.'
15 [Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 369 , 6 S.Sup.Ct. 1064, 1071]
16 Thomas Jefferson, our most revered founding father, precisely predicted the above abuses when he said:
17 "It has long been my opinion, and I have never shrunk from its expression,... that the germ of dissolution of our
18 Federal Government is in the constitution of the Federal Judiciary--an irresponsible body (for impeachment is
19 scarcely a scare-crow), working like gravity by night and by day, gaining a little today and a little tomorrow,
20 and advancing its noiseless step like a thief over the field of jurisdiction until all shall be usurped from the
21 States and the government be consolidated into one. To this I am opposed."
22 [Thomas Jefferson to Charles Hammond, 1821. ME 15:331]
23 "Contrary to all correct example, [the Federal judiciary] are in the habit of going out of the question before
24 them, to throw an anchor ahead and grapple further hold for future advances of power. They are then in fact
25 the corps of sappers and miners, steadily working to undermine the independent rights of the States and to
26 consolidate all power in the hands of that government in which they have so important a freehold estate."
27 [Thomas Jefferson: Autobiography, 1821. ME 1:121]
28 "The judiciary of the United States is the subtle corps of sappers and miners constantly working under ground
29 to undermine the foundations of our confederated fabric. They are construing our Constitution from a co-
30 ordination of a general and special government to a general and supreme one alone. This will lay all things at
31 their feet, and they are too well versed in English law to forget the maxim, 'boni judicis est ampliare
32 jurisdictionem.'"
33 [Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Ritchie, 1820. ME 15:297]
34 "When all government, domestic and foreign, in little as in great things, shall be drawn to Washington as the
35 center of all power, it will render powerless the checks provided of one government on another and will
36 become as venal and oppressive as the government from which we separated."
37 [Thomas Jefferson to Charles Hammond, 1821. ME 15:332]
38 "What an augmentation of the field for jobbing, speculating, plundering, office-building ["trade or business"
39 scam] and office-hunting would be produced by an assumption [PRESUMPTION] of all the State powers into
40 the hands of the General Government!"
41 [Thomas Jefferson to Gideon Granger, 1800. ME 10:168]
42 For further details on the meaning of "United States" in its TWO separate and distinct contexts, CONSTITUTIONAL, and
43 STATUTORY, and how they are deliberately confused and abused to unlawfully create jurisdiction that does not otherwise
44 lawfully exist, see:
45 1. Legal Deception, Propaganda, and Fraud, Form #05.014, Sections 12.5, 15.1
46 http://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/LegalDecPropFraud.pdf
47 2. Non-Resident Non-Person Position, Form #05.020, Section 4
48 http://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/NonresidentNonPersonPosition.pdf
49 3. A Detailed Study into the Meaning of the term "United States" found in the Internal Revenue Code-Family Guardian
50 Fellowship
51 3.1. HTML Version
52 http://famguardian.org/Subjects/Taxes/ChallJurisdiction/Definitions/freemaninvestigation.htm
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 3.2. Acrobat Version
2 http://famguardian.org/Subjects/Taxes/ChallJurisdiction/Definitions/freemaninvestigation.pdf
3 3.3. Zipped version
4 http://famguardian.org/Subjects/Taxes/ChallJurisdiction/Definitions/freemaninvestigation.zip
5 4. Sovereignty Forms and Instructions Online, Form #10.004, Cites by Topic: "United States"
6 http://famguardian.org/TaxFreedom/CitesByTopic/UnitedStates.htm
7 9.2 Statutory v. constitutional contexts
8 It is very important to understand that there are TWO separate, distinct, and mutually exclusive contexts in which
9 geographical "words of art" can be used at the federal or national level:
10 1. Constitutional.
11 2. Statutory.
12 The purpose of providing a statutory definition of a legal "term" is to supersede and not enlarge the ordinary, common law,
13 constitutional, or common meaning of a term. Geographical words of art include:
14 1. "State"
15 2. "United States"
16 3. "alien"
17 4. "citizen"
18 5. "resident"
19 6. "U.S. person"
20 The terms "State" and "United States" within the Constitution implies the constitutional states of the Union and excludes
21 federal territory, statutory "States" (federal territories), or the statutory "United States**" (the collection of all federal
22 territory). This is an outcome of the separation of powers doctrine. See:
Government Conspiracy to Destroy the Separation of Powers, Form #05.023

23 The U.S. Constitution creates a public trust which is the delegation of authority order that the U.S. Government uses to
24 manage federal territory and property. That property includes franchises, such as the "trade or business" franchise. All
25 statutory civil law it creates can and does regulate only THAT property and not the constitutional States, which are foreign,
26 sovereign, and statutory "aliens" for the purposes of federal legislative jurisdiction.
27 It is very important to realize the consequences of this constitutional separation of powers between the states and national
28 government. Some of these consequences include the following:
29 1. Statutory "States" as indicated in 4 U.S.C. §110(d) and "States" in nearly all federal statutes are in fact federal
30 territories and the definition does NOT include constitutional states of the Union.
31 2. The statutory "United States**" defined in 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(9) and (a)(10) and 4 U.S.C. §110(d) includes federal
32 territory and excludes any land within the exclusive jurisdiction of a constitutional state of the Union.
33 3. Terms on government forms assume the statutory context and NOT the constitutional context.
34 4. Domicile is the origin of civil legislative jurisdiction over human beings. This jurisdiction is called "in personam
35 jurisdiction".
36 5. Since the separation of powers doctrine creates two separate jurisdictions that are legislatively "foreign" in relation to
37 each other, then there are TWO types of political communities, two types of "citizens", and two types of jurisdictions
38 exercised by the national government.
39 “It is clear that Congress, as a legislative body, exercise two species of legislative power: the one, limited as to
40 its objects, but extending all over the Union: the other, an absolute, exclusive legislative power over the District
41 of Columbia. The preliminary inquiry in the case now before the Court, is, by virtue of which of these
42 authorities was the law in question passed?”
43 [Cohens v. Virginia, 19 U.S. 264, 6 Wheat. 265, 5 L.Ed. 257 (1821)]
44 6. A human being domiciled in a state and born or naturalized anywhere in the Union is a statutory "alien" in relation to
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 the national government and a non-citizen national pursuant to 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21) and 8 U.S.C. §1452.
2 7. You can be a statutory "alien" pursuant to 26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(1)(A) and a constitutional or Fourteenth Amendment
3 "Citizen" AT THE SAME TIME. Why? Because the Supreme Court ruled in Hooven and Allison v. Evatt, 324 U.S.
4 652 (1945), that there are THREE different and mutually exclusive "United States", and therefore THREE types of
5 "citizens of the United States". Here is an example:
6 “The 1st section of the 14th article [Fourteenth Amendment], to which our attention is more specifically invited, opens with a definition of
7 citizenship—not only citizenship of the United States[***], but citizenship of the states. No such definition was previously found in the
8 Constitution, nor had any attempt been made to define it by act of Congress. It had been the occasion of much discussion in the courts, by
9 the executive departments and in the public journals. It had been said by eminent judges that no man was a citizen of the [***] except as he
10 was a citizen of one of the states composing the Union. Those therefore, who had been born and resided always in the District of Columbia
11 or in the territories [STATUTORY citizens], though within the United States[*], were not [CONSTITUTIONAL] citizens.”
12 [Slaughter-House Cases, 83 U.S. (16 Wall.) 36, 21 L.Ed. 394 (1873)]
13 The "citizen of the United States" mentioned in the Fourteenth Amendment is a constitutional "citizen of the
14 United States", and the term "United States" in that context includes states of the Union and excludes federal
15 territory. Hence, you would NOT be a "citizen of the United States" within any federal statute, because all such
16 statutes define "United States" to mean federal territory and EXCLUDE states of the Union. For more details, see:
Why You are a "national", "state national", and Constitutional but not Statutory Citizen, Form #05.006
17 8. Your job, if you say you are a "citizen of the United States" or "U.S. citizen" on a government form ( a VERY
18 DANGEROUS undertaking!) is to understand that all government forms presume the statutory and not constitutional
19 context, and to ensure that you define precisely WHICH one of the three "United States" you are a "citizen" of, and do
20 so in a way that excludes you from the civil jurisdiction of the national government because domiciled in a "foreign
21 state". Both foreign countries and states of the Union are legislatively "foreign" and therefore "foreign states" in
22 relation to the national government of the United States. The following form does that very carefully:
Affidavit of Citizenship, Domicile, and Tax Status, Form #02.001
23 9. Even the IRS says you CANNOT trust or rely on ANYTHING on any of their forms and publications. We cover this
24 in our Reasonable Belief About Income Tax Liability, Form #05.007. Hence, if you are compelled to fill out a
25 government form, you have an OBLIGATION to ensure that you define all "words of art" used on the form in such a
26 way that there is no room for presumption, no judicial or government discretion to "interpret" the form to their benefit,
27 and no injury to your rights or status by filling out the government form. This includes attaching the following forms
28 to all tax forms you submit:
29 9.1. Affidavit of Citizenship, Domicile, and Tax Status, Form #02.001
31 9.2. Tax Form Attachment, Form #04.201
33 We started off this document with maxims of law proving that "a deceiver deals in generals". Anyone who refuses to
34 identify the precise context, statutory or constitutional, for EVERY "term of art" they are using in the legal field
35 ABSOLUTELY IS A DECEIVER.
36 For further details on the TWO separate and distinct contexts for geographical terms, being CONSTITUTIONAL, and
37 STATUTORY, see:
Why You are a “national”, “state national”, and Constitutional but not Statutory Citizen, Form #05.006, Sections 4 and 5
38 9.3 Statutory v. Constitutional Citizens
39 “When words lose their meaning [or their CONTEXT WHICH ESTABLISHES THEIR MEANING], people lose
40 their freedom.”
41 [Confucius (551 BCE - 479 BCE) Chinese thinker and social philosopher]
42 Statutory citizenship is a legal status that designates a person’s domicile while constitutional citizenship is a political status
43 that designates a person’s nationality. Understanding the distinction between nationality and domicile is absolutely critical.
44 1. Nationality:
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 1.1. Is not necessarily consensual or discretionary. For instance, acquiring nationality by birth in a specific place was
2 not a matter of choice whereas acquiring it by naturalization is.
3 1.2. Is a political status.
4 1.3. Is defined by the Constitution, which is a political document.
5 1.4. Is synonymous with being a “national” within statutory law.
6 1.5. Is associated with a specific COUNTRY.
7 1.6. Is called a “political citizen” or a “citizen of the United States in a political sense” by the courts to distinguish it
8 from a STATUTORY citizen. See Powe v. United States, 109 F.2d 147 (1940).
9 2. Domicile:
10 2.1. Always requires your consent and therefore is discretionary. See:
11 2.2. Is a civil status.
12 2.3. Is not even addressed in the constitution.
13 2.4. Is defined by civil statutory law RATHER than the constitution.
14 2.5. Is in NO WAY connected with one’s nationality.
15 2.6. Is usually connected with the word “person”, “citizen”, “resident”, or “inhabitant” in statutory law.
16 2.7. Is associated with a specific COUNTY and a STATE rather than a COUNTRY.
17 2.8. Implies one is a “SUBJECT” of a SPECIFIC MUNICIPAL but not NATIONAL government.
18 Nationality and domicile, TOGETHER determine the political/CONSTITUTIONAL AND civil/STATUTORY status of a
19 human being respectively. These important distinctions are recognized in Black’s Law Dictionary:
20 “nationality – That quality or character which arises from the fact of a person's belonging to a nation or state.
21 Nationality determines the political status of the individual, especially with reference to allegiance; while
22 domicile determines his civil [statutory] status. Nationality arises either by birth or by naturalization.“
23 [Black’s Law Dictionary (6th ed. 1990), p. 1025]
24 President Barrack Obama affirmed our assertions that there are TWO components to your citizenship status at the end of his
25 State of the Union address given on 2/12/2013:
President Obama Recognizes separate POLITICAL and LEGAL components of citizenship, Exhibit #01.013
EXHIBITS PAGE: http://sedm.org/Exhibits/ExhibitIndex.htm
DIRECT LINK: https://youtu.be/y7PhoqGi4fQ
26 The U.S. Supreme Court also confirmed the above when they held the following. Note the key phrase “political
27 jurisdiction”, which is NOT the same as legislative/statutory jurisdiction. One can have a political status of “citizen” under
28 the constitution while NOT being a “citizen” under federal statutory law because not domiciled on federal territory. To
29 have the status of “citizen” under federal statutory law, one must have a domicile on federal territory:
30 “This section contemplates two sources of citizenship, and two sources only,-birth and naturalization. The
31 persons declared to be citizens are 'all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the
32 jurisdiction thereof.' The evident meaning of these last words is, not merely subject in some respect or degree
33 to the jurisdiction of the United States, but completely subject to their [plural, not singular, meaning states of
34 the Union] political jurisdiction, and owing them [the state of the Union] direct and immediate
35 allegiance. And the words relate to the time of birth in the one case, as they do [169 U.S. 649, 725] to the time
36 of naturalization in the other. Persons not thus subject to the jurisdiction of the United States at the time of birth
37 cannot become so afterwards, except by being naturalized, either individually, as by proceedings under the
38 naturalization acts, or collectively, as by the force of a treaty by which foreign territory is acquired.”
39 [U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649, 18 S.Ct. 456; 42 L.Ed. 890 (1898)]
40 “This right to protect persons having a domicile, though not native-born or naturalized citizens, rests on the
41 firm foundation of justice, and the claim to be protected is earned by considerations which the protecting power
42 is not at liberty to disregard. Such domiciled citizen pays the same price for his protection as native-born or
43 naturalized citizens pay for theirs. He is under the bonds of allegiance to the country of his residence, and, if
44 he breaks them, incurs the same penalties. He owes the same obedience to the civil laws. His property is, in
45 the same way and to the same extent as theirs, liable to contribute to the support of the Government. In nearly
46 all respects, his and their condition as to the duties and burdens of Government are undistinguishable.”
47 [Fong Yue Ting v. United States, 149 U.S. 698 (1893) ]
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 Notice in the last quote above that they referred to a foreign national born in another country as a “citizen” of THIS
2 country. THIS is the REAL “citizen” (a domiciled foreign national) that judges and even tax withholding documents are
3 really talking about, rather than the “national” or “citizen” described in the constitution of the United States of America.
4 CONSTITUTIONAL “Citizens” or “citizens of the United States***” in the Fourteenth Amendment rely on the
5 CONSTITUTIONAL context for the geographical term “United States”, which means states of the Union and EXCLUDES
6 federal territory.
7 “. . .the Supreme Court in the Insular Cases 3 provides authoritative guidance on the territorial scope of the
8 term "the United States" in the Fourteenth Amendment. The Insular Cases were a series of Supreme Court
9 decisions that addressed challenges to duties on goods transported from Puerto Rico to the continental United
10 States. Puerto Rico, like the Philippines, had been recently ceded to the United States. The Court considered
11 the territorial scope of the term "the United States" in the Constitution and held that this term as used in the
12 uniformity clause of the Constitution was territorially limited to the states of the Union. U.S. Const. art. I, § 8
13 ("[A]ll Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States." (emphasis added)); see
14 Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244, 251, 21 S.Ct. 770, 773, 45 L.Ed. 1088 (1901) ("[I]t can nowhere be inferred
15 that the territories were considered a part of the United States. The Constitution was created by the people of
16 the United States, as a union of States, to be governed solely by representatives of the States; ... In short, the
17 Constitution deals with States, their people, and their representatives."); Rabang, 35 F.3d at 1452. Puerto
18 Rico was merely a territory "appurtenant and belonging to the United States, but not a part of the United
19 States within the revenue clauses of the Constitution." Downes, 182 U.S. at 287, 21 S.Ct. at 787.
20 The Court's conclusion in Downes was derived in part by analyzing the territorial scope of the Thirteenth and
21 Fourteenth Amendments. The Thirteenth Amendment prohibits slavery and involuntary servitude "within the
22 United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." U.S. Const. amend. XIII, § 1 (emphasis added). The
23 Fourteenth Amendment states that persons "born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the
24 jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside." U.S. Const. amend
25 XIV, § 1 (emphasis added). The disjunctive "or" in the Thirteenth Amendment demonstrates that "there may
26 be places within the jurisdiction of the United States that are no[t] part of the Union" to which the
27 Thirteenth Amendment would apply. Downes, 182 U.S. at 251, 21 S.Ct. at 773. Citizenship under the
28 Fourteenth Amendment, however, "is not extended to persons born in any place 'subject to [the United
29 States '] jurisdiction,' " but is limited to persons born or naturalized in the states of the Union. Downes, 182
30 U.S. at 251, 21 S.Ct. at 773 (emphasis added); see also id. at 263, 21 S.Ct. at 777 ("[I]n dealing with foreign
31 sovereignties, the term 'United States' has a broader meaning than when used in the Constitution, and
32 includes all territories subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal government, wherever located."). 4
33 [Valmonte v. I.N.S., 136 F.3d. 914 (C.A.2, 1998)]
34 STATUTORY citizens under 8 U.S.C. §1401, on ther other hand, rely on the STATUTORY context for the geographical
35 term “United States”, which means federal territory and EXCLUDES states of the Union:
36 TITLE 26 > Subtitle F > CHAPTER 79 > Sec. 7701. [Internal Revenue Code]
37 Sec. 7701. – Definitions
39 thereof—
40 (9) United States
41 The term ''United States'' when used in a geographical sense includes only the States and the District of
42 Columbia.
43 (10) State
45 carry out provisions of this title.
46 ______________
47 TITLE 4 - FLAG AND SEAL, SEAT OF GOVERNMENT, AND THE STATES

48 CHAPTER 4 - THE STATES
49 Sec. 110. Same; definitions
3
De Lima v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 1, 21 S.Ct. 743, 45 L.Ed. 1041 (1901); Dooley v. United States, 182 U.S. 222, 21 S.Ct. 762, 45 L.Ed. 1074 (1901);
Armstrong v. United States, 182 U.S. 243, 21 S.Ct. 827, 45 L.Ed. 1086 (1901); and Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244, 21 S.Ct. 770, 45 L.Ed. 1088 (1901).
4
Congress, under the Act of February 21, 1871, ch. 62, § 34, 16 Stat. 419, 426, expressly extended the Constitution and federal laws to the District of
Columbia. See Downes, 182 U.S. at 261, 21 S.Ct. at 777 (stating that the "mere cession of the District of Columbia" from portions of Virginia and
Maryland did not "take [the District of Columbia] out of the United States or from under the aegis of the Constitution.").
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 (d) The term ''State'' includes any Territory or possession of the United States.
2 One CANNOT simultaneously be BOTH a CONSTITUTIONAL citizen AND a STATUTORY citizen at the same time,
3 because the term “United States” has a different, mutually exclusive meaning in each specific context.
4 “The 1st section of the 14th article [Fourteenth Amendment], to which our attention is more specifically invited,
5 opens with a definition of citizenship—not only citizenship of the United States[***], but citizenship of the
6 states. No such definition was previously found in the Constitution, nor had any attempt been made to define
7 it by act of Congress. It had been the occasion of much discussion in the courts, by the executive departments
8 and in the public journals. It had been said by eminent judges that no man was a citizen of the United
9 States[***] except as he was a citizen of one of the states composing the Union. Those therefore, who had
10 been born and resided always in the District of Columbia or in the territories, though within the United
11 States[*], were not citizens. Whether this proposition was sound or not had never been judicially decided.”
12 [Slaughter-House Cases, 83 U.S. (16 Wall.) 36, 21 L.Ed. 394 (1873)]
13 _______________________________________________________________________
14 The Court today holds that the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment has no application to Bellei
15 [an 8 U.S.C. §1401 STATUTORY citizen]. The Court first notes that Afroyim was essentially a case construing
16 the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Since the Citizenship Clause declares that: 'All persons
17 born or naturalized in the United States * * * are citizens of the United States * * *.' the Court reasons that the
18 protections against involuntary expatriation declared in Afroyim do not protect all American citizens, but only
19 those 'born or naturalized in the United States.' Afroyim, the argument runs, was naturalized in this country so
20 he was protected by the Citizenship Clause, but Bellei, since he acquired his American citizenship at birth in
21 Italy as a foreignborn child of an American citizen, was neither born nor naturalized in the United States and,
22 hence, falls outside the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees declared in Afroyim. One could hardly
23 call this a generous reading of the great purposes the Fourteenth Amendment was adopted to bring about.
24 While conceding that Bellei is an American citizen, the majority states: 'He simply is not a Fourteenth-
25 Amendment-first-sentence citizen.' Therefore, the majority reasons, the congressional revocation of his
26 citizenship is not barred by the Constitution. I cannot accept the Court's conclusion that the Fourteenth
27 Amendment protects the citizenship of some Americans and not others. [. . .]
28 The Court today puts aside the Fourteenth Amendment as a standard by which to measure congressional
29 action with respect to citizenship, and substitutes in its place the majority's own vague notions of 'fairness.'
30 The majority takes a new step with the recurring theme that the test of constitutionality is the Court's own
31 view of what is 'fair, reasonable, and right.' Despite the concession that Bellei was admittedly an American
32 citizen, and despite the holding in Afroyim that the Fourteenth Amendment has put citizenship, once
33 conferred, beyond the power of Congress to revoke, the majority today upholds the revocation of Bellei's
34 citizenship on the ground that the congressional action was not 'irrational or arbitrary or unfair.' The
35 majority applies the 'shock-the-conscience' test to uphold, rather than strike, a federal statute. It is a
36 dangerous concept of constitutional law that allows the majority to conclude that, because it cannot say the
37 statute is 'irrational or arbitrary or unfair,' the statute must be constitutional.
38 [. . .]
39 Since the Court this Term has already downgraded citizens receiving public welfare, Wyman v. James, 400 U.S.
40 309, 91 S.Ct. 381, 27 L.Ed.2d. 408 (1971), and citizens having the misfortune to be illegitimate, Labine v.
41 Vincent, 401 U.S. 532, 91 S.Ct. 1917, 28 L.Ed.2d. 288, I suppose today's decision downgrading citizens born
42 outside the United States should have been expected. Once again, as in James and Labine, the Court's opinion
43 makes evident that its holding is contrary to earlier decisions. Concededly, petitioner was a citizen at birth, not
44 by constitutional right, but only through operation of a federal statute.
45 [Rogers v. Bellei, 401 U.S. 815 (1971)]
46 STATUTORY citizens are the ONLY type of “citizens” mentioned in the entire Internal Revenue Code, and therefore, the
47 income tax under Subtitles A and C does not apply to the states of the Union.
48 Title 26: Internal Revenue

49 PART 1—INCOME TAXES
50 Normal Taxes and Surtaxes
51 § 1.1-1 Income tax on individuals.
52 (c) Who is a citizen.
53 Every person [“person” as used in 26 U.S.C. §6671(b) and 26 U.S.C. §7343, which both collectively are
54 officers or employees of a corporation or a partnership with the United States governmnet] born or naturalized
55 in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction is a citizen. For other rules governing the acquisition of
56 citizenship, see chapters 1 and 2 of title III of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1401–1459). For
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 rules governing loss of citizenship, see sections 349 to 357, inclusive, of such Act (8 U.S.C. 1481–1489),
2 Schneider v. Rusk, (1964) 377 U.S. 163, and Rev. Rul. 70–506, C.B. 1970–2, 1. For rules pertaining to persons
3 who are nationals but not citizens at birth, e.g., a person born in American Samoa, see section 308 of such Act
4 (8 U.S.C. 1408). For special rules applicable to certain expatriates who have lost citizenship with a principal
5 purpose of avoiding certain taxes, see section 877. A foreigner who has filed his declaration of intention of
6 becoming a citizen but who has not yet been admitted to citizenship by a final order of a naturalization court is
7 an alien.
8 [SOURCE: http://law.justia.com/cfr/title26/26-1.0.1.1.1.0.1.2.html]
9 If you look in 8 U.S.C. §§1401-1459,. the ONLY type of “citizen” is the one mentioned in 8 U.S.C. §1401, which is a
10 human born in a federal territory not part of a state of the Union. Anyone who claims a state citizen or
11 CONSTITUTIONAL citizen is also a a STATUTORY “U.S. citizen” subject to the income tax is engaging in criminal
12 identity theft as documented in the following. They are also criminally impersonating a “U.S. citizen” in violation of 18
13 U.S.C. §911:
Government Identity Theft, Form #05.046

14 Domicile and NOT nationality is what imputes a status under the tax code and a liability for tax. Tax liability is a civil
15 liability that attaches to civil statutory law, which in turn attaches to the person through their choice of domicile. When you
16 CHOOSE a domicile, you elect or nominate a protector, which in turn gives rise to an obligation to pay for the civil
17 protection demanded. The method of providing that protection is the civil laws of the municipal (as in COUNTY)
18 jurisdiction that you chose a domicile within.
19 "domicile. A person's legal home. That place where a man has his true, fixed, and permanent home and
20 principal establishment, and to which whenever he is absent he has the intention of returning. Smith v. Smith,
21 206 Pa.Super. 310, 213 A.2d. 94. Generally, physical presence within a state and the intention to make it one's
22 home are the requisites of establishing a "domicile" therein. The permanent residence of a person or the place
23 to which he intends to return even though he may actually reside elsewhere. A person may have more than one
24 residence but only one domicile. The legal domicile of a person is important since it, rather than the actual
25 residence, often controls the jurisdiction of the taxing authorities and determines where a person may
26 exercise the privilege of voting and other legal rights and privileges."
28 Later versions of Black’s Law Dictionary attempt to cloud this important distinction between nationality and domicile in
29 order to unlawfully and unconstitutionally expand federal power into the states of the Union and to give federal judges
30 unnecessary and unwarranted discretion to kidnap people into their jurisdiction using false presumptions. They do this by
31 trying to make you believe that domicile and nationality are equivalent, when they are EMPHATICALLY NOT. Here is an
32 example:
33 “nationality – The relationship between a citizen of a nation and the nation itself, customarily involving
34 allegiance by the citizen and protection by the state; membership in a nation. This term is often used
35 synonymously with citizenship. “
36 [Black’s Law Dictionary (8th ed. 2004)]
37 Federal courts regard the term “citizenship” as equivalent to domicile, meaning domicile on federal territory.
38 “The words "citizen" and citizenship," however, usually include the idea of domicile, Delaware, L.&W.R.Co.
39 v. Petrowsky, C.C.A.N.Y., 250 F. 554, 557;"
40 [Black’s Law Dictionary, Fourth Edition, p. 310]
41 Hence:
42 1. The term “citizenship” is being stealthily used by government officials as a magic word that allows them to hide their
43 presumptions about your status. Sometimes they use it to mean NATIONALITY, and sometimes they use it to mean
44 DOMICILE.
45 2. The use of the word “citizenship” should therefore be AVOIDED when dealing with the government because its
46 meaning is unclear and leaves too much discretion to judges and prosecutors.
47 3. When someone from any government uses the word “citizenship”, you should:
48 3.1. Tell them NOT to use the word, and instead to use “nationality” or “domicile”.
49 3.2. Ask them whether they mean “nationality” or “domicile”.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 3.3. Ask them WHICH political subdivision they imply a domicile within: federal territory or a constitutional state of
2 the Union.
3 A failure to either understand or apply the above concepts can literally mean the difference between being a government pet
4 in a legal cage called a franchise, and being a free and sovereign man or woman.
5 9.4 Citizenship Status v. Tax Status
6 The table beginning on the next page in landscape format summarizes all the known citizenship and domicile options
7 within American jurisprudence.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 Table 4: “Citizenship status” v. “Income tax status”
# Citizenship status Place of Domicile Accepting Defined in Tax Status under 26 U.S.C./Internal Revenue Code
birth tax treaty “Citizen” “Resident alien” “Nonresident “Non-resident
benefits? (defined in 26 C.F.R. (defined in 26 alien NON-person”
§1.1-1) U.S.C. INDIVIDUAL” (NOT defined)
§7701(b)(1)(A), 26 (defined in 26
C.F.R.§1.1441- U.S.C.
1(c)(3)(i) and 26 §7701(b)(1)(B)
C.F.R.§1.1- and 26
1(a)(2)(ii)) C.F.R.§1.1441-
1(c)(3))
1 “national and Statutory “United District of NA 8 U.S.C. §1401; Yes No No No
citizen of the United States” pursuant to 8 Columbia, 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(22)(A) (only pay income tax
States** at birth” or U.S.C. §1101(a)(38), Puerto Rico, abroad with IRS
“U.S.** citizen” or (a)(36) and 8 C.F.R. Guam, Virgin Forms 1040/2555. See
Statutory “U.S.** §215.1(f) or in the Islands Cook v. Tait, 265 U.S.
citizen” “outlying possessions 47 (1924))
of the United States”
pursuant to 8 U.S.C.
§1101(a)(29)
2 “non-citizen Statutory “United American NA 8 U.S.C. §1408 No No Yes No
national of the States” pursuant to 8 Samoa; Swain’s 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(22)(B); (see 26 U.S.C. (see IRS Form
United States** at U.S.C. §1101(a)(38), Island; or 8 U.S.C. §1452 §7701(b)(1)(B)) 1040NR for
birth” or “U.S.** (a)(36) and 8 C.F.R. abroad to U.S. proof)
national” §215.1(f) or in the national parents
“outlying possessions under 8 U.S.C.
of the United States” §1408(2)
§1101(a)(29)
3.1 “U.S.A.*** Constitutional Union State of the NA 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21); No No No Yes
national” or state Union (ACTA 14th Amend. Sect.1;
“state national” or agreement) 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(22)(B)
“Constitutional but
not statutory
U.S.*** citizen”
3.2 “U.S.A.*** Constitutional Union Foreign country Yes 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21); No No Yes No
national” or state 14th Amend. Sect.1;
“state national” or 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(22)(B)
not statutory
U.S.*** citizen”
3.3 “U.S.A.*** Constitutional Union Foreign country No 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21); No No No Yes
national” or state 14th Amend. Sect.1;
“state national” or 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(22)(B)
not statutory
U.S.*** citizen”
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
# Citizenship status Place of Domicile Accepting Defined in Tax Status under 26 U.S.C./Internal Revenue Code
birth tax treaty “Citizen” “Resident alien” “Nonresident “Non-resident
benefits? (defined in 26 C.F.R. (defined in 26 alien NON-person”
§1.1-1) U.S.C. INDIVIDUAL” (NOT defined)
§7701(b)(1)(A), 26 (defined in 26
C.F.R.§1.1441- U.S.C.
1(c)(3)(i) and 26 §7701(b)(1)(B)
C.F.R.§1.1- and 26
1(a)(2)(ii)) C.F.R.§1.1441-
1(c)(3))
3.4 Statutory “citizen of Constitutional Union Puerto Rico, NA 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21); Yes No No No
the United state Guam, Virgin (ACTA 14th Amend. Sect.1;
States**” or Islands, agreement) 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(22)(B)
Statutory “U.S.** Commonwealth
citizen” of Northern
Mariana Islands
4.1 “alien” or Foreign country Puerto Rico, NA 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21); No Yes No No
“Foreign national” Guam, Virgin 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(3)
Islands,
Commonwealth
of Northern
Mariana Islands
4.2 “alien” or Foreign country State of the Yes 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21); No No Yes No
“Foreign national” Union 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(3)
4.3 “alien” or Foreign country State of the No 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21); No No No Yes
“Foreign national” Union 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(3)
4.4 “alien” or Foreign country Foreign country Yes 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21) No No Yes No
“Foreign national”
4.5 “alien” or Foreign country Foreign country No 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21) No No No Yes
“Foreign national”
1
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 NOTES:
2 1. A nonresident alien individual who has made an election under 26 U.S.C. §6013(g) and (h) to be treated as a resident alien is treated as a “nonresident alien” for the
3 purposes of withholding under I.R.C. Subtitle C but retains their status as a “resident alien” under Internal Revenue Code, Subtitle A. .
4 2. What turns a “non-resident NON-person” into a “nonresident alien individual” is:
5 2.1. Being an alien and NOT a “national” AND
6 2.2. Meets one or more of the following two criteria:
7 2.2.1. Residence/domicile in a foreign country under the residence article of an income tax treaty and 26 C.F.R. §301.7701(b)-7(a)(1).
8 2.2.2. Residence/domicile as an alien in Puerto Rico, Guam, the Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands, the U.S. Virgin Islands, or American Samoa as
9 determined under 26 C.F.R. §301.7701(b)-1(d).
10 3. If you were born in a state of the Union and maintain a domicile there, then you are described in item 3.1 of the table.
11 4. All “taxpayers” are aliens or “nonresident aliens”. You cannot be a “citizen” and a taxpayer at same time. The definition of “individual” found in 26 C.F.R.
12 §1.1441-1(c)(3) does NOT include “citizens”. The only occasion where a “citizen” can also be an “individual” is when they are abroad under 26 U.S.C. §911 and
13 interface to the I.R.C. under a tax treaty with a foreign country as an alien pursuant to 26 C.F.R. §301.7701(b)-7(a)(1)
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
9.5 Four Types of American Nationals
There are four types of American nationals recognized under federal law:
1. STATUTORY “nationals and citizens of the United States** at birth” (statutory “U.S.** citizen”)
1.1. A CIVIL status because it uses the word “citizen” and is therefore tied to a geographical place.
1.2. A statutory privileged status defined and found in 8 U.S.C. §1401, in the implementing regulations of the Internal
Revenue Code at 26 C.F.R. §1.1-1(c), and in most other federal statutes.
1.3. Born in the federal zone. Must inhabit the District of Columbia and the territories and possessions of the United
States identified in Title 48 of the U.S. Code.
1.4. Subject to the “police power” of the federal government and all “acts of Congress”.
1.5. Treated as a citizen of the municipal government of the District of Columbia (see 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(39))
1.6. Have no common law rights, because there is no federal common law. See Jones v. Mayer, 392 U.S. 409 (1798).
1.7. Also called “federal U.S. citizens” throughout this document.
1.8. Owe allegiance to the GOVERNMENT of the United States** and NOT the PEOPLE of the States of the Union,
who are called United States***.
2. STATUTORY “nationals but not citizens of the United States** at birth” (where “United States” or “U.S.”
means the federal United States)
2.1. A CIVIL status because it uses the word “citizen” and is therefore tied to a geographical place.
2.2. Defined in 8 U.S.C. §1408, 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(22)(B) and 8 U.S.C. §1452.
2.3. Born anywhere American Samoa or Swains Island.
2.4. May not participate politically in federal elections or as federal jurists.
2.5. Owe allegiance to the GOVERNMENT of the United States** and NOT the PEOPLE of the States of the Union,
who are called United States***.
3. STATUTORY “national of the United States**”
3.1. A POLITICAL status not tied to a geographical place. Allegiance can exist independent of geography.
3.2. Defined in 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(22).
3.3. Includes STATUTORY “citizens of the United States**” defined in 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(22)(A).
3.4. Includes “a person who, though not a citizen of the United States[**], owes permanent allegiance to the United
States**“ defined in 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(22)(B). The use of the term “person” is suspicious because only
HUMANS can owe allegiance and not creations of Congress called “persons”, all of whom are offices in the
government. If it means a CONSTITUTIONAL “person” then it is OK, because all constitutional “persons” are
humans.
4. CONSTITUTIONAL “nationals of the United States***”, “State nationals”, or “nationals of the United States
of America”
4.1. A POLITICAL status not tied to a geographical place. Allegiance can exist independent of geography.
4.2. Defined under federal law pursuant to 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21), under Law of Nations, under state laws, and under
U.S.A. Constitution.
4.3. Is equivalent to the term “state citizen”.
4.4. In general, born in any one of the several states of the Union but not in a federal territory, possession, or the
District of Columbia. Not domiciled in the federal zone.
4.5. Not subject to the “police power” of the federal government or most “acts of Congress”.
4.6. Owes allegiance to the sovereign people, collectively and individually, within the body politic of the
constitutional state residing in.
4.7. May serve as a state jurist or grand jurist involving only parties with his same citizenship and domicile status.
4.8. May vote in state elections.
4.9. At this time, all “state Nationals” are also a “USA National”. But not all “USA Nationals” are a “state National”
(for example, a USA national not residing nor domiciled in a state of the Union).
4.10. Is a man or woman whose unalienable natural rights are recognized, secured, and protected by his state
constitution against state actions and against federal intrusion by the Constitution for the United States of
America.
4.11. Includes state nationals, because you cannot get a USA passport without this status per 22 U.S.C. §212 and 22
C.F.R. §51.2.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
Statutory “U.S. citizens” under 8 U.S.C. §1401 have civil rights under federal law that are similar but inferior to the natural
rights that state Citizens have in state courts. We say almost because civil rights are created by Congress and can be taken
away by Congress. Statutory “U.S. citizens” are privileged subjects/servants of Congress, under their protection as a
"resident" and “ward” of a federal State, a person enfranchised to the federal government (the incorporated United States
defined in Article I, Section 8, Clause 17 of the Constitution). The individual Union states may not deny to these persons
any federal privileges or immunities that Congress has granted them within “acts of Congress” or federal statutes. Federal
citizens come under admiralty law (International Law) when litigating in federal courts. As such they do not have
inalienable common rights recognized, secured and protected in federal courts by the Constitutions of the States, or of the
Constitution for the United States of America, such as "allodial" (absolute) rights to property, the rights to inheritance, the
rights to work and contract, and the right to travel among others.
We have prepared a Venn diagram showing all of the various types of citizens so that you can properly distinguish them.
The important thing to notice about this diagram is that there are multiple types of “citizens of the United States” and
“nationals of the United States” because there are multiple definitions of “United States” according to the Supreme Court in
Hooven and Allison v. Evatt,
"The term 'United States' may be used in any one of several senses. It may be merely the name of a sovereign
occupying the position analogous to that of other sovereigns in the family of nations. It may designate the
territory over which the sovereignty of the United States extends, or it may be the collective name of the states
which are united by and under the Constitution."
[Hooven & Allison Co. v. Evatt, 324 U.S. 652 (1945)]
The three definitions of the term “United States” are abbreviated or symbolized using the conventions below:
Table 5: Meanings assigned to "United States" by the U.S. Supreme Court in Hooven & Allison v. Evatt
# U.S. Supreme Court Context in which Referred to in this Interpretation
Definition of “United usually used article as
States” in Hooven
1 “It may be merely the International law “United States*” “'These united States,” when traveling abroad, you come under the
name of a sovereign jurisdiction of the President through his agents in the U.S. State
occupying the position Department, where “U.S.” refers to the sovereign society. You are a
analogous to that of “Citizen of the United States” like someone is a Citizen of France, or
other sovereigns in the England. We identify this version of “United States” with a single
family of nations.” asterisk after its name: “United States*” throughout this article.
2 “It may designate the Federal law “United States**” “The United States (the District of Columbia, possessions and
territory over which the Federal forms territories)”. Here Congress has exclusive legislative jurisdiction. In
sovereignty of the this sense, the term “United States” is a singular noun. You are a
United States extends, person residing in the District of Columbia, one of its Territories or
or” Federal areas (enclaves). Hence, even a person living in the one of the
sovereign States could still be a member of the Federal area and
therefore a “citizen of the United States.” This is the definition used in
most “Acts of Congress” and federal statutes. We identify this version
of “United States” with two asterisks after its name: “United States**”
throughout this article. This definition is also synonymous with the
“United States” corporation found in 28 U.S.C. §3002(15)(A).
3 “...as the collective Constitution of the “United States***” “The several States which is the united States of America.” Referring to
name for the states United States the 50 sovereign States, which are united under the Constitution of the
which are united by and United States of America. The federal areas within these states are not
under the Constitution.” included in this definition because the Congress does not have
exclusive legislative authority over any of the 50 sovereign States
within the Union of States. Rights are retained by the States in the 9th
and 10th Amendments, and you are a “Citizen of these united States.”
This is the definition used in the Constitution for the United States of
America. We identify this version of “United States” with a three
asterisks after its name: “United States***” throughout this article.
Below is a Venn diagram showing the various types of citizens there are in our country based on the above, and the statutes
where they are described :
Figure 1: Citizenship diagram
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
People born in "United States*" the country
"nationals of the United States**"

-Also called "U.S.** nationals" or
"citizens of the United States**"
"non-citizen U.S.** nationals"
-Defined in 8 USC 1401
-Defined in 8 USC 1408, 1452
-Born in D.C. or a possession or
-Born in American Samoa,
territory of the U.S.
Swain's Island, or outside the
federal "United States**"
"nationals of the United States***"

-"United States" means the collective
states of the Union
-Defined in Fourteenth Amendment
section 1, and the
Law of Nations
-Born in any state of the Union on
land not belonging to the federal
government
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
9.6 Effect of Domicile on Citizenship Status
Table 6: Effect of domicile on citizenship status

CONDITION
Description Domicile WITHIN Domicile WITHIN Domicile WITHOUT the FEDERAL ZONE
the FEDERAL ZONE the FEDERAL and located WITHOUT the FEDERAL
and located in ZONE and ZONE
FEDERAL ZONE temporarily located
abroad in foreign
country
Location of “United States” per “United States” per Without the “United States” per 26 U.S.C.
domicile 26 U.S.C. §§7701(a)(9) 26 U.S.C. §§7701(a)(9) and (a)(10), 7701(a)(39), 7408(d)
and (a)(10), 7701(a)(39), §§7701(a)(9) and
7408(d) (a)(10), 7701(a)(39),
7408(d)
Physical location Federal territories, Foreign nations Foreign nations
possessions, and the ONLY states of the Union
District of Columbia (NOT states of the Federal possessions
Union)
Tax Status “U.S. Person” “U.S. Person” “Nonresident alien individual” if a public officer
26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(30) 26 U.S.C. in the U.S. government.
§7701(a)(30) “Non-resident NON-person” if NOT a public
officer in the U.S. government
Tax form(s) to file IRS Form 1040 IRS Form 1040 plus IRS Form 1040NR: “alien individuals”,
2555 “nonresident alien individuals”
No filing requirement: “non-resident NON-
person”
Status if “national and citizen of Citizen abroad “non-resident” if born in a state of the Union
DOMESTIC the United States** at 26 U.S.C. §911 8 U.S.C. §1408, 8 U.S.C. §1452, and 8 U.S.C.
“national of the birth” per 8 U.S.C. (Meets presence test) §1101(a)(22)(B)if born in a possession.
United States*” §1401 and “citizen of
pursuant to 8 the United States**”
U.S.C. per 8 U.S.C.
§1101(a)(22) §1101(a)(22)(A) if
born in on federal
territory.
(Not required to file if
physically present in
the “United States”
because no statute
requires it)
Status if “Resident alien” “Resident alien “Nonresident alien individual” if a public officer
FOREIGN 26 U.S.C. abroad” in the U.S. government.
“national” §7701(b)(1)(A) 26 U.S.C. §911 https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/7
pursuant to 8 (Meets presence test) 701
U.S.C. “Non-resident NON-person” if NOT a public
§1101(a)(21) officer in the U.S. government
NOTES:
1. “United States” is defined as federal territory within 26 U.S.C. §§7701(a)(9) and (a)(10), 7701(a)(39), and 7408(d), and
4 U.S.C. §110(d). It does not include any portion of a Constitutional state of the Union.
2. The “District of Columbia” is defined as a federal corporation but not a physical place, a “body politic”, or a de jure
“government” within the District of Columbia Act of 1871, 16 Stat. 419, 426, Sec. 34. See: Corporatization and
Privatization of the Government, Form #05.024; http://sedm.org/Forms/FormIndex.htm.
3. “nationals” of the United States*** of America who are domiciled outside of federal jurisdiction, either in a state of the
Union or a foreign country, are “nationals” under 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21) but not “citizens” under 8 U.S.C. §1401.
They also qualify as “nonresident aliens” under 26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(1)(B) if and only if they are engaged in a public
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
office or “non-resident non-persons” if not engaged in a public office. See section 4.12.3 of the Great IRS Hoax, Form
#11.302 for details.
4. Temporary domicile in the middle column on the right must meet the requirements of the “Presence test” documented
in IRS publications.
5. “FEDERAL ZONE”=District of Columbia and territories of the United States in the above table
6. The term “individual” as used on the IRS Form 1040 means an “alien” engaged in a “trade or business”. All
“taxpayers” are “aliens” engaged in a “trade or business”. This is confirmed by 26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1(c)(3), 26 C.F.R.
§1.1-1(a)(2)(ii), and 5 U.S.C. §552a(a)(2). Statutory “U.S. citizens” as defined in 8 U.S.C. §1401 are not “individuals”
unless temporarily abroad pursuant to 26 U.S.C. §911 and subject to an income tax treaty with a foreign country. In
that capacity, statutory “U.S. citizens” interface to the I.R.C. as “aliens” rather than “U.S. citizens” through the tax
treaty.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
9.7 Meaning of Geographical “Words of Art”
Because the states of the Union and the federal government are “foreign” to each other for the purposes of legislative
jurisdiction, then it also follows that the definitions of terms in the context of all state and federal statutes must be
consistent with this fact. The table below was extracted from the Great IRS Hoax, Form #11.302, section 4.9 if you would
like to investigate further, and it clearly shows the restrictions placed upon definitions of terms within the various contexts
that they are used within state and federal law:
Table 7: Meaning of geographical “words of art”

Law Federal Federal Federal State State State
constitution statutes regulations constitutions statutes regulations
Author Union Federal Government “We The State Government
States/ People”
”We The
People”
“state” Foreign Union state Union state Other Union Other Union Other Union
country or foreign or foreign state or state or state or
country country federal federal federal
government government government
“State” Union state Federal state Federal state Union state Union state Union state
“in this NA NA NA NA Federal Federal
State” or “in enclave enclave
the State” 5 1F within state within state
“State” 6 2F NA NA NA NA Federal Federal
(State enclave enclave
Revenue and within state within state
taxation code
only)
“several Union states Federal Federal Federal Federal Federal
States” collectively 7 3F “States” “States” “States” “States” “States”
collectively collectively collectively collectively collectively
“United states of the Federal Federal United Federal Federal
States” Union United United States* the United United
collectively States** States** country States** States**
NOTES:
1. The term “Federal state” or “Federal ‘States’” as used above means a federal territory as defined in 4 U.S.C. §110(d)
and EXCLUDES states of the Union.
2. The term “Union state” means a “State” mentioned in the United States Constitution, and this term EXCLUDES and is
mutually exclusive to a federal “State”.
3. If you would like to investigate the various “words of art” that lawyers in the federal government use to deceive you,
we recommend the following:
3.1. Sovereignty Forms and Instructions Online, Form #10.004, Cites by Topic:
http://famguardian.org/TaxFreedom/FormsInstr-Cites.htm
3.2. Legal Deception, Propaganda, and Fraud, Form #05.014, Section 12.4.
5
See California Revenue and Taxation Code, section 6017
6
See California Revenue and Taxation Code, section 17018
7
See, for instance, U.S. Constitution Article IV, Section 2.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
9.8 Citizenship and Domicile Options and Relationships
Figure 2: Citizenship and domicile options and relationships
NONRESIDENTS INHABITANTS
Domiciled within States of the Domiciled within Federal Territory
Union or Foreign Countries within the “United States**”
WITHOUT the “United States**” (e.g. District of Columbia)
“Nonresident alien” 26 U.S.C. “U.S. Persons”

§7701(b)(1)(B) if PUBLIC “Declaration of
domicile to within the 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(30)
“non-resident non-person” if PRIVATE United States**”
26 C.F.R. §1.871-4
Foreign Nationals Statutory “Residents”

Constitutional and (aliens)
Statutory “aliens” born in 26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(1)(A)
26 U.S.C. §7701(n) “Aliens”
Foreign Countries
26 U.S.C. §6039(g) 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(3)
8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(3)
(born in Foreign Countries)
Naturalization Expatriation
8 U.S.C. §1421 8 U.S.C. §1481
Naturalization Expatriation
8 U.S.C. §1421 8 U.S.C. §1481
DOMESTIC “nationals 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(22)(A)

of the United States*” Change Domicile to within
the “United States**”
IRS Form 1040 and W-4
Statutory “national and
Change Domicile to without citizen of the United
Statutory “non-citizen
the “United States**”
IRS Form 1040NR and
States** at birth”
of the U.S.** at birth” W-8 8 U.S.C. §1401
(born in unincorporated
8 U.S.C. §1408 U.S.** Territories or abroad)
8 U.S.C. §1452
8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(22)(B)
(born in U.S.** possessions)
“Constitutional
Citizens of United
States*** at birth” Statutory “citizen of
8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21) the United States**”
Fourteenth Amendment
(born in States of the Union)
“Tax Home” (26 U.S.C. §911(d)(3)) for
federal officers and “employee” serving
within the national govenrment.
Cook v. Tait, 265 U.S. 47
1
NOTES:
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1. Changing domicile from “foreign” on the left to “domestic” on the right can occur EITHER by:
1.1. Physically moving to the federal zone.
1.2. Being lawfully elected or appointed to political office, in which case the OFFICE/STATUS has a domicile on federal territory but the
OFFICER does not.
2. Statuses on the right are civil franchises granted by Congress. As such, they are public offices within the national government. Those not seeking
office should not claim any of these statuses.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
9.9 Statutory Rules for Converting Between Various Domicile and Citizenship Options
The rules depicted above are also described in text form using the list below, if you would like to investigate the above
diagram further:
1. “non-resident non-person”: Those with no domicile on federal territory and who are born either in a foreign country, a
state of the Union, or within the federal zone. Also called a “nonresident”, “stateless person”, or “transient foreigner”.
They are exclusively PRIVATE and beyond the reach of the civil statutory law because:
1.1. They are not a “person” or “individual” because not engaged in an elected or appointed office.
1.2. They have not waived sovereign immunity under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, 28 U.S.C. Chapter 97.
1.3. They have not “purposefully” or “consensually” availed themselves of commerce within the exclusive or general
jurisdiction of the national government within federal territory.
1.4. They waived the “benefit” of any and all licenses or permits in the context of a specific transaction or agreement.
1.5. In the context of a specific business dealing, they have not invoked any statutory status under federal civil law
that might connect them with a government franchise, such as “U.S. citizen”, “U.S. resident”, “person”,
“individual”, “taxpayer”, etc.
1.6. If they are demanded to produce an identifying number, they say they don’t consent and attach the following form
to every application or withholding document:
Why It is Illegal for Me to Request or Use a “Taxpayer Identification Number”, Form #04.205
2. “Aliens” or “alien individuals”: Those born in a foreign country and not within any state of the Union or within any
federal territory.
2.1. “Alien” is defined in 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(3) as a person who is neither a citizen nor a national.
2.2. “Alien individual” is defined in 26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1(c)(3)(i).
2.3. An alien is defined in 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(3) as a person who is neither a statutory “U.S.** citizen” per 8 U.S.C.
§1401 nor a “national of the United States**” per 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(22).
2.4. An alien with no domicile in the “United States” is presumed to be a “nonresident alien” pursuant to 26 C.F.R.
§1.871-4(b).
3. “Residents” or “resident aliens”: An “alien” or “alien individual” with a legal domicile on federal territory.
3.1. “Resident aliens” are defined in 26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(1)(A).
3.2. A “resident alien” is an alien as defined in 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(3) who has a legal domicile on federal territory that
is no part of the exclusive jurisdiction of any state of the Union.
3.3. An “alien” becomes a “resident alien” by filing IRS Form 1078 pursuant to 26 C.F.R. §1.871-4(c)(ii) and thereby
electing to have a domicile on federal territory.
4. “Nonresident aliens”: Those with no domicile on federal territory and who are born either in a foreign country, a state
of the Union, or within the federal zone. They serve in a public office in the national but not state government.
4.1. Defined in 26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(1)(B).
4.2. A “nonresident alien” is defined as a person who is neither a statutory “citizen” pursuant to 26 C.F.R. §1.1-1(c)
nor a statutory “resident” pursuant to 26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(1)(A).
4.3. A person who is a “non-citizen national” pursuant to 8 U.S.C. §1452 and 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(22)(B) is a
“nonresident alien”, but only if they are lawfully engaged in a public office of the national government.
5. “Nonresident alien individuals”: Those who are aliens and who do not have a domicile on federal territory.
5.1. Status is indicated in block 3 of the IRS Form W-8BEN under the term “Individual”.
5.2. Includes only nonresidents not domiciled on federal territory but serving in public offices of the national
government. “person” and “individual” are synonymous with said office in 26 U.S.C. §6671(b) and 26 U.S.C.
§7343.
6. Convertibility between “aliens”, “resident aliens”, and “nonresident aliens”, and “nonresident alien individuals”:
6.1. A “nonresident alien” is not the legal equivalent of an “alien” in law nor is it a subset of “alien”.
6.2. IRS Form W-8BEN, Block 3 has no block to check for those who are “non-resident non-persons” but not
“nonresident aliens” or “nonresident alien individuals”. Thus, the submitter of this form who is a statutory “non-
resident non-person” but not a “nonresident alien” or “nonresident alien individual” is effectively compelled to
make an illegal and fraudulent election to become an alien and an “individual” if they do not add a block for
“transient foreigner” or “Union State Citizen” to the form. See section 5.3 of the following:
About IRS Form W-8BEN, Form #04.202
6.3. 26 U.S.C. §6013(g) and (h) and 26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(4)(B) authorize a “nonresident alien” who is married to a
statutory “U.S. citizen” as defined in 26 C.F.R. §1.1-1(c) to make an “election” to become a “resident alien”.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
6.4. It is unlawful for an unmarried “state national” pursuant to either 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21) to become a “resident
alien”. This can only happen by either fraud or mistake.
6.5. An alien may overcome the presumption that he is a “nonresident alien” and change his status to that of a
“resident alien” by filing IRS Form 1078 pursuant to 26 C.F.R. §1.871-4(c)(ii) while he is in the “United States”.
6.6. The term “residence” can only lawfully be used to describe the domicile of an “alien”. Nowhere is this term used
to describe the domicile of a “state national” or a “nonresident alien”. See 26 C.F.R. §1.871-2.
6.7. The only way a statutory “alien” under 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(3) can become both a “state national” and a
“nonresident alien” at the same time is to be naturalized pursuant to 8 U.S.C. §1421 and to have a domicile in
either a U.S. possession or a state of the Union.
7. Sources of confusion on these issues:
7.1. One can be a “non-resident non-person” without being an “individual” or a “nonresident alien individual” under
the Internal Revenue Code. An example would be a human being born within the exclusive jurisdiction of a state
of the Union who is therefore a “state national” pursuant to 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21) who does not participate in
Social Security or use a Taxpayer Identification Number.
7.2. The term “United States” is defined in the Internal Revenue Code at 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(9) and (a)(10).
7.3. The term “United States” for the purposes of citizenship is defined in 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(38).
7.4. Any “U.S. Person” as defined in 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(30) who is not found in the “United States” (District of
Columbia pursuant to 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(9) and (a)(10)) shall be treated as having an effective domicile within
the District of Columbia pursuant to 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(39) and 26 U.S.C. §7408(d) .
7.5. The term “United States” is equivalent for the purposes of statutory “citizens” pursuant to 26 C.F.R. §1.1-1(c) and
“citizens” as used in the Internal Revenue Code. See 26 C.F.R. §1.1-1(c).
7.6. The term “United States” as used in the Constitution of the United States is NOT equivalent to the statutory
definition of the term used in:
7.6.1. 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(9) and (a)(10).
7.6.2. 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(38).
The “United States” as used in the Constitution means the states of the Union and excludes federal territory, while
the term “United States” as used in federal statutory law means federal territory and excludes states of the Union.
7.7. A constitutional “citizen of the United States” as mentioned in the Fourteenth Amendment is NOT equivalent to a
statutory “national and citizen of the United States” as used in 8 U.S.C. §1401. See:
Why You are a “national”, “state national”, and Constitutional but not Statutory Citizen, Form #05.006
7.8. In the case of jurisdiction over CONSTITUTIONAL aliens only (meaning foreign NATIONALS), the term
“United States” implies all 50 states and the federal zone, and is not restricted only to the federal zone. See:
7.8.1. Non-Resident Non-Person Position, Form #05.020
7.8.2. Kleindienst v. Mandel, 408 U.S. 753 (1972)
In accord with ancient principles of the international law of nation-states, the Court in The Chinese Exclusion
Case, 130 U.S. 581, 609 (1889), and in Fong Yue Ting v. United States, 149 U.S. 698 (1893), held broadly, as
the Government describes it, Brief for Appellants 20, that the power to exclude aliens is "inherent in
sovereignty, necessary for maintaining normal international relations and defending the country against
foreign encroachments and dangers - a power to be exercised exclusively by the political branches of
government . . . ." Since that time, the Court's general reaffirmations of this principle have [408 U.S. 753,
766] been legion. 6 The Court without exception has sustained Congress' "plenary power to make rules for
673H
the admission of aliens and to exclude those who possess those characteristics which Congress has
forbidden." Boutilier v. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 387 U.S. 118, 123 (1967). "[O]ver no
conceivable subject is the legislative power of Congress more complete than it is over" the admission of
aliens. Oceanic Navigation Co. v. Stranahan, 214 U.S. 320, 339 (1909).
[Kleindienst v. Mandel, 408 U.S. 753 (1972)]
7.8.3. Chae Chan Ping v. U.S., 130 U.S. 581 (1889)
While under our constitution and form of government the great mass of local matters is controlled by local
authorities, the United States, in their relation to foreign countries and their subjects or citizens, are one
nation, invested with powers which belong to independent nations, the exercise of which can be invoked for
the maintenance of its absolute independence and security throughout its entire territory. The powers to
declare war, make treaties, suppress insurrection, repel invasion, regulate foreign commerce, secure
republican governments to the states, and admit subjects of other nations to citizenship, are all sovereign
powers, restricted in their exercise only by the constitution itself and considerations of public policy and justice
which control, more or less, the conduct of all civilized nations. As said by this court in the case of Cohens v.
Virginia, 6 Wheat. 264, 413, speaking by the same great chief justice: 'That the United States form, for many,
and for most important purposes, a single nation, has not yet been denied. In war, we are one people. In
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
making peace, we are one people. In all commercial regulations, we are one and the same people. In many
other respects, the American people are one; and the government which is alone capable of controlling and
managing their interests in all these respects is the government of the Union. It is their government, and in
that character they have no other. America has chosen to [130 U.S. 581, 605] be in many respects, and to
many purposes, a nation; and for all these purposes her government is complete; to all these objects, it is
competent. The people have declared that in the exercise of all powers given for these objects it is supreme. It
can, then, in effecting these objects, legitimately control all individuals or governments within the American
territory.”
[. . .]
“The power of exclusion of foreigners being an incident of sovereignty belonging to the government of the
United States as a part of those sovereign powers delegated by the constitution, the right to its exercise at any
time when, in the judgment of the government, the interests of the country require it, cannot be granted away or
restrained on behalf of any one. The powers of government are delegated in trust to the United States, and are
incapable of transfer to any other parties. They cannot be abandoned or surrendered. Nor can their exercise
be hampered, when needed for the public good, by any considerations of private interest. The exercise of
these public trusts is not the subject of barter or contract.”
[Chae Chan Ping v. U.S., 130 U.S. 581 (1889)]
9.10 Effect of Federal Franchises and Offices Upon Your Citizenship and Standing in Court
Another important element of citizenship is that artificial entities like corporations are statutory but not Constitutional
citizens in the context of civil litigation.
"A corporation is a citizen, resident, or inhabitant of the state or country by or under the laws of which it was
created, and of that state or country only."
[19 Corpus Juris Secundum (C.J.S.), Corporations, §886 (2003)]
_________________________________________________________________________
“A corporation is not a citizen within the meaning of that provision of the Constitution, which declares that the
citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens of the several States.”
[Paul v. Virginia, 8 Wall (U.S.) 168, 19 L.Ed 357 (1868)]
Likewise, all governments are “corporations” as well.
"Corporations are also of all grades, and made for varied objects; all governments are corporations, created
by usage and common consent, or grants and charters which create a body politic for prescribed purposes;
but whether they are private, local or general, in their objects, for the enjoyment of property, or the exercise
of power, they are all governed by the same rules of law, as to the construction and the obligation of the
instrument by which the incorporation is made. One universal rule of law protects persons and property. It is
a fundamental principle of the common law of England, that the term freemen of the kingdom, includes 'all
persons,' ecclesiastical and temporal, incorporate, politique or natural; it is a part of their magna charta (2
Inst. 4), and is incorporated into our institutions. The persons of the members of corporations are on the same
footing of protection as other persons, and their corporate property secured by the same laws which protect
that of individuals. 2 Inst. 46-7. 'No man shall be taken,' 'no man shall be disseised,' without due process of law,
is a principle taken from magna charta, infused into all our state constitutions, and is made inviolable by the
federal government, by the amendments to the constitution."
[Proprietors of Charles River Bridge v. Proprietors of Warren Bridge, 36 U.S. 420 (1837)]
_________________________________________________________________________
TITLE 28 - JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE

PART VI - PARTICULAR PROCEEDINGS
CHAPTER 176 - FEDERAL DEBT COLLECTION PROCEDURE
SUBCHAPTER A - DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL PROVISIONS
Sec. 3002. Definitions
(15) ''United States'' means -

(A) a Federal corporation;
(B) an agency, department, commission, board, or other entity of the United States; or
(C) an instrumentality of the United States.
_________________________________________________________________________
"A federal corporation operating within a state is considered a domestic corporation rather than a foreign
corporation. The United States government is a foreign corporation with respect to a state."
[19 Corpus Juris Secundum (C.J.S.), Corporations, §883 (2003)]
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
Those who are acting in a representative capacity on behalf of the national government as “public officers” therefore
assume the same status as their employer pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 17(b). To wit:
IV. PARTIES > Rule 17.

Rule 17. Parties Plaintiff and Defendant; Capacity
(b) Capacity to Sue or be Sued.
The capacity of an individual, other than one acting in a representative capacity, to sue or be sued shall be
determined by the law of the individual's domicile. The capacity of a corporation [the “United States”, in this
case, or its officers on official duty representing the corporation] to sue or be sued shall be determined by the
law under which it was organized [laws of the District of Columbia]. In all other cases capacity to sue or be
sued shall be determined by the law of the state in which the district court is held, except (1) that a partnership
or other unincorporated association, which has no such capacity by the law of such state, may sue or be sued in
its common name for the purpose of enforcing for or against it a substantive right existing under the
Constitution or laws of the United States, and (2) that the capacity of a receiver appointed by a court of the
United States to sue or be sued in a court of the United States is governed by Title 28, U.S.C., §§754 and
959(a).
[SOURCE: http://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/Rule17.htm]
Persons acting in the capacity as “public officers” of the national government are therefore acting as “officers of a
corporation” as described in 26 U.S.C. §6671(b) and 26 U.S.C. §7343 and become “persons” within the meaning of federal
statutory law.
TITLE 26 > Subtitle F > CHAPTER 68 > Subchapter B > PART I > § 6671
§ 6671. Rules for application of assessable penalties
(b) Person defined
The term “person”, as used in this subchapter, includes an officer or employee of a corporation, or a member
or employee of a partnership, who as such officer, employee, or member is under a duty to perform the act in
respect of which the violation occurs.
_________________________________________________________________________
TITLE 26 > Subtitle F > CHAPTER 75 > Subchapter D > § 7343

§7343. Definition of term “person”
The term “person” as used in this chapter includes an officer or employee of a corporation, or a member or
employee of a partnership, who as such officer, employee, or member is under a duty to perform the act in
respect of which the violation occurs.
Because all corporations are “citizens”, then “public officers” also take on the character of “U.S. citizens” in the capacity of
their official duties, regardless of what they are as private individuals. It is also interesting to note that IRS correspondence
very conspicuously warns the recipient right underneath the return address the following, confirming that they are
corresponding with a “public officer” and not a private individual:
“Penalty for private use $300.”
Note that all “taxpayers” are “public officers” of the national government, and they are referred to in the Internal Revenue
Code as “effectively connected with a trade or business”. The term “trade or business” is defined as “the functions of a
public office”:
26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(26)
"The term 'trade or business' includes the performance of the functions of a public office."
For details on this scam, see:
1. Proof That There is a “Straw Man”, Form #05.042

2. Why Your Government is Either a Thief or You are a “Public Officer” for Income Tax Purposes, Form #05.008
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
3. The “Trade or Business” Scam, Form #05.001
4. Who are “Taxpayers” and Who Needs a “Taxpayer Identification Number”?, Form #05.013
The U.S. Supreme Court has also said it is “repugnant to the constitution” for the government to regulate private conduct.
The only way you can lawfully become subject to the government’s jurisdiction or the tax laws is to engage in “public
conduct” as a “public officer” of the national government.
“The power to "legislate generally upon" life, liberty, and property, as opposed to the "power to provide modes
of redress" against offensive state action, was "repugnant" to the Constitution. Id., at 15. See also United States
v. Reese, 92 U.S. 214, 218 (1876); United States v. Harris, 106 U.S. 629, 639 (1883); James v. Bowman, 190
U.S. 127, 139 (1903). Although the specific holdings of these early cases might have been superseded or
modified, see, e.g., Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964); United States v. Guest,
383 U.S. 745 (1966), their treatment of Congress' §5 power as corrective or preventive, not definitional, has not
been questioned.”
[City of Boerne v. Florez, Archbishop of San Antonio, 521 U.S. 507 (1997)]
Note also that ordinary “employees” are NOT “public officers”:
Treatise on the Law of Public Offices and Officers

Book 1: Of the Office and the Officer: How Officer Chosen and Qualified
Chapter I: Definitions and Divisions
§2 How Office Differs from Employment.-
A public office differs in material particulars from a public employment, for, as was said by Chief Justice
MARSHALL, "although an office is an employment, it does not follow that every employment is an office. A man
may certainly be employed under a contract, express or implied, to perform a service without becoming an
officer."
"We apprehend that the term 'office,'" said the judges of the supreme court of Maine, "implies a delegation of a
portion of the sovereign power to, and the possession of it by, the person filling the office; and the exercise of
such power within legal limits constitutes the correct discharge of the duties of such office. The power thus
delegated and possessed may be a portion belonging sometimes to one of the three great departments and
sometimes to another; still it is a legal power which may be rightfully exercised, and in its effects it will bind the
rights of others and be subject to revision and correction only according to the standing laws of the state. An
employment merely has none of these distinguishing features. A public agent acts only on behalf of his
principal, the public, whoso sanction is generally considered as necessary to give the acts performed the
authority and power of a public act or law. And if the act be such as not to require subsequent sanction, still it
is only a species of service performed under the public authority and for the public good, but not in the
exercise of any standing laws which are considered as roles of action and guardians of rights."
"The officer is distinguished from the employee," says Judge COOLEY, "in the greater importance, dignity and
independence of his position; in being required to take an official oath, and perhaps to give an official bond; in
the liability to be called to account as a public offender for misfeasance or non-feasance in office, and usually,
though not necessarily, in the tenure of his position. In particular cases, other distinctions will appear which
are not general."
[A Treatise on the Law of Public Offices and Officers, Floyd Russell Mechem, 1890, pp. 3-4, §2;
SOURCE: http://books.google.com/books?id=g-I9AAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage]
The ruse described in this section of making corporations into “citizens” and those who work for them into “public
officers” of the government and “taxpayers” started just after the Civil War. Congress has always been limited to taxing
things that it creates, which means it has never been able to tax anything but federal and not state corporations. The
Supreme Court has confirmed, for instance, that the income tax is and always has been a franchise or privilege tax upon
profit of federal corporations.
"Excises are taxes laid upon the manufacture, sale or consumption of commodities within the country,
upon licenses to pursue certain occupations and upon corporate privileges...the requirement to pay such
taxes involves the exercise of [220 U.S. 107, 152] privileges, and the element of absolute and unavoidable
demand is lacking...
...It is therefore well settled by the decisions of this court that when the sovereign authority has exercised the
right to tax a legitimate subject of taxation as an exercise of a franchise or privilege, it is no objection that the
measure of taxation is found in the income produced in part from property which of itself considered is
nontaxable...
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
Conceding the power of Congress to tax the business activities of private corporations.. the tax must be
measured by some standard..."
[Flint v. Stone Tracy Co., 220 U.S. 107 (1911)]
______________________________________________________________________
"The Sixteenth Amendment declares that Congress shall have power to levy and collect taxes on income, "from
[271 U.S. 174] whatever source derived," without apportionment among the several states and without regard
to any census or enumeration. It was not the purpose or effect of that amendment to bring any new subject
within the taxing power. Congress already had power to tax all incomes. But taxes on incomes from some
sources had been held to be "direct taxes" within the meaning of the constitutional requirement as to
apportionment. Art. 1, § 2, cl. 3, § 9, cl. 4; Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., 158 U.S. 601. The
Amendment relieved from that requirement, and obliterated the distinction in that respect between taxes on
income that are direct taxes and those that are not, and so put on the same basis all incomes "from whatever
source derived." Brushaber v. Union P. R. Co., 240 U.S. 1, 17. "Income" has been taken to mean the same
thing as used in the Corporation Excise Tax Act of 1909, in the Sixteenth Amendment, and in the various
revenue acts subsequently passed. Southern Pacific Co. v. Lowe, 247 U.S. 330, 335; Merchants' L. & T. Co.
v. Smietanka, 255 U.S. 509, 219. After full consideration, this Court declared that income may be defined as
gain derived from capital, from labor, or from both combined, including profit gained through sale or
conversion of capital. Stratton's Independence v. Howbert, 231 U.S. 399, 415; Doyle v. Mitchell Brothers
Co., 247 U.S. 179, 185; Eisner v. Macomber, 252 U.S. 189, 207. And that definition has been adhered to and
applied repeatedly. See, e.g., Merchants' L. & T. Co. v. Smietanka, supra; 518; Goodrich v. Edwards, 255 U.S.
527, 535; United States v. Phellis, 257 U.S. 156, 169; Miles v. Safe Deposit Co., 259 U.S. 247, 252-253; United
States v. Supplee-Biddle Co., 265 U.S. 189, 194; Irwin v. Gavit, 268 U.S. 161, 167; Edwards v. Cuba Railroad,
268 U.S. 628, 633. In determining what constitutes income, substance rather than form is to be given
controlling weight. Eisner v. Macomber, supra, 206. [271 U.S. 175]"
[Bowers v. Kerbaugh-Empire Co., 271 U.S. 170, 174, (1926)]
_____________________________________________________________________
“As repeatedly pointed out by this court, the Corporation Tax Law of 1909..imposed an excise or privilege tax,
and not in any sense, a tax upon property or upon income merely as income. It was enacted in view of the
decision of Pollock v. Farmer’s Loan & T. Co., 157 U.S. 429, 29 L.Ed. 759, 15 Sup.St. Rep. 673, 158 U.S. 601,
39 L.Ed. 1108, 15 Sup. Ct. Rep. 912, which held the income tax provisions of a previous law to be
unconstitutional because amounting in effect to a direct tax upon property within the meaning of the
Constitution, and because not apportioned in the manner required by that instrument.”
[U.S. v. Whiteridge, 231 U.S. 144, 34 S.Sup.Ct. 24 (1913)]
To create and expand a national income tax, the federal government therefore had to make the municipal government of the
District of Columbia into a federal corporation in 1871 and then impose an income tax upon the officers of the corporation
(“public officers”) by making all of their earnings from the office into “profit” and “gross income” subject to excise tax
upon the franchise they participate in. Below is the history of this transformation. You can find more in Great IRS Hoax,
Form #11.302, Chapter 6:
1. The first American Income Tax was passed in 1862. See:

12 Stat. 432.
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=012/llsl012.db&recNum=463
2. The License Tax Cases was heard in 1866 by the U.S. Supreme Court, in which the Supreme Court said that Congress
could not license a trade or business in a state in order to tax it, referring to the civil war tax enacted in 1862. See:
License Tax Cases, 72 U.S. 462 (1866)
http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=72&page=462
3. The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1868. This Amendment uses the phrase “citizens of the United States” in
order to confuse it with statutory “citizens of the United States” domiciled on federal territory in the exclusive
jurisdiction of Congress.
4. The civil war income tax was repealed in 1871. See:
4.1. 17 Stat. 401
4.2. Great IRS Hoax, Form #11.302, Section 6.5.
5. Congress incorporated the District of Columbia in 1871. The incorporation of the District of Columbia was done to
expand the income tax by taxing the government’s own “public officers” as a federal corporation. See the following:
19 Stat. 419
http://famguardian.org/Subjects/Taxes/16Amend/SpecialLaw/DCCorpStatuesAtLarge.pdf
If you would like to know more about how franchises such as a “public office” affect your effective citizenship and
standing in court, see:
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
Government Instituted Slavery Using Franchises, Form #05.030
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
9.11 Federal Statutory Citizenship Statuses Diagram
Figure 3: Federal Statutory Citizenship Statuses Diagram
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
FEDERAL STATUTORY CITIZENSHIP STATUSES
“The term ‘United States’ may be used in any one of several senses. 1) It may be merely the name of
a sovereign occupying the position analogous to that of other sovereigns in the family of nations. 2) It
may designate the territory over which the sovereignty of the United States extends, or 3) it may be
the collective name of the states which are united by and under the Constitution.” [Numbering
Added] [Hooven & Allison Co. v. Evatt, 324 U.S. 652 (1945)]
US1-Context used in matters describing our sovereign country within the family of nations.
US2-Conext used to designate the territory over which the Federal Government is exclusively sovereign.
US3-Context used regarding sovereign states of the Union united by and under the Constitution.
American
Domiciled
US1 Abroad
1 5
US2 US2
Statutory national & Statutory national but
citizen at birth not citizen at birth
Defined in:
8 U.S.C. §1401 Defined in:
Domiciled in: 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(22)(B)
-District of Columbia 8 U.S.C. §1408
-Territories belonging 8 U.S.C. §1452
to U.S.: Puerto Rico, Domiciled in:
Guam, Virgin Island, -American Samoa
Northern Mariana 2 -Swains Island
Islands 4
US3
Constitutional
US1 Citizen/national
Defined in:
US1
8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21)
Amdmt XIV of Cont.
Law of Nations
Domiciled in:
-Constitutional but not
statutory “State” of the
Union
1 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21) “national”
2 8 U.S.C. §1401 “national & citizen of the United States2 at birth”
3 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(22)-“national of the United States2”
4 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(22)(A)-“citizen of the United States2”
5 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(22)(B)-“person who, though not a citizen of the United States, owes permanent allegiance to the United States 1”
6 Federal Common law “national”. See Perkins v. Elg, 307 U.S. 325 (1939). NOT a “national of the United States” under 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(22) UNLESS all
“United States” used there means the CONSTITUTIONAL “United States” and excludes federal territory AND “citizen” excludes 8 U.S.C. §1401 and 26 C.F.R. §1.1-
1(c) “citizens”.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 9.12 Citizenship Status on Government Forms
2 The table on the next page presents a tabular summary of each permutation of nationality and domicile as related to the
3 major federal forms and the Social Security NUMIDENT record.
4 9.12.1 Table of options and corresponding form values
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1
2 Table 8: Tabular Summary of Citizenship Status on Government Forms

# Citizenship Place of birth Domicile Defined in Social Status on Specific Government Forms
status Security Social Security IRS Form W-8 Block Department of State E-Verify
NUMIDEN SS-5 Block 5 3 I-9 Section 1 System
T Status
1 “national and Statutory “United District of 8 U.S.C. §1401; CSP=A ”U.S. Citizen” Can’t use Form W-8 ”A citizen of the United See Note 2.
citizen of the States” pursuant to 8 Columbia, Puerto 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(22)(A) States”
United States** U.S.C. §1101(a)(38), Rico, Guam,
at birth” or (a)(36) and 8 C.F.R. Virgin Islands
“U.S.** citizen” §215.1(f) or in the
or “outlying possessions
“Statutory of the United States”
U.S.** citizen” pursuant to 8 U.S.C.
§1101(a)(29)
2 “non-citizen Statutory “United American 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(22)(B); CSP=B ”Legal alien “Non-resident NON- ”A non-citizen national of See Note 2.
national of the States” pursuant to 8 Samoa; Swains 8 U.S.C. §1408; authorized to person Nontaxpayer” the United States*”
United States** U.S.C. §1101(a)(38), Island; or abroad 8 U.S.C. §1452 work. (statutory)” if PRIVATE
at birth” or (a)(36) and 8 C.F.R. to U.S. national “Individual” if
“U.S.** §215.1(f) or in the parents under 8 PUBLIC officer
national” “outlying possessions U.S.C. §1408(2)
of the United States”
§1101(a)(29)
3.1 “U.S.A.*** Constitutional Union State of the 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21); CSP=D “Other (8 U.S.C. “Non-resident NON- ”A citizen of the United See Note 2.
national” or state Union 14th Amend., Sect. 1 §1101(a)(21))” person Nontaxpayer” States***. Not a “citizen
“state national” of the United States**”
or under 8 U.S.C.
“Constitutional §1101(a)(22)(A) or 8
but not statutory U.S.C. §1401”
citizen”
3.2 “U.S.A.*** Constitutional Union Foreign country 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21); CSP=D “Other (8 U.S.C. “Non-resident NON- ”A citizen of the United See Note 2.
national” or state 14th Amend., Sect. 1 §1101(a)(21))” person Nontaxpayer” States***. Not a “citizen
or under 8 U.S.C.
citizen”
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
# Citizenship Place of birth Domicile Defined in Social Status on Specific Government Forms
status Security Social Security IRS Form W-8 Block Department of State E-Verify
NUMIDEN SS-5 Block 5 3 I-9 Section 1 System
T Status
3.3 “U.S.A.*** Constitutional Union Foreign country 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21); CSP=D “Other (8 U.S.C. “Non-resident NON- ”A citizen of the United See Note 2.
national” or state 14th Amend., Sect. 1 §1101(a)(21))” person Nontaxpayer” States***. Not a “citizen
or under 8 U.S.C.
citizen”
3.4 Statutory Constitutional Union Puerto Rico, 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21); CSP=A ”U.S. Citizen” Can’t use Form W-8 ”A citizen of the United See Note 2.
“citizen of the state Guam, Virgin 14th Amend., Sect. 1; States**”
United States**” Islands, 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(22)(A)
or Statutory American
“U.S.** citizen” Samoa,
Commonwealth
of Northern
Mariana Islands
4.1 “alien” or Foreign country Puerto Rico, 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21); CSP=B ”Legal alien “Non-resident NON- ”A lawful permanent See Note 2.
“Foreign Guam, Virgin 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(3) authorized to person Nontaxpayer” resident” OR “An alien
national” Islands, work. (statutory)” if PRIVATE authorized to work”
American “Individual” if
Samoa, PUBLIC officer
Commonwealth
of Northern
Mariana Islands
4.2 “alien” or Foreign country State of the 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21); CSP=B ”Legal alien “Non-resident NON- ”A lawful permanent See Note 2.
“Foreign Union 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(3) authorized to person Nontaxpayer” resident” OR “An alien
national” work. (statutory)” authorized to work”
4.3 “alien” or Foreign country State of the 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21); CSP=B ”Legal alien “Non-resident NON- ”A lawful permanent See Note 2.
“Foreign Union 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(3) authorized to person Nontaxpayer” resident” OR “An alien
4.4 “alien” or Foreign country Foreign country 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21) CSP=B ”Legal alien “Non-resident NON- ”A lawful permanent See Note 2.
“Foreign authorized to person Nontaxpayer” resident” OR “An alien
4.5 “alien” or Foreign country Foreign country 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21) CSP=B ”Legal alien “Non-resident NON- ”A lawful permanent See Note 2.
“Foreign authorized to person Nontaxpayer” resident” OR “An alien
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 NOTES:
2 1. ”United States” is described in 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(38), (a)(36) and 8 C.F.R. §215.1(f) and includes only federal
3 territory and possessions and excludes all Constitutional Union states. This is a product of the separation of powers
4 doctrine that is the heart of the United States Constitution.
5 2. E-Verify CANNOT be used by those who are a NOT lawfully engaged in a public office in the U.S. government at the
6 time of making application. Its use is VOLUNTARY and cannot be compelled. Those who use it MUST have a
7 Social Security Number or Taxpayer Identification Number and it is ILLEGAL to apply for, use, or disclose said
8 number for those not lawfully engaged in a public office in the U.S. government at the time of application. See:
Why It is Illegal for Me to Request or Use a “Taxpayer Identification Number”, Form #04.205
9 3. For instructions useful in filling out the forms mentioned in the above table, see:
10 3.1. Social Security Form SS-5:
Why You Aren’t Eligible for Social Security, Form #06.001
11 3.2. IRS Form W-8:
12 3.3. Department of State Form I-9:
I-9 Form Amended, Form #06.028
13 3.4. E-Verify:
About E-Verify, Form #04.107
14 9.12.2 How to describe your citizenship on government forms8
15 This section provides some pointers on how to describe your citizenship status on government forms in order to avoid being
16 confused with a someone who has a domicile on federal territory and therefore no Constitutional rights. Below is a
17 summary of how we recommend protecting yourself from the prejudicial presumptions of others about your citizenship
18 status:
19 1. Keep in mind the following facts about all government forms:

20 1.1. Government forms ALWAYS imply the LEGAL/STATUTORY rather than POLITICAL/CONSTITUTIONAL
21 status of the party in the context of all franchises, including income taxes and social security.
22 1.2. "Alien" on government forms means a STATUTORY alien domiciled outside the federal zone, which we also
23 call the “statutory United States**”. It includes both people domiciled in a constitutional state and those
24 domiciled in a foreign country. "Alien" is always relative to domicile and not nationality.
25 1.3. The Internal Revenue Code does NOT define the term “nonresident alien”. The closest thing to a definition is
26 that found in 26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(1)(B), which defines what it ISN’T, but NOT what it IS. If you look on IRS
27 Form W-8BEN, Block 3, you can see that there are many different types of entities that can be nonresident aliens,
28 none of which are included in the definition at 26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(1)(B). It is therefore IMPOSSIBLE to
29 conclude based on any definition in the Internal Revenue Code that a specific person IS or IS NOT a “nonresident
30 alien.”
31 1.4. On tax forms, the term “nonresident alien” is NOT a subset of the term “alien”, but rather a SUPERSET. It
32 includes both FOREIGN nationals domiciled in a foreign country and also persons in Constitutional states of the
33 Union. A “national of the United States***”, for instance, although NOT an “alien” under Title 8 of the U.S.
34 Code, is an “alien” under Title 26 of the U.S. Code. Therefore, a “nonresident alien” is a “word of art” designed
35 to confuse people, and the fact that uses the word “alien” doesn’t mean it IS an “alien”. This is covered in:
Flawed Tax Arguments to Avoid, Form #08.004, Section 8.7
8
Adapted from Why You are a “national”, “state national”, and Constitutional but not Statutory Citizen, Form #05.006, Section 15.1;
https://sedm.org/Forms/FormIndex.htm.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 2. Anyone who PRESUMES any of the following should promptly be DEMANDED to prove the presumption with
2 legally admissible evidence from the law. ALL of these presumptions are FALSE and cannot be proven:
3 2.1. That you can trust ANYTHING that either a government form OR a government employee says. The courts say
4 not only that you CANNOT, but that you can be PENALIZED for doing so. See:
Reasonable Belief About Income Tax Liability, Form #05.007
5 2.2. That nationality and domicile are synonymous.
6 2.3. That “nonresident aliens” are a SUBSET of “aliens” within the Internal Revenue Code.
7 2.4. That the term “United States” has the SAME meaning in Title 8 of the U.S. Code as it has is Title 26.
8 2.5. That a Fourteenth Amendment “citizen of the United States” is equivalent to any of the following:
9 2.5.1. 8 U.S.C. §1401 “national and citizen of the United States”.
10 2.5.2. 26 C.F.R. §1.1-1 “citizen”.
11 2.5.3. 26 U.S.C. §3121(e) “citizen of the United States”.
12 All of the above statuses have similar sounding names, but they rely on a DIFFERENT definition of “United
13 States” from that found in the USA Constitution.
14 2.6. That you can be a statutory “taxpayer” or statutory “citizen” of any kind WITHOUT your consent. See:
15 3. The safest way to describe oneself is to check “Other” for citizenship or add an “Other” box if the form doesn’t have
16 one and then do one of the following:
17 3.1. Write in the “Other” box
18 “See attached mandatory Affidavit of Citizenship, Domicile, and Tax Status, Form #02.001”
19 and then attach the following completed form:

20 3.2. If you don’t want to include an attachment, add the following mandatory language to the form that you are a:
21 3.2.1. A “Citizen and national of _____(statename)”
22 3.2.2. NOT a statutory “national and citizen of the United States” or “U.S. citizen” per 8 U.S.C. 1401
23 3.2.3. A constitutional or Fourteenth Amendment Citizen.
24 3.2.4. A statutory alien per 26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(1)(A) for the purposes of the federal income tax.
25 4. If the recipient of the form says they won’t accept attachments or won’t allow you to write explanatory information on
26 the form needed to prevent perjuring the form, then send them an update via certified mail AFTER they accept your
27 submission so that you have legal evidence that they tried to tamper with a federal witness and conspired to commit
28 perjury on the form.
29 5. For detailed instructions on how to fill out the Department of State Form I-9, See:
I-9 Form Amended, Form #06.028
30 6. For detailed instructions on how to participate in E-Verify for the purposes of PRIVATE employment, see:
31 7. To undo the damage you have done over the years to your status by incorrectly describing your status, send in the
32 following form and submit according to the instructions provided. This form says that all future government forms
33 submitted shall have this form included or attached by reference.
Legal Notice of Change in Domicile/Citizenship Records and Divorce from the United States, Form #10.001
34 8. Quit using Taxpayer Identifying Numbers (TINs). 20 C.F.R. §422.104 says that only statutory “U.S. citizens” and
35 “permanent residents” can lawfully apply for Social Security Numbers, both of which share in common a domicile on
36 federal territory such as statutory “U.S. citizens” and “residents” (aliens), can lawfully use such a number. 26 C.F.R.
37 §301.6109-1(b) also indicates that “U.S. persons”, meaning persons with a domicile on federal territory, are required to
38 furnish such a number if they file tax forms. “Foreign persons” are also mentioned in 26 C.F.R. §301.6109-1(b), but
39 these parties also elect to have an effective domicile on federal territory and thereby become “persons” by engaging in
40 federal franchises. See:
41 8.1. Who are “Taxpayers” and Who Needs a “Taxpayer Identification Number”?, Form #05.013
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 8.2. Why It is Illegal for Me to Request or Use a “Taxpayer Identification Number”, Form #04.205-attach this form to
2 every government form that asks for a Social Security Number or Taxpayer Identification Number. Write in the
3 SSN/TIN Box (NONE: See attached form #04.205).
5 8.3. Resignation of Compelled Social Security Trustee, Form #06.002-use this form to quit Social Security lawfully.
7 9. If you are completing any kind of government form or application to any kind of financial institution other than a tax
8 form and you are asked for your citizenship status, TIN, or Social Security Number, attach the following form and
9 prepare according to the instructions provided:
10 10. If you are completing and submitting a government tax form, attach the following form and prepare according to the
11 instructions provided:
Tax Form Attachment, Form #04.201
12 11. If you are submitting a voter registration, attach the following form and prepare according to the instructions provided:
Voter Registration Attachment, Form #06.003
13 12. If you are applying for a USA passport, attach the following form and prepare according to the instructions provided:
USA Passport Application Attachment, Form #06.007
14 13. If you are submitting a complaint, response, pleading, or motion to a federal court, you should attach the following
15 form:
Federal Pleading/Motion/Petition Attachment, Litigation Tool #01.002
http://sedm.org/Litigation/LitIndex.htm
16 14. Use as many of the free forms as you can from the page below. They are very well thought out to avoid traps set by
17 the predators who run the American government:
SEDM Forms Page
18 15. When engaging in correspondence with anyone in the government, legal, or financial profession about your status that
19 occurs on other than a standard government form, use the following guidelines:
20 15.1. In the return address for the correspondence, place the phrase “(NOT A DOMICILE OR RESIDENCE)”.
21 15.2. Entirely avoid the use of the words “citizen”, “citizenship”, “resident”, “inhabitant”. Instead, prefer the term
22 “non-citizen national”, and “transient foreigner”.
23 15.3. Never describe yourself as an “individual” or “person”. 5 U.S.C. §552a(a)(2) says that this entity is a government
24 employee who is a statutory “U.S. citizen” or “resident” (alien). Instead, refer to yourself as a “transient
25 foreigner” and a “nonresident”. Some forms such as IRS form W-8BEN Block 3 have no block for “transient
26 foreigner” or “non-resident NON-person”, in which case modify the form to add that option. See the following
27 for details:
28 15.4. Entirely avoid the use of the phrase “United States”, because it has so many different and mutually exclusive
29 meanings in the U.S. code and state law. Instead, replace this phrase with the name of the state you either are
30 physically present within or with “USA” and then define that “USA” includes the states of the Union and
31 excludes federal territory. For instance, you could say “Citizen of California Republic” and then put an asterisk
32 next to it and at the bottom of the page explain the asterisk as follows:
33 * NOT a citizen of the STATE of California, which is a corporate extension of the federal government, but
34 instead a sovereign Citizen of the California Republic
35 California Revenue and Taxation Code, section 6017 defines “State of” as follows:
36 “6017. ‘In this State’ or ‘in the State’ means within the exterior limits of the State of California and
37 includes all territory within these limits owned by or ceded to the United States of America.”
38 15.5. Never use the word “residence”, “permanent address”, or “domicile” in connection with either the term “United
39 States”, or the name of the state you are in.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 15.6. If someone else refers to you improperly, vociferously correct them so that they are prevented from making
2 presumptions that would injure your rights.
3 15.7. Avoid words that are undefined in statutes that relate to citizenship. Always use words that are statutorily defined
4 and if you can’t find the definition, define it yourself on the form or correspondence you are sending. Use of
5 undefined words encourages false presumptions that will eventually injure your rights and give judges and
6 administrators discretion that they undoubtedly will abuse to their benefit. There isn’t even a common definition
7 of “citizen of the United States” or “U.S. citizen” in the standard dictionary, then the definition of “U.S. citizen”
8 in all the state statutes and on all government forms is up to us! Therefore, once again, whenever you fill out any
9 kind of form that specifies either “U.S. citizen” or “citizen of the United States”, you should be very careful to
10 clarify that it means “national” under 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21) and 8 U.S.C. §1452 or you will be “presumed” to be
11 a federal citizen and a “citizen of the United States**” under 8 U.S.C. §1401, and this is one of the biggest
12 injuries to your rights that you could ever inflict. Watch out folks! Here is the definition we recommend that you
13 use on any government form that uses these terms that makes the meaning perfectly clear and unambiguous:
14 “U.S.*** citizen” or “citizen of the United States***”: A “National” defined in either 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21)
15 or 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(22)(B) and 8 U.S.C. §1452 who owes their permanent allegiance to the confederation of
16 states called the “United States”. Someone who was not born in the federal “United States” as defined in 8
17 U.S.C. §1101(a)(38) and who is NOT a “citizen of the United States” under 8 U.S.C. §1401.
18 15.8. Refer them to this pamphlet if they have questions and tell them to do their homework.
19 16. Citizenship status in Social Security NUMIDENT record:
20 16.1. The NUMIDENT record derives from what was filled out on the SSA Form SS-5, block 5. See:
21 http://www.ssa.gov/online/ss-5.pdf
22 16.2. One’s citizenship status is encoded within the NUMIDENT record using the “CSP code” within the Numident
23 record. This code is called the “citizenship code” by the Social Security administration.
24 16.3. Like all government forms, the terms used on the SSA Form SS-5 use the STATUTORY context, not the
25 CONSTITUTIONAL context for all citizenship words. Hence, block 5 of the SSA Form SS-5 should be filled
26 out with “Legal Alien Authorized to Work”, which means you are a STATUTORY but not CONSTITUTIONAL
27 alien. This is consistent with the definition of “individual” found in 26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1(c)(3), which defines the
28 term to include ONLY STATUTORY “aliens”.
29 16.4. Those who are not STATUTORY “nationals and citizens of the United States**” at birth per 8 U.S.C. §1401 or
30 26 U.S.C. §3121(e), and 26 C.F.R. §1.1-1(c ) have a “CSP code” of B in their NUMIDENT record, which
31 corresponds with a CSP code of “B”. The comment field of the NUMIDENT record should also be annotated
32 with the following to ensure that it is not changed during an audit because of confusion on the part of the SSA
33 employee:
34 “CSP Code B not designated in error-- applicant is an American national with a domicile and residence in a
35 foreign state for the purposes of the Social Security Act.”
36 16.5. The local SSA office cannot provide a copy of the NUMIDENT record. Only the central SSA headquarters can
37 provide it by submitting a Privacy Act request rather than a FOIA using the following resource:
Guide to Freedom of Information Act, Social Security Administration
http://www.ssa.gov/foia/html/foia_guide.htm
38 16.6. Information in the NUMIDENT record is shared with:
39 16.6.1. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS).
40 16.6.2. State Department of Motor Vehicles in verifying SSNs.
41 16.6.3. E-Verify.
42 16.7. The procedures for requesting NUMIDENT information using the Freedom of Information Act or Privacy Act are
43 described in:
Social Security Program Operations Manual (POMS), Section RM 00299.005 Form SSA-L669 Request for Evidence
in Support of an SSN Application — U.S.-Born Applicant
https://s044a90.ssa.gov/apps10/poms.nsf/lnx/0100299005
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 9.13 HOW HUMAN BEINGS BECOME “INDIVIDUALS” AND “PERSONS” UNDER THE REVENUE
2 STATUTES
3 It might surprise most people to learn that human beings most often are NEITHER “individuals” nor “persons” under
4 ordinary acts of Congress, and especially revenue acts. The reasons for this are many and include the following:
5 1. All civil statutes are law exclusively for government and not private humans:
Why Statutory Civil Law is Law for Government and Not Private Persons, Form #05.037
https://sedm.org/Forms/FormIndex.htm
6 2. Civil statutes cannot impair PRIVATE property or PRIVATE rights.
7 "Under basic rules of construction, statutory laws enacted by legislative bodies cannot impair rights given under a
8 constitution. 194 B.R. at 925. "
9 [In re Young, 235 B.R. 666 (Bankr.M.D.Fla., 1999)]
10 3. Civil statutes are privileges and franchises created by the government which convert PRIVATE property to PUBLIC
11 property. They cannot lawfully convert PRIVATE property to PUBLIC property without the express consent of the
12 owner. See:
Separation Between Public and Private Course, Form #12.025
13 4. You have an inalienable PRIVATE right to choose your civil status, including “person”.
Your Exclusive Right to Declare or Establish Your Civil Status, Form #13.008
14 5. All civil statuses, including “person” or “individual” are a product of a VOLUNTARY choice of domicile protected by
15 the First Amendment right of freedom from compelled association. If you don’t volunteer and choose to be a
16 nonresident or transient foreigner, then you cannot be punished for that choice and cannot have a civil status. See:
17 6. As the absolute owner of your private property, you have the absolute right of depriving any and all others,
18 INCLUDING governments, of the use or benefit of that property, including your body and all of your property. The
19 main method of exercising that control is to control the civil and legal status of the property, who protects it, and HOW
20 it is protected.
21 “As independent sovereignty, it is State's province and duty to forbid interference by another state or foreign
22 power with status of its own citizens. Roberts v Roberts (1947) 81 CA.2d. 871, 185 P.2d. 381”
23 [Black’s Law Dictionary, 4th Ed., p 1300]
24 The following subsections will examine the above assertions and prove they are substantially true with evidence from a
25 high level. If you need further evidence, we recommend reading the documents referenced above.
26 9.13.1 How alien nonresidents visiting the geographical United States** become statutory “individuals” whether
27 or not they consent
28 The U.S. Supreme Court defined how alien nonresidents visiting the United States** become statutory “individuals” below:
29 The reasons for not allowing to other aliens exemption 'from the jurisdiction of the country in which they are
30 found' were stated as follows: 'When private individuals of one nation [states of the Unions are “nations”
31 under the law of nations] spread themselves through another as business or caprice may direct, mingling
32 indiscriminately with the inhabitants of that other, or when merchant vessels enter for the purposes of trade,
33 it would be obviously inconvenient and dangerous to society, and would subject the laws to continual
34 infraction, and the government to degradation, if such individuals or merchants did not owe temporary and
35 local allegiance, and were not amenable to the jurisdiction of the country. Nor can the foreign sovereign have
36 any motive for wishing such exemption. His subjects thus passing into foreign countries are not employed by
37 him, nor are they engaged in national pursuits. Consequently, there are powerful motives for not exempting
38 persons of this description from the jurisdiction of the country in which they are found, and no one motive for
39 requiring it. The implied license, therefore, under which they enter, can never be construed to grant such
40 exemption.' 7 Cranch, 144.
41 In short, the judgment in the case of The Exchange declared, as incontrovertible principles, that the jurisdiction
42 of every nation within its own territory is exclusive and absolute, and is susceptible of no limitation not imposed
43 by the nation itself; that all exceptions to its full and absolute territorial jurisdiction must be traced up to its
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 own consent, express or implied; that upon its consent to cede, or to waive the exercise of, a part of its
2 territorial jurisdiction, rest the exemptions from that jurisdiction of foreign sovereigns or their armies entering
3 its territory with its permission, and of their foreign ministers and public ships of war; and that the implied
4 license, under which private individuals of another nation enter the territory and mingle indiscriminately
5 with its inhabitants, for purposes of business or pleasure, can never be construed to grant to them an
6 exemption from the jurisdiction of the country in which they are found. See, also, Carlisle v. U.S. (1872) 16
7 Wall. 147, 155; Radich v. Hutchins (1877) 95 U.S. 210; Wildenhus' Case (1887) 120 U.S. 1, 7 Sup.Ct. 385;
8 Chae Chan Ping v. U.S. (1889) 130 U.S. 581, 603, 604, 9 Sup.Ct. 623.
9 [United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649, 18 S.Ct. 456, 42 L.Ed. 890 (1898)]
10 Therefore, alien nonresidents visiting or doing business within a country are presumed to be party to an “implied license”
11 while there. All licenses are franchises, and all give rise to a public civil franchise status. In the case of nonresident aliens,
12 that status is “individual” and it is a public office in the government, just like every other franchise status. We prove this
13 in:
Government Instituted Slavery Using Franchises, Form #05.030

14 All “aliens” are presumed to be “nonresident aliens” but this may be overcome upon presentation of proof:

17 nonresident alien individuals
18 § 1.871-4 Proof of residence of aliens.
19 (a) Rules of evidence. The following rules of evidence shall govern in determining whether or not an alien
20 within the United States has acquired residence therein for purposes of the income tax.
21 (b) Nonresidence presumed. An alien by reason of his alienage, is presumed to be a nonresident alien.
22 (c) Presumption rebutted—
23 (1) Departing alien.
24 In the case of an alien who presents himself for determination of tax liability before departure from the United
25 States, the presumption as to the alien's nonresidence may be overcome by proof--
26 Aliens, while physically in the United States**, are presumed to be “resident” here, REGARDLESS OF THEIR
27 CONSENT or INTENT. “residence” is the word used to characterize an alien as being subject to the CIVIL and/or
28 TAXING franchise codes of the place he or she is in:

32 §1.871-2 Determining residence of alien individuals.
33 (a) General.
34 The term nonresident alien individual means an individual whose residence is not within the United States, and
35 who is not a citizen of the United States. The term includes a nonresident alien fiduciary. For such purpose the
36 term fiduciary shall have the meaning assigned to it by section 7701(a)(6) and the regulations in part 301 of
37 this chapter (Regulations on Procedure and Administration). For presumption as to an alien's nonresidence,
38 see paragraph (b) of §1.871–4.
39 (b) Residence defined.
40 An alien actually present in the United States who is not a mere transient or sojourner is a resident of the
41 United States for purposes of the income tax. Whether he is a transient is determined by his intentions with
42 regard to the length and nature of his stay. A mere floating intention, indefinite as to time, to return to
43 another country is not sufficient to constitute him a transient. If he lives in the United States and has no
44 definite intention as to his stay, he is a resident. One who comes to the United States for a definite purpose
45 which in its nature may be promptly accomplished is a transient; but, if his purpose is of such a nature that
46 an extended stay may be necessary for its accomplishment, and to that end the alien makes his home
47 temporarily in the United States, he becomes a resident, though it may be his intention at all times to return
48 to his domicile abroad when the purpose for which he came has been consummated or abandoned. An alien
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 whose stay in the United States is limited to a definite period by the immigration laws is not a resident of the
2 United States within the meaning of this section, in the absence of exceptional circumstances.
3 Once aliens seek the privilege of permanent resident status, then they cease to be nonresident aliens and become “resident
4 aliens” under 26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(1)(A):
5 26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(1)(A) Resident alien
6 (b) Definition of resident alien and nonresident alien

7 (1) In general
8 For purposes of this title (other than subtitle B) -
9 (A) Resident alien
10 An alien individual shall be treated as a resident of the United States with respect to any calendar
11 year if (and only if) such individual meets the requirements of clause (i), (ii), or (iii):
12 (i) Lawfully admitted for permanent residence
13 Such individual is a lawful permanent resident of the United States at any time during such
14 calendar year.
15 (ii) Substantial presence test
16 Such individual meets the substantial presence test of paragraph (3).
17 (iii) First year election
18 Such individual makes the election provided in paragraph (4).
19 _______________________________________________________________________________________
20 “Residents, as distinguished from citizens, are aliens who are permitted to take up a permanent abode in the
21 country. Being bound to the society by reason of their dwelling in it, they are subject to its laws so long as
22 they remain there, and, being protected by it, they must defend it, although they do not enjoy all the rights of
23 citizens. They have only certain privileges which the law, or custom, gives them. Permanent residents are
24 those who have been given the right of perpetual residence. They are a sort of citizen of a less privileged
25 character, and are subject to the society without enjoying all its advantages. Their children succeed to their
26 status; for the right of perpetual residence given them by the State passes to their children.”
27 [The Law of Nations, Vattel, Book 1, Chapter 19, Section 213, p. 87]
28 Therefore, once aliens apply for and receive “permanent resident” status, they get the same exemption from income
29 taxation as citizens and thereby CEASE to be civil “persons” under the Internal Revenue Code as described in the following
30 sections. In that sense, their “implied license” is revoked and they thereby cease to be civil “persons”. The license returns
31 if they abandon their “permanent resident” civil status:

35 §1.871-5 Loss of residence by an alien.
36 An alien who has acquired residence in the United States retains his status as a resident until he abandons the
37 same and actually departs from the United States. An intention to change his residence does not change his
38 status as a resident alien to that of a nonresident alien. Thus, an alien who has acquired a residence in the
39 United States is taxable as a resident for the remainder of his stay in the United States.
40 We should also point out that:
41 1. There are literally BILLIONS of aliens throughout the world.

42 2. Unless and until an alien either physically sets foot within our country or conducts commerce or business with a
43 foreign state such as the United States**, they:
44 a. Would NOT be classified as civil STATUTORY “persons” or “individuals”, but rather “transient foreigners” or
45 “stateless persons”. Domicile in a place is MANDATORY in order for the civil statutes to be enforceable per
46 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 17, and they have a foreign domicile while temporarily here.
47 b. Would NOT be classified as “persons” under the Constitution. The constitution attaches to and protects LAND,
48 and not the status of people ON the land.
49 c. Would NOT be classified as “persons” under the CRIMINAL law.
50 d. Would NOT be classified as “persons” under the common law and equity.
51 3. If the alien then physically comes to the United States** (federal zone or STATUTORY “United States**”), then they:
52 a. Would NOT become “persons” under the Constitution, because the constitution does not attach to federal
53 territory.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 b. Would become “persons” under the CRIMINAL laws of Congress, because the criminal law attaches to physical
2 territory.
3 c. Would become “persons” under the common law and equity of the national government and not the states,
4 because common law attaches to physical land.
5 4. If the alien then physically moves to a constitutional state, then their status would change as follows:
6 a. Would become “persons” under the Constitution, because the constitution attaches to land within constitutional
7 states.
8 b. Would become “persons” under the CRIMINAL laws of states of the Union, because the criminal law attaches to
9 physical territory.
10 c. Would cease to be “persons” under the CRIMINAL laws of Congress, because they are not on federal territory.
11 d. Would become “persons” under the common law and equity of the state they visited and not the national
12 government, because common law attaches to physical land.
13 5. If the aliens are statutory “citizens” of their state of origin, they are “agents of the state” they came from. If they do not
14 consent to be statutory “citizens” and do not have a domicile in the state of their birth, then they are “non-residents” in
15 relation to their state of birth. The STATUTORY “citizen” is the agent of the state, not the human being filling the
16 public office of “citizen”.
17 "Under our own systems of polity, the term 'citizen', implying the same or similar relations to the government
18 and to society which appertain to the term, 'subject' in England, is familiar to all. Under either system, the term
19 used is designed to apply to man in his individual character and to his natural capacities -- to a being or
20 agent [PUBLIC OFFICER!] possessing social and political rights and sustaining social, political, and moral
21 obligations. It is in this acceptation only, therefore, that the term 'citizen', in the article of the Constitution,
22 can be received and understood. When distributing the judicial power, that article extends it to controversies
23 between 'citizens' of different states. This must mean the natural physical beings composing those separate
24 communities, and can by no violence of interpretation be made to signify artificial, incorporeal, theoretical,
25 and invisible creations. A corporation, therefore, being not a natural person, but a mere creature of the
26 mind, invisible and intangible, cannot be a citizen of a state, or of the United States, and cannot fall within
27 the terms or the power of the above mentioned article, and can therefore neither plead nor be impleaded in
28 the courts of the United States."
29 [Rundle v. Delaware & Raritan Canal Company, 55 U.S. 80, 99 (1852) from dissenting opinion by Justice Daniel]
30 6. When aliens are STATUTORY citizens of the country of their birth and origin who are doing business in the United
31 States** as a “foreign state”, they are treated as AGENTS and OFFICERS of the country they are from, hence they are
32 “state actors”.
33 The Law of Nations, Book II: Of a Nation Considered in Her Relation to Other States
34 § 81. The property of the citizens is the property of the nation, with respect to foreign nations.
35 Even the property of the individuals is, in the aggregate, to be considered as the property of the nation, with
36 respect to other states. It, in some sort, really belongs to her, from the right she has over the property of her
37 citizens, because it constitutes a part of the sum total of her riches, and augments her power. She is interested in
38 that property by her obligation to protect all her members. In short, it cannot be otherwise, since nations act
39 and treat together as bodies in their quality of political societies, and are considered as so many moral persons.
40 All those who form a society, a nation being considered by foreign nations as constituting only one whole, one
41 single person, — all their wealth together can only be considered as the wealth of that same person. And this is
42 to true, that each political society may, if it pleases, establish within itself a community of goods, as Campanella
43 did in his republic of the sun. Others will not inquire what it does in this respect: its domestic regulations make
44 no change in its rights with respect to foreigners nor in the manner in which they ought to consider the
45 aggregate of its property, in what way soever it is possessed.
46 [The Law of Nations, Book II, Section 81, Vattel;

47 SOURCE: http://famguardian.org/Publications/LawOfNations/vattel_02.htm#§ 81. The property of the citizens
48 is the property of the nation, with respect to foreign nations.]
49 7. As agents of the state they were born within and are domiciled within while they are here, aliens visiting the United
50 States** are part of a “foreign state” in relation to the United States**.
51 These principles are a product of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, 28 U.S.C. Chapter 97:
52 Title 28 › Part IV › Chapter 97 › § 1605

53 28 U.S. Code § 1605 - General exceptions to the jurisdictional immunity of a foreign state
54 (a) A foreign state shall not be immune from the jurisdiction of courts of the United States or of the States in any
55 case—
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 (1) in which the foreign state has waived its immunity either explicitly or by implication, notwithstanding any
2 withdrawal of the waiver which the foreign state may purport to effect except in accordance with the terms of
3 the waiver;
4 (2) in which the action is based upon a commercial activity carried on in the United States by the foreign
5 state; or upon an act performed in the United States in connection with a commercial activity of the foreign
6 state elsewhere; or upon an act outside the territory of the United States in connection with a commercial
7 activity of the foreign state elsewhere and that act causes a direct effect in the United States;
8 (3) in which rights in property taken in violation of international law are in issue and that property or any
9 property exchanged for such property is present in the United States in connection with a commercial activity
10 carried on in the United States by the foreign state; or that property or any property exchanged for such
11 property is owned or operated by an agency or instrumentality of the foreign state and that agency or
12 instrumentality is engaged in a commercial activity in the United States;
13 (4) in which rights in property in the United States acquired by succession or gift or rights in immovable
14 property situated in the United States are in issue;
15 (5) not otherwise encompassed in paragraph (2) above, in which money damages are sought against a foreign
16 state for personal injury or death, or damage to or loss of property, occurring in the United States and caused
17 by the tortious act or omission of that foreign state or of any official or employee of that foreign state while
18 acting within the scope of his office or employment; except this paragraph shall not apply to—
19 (A) any claim based upon the exercise or performance or the failure to exercise or perform a discretionary
20 function regardless of whether the discretion be abused, or
21 (B) any claim arising out of malicious prosecution, abuse of process, libel, slander, misrepresentation, deceit,
22 or interference with contract rights; or
23 (6) in which the action is brought, either to enforce an agreement made by the foreign state with or for the
24 benefit of a private party to submit to arbitration all or any differences which have arisen or which may arise
25 between the parties with respect to a defined legal relationship, whether contractual or not, concerning a
26 subject matter capable of settlement by arbitration under the laws of the United States, or to confirm an award
27 made pursuant to such an agreement to arbitrate, if (A) the arbitration takes place or is intended to take place
28 in the United States, (B) the agreement or award is or may be governed by a treaty or other international
29 agreement in force for the United States calling for the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards, (C) the
30 underlying claim, save for the agreement to arbitrate, could have been brought in a United States court under
31 this section or section 1607, or (D) paragraph (1) of this subsection is otherwise applicable.
32 Lastly, we also wish to emphasize that those who are physically in the country they were born in are NOT under any such
33 “implied license” and therefore, unlike aliens, are not AUTOMATICALLY “individuals” or “persons” and cannot consent
34 to become “individuals” or “persons” under any revenue statute. These people would be called “nationals of the United
35 States*** OF AMERICA”. Their rights are UNALIENABLE and therefore they cannot lawfully consent to give them
36 away by agreeing to ANY civil status, including “person” or “individual”.
37 9.13.2 “U.S. Persons”
38 The statutory definition of “U.S. person” within the Internal Revenue Code is as follows:

42 thereof—
43 (30) United States person

44
45 The term ''United States[**] person'' means -
46 (A) a citizen or resident of the United States[**],
47 (B) a domestic partnership,
48 (C) a domestic corporation,
49 (D) any estate (other than a foreign estate, within the meaning of paragraph (31)), and
50 (E) any trust if -
51 (i) a court within the United States[**] is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of the
52 trust, and
53 (ii) one or more United States[**] persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 ________________________________________________________________________________
5 thereof—
6 (9) United States
7 The term ''United States'[**]' when used in a geographical sense includes only the States and the District of
8 Columbia.
9 ________________________________________________________________________________
13 thereof—
14 (10)State
16 carry out provisions of this title.
17 NOTICE the following important fact: The definition does NOT include “person” or “individual”, and therefore indicating
18 this status on a withholding form does not make you a STATUTORY “person” within the Internal Revenue Code!

22 thereof—
23 (1)Person
24 The term “person” shall be construed to mean and include an individual, a trust, estate, partnership,
25 association, company or corporation.
26 There is some overlap between “U.S. Persons” and “persons” in the I.R.C., but only in the case of estates and trusts, and
27 partnerships. NOWHERE in the case of individuals is there overlap.
28 There is also no tax imposed directly on a U.S. Person anywhere in the internal revenue code. All taxes relating to humans
29 are imposed upon “persons” and “individuals” rather than “U.S. Persons”. Nowhere in the definition of “U.S. person” is
30 included “individuals”, and you must be an “individual” to be a “person” as a human being under 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(1).
31 Furthermore, nowhere are “citizens or residents of the United States” mentioned in the definition of “U.S. Person” defined
32 to be “individuals”. Hence, they can only be fictions of law and NOT humans. To be more precise, they are not only
33 “fictions of law” but public offices in the government. See:
Proof That There is a “Straw Man”, Form #05.042

34 There is a natural tendency to PRESUME that a statutory “U.S. person” is a “person”, but in fact it is not. That tendency
35 begins with the use of “person” in the NAME “U.S. person”. However, the rules for interpreting the Internal Revenue
36 Code forbid such a presumption:
37 U.S. Code › Title 26 › Subtitle F › Chapter 80 › Subchapter A › § 7806

38 26 U.S. Code § 7806 - Construction of title
39 (b)Arrangement and classification
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 No inference, implication, or presumption of legislative construction shall be drawn or made by reason of the
2 location or grouping of any particular section or provision or portion of this title, nor shall any table of
3 contents, table of cross references, or similar outline, analysis, or descriptive matter relating to the contents of
4 this title be given any legal effect. The preceding sentence also applies to the sidenotes and ancillary tables
5 contained in the various prints of this Act before its enactment into law.
6 Portions of a specific section, such as 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(30) is a “grouping” as referred to above. The following case also
7 affirms this concept:
8 “Factors of this type have led to the wise rule that the title of a statute and the heading of a section cannot limit
9 the plain meaning of the text. United States v. Fisher, 2 Cranch 358, 386; Cornell v. Coyne, 192 U.S. 418, 430;
10 Strathearn S.S. Co. v. Dillon, 252 U.S. 348, 354. For interpretative purposes, they are of use only when they
11 shed light on some ambiguous word or phrase. They are but tools available for the resolution of a doubt. But
12 they cannot undo or limit that which the text makes plain.”
13 [Railroad Trainmen v. B. & O.R. Co. 331 U.S. 519 (1947)]
14 Therefore, we must discern the meaning of “U.S. person” from what is included UNDER the heading, and not within the
15 heading “U.S. Person”. The following subsections will attempt to do this.
16 9.13.3 The Three Types of “Persons”
17 The meaning of “person” depends entirely upon the context in which it is used. There are three main contexts, defined by
18 the system of law in which they may be invoked:
19 1. CONSTITUTIONAL “person”: Means a human being and excludes artificial entities or corporations or even
20 governments.
21 “Citizens of the United States within the meaning of this Amendment must be natural and not artificial
22 persons; a corporate body is not a citizen of the United States.14
23 _______________________
24 14 Insurance Co. v. New Orleans, 13 Fed.Cas. 67 (C.C.D.La. 1870). Not being citizens of the United States,
25 corporations accordingly have been declared unable "to claim the protection of that clause of the Fourteenth
26 Amendment which secures the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States against abridgment or
27 impairment by the law of a State." Orient Ins. Co. v. Daggs, 172 U.S. 557, 561 (1869) . This conclusion was in
28 harmony with the earlier holding in Paul v. Virginia, 75 U.S. (8 Wall.) 168 (1869), to the effect that
29 corporations were not within the scope of the privileges and immunities clause of state citizenship set out in
30 Article IV, Sect. 2. See also Selover, Bates & Co. v. Walsh, 226 U.S. 112, 126 (1912) ; Berea College v.
31 Kentucky, 211 U.S. 45 (1908) ; Liberty Warehouse Co. v. Tobacco Growers, 276 U.S. 71, 89 (1928) ; Grosjean
32 v. American Press Co., 297 U.S. 233, 244 (1936) .
33 [Annotated Fourteenth Amendment, Congressional Research Service.
34 SOURCE: http://www.law.cornell.edu/anncon/html/amdt14a_user.html#amdt14a_hd1]
35 2. STATUTORY “person”: Depends entirely upon the definition within the statutes and EXCLUDES
36 CONSTITUTIONAL “persons”. This would INCLUDE STATUTORY “U.S. Persons”.
37 3. COMMON LAW “person”: A private human who is litigating in equity under the common law in defense of his
38 absolutely owned private property.
39 The above systems of law are described in:
Four Law Systems Course, Form #12.039

40 Which of the above statuses you have depends on the law system you voluntarily invoke when dealing with the
41 government. That law system determines what is called the “choice of law” in your interactions with the government.
42 Form more on “choice of law” rules, see:
Federal Jurisdiction, Form #05.018, Section 3

Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 If you invoke a specific choice of law in the action you file in court, and the judge or government changes it to one of the
2 others, then they are engaged in CRIMINAL IDENTITY THEFT:

3 Identity theft can also be attempted by the government by deceiving or confusing you with legal “words of art”:

4 9.13.4 Why a “U.S. Person” who is a “citizen” is NOT a statutory “person” or “individual” in the Internal
5 Revenue Code
6 The definition of person is found in 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(1) as follows:

8 §7701. Definitions
10 thereof—
11 (1)Person
12 The term “person” shall be construed to mean and include an individual, a trust, estate, partnership,
13 association, company or corporation.
14 The term “individual” is then defined as:
15 26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1 Requirement for the deduction and withholding of tax on payments to foreign persons.
16 (c ) Definitions
17 (3) Individual.
19 The term alien individual means an individual who is not a citizen or a national of the United States. See
20 Sec. 1.1-1(c).
21 Did you also notice that the definitions were not qualified to only apply to a specific chapter or section? That means that
22 they apply generally throughout the Internal Revenue Code and implementing regulations. Therefore, we must conclude
23 that the REAL “individual” in the phrase “U.S. Individual Income Tax Return” (IRS Form 1040) that Congress and the
24 IRS are referring to can only mean “nonresident alien INDIVIDUALS” and “alien INDIVIDUALS”. That is why they
25 don’t just come out and say “U.S. Citizen Tax Return” on the 1040 form. If you aren’t a STATUTORY “individual”, then
26 obviously you are filing the WRONG form to file the 1040, which is a RESIDENT form for those DOMICILED on federal
27 territory. This is covered in the following:
Why It’s a Crime for a State Citizen to File a 1040 Income Tax Return, Form #08.021
28 Therefore, all STATUTORY “individuals” are STATUTORY “aliens”. Hence, the ONLY people under Title 26 of the U.S.
29 Code who are BOTH “persons” and “individuals” are ALIENS. Under the rules of statutory construction “citizens” of
30 every description are EXCLUDED from being STATUTORY “persons”.
31 "It is apparent that a constitutional prohibition cannot be transgressed indirectly by the creation of a statutory
32 presumption any more than it can be violated by direct enactment. The power to create presumptions is not a
33 means of escape from constitutional restrictions."
34 [Bailey v. Alabama, 219 U.S. 219 (1911)]
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 “Expressio unius est exclusio alterius. A maxim of statutory interpretation meaning that the expression of one
2 thing is the exclusion of another. Burgin v. Forbes, 293 Ky. 456, 169 S.W.2d. 321, 325; Newblock v. Bowles,
3 170 Okl. 487, 40 P.2d. 1097, 1100. Mention of one thing implies exclusion of another. When certain persons
4 or things are specified in a law, contract, or will, an intention to exclude all others from its operation may be
5 inferred. Under this maxim, if statute specifies one exception to a general rule or assumes to specify the effects
6 of a certain provision, other exceptions or effects are excluded.”
8 "When a statute includes an explicit definition, we must follow that definition, even if it varies from that
9 term's ordinary meaning. Meese v. Keene, 481 U.S. 465, 484-485 (1987) ("It is axiomatic that the statutory
10 definition of the term excludes unstated meanings of that term"); Colautti v. Franklin, 439 U.S. at 392-393, n.
11 10 ("As a rule, à definition which declares what a term "means" . . . excludes any meaning that is not stated'");
12 Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Lenroot, 323 U.S. 490, 502 (1945); Fox v. Standard Oil Co. of N.J., 294 U.S.
13 87, 95-96 (1935) (Cardozo, J.); see also 2A N. Singer, Sutherland on Statutes and Statutory Construction §
14 47.07, p. 152, and n. 10 (5th ed. 1992) (collecting cases). That is to say, the statute, read "as a whole," post at
15 998 [530 U.S. 943] (THOMAS, J., dissenting), leads the reader to a definition. That definition does not include
16 the Attorney General's restriction -- "the child up to the head." Its words, "substantial portion," indicate the
17 contrary."
18 [Stenberg v. Carhart, 530 U.S. 914 (2000)]
19 Who might these STATUTORY “persons” be who are also “individuals”? They must meet all the following conditions
20 simultaneously to be “taxpayers” and “persons”:
21 1. STATUTORY “U.S. citizens” or STATUTORY “U.S. residents” domiciled in the geographical “United States” under
22 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(9) and (a)(10) and/or 4 U.S.C. §110(d).
23 2. Temporarily abroad on travel under 26 U.S.C. §911.
24 3. Availing themselves of a tax treaty benefit (franchises) and therefore liable to PAY for said “benefit”.
25 4. Interface to the Internal Revenue Code as “aliens” in relation to the foreign country they are physically in but not
26 domiciled in at the time.
27 5. Called a “qualified individual” in 26 U.S.C. §911(d)(1).
28 Some older versions of the code call the confluence of conditions above a “nonresident citizen”. The above are confirmed
29 by the words of Jesus Himself!
30 And when he had come into the house, Jesus anticipated him, saying, "What do you think, Simon? From
31 whom do the kings [governments] of the earth [lawfully] take customs or taxes, from their sons [citizens and
32 subjects] or from strangers [statutory "aliens", which are synonymous with "residents" in the tax code, and
33 exclude "citizens"]?”
34 Peter said to Him, "From strangers [statutory "aliens"/"residents" ONLY. See 26 C.F.R. §1.1-1(a)(2)(ii) and
35 26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1(c)(3)]."
36 Jesus said to him, "Then the sons [of the King, Constitutional but not statutory "citizens" of the Republic,
37 who are all sovereign "nationals" and "non-resident non-persons"] are free [sovereign over their own
38 person and labor. e.g. SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY]. "
39 [Matt. 17:24-27, Bible, NKJV]
40 Note some other very important things that distinguish STATUTORY “U.S. Persons” from STATUTORY “persons”:
41 1. The term “U.S.” in the phrase “U.S. Person” as used in 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(30) is never defined anywhere in the
42 Internal Revenue Code, and therefore does NOT mean the same as “United States” in its geographical sense as defined
43 in 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(9) and (a)(10). It is a violation of due process to PRESUME that the two are equivalent.
44 2. The definition of “person” in 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(1) does not include statutory “citizens” or “residents”.
45 3. The definition of “U.S. person” in 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(30) does not include statutory “individuals”.
46 4. Nowhere in the code are “individuals” ever expressly defined to include statutory “citizens” or “residents”. Hence,
47 under the rules of statutory construction, they are purposefully excluded.
48 5. Based on the previous items, there is no overlap between the definitions of “person” and “U.S. Person” in the case of
49 human beings who are ALSO “citizens” or “residents”.
50 6. The only occasion when a human being can ALSO be a statutory “person” is when they are neither a “citizen” nor a
51 “resident” and are a statutory “individual”.
52 7. The only “person” who is neither a statutory “citizen” nor a statutory “resident” and is ALSO an “individual” is a
53 “nonresident alien individual”:
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(1)(B) Nonresident alien
2 An individual is a nonresident alien if such individual is neither a citizen of the United States nor a resident of
3 the United States (within the meaning of subparagraph (A)).
4 8. The previous item explains why nonresident aliens are the ONLY type of “individual” subject to tax withholding in 26
5 U.S.C. Subtitle A, Chapter 3, Subchapter A and who can earn taxable income under the I.R.C.: The only “individuals”
6 listed are “nonresident aliens”:
7 26 U.S. Code Subchapter A - Nonresident Aliens and Foreign Corporations
8 § 1441 - Withholding of tax on nonresident aliens
9 § 1442 - Withholding of tax on foreign corporations
10 § 1443 - Foreign tax-exempt organizations
11 § 1444 - Withholding on Virgin Islands source income
12 § 1445 - Withholding of tax on dispositions of United States real property interests
13 § 1446 - Withholding tax on foreign partners’ share of effectively connected income
14 9. There is overlap between “U.S. Person” and “person” in the case of trusts, corporations, and estates, but NOT
15 “individuals”. All such entities are artificial and fictions of law. Even they can in some cases be “citizens” or
16 “residents” and therefore nontaxpayers:
20 10. Corporations can also be individuals instead of merely and only corporations:
21 At common law, a "corporation" was an "artificial perso[n] endowed with the legal capacity of perpetual
22 succession" consisting either of a single individual (termed a "corporation sole") or of a collection of several
23 individuals (a "corporation aggregate"). 3 H. Stephen, Commentaries on the Laws of England 166, 168 (1st
24 Am. ed. 1845). The sovereign was considered a corporation. See id., at 170; see also 1 W. Blackstone,
25 Commentaries *467. Under the definitions supplied by contemporary law dictionaries, Territories would have
26 been classified as "corporations" (and hence as "persons") at the time that 1983 was enacted and the
27 Dictionary Act recodified. See W. Anderson, A Dictionary of Law 261 (1893) ("All corporations were originally
28 modeled upon a state or nation"); 1 J. Bouvier, A Law Dictionary Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the
29 United States of America 318-319 (11th ed. 1866) ("In this extensive sense the United States may be termed a
30 corporation"); Van Brocklin v. Tennessee, 117 U.S. 151, 154 (1886) ("`The United States is a . . . great
31 corporation . . . ordained and established by the American people'") (quoting United [495 U.S. 182, 202] States
32 v. Maurice, 26 F. Cas. 1211, 1216 (No. 15,747) (CC Va. 1823) (Marshall, C. J.)); Cotton v. United States, 11
33 How. 229, 231 (1851) (United States is "a corporation"). See generally Trustees of Dartmouth College v.
34 Woodward, 4 Wheat. 518, 561-562 (1819) (explaining history of term "corporation").
35 [Ngiraingas v. Sanchez, 495 U.S. 182 (1990)]
36 We have therefore come full circle in forcefully concluding that “persons” and “U.S. persons” are not equivalent and non-
37 overlapping in the case of “citizens” and “residents”, and that the only type of entity a human being can be if they are a
38 STATUTORY “citizen” or “resident” is a statutory “U.S. person” under 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(30) and NOT a statutory
39 “person” under 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(1).
40 None of the following could therefore TRUTHFULLY be said about a STATUTORY “U.S. Person” who are human beings
41 that are “citizens” or “residents”:
42 1. They are "individuals" as described in 26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1(c)(3)(i).

43 2. That they are a SUBSET of all “persons” in 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(1).
44 3. That they are ALSO statutory “persons” in 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(1).
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 Lastly, we wish to emphasize that it constitutes a CRIME and perjury for someone who is in fact and in deed a “citizen” to
2 misrepresent themselves as a STATUTORY “individual” (alien) by performing either of the following two acts:
3 1. Declaring yourself to be a "payee" by submitting an IRS Form W-8 or W-9 to an alleged "withholding agent" while
4 physically located in the statutory “United States**” (federal zone) or in a state of the Union. All human being
5 "payees" are "persons" and therefore "individuals". "U.S. persons" who are not aliens are NOT "persons". Statutory
6 citizens or residents must be ABROAD to be a “payee” because only then can they be both “individuals” and
7 “qualified individuals” under 26 U.S.C. §911(d)(1).
8 Title 26 › Chapter I › Subchapter A › Part 1 › Section 1.1441-1

9 26 CFR 1.1441-1 - Requirement for the deduction and withholding of tax on payments to foreign persons.
10 § 1.1441-1 Requirement for the deduction and withholding of tax on payments to foreign persons.
11 (b) General rules of withholding-
12 (2) Determination of payee and payee's status-
13 (i) In general.
14 [. . .] “a payee is the person to whom a payment is made, regardless of whether such person is the beneficial
15 owner of the amount (as defined in paragraph (c)(6) of this section).”
16 2. Filing an IRS Form 1040. The form in the upper left corner says “U.S. Individual” and “citizens” are NOT
17 STATUTORY “individuals”. See:
Why It’s a Crime for a State Citizen to File a 1040 Income Tax Return, Form #08.021
18 3. To apply for or receive an “INDIVIDUAL Taxpayer Identification Number” using an IRS Form W-7. See:
Individual Taxpayer Identification Number, Internal Revenue Service
https://www.irs.gov/individuals/individual-taxpayer-identification-number
19 The ONLY provision within the Internal Revenue Code that permits those who are STATUTORY “citizens” to claim the
20 status of either “individual” or “alien” is found in 26 U.S.C. §911(d)(1), in which the citizen is physically abroad in a
21 foreign country, in which case he or she is called a “qualified individual”.
22 U.S. Code › Title 26 › Subtitle A › Chapter 1 › Subchapter N › Part III › Subpart B › § 911
23 26 U.S. Code § 911 - Citizens or residents of the United States living abroad
24 (d) DEFINITIONS AND SPECIAL RULES
25 For purposes of this section—
26 (1) QUALIFIED INDIVIDUAL
27 The term “qualified individual” means an individual whose tax home is in a foreign country and who is—
28 (A) a citizen of the United States and establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary that he has been a bona fide
29 resident of a foreign country or countries for an uninterrupted period which includes an entire taxable year, or
30 (B) a citizen or resident of the United States and who, during any period of 12 consecutive months, is present in
31 a foreign country or countries during at least 330 full days in such period.
32 The above provisions SUPERSEDE the definitions within 26 U.S.C. §7701 only within section 911 for the specific case of
33 citizens when abroad ONLY. Those who are not physically “abroad” or in a foreign country CANNOT truthfully claim to
34 be “individuals” and would be committing perjury under penalty of perjury if they signed any tax form, INCLUDING a
35 1040 form, identifying themselves as either an “individual” or a “U.S. individual” as it says in the upper left corner of the
36 1040 form. If this limitation of the income tax ALONE were observed, then most of the fraud and crime that plagues the
37 system would instantly cease to exist.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 9.13.5 “U.S. Persons” who are ALSO “persons”
2 26 C.F.R. §1.1441(c)(8) identifies “U.S. Persons” who are also “persons” under the Internal Revenue Code:
3 (8)Person.
4 For purposes of the regulations under chapter 3 of the Code, the term person shall mean a person described in
5 section 7701(a)(1) and the regulations under that section and a U.S. branch to the extent treated as a U.S.
6 person under paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section. For purposes of the regulations under chapter 3 of the Code,
7 the term person does not include a wholly-owned entity that is disregarded for federal tax purposes under §
8 301.7701-2(c)(2) of this chapter as an entity separate from its owner. See paragraph (b)(2)(iii) of this section
9 for procedures applicable to payments to such entities.
10 The ONLY way that a human being who is a “U.S. person” physically located within the statutory “United States**”
11 (federal zone) or states of the Union can become a STATUTORY “person” is to:
12 1. Be treated wrongfully AS IF they are a “payee” by an ignorant “withholding agent” under 26 C.F.R. §1.1441.
13 2. Be falsely PRESUMED to be a statutory “individual” or statutory “person”. All such conclusive presumptions which
14 impair constitutional rights are unconstititutional and impermissible as we prove in the following:
15 All such presumption should be FORCEFULLY CHALLENGED. Anyone making such a presumption should be
16 DEMANDED to satisfy their burden of proof and produce a statutory definition that expressly includes those who are
17 either STATUTORY “citizens” or statutory “residents”. In the absence of such a presumption, you as the victim of
18 such an unconstitutional presumption must be presumed to be innocent until proven guilty, which means a “non-
19 person” and a “non-taxpayer” unless and until proven otherwise WITH COURT ADMISSIBLE EVIDENCE SIGNED
20 UNDER PENALTY OF PERJURY BY THE MOVING PARTY, which is the withholding agent.
21 3. Volunteer to fill out an unmodified or not amended IRS Form W-8 or W-9. Both forms PRESUPPOSE that the
22 submitter is a “payee” and therefore a “person” under 26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1(b)(2)(i). A withholding agent asserting
23 usually falsely that you have to fill out this form MUST make a false presumption that you are a “person” but he
24 CANNOT make that determination without forcing you to contract or associate in violation of law. ONLY YOU as the
25 submitter can lawfully do that. If you say under penalty of perjury that you are NOT a statutory “person” or
26 “individual”, then he has to take your word for it and NOT enforce the provisions of 26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1 against you.
27 If he refuses you this right, he is committing criminal witness tampering, since the form is signed under penalty of
28 perjury and he compelling a specific type of testimony from you. See:
Your Exclusive Right to Declare or Establish Your Civil Status, Form #13.008
29 4. Fill out an IRS Form W-8. Block 1 for the name of the submitter calls the submitter an “individual”. You are NOT an
30 “individual” since individuals are aliens as required by 26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1(c)(3). Only STATUTORY “U.S. citizens”
31 abroad can be “individuals” and you aren’t abroad if you are either on federal territory or within a constitutional state.
32 The result of ALL of the above is CRIMINAL IDENTIFY THEFT at worst as described in Form #05.046, and
33 impersonating a public officer called a “person” and “individual” at best in violation of 18 U.S.C. §912 as described in
34 Form #05.008.
35 There is also much overlap between the definition of “person” and “U.S. person”. The main LACK of overlap occurs with
36 “individuals”. The main reason for this difference in overlap is the fact that HUMAN BEINGS have constitutional rights
37 while artificial entities DO NOT. Below is a table comparing the two, keeping in mind that the above regulation refers to
38 the items listed that both say “Yes”, but not to “individuals”:
39 Table 9: Comparison of "person" to "U.S. Person"

# Type of entity “person”? “U.S. Person”
26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(1) 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(30)
1 Individual Yes No (replaced with “citizen or resident of the United
States**”)
2 Trust Yes Yes
3 Estate Yes Yes
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
# Type of entity “person”? “U.S. Person”
26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(1) 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(30)
4 Partnership Yes Yes
5 Association Yes Not listed
6 Company Yes Not listed
7 Corporation Yes (federal corporation domiciled on Yes (all corporations, including state corporations)
federal territory only)
1 We believe that the “citizen or resident of the United States**” listed in item 1 above and in 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(30)(A) is a
2 territorial citizen or resident. Those domiciled in states of the Union would be NEITHER, and therefore would NOT be
3 classified as “individuals”, even if they otherwise satisfied the definition of “individual” found in 26 C.F.R. §1.1441-
4 1(c)(3). This results from the geographical definition of “United States” found in 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(9) and (a)(10).
5 Below is an example of why we believe this:
6 26 C.F.R. §31.3121(e)-1 State, United States, and citizen
7 (b)…The term 'citizen of the United States' includes a citizen of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico or the
8 Virgin Islands, and, effective January 1, 1961, a citizen of Guam or American Samoa.
9 9.14 Four Withholding and Reporting Statuses Compared
10 Albert Einstein is famous for saying:
11 “The essence of genius is simplicity”.
12 This section tries to simplify most of what you need to know about withholding and reporting forms and statuses into the
13 shortest possible tabular list that we can think of.
14 First we will start off by comparing the four different withholding and reporting statuses in tabular form. For each, we will
15 compare the withholding, reporting, and SSN/TIN requirements and where those requirements appear in the code or
16 regulations. For details on how the statuses described relate, refer earlier to section Error! Reference source not found..
17 Jesus summarized the withholding and reporting requirements in the holy bible, and he was ABSOLUTELY RIGHT! Here
18 is what He said they are:
19 And when he had come into the house, Jesus anticipated him, saying, "What do you think, Simon? From whom
20 do the kings [governments] of the earth [lawfully] take customs or taxes, from their sons [citizens and subjects]
21 or from strangers ["aliens", which are synonymous with "residents" in the tax code, and exclude "citizens"]?”
22 Peter said to Him, "From strangers ["aliens"/"residents" ONLY. See 26 C.F.R. §1.1-1(a)(2)(ii) and 26 C.F.R.
23 §1.1441-1(c)(3)]."
24 Jesus said to him, "Then the sons ["citizens" of the Republic, who are all sovereign "nationals" and "non-
25 resident non-persons" under federal law] are free [sovereign over their own person and labor. e.g.
26 SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY]. "
27 [Matt. 17:24-27, Bible, NKJV]
28 The table in the following pages PROVES He was absolutely right. To put it simply, the only people who don’t have rights
29 are those whose rights are “alienated” because they are privileged “aliens” or what Jesus called “strangers”. For details on
30 why all “aliens” are privileged and subject to taxation and regulation, see section Error! Reference source not found.
31 earlier.
32 An online version of the subsequent table with activated hotlinks can be found in:
Citizenship Status v. Tax Status, Form #10.011, Section 13

https://sedm.org/Forms/10-Emancipation/CitizenshipStatusVTaxStatus/CitizenshipVTaxStatus.htm
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 Table 10: Withholding, reporting, and SSN requirements of various civil statuses
# Characteristic “Employee” “Foreign Person” “U.S. Person” “Non-Resident Non-Person” (See
Form #05.020)
1 Defined in 26 U.S.C. §3401(c) See IRS website: 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(30) Not directly defined in code. 26 U.S.C.
https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international- §7701(a)(31) comes closest.
taxpayers/foreign-persons
2 Presumption All “aliens” are presumed to be “nonresident Payments supplied without documentation None
rule(s) aliens” by default. 26 C.F.R. §1.871-4(b). are presumed to be made to a “U.S. person”
under 26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1(b)(3)(iii).
3 Withholding Form W-4 Form W-8 1. Form W-9 1. Custom form
form(s) 2. FORM 9 2. Modified or amended Form W-8 or
3. Allowed to make your own Substitute Form W-9
Form W-9. See Note 10 below. 3. FORM 10
4. FORM 13
4 Withholding 26 U.S.C. §3402 Only if engaged in a “trade or business”. 26 None if mark “OTHER” on Form W-9 and None. All earnings are a “foreign estate”
requirements U.S.C. §3406: Backup Withholding. invoke 26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1(d)(1) under 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(31)
Withholding ONLY on “reportable
payments”, which means “trade or
business”/public office under 26 U.S.C.
§6041(a).
5 Reporting Form W-2 Form 1042 Form 1099 None. Any information returns that are
form(s) filed MUST be rebutted and corrected.
See Form #04.001
6 Reporting Only if not engaged in a “trade or None if mark “OTHER” on Form W-9 and None.
requirements9 business”/public office. See 26 U.S.C. invoke 26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1(d)(1).
§6041. 26 U.S.C. §3406 lists types of “trade
or business” payments that are “reportable”.
7 SSN/TIN Only if not engaged in a “trade or Yes, if eligible. Most are NOT under 26 None
Requirement10 business”/public office. See 26 C.F.R. U.S.C. §6109 or the Social Security Act.11
§301.6109-1(b)(2) and 31 C.F.R. §306.10, See 26 C.F.R. §301.6109-1(b)(1)
Note 2.. Use an “INDIVIDUAL Taxpayer
Identification Number (ITIN)”. 26 C.F.R.
§301.6109-1(d)(3)
8 Civil status in Any PRIVATE PARTY who files 1. Resident Aliens (26 U.S.C. Anyone who files the Form W-4 (don’t do it, A private human being domiciled in a
top row of this and thereby commits the crime of §7701(b)(1)(A)) it’s a CRIME if you aren’t an elected or constitutional state who:
column impersonating a public officer, 18 2. Nonresident aliens (26 U.S.C. appointed public officer of the U.S. Inc., 18 1. Absolutely owns all of their property;
includes U.S.C. §912. §7701(b)(1)(B)) U.S.C. §912) 2. Is outside the statutory jurisdiction of
the federal courts; 3. Owes NO DUTY to
any government under 26 U.S.C.. Also
called a “transient foreigner” or “stateless
person” by the courts.
9
For detailed background on reporting requirements, see: Correcting Erroneous Information Returns, Form #04.001; https://sedm.org/Forms/FormIndex.htm.
10
See About SSNs and TINs on Government Forms and Correspondence, Form #05.012; https://sedm.org/Forms/FormIndex.htm.
11
See: 1. Why It is Illegal for Me to Request or Use a “Taxpayer Identification Number”, Form #04.205, ; https://sedm.org/Forms/FormIndex.htm; 2. Why You Aren’t Eligible for Social Security, Form #06.001,
https://sedm.org/Forms/FormIndex.htm.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
# Characteristic “Employee” “Foreign Person” “U.S. Person” “Non-Resident Non-Person” (See
Form #05.020)
9 Includes Only when abroad under 26 U.S.C. Yes, if you: Only when abroad under 26 U.S.C. §911(d) No
STATUTORY §911(d) 1. Check “individual” in block 3 of the Form
“individuals” W-8 or
as defined in 2. Use an “INDIVIDUAL Taxpayer
26 C.F.R. Identification Number (ITIN)”. 26 C.F.R.
§1.1441- §301.6109-1(d)(3).
1(c)(3)?
10 Statutory Yes (because “employees” under 5 Yes, if you: Yes: No
“person” U.S.C. §2105(a) are “individuals”) 1. Check “individual” in block 3 of the Form 1. “person” is defined in 26 U.S.C.
under 26 W-8 or §7701(a)(1) to include “individuals” (aliens).
U.S.C. 2. Use an “INDIVIDUAL Taxpayer 2. Statutory “citizens of the United
§7701(a)(1)? Identification Number (ITIN)”. 26 C.F.R. States**” under 8 U.S.C. §1401 or 8 U.S.C.
§301.6109-1(d)(3). §1101(a)(22)(A) become “individuals” only
when abroad and accepting tax treaty
benefits under 26 U.S.C. §911(d)
11 Citizenship NA 1. “Resident alien” 26 U.S.C. 1. “citizen or resident of the United 1. Fourteenth Amendment
status12 §7701(b)(1)(A). States[**]” 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(30)(A) CONSTITUTIONAL citizen.
2. “alien” 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(3). 2. “national and citizen of the United 2. “a person who, though not a citizen of
States[**] at birth” 8 U.S.C. §1401 the United States, owes permanent
3. “citizen of the “united States[**]” 8 allegiance to the United States” 8 U.S.C.
U.S.C. §1101(a)(22)(A). §1101(a)(22)(B).
3. “nationals but not citizens of the
United States[**] at birth” 8 U.S.C.
§1408.
12 Domiciled on “Employee” office under 5 U.S.C. 1. No. Yes. You can’t be a statutory “U.S.** No
federal §2105(a) is domiciled in the 2. If you apply for an “INDIVIDUAL citizen” under 8 U.S.C. §1401 or statutory
territory in the District of Columbia under 4 Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN)” and “U.S.** resident” under 26 U.S.C.
“United U.S.C. §72 don’t define “individual” as “non-resident §7701(b)(1)(A) without a domicile on
States**” non-person nontaxpayer” and private, you federal territory.
(federal zone)? will be PRESUMED to consent to represent
the office of statutory “individual” which is
domiciled on federal territory.
13 Source of Representing an office that is domiciled in the “United States**”/federal zone under 4 U.S.C. §72 and Federal Rule of Civil Domiciled outside the federal zone and
domicile on Procedure 17(b) not subject. Not representing a federal
federal office.
territory
14 Earnings are Yes. See Note 16 below for No No No
STATUTORY statutory definition of “wages”.
“wages”?
15 Can “elect” to NA Yes, by accepting tax treaty benefits when Yes, by accepting tax treaty benefits when Yes, by accepting tax treaty benefits
become a abroad. 26 C.F.R. §301.7701(b)-7. abroad. 26 U.S.C. §911(d) and 26 C.F.R. when abroad. 26 C.F.R. §301.7701(b)-7.
STATUTORY §301.7701(b)-7.
“individual”?
1 NOTES:
2 1. All statutory “individuals” are aliens under 26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1(c)(3). They hid this deep in the regulations instead of the code, hoping you wouldn’t notice it. For
3 more information on who are “persons” and “individuals” under the Internal Revenue Code, see section Error! Reference source not found. earlier.
12
For further details on citizenship, see: Why You are a “national”, “state national”, and Constitutional but not Statutory Citizen, Form #05.006; https://sedm.org/Forms/FormIndex.htm.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 2. You CANNOT be a “nonresident alien” as a human being under 26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(1)(B) WITHOUT also being a statutory “individual”, meaning an ALIEN
2 under 26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1(c)(3).
3 3. “Civil status” means any status under any civil statute, such as “individual”, “person”, “taxpayer”, “spouse”, “driver”, etc.
4 4. One CANNOT have a civil status under the civil statutes of a place without EITHER:
5 4.1. A consensual physical domicile in that geographical place.
6 4.2. A consensual CONTRACT with the government of that place.
7 For proof of the above, see: Why Domicile and Becoming a “Taxpayer” Require Your Consent, Form #05.002; https://sedm.org/Forms/FormIndex.htm. The U.S.
8 Supreme Court has admitted as much:
9 “All the powers of the government [including ALL of its civil enforcement powers against the public] must be carried into operation by individual agency, either
10 through the medium of public officers, or contracts made with [private] individuals.”
11 [Osborn v. Bank of U.S., 22 U.S. 738 (1824)]
12 5. Any attempt to associate or enforce a NON-CONSENSUAL civil status or obligation against a human being protected by the Constitution because physically
13 situated in a Constitutional state is an act of criminal identity theft, as described in:
14 6. The civil status of “taxpayer” under 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(14) PRESUMES the party is also a statutory “person” under 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(1).
15 7. “Reportable payments” earned by “foreign persons” under 26 U.S.C. §3406 are those which satisfy ALL of the following requirements:
16 7.1. Connected with a “trade or business” and public office under 26 U.S.C. §6041(a).
17 7.2. Satisfy the requirements found in 26 U.S.C. §3406.
18 7.3. Earned by a statutory “employee” under 26 C.F.R. §31.3401(c)-1, meaning an elected or appointed public officer of the United States government. Note that
19 26 U.S.C. §3406 is in Subtitle C, which is “employment taxes” and within 26 U.S.C. Chapter 24, which is “collection of income tax at source of wages”.
20 Private humans don’t earn statutory “wages”.
21 8. Backup withholding under 26 U.S.C. §3406 is only applicable to “foreign persons” who are ALSO statutory “employees” and earning “trade or business” or public
22 office earnings on “reportable payments”. It is NOT applicable to those who are ANY of the following:
23 8.1. Not an elected or appointed public officer.
24 8.2. Not engaged in a “trade or business” under 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(26) and therefore not receiving “reportable payments” under 26 U.S.C. §6041(a).
25 9. Payments supplied without documentation are presumed to be made to a “U.S. person” under 26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1(b)(3)(iii).
26 10. You are allowed to make your own Substitute W-9 per 26 C.F.R. §31.3406(h)-3(c)(2). The form must include the payees name, address, and TIN (if they have
27 one). The form is still valid even if they DO NOT have an identifying number. See FORM 9 in Form #09.001, Section 25.9.
28 11. IRS hides the exempt status on the Form W-9 identified in 26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1(d)(1). It appeared on the Form W-9 up to year 2011 and mysteriously disappeared
29 from the form after that. It still applies, but invoking it is more complicated. You have to check “Other” on the current Form W-9 and cite 26 C.F.R. §1.1441-
30 1(d)(1) in the write-in block next to it.
31 12. Those who only want to learn the “code” and who are attorneys worried about being disbarred by a judge in cases against the government prefer the “U.S. person”
32 position, even in the case of state nationals. It’s a way of criminally bribing the judge to buy his favor and make the case easier for him, even though technically it
33 doesn’t apply to state nationals.
34 13. “U.S. person” should be avoided because of the following liabilities associated with such a status:
35 13.1. Must provide SSN/TIN pursuant to 26 C.F.R. §301.6109-1(b)(1).
36 13.2. Must report foreign bank accounts.
37 13.3. Subject to FATCA foreign account limitations because a “taxpayer”. See:
38 https://www.irs.gov/businesses/corporations/foreign-account-tax-compliance-act-fatca
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 14. The ONLY civil status you can have that carries NO OBLIGATION of any kind is that of a “non-resident non-person”. It is the most desirable but the most
2 difficult to explain and document to payors. The IRS is NEVER going to make it easy to document that you are “not subject” but not statutorily “exempt” and
3 therefore not a “taxpayer”. This is explained in Form #09.001, Section 19.7.
4 15. Form numbers such as "FORM XX" where "XX" is the number and which are listed above derive from: Federal and State Tax Withholding Options for Private
5 Employers, Form #09.001, Section 25
6 16. Statutory “wages” are defined in:
Sovereignty Forms and Instructions Online, Form #10.004, Cites by Topic: “wages”
https://famguardian.org/TaxFreedom/CitesByTopic/wages.htm
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 9.15 Withholding and Reporting by Geography
2 Next, we will summarize withholding and reporting statuses by geography.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 Table 11: Income Tax Withholding and Reporting by Geography
# Characteristic Everywhere Federal territory Federal possession States of the Union Abroad
1 Location Anywhere were public offices “United States**” per 26 U.S.C. Possessions listed in 48 U.S.C. “United States***” as used Foreign country
are expressly authorized per 4 §7701(a)(9) and (a)(10) in the USA Constitution
U.S.C. §72.13
2 Example location(s) NA District of Columbia American Samoa California China
Swain’s Island
3 Citizenship status of those NA “national and citizen of the “nationals but not citizens of Fourteenth Amendment Foreign national
born here United States** at birth” per 8 the United States** at birth” “citizen of the United States”
U.S.C. §1401 per 8 U.S.C. §1408
4 Tax status(es) subject to “Employee” per 26 U.S.C. 1. Foreign persons 1. Foreign persons None 1. Statutory citizens (8 U.S.C.
taxation §3401(c) and 5 U.S.C. 2. “U.S. persons” who do NOT 2. “U.S. persons” who do §1401) domiciled in federal
§2105(a) select “exempt” per 26 C.F.R. NOT select “exempt” per 26 zone and temporarily abroad
§1.1441-1(d)(1) C.F.R. §1.1441-1(d)(1) 2. Resident aliens (26 U.S.C.
§7701(b)(1)(A)) domiciled in
the federal zone and
temporarily abroad.
5 Authority for taxation of those 26 U.S.C. Subtitle C 26 U.S.C. §1. See Note 1 26 U.S.C. §1. See Note 1 None 1. 26 U.S.C. §1. See Note 1
subject to taxation below. below. below.
2. 26 U.S.C. §911
3. 26 C.F.R. §301.7701(b)-7
6 Taxability of “foreign NA The main “taxpayers” The main “taxpayers” The main “taxpayers” None
persons” here
7 Taxability of “U.S. persons” NA Only if STUPID enough not to Only if STUPID enough not to Not taxable
here take the 26 C.F.R. §1.1441- take the 26 C.F.R. §1.1441-
1(d)(1) exemption 1(d)(1) exemption
8 Taxability of “Non-Resident None. You can’t be a “non- None None None None
Non-Persons” here resident non-person” and an
“employee” at the same time
9 SSN/TIN Requirement14 Always 1. Yes for “U.S. persons”, 26 1. Yes for “U.S. persons”, 26 Only for present or former Only for present or former
C.F.R. §301.6109-1(b)(1). C.F.R. §301.6109-1(b)(1). public officers of the public officers of the national
2. No for “nonresident aliens” 2. No for “nonresident aliens” national government government engaged in
not engaged in a “trade or not engaged in a “trade or engaged in federal federal franchises. The
business”, 31 C.F.R. §306.10, business”, 31 C.F.R. §306.10, franchises. The SSN/TIN is SSN/TIN is what the Federal
Note 2 Note 2 what the Federal Trade Trade Commission calls a
3. Yes for “nonresident aliens” 3. Yes for “nonresident Commission calls a “franchise mark”.
with “reportable payments” aliens” with “reportable “franchise mark”.
connected to “trade or business”. payments” connected to “trade
26 U.S.C. §3406. or business”. 26 U.S.C.
§3406.
10 Withholding form(s) Form W-4 1. “U.S. Person”: Form W-9 1. “U.S. Person”: Form W-9 None 1. “U.S. Person”: Form W-9
2. “Nonresident Alien”: Form 2. “Nonresident Alien”: Form 2. “Nonresident Alien”: Form
W-8 W-8 W-8
13
See: Secretary's Authority in the Several States Pursuant to 4 U.S.C. 72, Family Guardian Fellowship; https://famguardian.org/Subjects/Taxes/ChallJurisdiction/BriefRegardingSecretary-4usc72.pdf.
14
See About SSNs and TINs on Government Forms and Correspondence, Form #05.012; https://sedm.org/Forms/FormIndex.htm.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
11 Withholding Requirements 26 U.S.C. §3401 26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1 26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1 1. None for private people or 1. 26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1 for
companies U.S. government and federal
2. 26 C.F.R. §1.1441-1 for corporations.
U.S. government 2. None for private
instrumentalities. companies that are not
federal corporations.
12 Reporting form(s) Form W-2 1. “U.S. Person”: Form 1099 1. “U.S. Person”: Form 1099 1. None for private people or 1. None for private people or
See Note 2. “Nonresident Alien”: Form 2. “Nonresident Alien”: Form companies companies
1042 1042 2. “U.S. Person”: Form 1099 2. “U.S. Person”: Form 1099
for U.S. government for U.S. government
instrumentalities. instrumentalities.
3. “Nonresident Alien”: 3. “Nonresident Alien”: Form
Form 1042 for U.S. 1042 for U.S. government
government instrumentalities.
instrumentalities.
13 Reporting Requirements 26 U.S.C. §6041 26 U.S.C. §6041 26 U.S.C. §6041 26 U.S.C. §6041 26 U.S.C. §6041
1 NOTES:
2 1. The term “wherever resident” used in 26 U.S.C. §1 means wherever the entity referred to has the CIVIL STATUS of “resident” as defined in 26 U.S.C.
3 §7701(b)(1). It DOES NOT mean wherever the entity is physically located. The civil status “resident” and “resident alien”, in turn, are synonymous.
4 PRESUMING that “wherever resident” is a physical presence is an abuse of equivocation to engage in criminal identity theft of “nontaxpayers”. See:
Flawed Tax Arguments to Avoid, Form #08.004, Section 8.20
5 2. “United States” as used in the Internal Revenue Code is defined as follows:
8 (a) When used in this title, where not otherwise distinctly expressed or manifestly incompatible with the intent thereof—
9 (9) United States
10 The term ''United States'' when used in a geographical sense includes only the States and the District of Columbia.
11 (10) State
12 The term ''State'' shall be construed to include the District of Columbia, where such construction is necessary to carry out provisions of this title.
13 _______________________________________________________________________________________
14 TITLE 4 - FLAG AND SEAL, SEAT OF GOVERNMENT, AND THE STATES

15 CHAPTER 4 - THE STATES
16 Sec. 110. Same; definitions
17 (d) The term ''State'' includes any Territory or possession of the United States.
18 3. Limitations on Geographical definitions:
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 3.1. It is a violation of the rules of statutory construction and interpretation and a violation of the separation of powers for any judge or government worker to ADD
2 anything to the above geographical definitions.
3 “Expressio unius est exclusio alterius. A maxim of statutory interpretation meaning that the expression of one thing is the exclusion of another. Burgin v. Forbes,
4 293 Ky. 456, 169 S.W.2d. 321, 325; Newblock v. Bowles, 170 Okl. 487, 40 P.2d. 1097, 1100. Mention of one thing implies exclusion of another. When certain persons
5 or things are specified in a law, contract, or will, an intention to exclude all others from its operation may be inferred. Under this maxim, if statute specifies one
6 exception to a general rule or assumes to specify the effects of a certain provision, other exceptions or effects are excluded.”
8 "When a statute includes an explicit definition, we must follow that definition, even if it varies from that term's ordinary meaning. Meese v. Keene, 481 U.S. 465,
9 484-485 (1987) ("It is axiomatic that the statutory definition of the term excludes unstated meanings of that term"); Colautti v. Franklin, 439 U.S. at 392-393, n. 10 ("As
10 a rule, à definition which declares what a term "means" . . . excludes any meaning that is not stated'"); Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Lenroot, 323 U.S. 490, 502
11 (1945); Fox v. Standard Oil Co. of N.J., 294 U.S. 87, 95-96 (1935) (Cardozo, J.); see also 2A N. Singer, Sutherland on Statutes and Statutory Construction § 47.07, p.
12 152, and n. 10 (5th ed. 1992) (collecting cases). That is to say, the statute, read "as a whole," post at 998 [530 U.S. 943] (THOMAS, J., dissenting), leads the reader to
13 a definition. That definition does not include the Attorney General's restriction -- "the child up to the head." Its words, "substantial portion," indicate the contrary."
15 3.2. Comity or consent of either states of the Union or people in them to consent to “include” constitutional states of the Union within the geographical definitions
16 is NOT ALLOWED, per the Declaration of Independence, which is organic law enacted into law on the first page of the Statutes At Large.
17 “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are
18 Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the
19 governed, -“
20 [Declaration of Independence]
21 “Unalienable. Inalienable; incapable of being aliened, that is, sold and transferred.”
22 [Black’s Law Dictionary, Fourth Edition, p. 1693]
23 3.3. Here is what the designer of our three branch system of government said about allowing judges to become legislators in the process of ADDING things not in
24 the statutes to the meaning of any term used in the statutes:
25 “When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty; because apprehensions may
26 arise, lest the same monarch or senate should enact tyrannical laws, to execute them in a tyrannical manner.
27 Again, there is no liberty, if the judiciary power be not separated from the legislative and executive. Were it joined with the legislative, the life and liberty of the
28 subject would be exposed to arbitrary control; for the judge would be then the legislator. Were it joined to the executive power, the judge might behave with violence
29 and oppression [sound familiar?].
30 There would be an end of everything, were the same man or the same body, whether of the nobles or of the people, to exercise those three powers, that of enacting
31 laws, that of executing the public resolutions, and of trying the causes of individuals.”
32 [. . .]
33 In what a situation must the poor subject be in those republics! The same body of magistrates are possessed, as executors of the laws, of the whole power they have
34 given themselves in quality of legislators. They may plunder the state by their general determinations; and as they have likewise the judiciary power in their hands,
35 every private citizen may be ruined by their particular decisions.”
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 [The Spirit of Laws, Charles de Montesquieu, 1758, Book XI, Section 6;
2 SOURCE: http://famguardian.org\Publications\SpiritOfLaws\sol_11.htm]
3 4. Congress is forbidden by the U.S. Supreme Court to offer or enforce any taxable franchise within the borders of a constitutional state. This case has never been
4 overruled.
5 “Thus, Congress having power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes, may, without doubt, provide for
6 granting coasting licenses, licenses to pilots, licenses to trade with the Indians, and any other licenses necessary or proper for the exercise of that great and extensive
7 power; and the same observation is applicable to every other power of Congress, to the exercise of which the granting of licenses may be incident. All such licenses
8 confer authority, and give rights to the licensee.
9 But very different considerations apply to the internal commerce or domestic trade of the States. Over this commerce and trade Congress has no power of regulation
10 nor any direct control. This power belongs exclusively to the States. No interference by Congress with the business of citizens transacted within a State is warranted
11 by the Constitution, except such as is strictly incidental to the exercise of powers clearly granted to the legislature. The power to authorize a business within a State is
12 plainly repugnant to the exclusive power of the State over the same subject. It is true that the power of Congress to tax is a very extensive power. It is given in the
13 Constitution, with only one exception and only two qualifications. Congress cannot tax exports, and it must impose direct taxes by the rule of apportionment, and
14 indirect taxes by the rule of uniformity. Thus limited, and thus only, it reaches every subject, and may be exercised at discretion. But, it reaches only existing subjects.
15 Congress cannot authorize a trade or business within a State in order to tax it.”
16 [License Tax Cases, 72 U.S. 462, 18 L.Ed. 497, 5 Wall. 462, 2 A.F.T.R. 2224 (1866)]
17 5. For an exhaustive catalog of all the word games played by government workers to unconstitutionally usurp jurisdiction they do not have in criminal violation of 18
18 U.S.C. §208, 28 U.S.C. §144, and 28 U.S.C. §455, see:
19 6. The Income tax described in 26 U.S.C. Subtitle A is an excise and a franchise tax upon public offices in the national government. Hence, it is only enforceable
20 upon elected or appointed officers or public officers (contractors) of the national government. See:
21 7. It is a CRIME to either file or use as evidence in any tax enforcement proceeding any information return that was filed against someone who is NOT engaged in a
22 public office. Most information returns are false and therefore the filers should be prosecuted for crime by the Department of Justice. The reason they aren’t is
23 because they are BRIBED by the proceeds resulting from these false returns to SHUT UP about the crime. See:
Correcting Erroneous Information Returns, Form #04.001
24 8. The Internal Revenue Code only regulates PUBLIC conduct of PUBLIC officers on official business. The ability to regulate PRIVATE rights and PRIVATE
25 property is prohibited by the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.
26 "Under basic rules of construction, statutory laws enacted by legislative bodies cannot impair rights given under a constitution. 194 B.R. at 925. "
27 [In re Young, 235 B.R. 666 (Bankr.M.D.Fla., 1999)]
28 “A private person cannot make constitutions or laws, nor can he with authority construe them, nor can he administer or execute them.”
29 [United States v. Harris, 106 U.S. 629, 1 S.Ct. 601, 27 L.Ed. 290 (1883); The word “execute” includes either obeying or being subject to]
30 “All the powers of the government [including ALL of its civil enforcement powers against the public] must be carried into operation by individual agency, either
31 through the medium of public officers, or contracts made with [private] individuals.”
32 [Osborn v. Bank of U.S., 22 U.S. 738 (1824)]
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 “A defendant sued as a wrong-doer, who seeks to substitute the state in his place, or to justify by the authority of the state, or to defend on the ground that the state has
2 adopted his act and exonerated him, cannot rest on the bare assertion of his defense. He is bound to establish it. The state is a political corporate body, can act only
3 through agents, and can command only by laws. It is necessary, therefore, for such a defendant, in order to complete his defense, to produce a law of the state which
4 constitutes his commission as its agent, and a warrant for his act.”
5 [Poindexter v. Greenhow, 114 U.S. 270 (1885)]
6 “The power to "legislate generally upon" life, liberty, and property, as opposed to the "power to provide modes of redress" against offensive state action, was
7 "repugnant" to the Constitution. Id., at 15. See also United States v. Reese, 92 U.S. 214, 218 (1876); United States v. Harris, 106 U.S. 629, 639 (1883); James v.
8 Bowman, 190 U.S. 127, 139 (1903). Although the specific holdings of these early cases might have been superseded or modified, see, e.g., Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc.
9 v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964); United States v. Guest, 383 U.S. 745 (1966), their treatment of Congress' §5 power as corrective or preventive, not definitional,
10 has not been questioned.”
11 [City of Boerne v. Florez, Archbishop of San Antonio, 521 U.S. 507 (1997)]
12 9. You can’t simultaneously be a “taxpayer” who is “subject” to the Internal Revenue Code AND someone who is protected by the Constitution and especially the Bill
13 of Rights. The two conditions are MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE. Below are the only documented techniques by which the protections of the Constitutions can be
14 forfeited:
15 9.1. Standing on a place not protected by the Constitution, such as federal territory or abroad.
16 9.2. Invoking the “benefits”, “privileges”, or “immunities” offered by any statute. The cite below is called the “Brandeis Rules”:
17 The Court developed, for its own governance in the cases confessedly within its jurisdiction, a series of rules under which it has avoided passing upon a large part of
18 all the constitutional questions pressed upon it for decision. They are:
19 [. . .]
20 6. The Court will not pass upon the constitutionality of a statute at the instance of one who has availed himself of its benefits.FN7 Great Falls Mfg. Co. v.
21 Attorney General, 124 U.S. 581, 8 S.Ct. 631, 31 L.Ed. 527; Wall v. Parrot Silver & Copper Co., 244 U.S. 407, 411, 412, 37 S.Ct. 609, 61 L.Ed. 1229; St. Louis
22 Malleable Casting Co. v. Prendergast Construction Co., 260 U.S. 469, 43 S.Ct. 178, 67 L.Ed. 351.
23 FN7 Compare Electric Co. v. Dow, 166 U.S. 489, 17 S.Ct. 645, 41 L.Ed. 1088; Pierce v. Somerset Ry., 171 U.S. 641, 648, 19 S.Ct. 64, 43 L.Ed. 316; Leonard v.
24 Vicksburg, etc., R. Co., 198 U.S. 416, 422, 25 S.Ct. 750, 49 L.Ed. 1108.
25 [Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority, 297 U.S. 288, 56 S.Ct. 466 (1936)]
26 10. Constitutional protections such as the Bill of Rights attach to LAND, and NOT to the civil status of the people ON the land. The protections of the Bill of Rights
27 do not attach to you because you are a statutory “person”, “individual”, or “taxpayer”, but because of the PLACE YOU ARE STANDING at the time you receive
28 an injury from a transgressing government agent.
29 “It is locality that is determinative of the application of the Constitution, in such matters as judicial procedure, and not the status of the people who live in it.”
30 [Balzac v. Porto Rico, 258 U.S. 298 (1922)]
31 You can only lose the protections of the Constitutions by changing your LOCATION, not by consenting to give up constitutional protections. We prove this in:
Unalienable Rights Course, Form #12.038
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 9.16 Rebuttal of Those Who Fraudulently Challenge or Try to Expand the Statutory Definitions In Thie
2 Document
3 The main purpose of law is to limit government power. The foundation of what it means to have a "society of law and not
4 men" is law that limits government powers. We cover this in Legal Deception, Propaganda, and Fraud, Form #05.014,
5 Section 5. Government cannot have limited powers without DEFINITIONS in the written law that are limiting and which
6 define and declare ALL THINGS that are included and implicitly exclude all things not expressly identified. The rules of
7 statutory construction and interpretation recognize this critical function of law with the following maxims:
8 “Expressio unius est exclusio alterius. A maxim of statutory interpretation meaning that the expression of
9 one thing is the exclusion of another. Burgin v. Forbes, 293 Ky. 456, 169 S.W.2d. 321, 325; Newblock v.
10 Bowles, 170 Okl. 487, 40 P.2d. 1097, 1100. Mention of one thing implies exclusion of another. When certain
11 persons or things are specified in a law, contract, or will, an intention to exclude all others from its
12 operation may be inferred. Under this maxim, if statute specifies one exception to a general rule or assumes
13 to specify the effects of a certain provision, other exceptions or effects are excluded.”
15 "When a statute includes an explicit definition, we must follow that definition, even if it varies from that
16 term's ordinary meaning. Meese v. Keene, 481 U.S. 465, 484-485 (1987) ("It is axiomatic that the statutory
17 definition of the term excludes unstated meanings of that term"); Colautti v. Franklin, 439 U.S. at 392-393, n.
18 10 ("As a rule, à definition which declares what a term "means" . . . excludes any meaning that is not stated'");
19 Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Lenroot, 323 U.S. 490, 502 (1945); Fox v. Standard Oil Co. of N.J., 294 U.S.
20 87, 95-96 (1935) (Cardozo, J.); see also 2A N. Singer, Sutherland on Statutes and Statutory Construction §
21 47.07, p. 152, and n. 10 (5th ed. 1992) (collecting cases). That is to say, the statute, read "as a whole," post at
22 998 [530 U.S. 943] (THOMAS, J., dissenting), leads the reader to a definition. That definition does not include
23 the Attorney General's restriction -- "the child up to the head." Its words, "substantial portion," indicate the
24 contrary."
26 The ability to define terms or ADD to the EXISTING statutory definition of terms is a LEGISLATIVE function that can
27 lawfully and constitutionally be exercised ONLY by the Legislative Branch of the government. The power to define or
28 expand the definition of statutory terms:
29 1. CANNOT lawfully be exercised by either a judge or a government prosecutor or the Internal Revenue Service.
30 2. CANNOT be exercised by making PRESUMPTIONS about what a term means or by enforcing the COMMON
31 meaning of the term that is already defined in a statute. See Presumption: Chief Weapon for Unlawfully Enlarging
32 Federal Jurisdiction, Form #05.017:
33 “It is apparent,' this court said in the Bailey Case ( 219 U.S. 239 , 31 S.Ct. 145, 151) 'that a constitutional
34 prohibition cannot be transgressed indirectly by the creation of a statutory presumption any more than it
35 can be violated by direct enactment. The power to create presumptions is not a means of escape from
36 constitutional restrictions.”
37 [Heiner v. Donnan, 285 U.S. 312 (1932)]
38 _________________________________________________________________________
39 A presumption is an assumption of fact that the law requires to be made from another fact or group of facts
40 found or otherwise established in the action. A presumption is not evidence. A presumption is either
41 conclusive or rebuttable. Every rebuttable presumption is either (a) a presumption affecting the burden of
42 producing evidence or (b) a presumption affecting the burden of proof. Calif.Evid.Code, §600.
43 In all civil actions and proceedings not otherwise provided for by Act of Congress or by the Federal Rules of
44 Evidence, a presumption imposes on the party against whom it is directed the burden of going forward with
45 evidence to rebut or meet the presumption, but does not shift to such party the burden of proof in the sense of
46 the risk of nonpersuasion, which remains throughout the trial upon the party on whom it was originally cast.
47 Federal Evidence Rule 301.
48 See also Disputable presumption; inference; Juris et de jure; Presumptive evidence; Prima facie; Raise a
49 presumption.
51 3.
Unlawfully and unconstitutionally violates the separation of powers when it IS exercised by a judge or government
52 prosecutor. See Government Conspiracy to Destroy the Separation of Powers, Form #05.023.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 4. Produces the following consequences when it IS exercised by a judge or government prosecutor or administrative
2 agency. The statement below was written by the man who DESIGNED our three branch system of government. He
3 also described in his design how it can be subverted, and corrupt government actors have implemented his
4 techniques for subversion to unlawfully and unconstitutionally expand their power:
5 “When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of
6 magistrates, there can be no liberty; because apprehensions may arise, lest the same monarch or senate
7 should enact tyrannical laws, to execute them in a tyrannical manner.
8 Again, there is no liberty, if the judiciary power be not separated from the legislative and executive. Were it
9 joined with the legislative, the life and liberty of the subject would be exposed to arbitrary control; for the judge
10 would be then the legislator. Were it joined to the executive power, the judge might behave with violence and
11 oppression [sound familiar?].
12 There would be an end of everything, were the same man or the same body, whether of the nobles or of the
13 people, to exercise those three powers, that of enacting laws, that of executing the public resolutions, and of
14 trying the causes of individuals.”
15 [. . .]
16 In what a situation must the poor subject be in those republics! The same body of magistrates are possessed,
17 as executors of the laws, of the whole power they have given themselves in quality of legislators. They may
18 plunder the state by their general determinations; and as they have likewise the judiciary power in their
19 hands, every private citizen may be ruined by their particular decisions.”
20 [The Spirit of Laws, Charles de Montesquieu, Book XI, Section 6, 1758;
21 SOURCE: http://famguardian.org\Publications\SpiritOfLaws\sol_11.htm]
22 Any judge, prosecutor, or clerk in an administrative agency who tries to EXPAND or ADD to statutory definitions is
23 violating all the above. Likewise, anyone who tries to QUOTE a judicial opinion that adds to a statutory definition is
24 violating the separation of powers, usurping authority, and STEALING your property and rights. It is absolutely
25 POINTLESS and an act of ANARCHY, lawlessness, and a usurpation to try to add to statutory definitions.
26 The most prevalent means to UNLAWFULLY and UNCONSTITUTIONALLY add to statutory definitions is through the
27 abuse of the words "includes" or "including". That tactic is thoroughly described and rebutted in:
Legal Deception, Propaganda, and Fraud, Form #05.014, Section 15.2

DIRECT LINK: https://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/LegalDecPropFraud.pdf
FORMS PAGE: https://sedm.org/Forms/FormIndex.htm
28 Government falsely accuses sovereignty advocates of practicing anarchy, but THEY, by trying to unlawfully expand
29 statutory definitions through either the abuse of the word "includes" or through PRESUMPTION, are the REAL anarchists.
30 That anarchy is described in Disclaimer, section 4 as follows:
31 SEDM Disclaimer
32 Section 4: Meaning of Words
33 The term "anarchy" implies any one or more of the following, and especially as regards so-called
34 "governments". An important goal of this site it to eliminate all such "anarchy":
35 1. Are superior in any way to the people they govern UNDER THE LAW.
36 2. Are not directly accountable to the people or the law. They prohibit the PEOPLE from criminally
37 prosecuting their own crimes, reserving the right to prosecute to their own fellow criminals. Who polices the
38 police? THE CRIMINALS.
39 3. Enact laws that exempt themselves. This is a violation of the Constitutional requirement for equal protection
40 and equal treatment and constitutes an unconstitutional Title of Nobility in violation of Article 1, Section 9,
41 Clause 8 of the United States Constitution.
42 4. Only enforce the law against others and NOT themselves, as a way to protect their own criminal activities by
43 persecuting dissidents. This is called “selective enforcement”. In the legal field it is also called
44 “professional courtesy”. Never kill the goose that lays the STOLEN golden eggs.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 5. Break the laws with impunity. This happens most frequently when corrupt people in government engage in
2 “selective enforcement”, whereby they refuse to prosecute or interfere with the prosecution of anyone in
3 government. The Department of Justice (D.O.J.) or the District Attorney are the most frequent perpetrators
4 of this type of crime.
5 6. Are able to choose which laws they want to be subject to, and thus refuse to enforce laws against themselves.
6 The most frequent method for this type of abuse is to assert sovereign, official, or judicial immunity as a
7 defense in order to protect the wrongdoers in government when they are acting outside their delegated
8 authority, or outside what the definitions in the statutes EXPRESSLY allow.
9 7. Impute to themselves more rights or methods of acquiring rights than the people themselves have. In other
10 words, who are the object of PAGAN IDOL WORSHIP because they possess “supernatural” powers. By
11 “supernatural”, we mean that which is superior to the “natural”, which is ordinary human beings.
12 8. Claim and protect their own sovereign immunity, but refuse to recognize the same EQUAL immunity of the
13 people from whom that power was delegated to begin with. Hypocrites.
14 9. Abuse sovereign immunity to exclude either the government or anyone working in the government from being
15 subject to the laws they pass to regulate everyone ELSE’S behavior. In other words, they can choose WHEN
16 they want to be a statutory “person” who is subject, and when they aren’t. Anyone who has this kind of
17 choice will ALWAYS corruptly exclude themselves and include everyone else, and thereby enforce and
18 implement an unconstitutional “Title of Nobility” towards themself. On this subject, the U.S. Supreme Court
19 has held the following:
20 "No man in this country [including legislators of the government as a legal person] is so
21 high that he is above the law. No officer of the law may set that law at defiance with
22 impunity. All the officers of the government, from the highest to the lowest, are creatures
23 of the law and are bound to obey it. It is the only supreme power in our system of
24 government, and every man who by accepting office participates in its functions is only
25 the more strongly bound to submit to that supremacy, and to observe the limitations
26 which it imposes upon the exercise of the authority which it gives," 106 U.S., at 220.
27 “Shall it be said... that the courts cannot give remedy when the Citizen has been deprived
28 of his property by force, his estate seized and converted to the use of the government
29 without any lawful authority, without any process of law, and without any compensation,
30 because the president has ordered it and his officers are in possession? If such be the
31 law of this country, it sanctions a tyranny which has no existence in the monarchies of
32 Europe, nor in any other government which has a just claim to well-regulated liberty and
33 the protection of personal rights," 106 U.S., at 220, 221.
34 [United States v. Lee, 106 U.S. 196, 1 S.Ct. 240 (1882)]
35 10. Have a monopoly on anything, INCLUDING “protection”, and who turn that monopoly into a mechanism to
36 force EVERYONE illegally to be treated as uncompensated public officers in exchange for the “privilege” of
37 being able to even exist or earn a living to support oneself.
38 11. Can tax and spend any amount or percentage of the people’s earnings over the OBJECTIONS of the people.
39 12. Can print, meaning illegally counterfeit, as much money as they want to fund their criminal enterprise, and
40 thus to be completely free from accountability to the people.
41 13. Deceive and/or lie to the public with impunity by telling you that you can’t trust anything they say, but force
42 YOU to sign everything under penalty of perjury when you want to talk to them. 26 U.S.C. §6065.
43 [SEDM Disclaimer, Section 4: Meaning of Words; https://sedm.org/disclaimer.htm]
44 For further information on the Rules of Statutory Construction and Interpretation, also called "textualism", and their use in
45 defending against the fraudulent tactics in this section, see the following, all of which are consistent with the analysis in this
46 section:
47 1. How Judges Unconstitutionally "Make Law", Litigation Tool #01.009-how by VIOLATING the Rules of Statutory
48 Construction and Interpretation, judges are acting in a POLITICAL rather than JUDICIAL capacity and
49 unconstitutionally "making law".
50 http://sedm.org/Litigation/01-General/HowJudgesMakeLaw.pdf
51 2. Legal Deception, Propaganda, and Fraud, Form #05.014, Section 13.9. Section 15 talks about how these rules are
52 UNCONSTITUTIONALLY violated by corrupt judges with a criminal financial conflict of interest.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 https://sedm.org/Forms/05-MemLaw/LegalDecPropFraud.pdf
2 3. Collection of U.S. Supreme Court Legal Maxims, Litigation Tool #10.216, U.S. Department of Justice
3 https://sedm.org/Litigation/10-PracticeGuides/USSupremeCourtMaxims_1993-1998-Governmentattic.org.pdf
4 4. Reinquist Court Canons of Statutory Construction, Litigation Tool #10.217
5 https://sedm.org/Litigation/10-PracticeGuides/Rehnquist_Court_Canons_citations.pdf
6 5. Statutory Interpretation: General Principles and Recent Trends, Congressional Research Service Report 97-589,
7 Litigation Tool #10.215
8 https://sedm.org/Litigation/10-
9 PracticeGuides/Statutory%20Interpretation.General.Principles.MARCH.30.2006.CRS97-589.pdf
10 6. Family Guardian Forum 6.5: Word Games that STEAL from and deceive people, Family Guardian Fellowship
11 https://famguardian.org/forums/forums/forum/6-issue-and-research-debates-anyone-can-read-only-members-can-
12 post/65-word-games-that-steal-from-and-deceive-people/
13 For a video that emphasizes the main point of this section, watch the following:
Courts Cannot Make Law, Michael Anthony Peroutka Townhall

https://sedm.org/courts-cannot-make-law/
14
15 10 How “nontaxpayers” are deceived into declaring themselves to be “taxpayers” on government forms:
16 Removing “Not subject” and offering only “Exempt”
17 Another devious technique frequently used on government forms to trick “nontaxpayers” into making an unwitting election
18 to become “taxpayers” is:
19 1. Omit the “not subject” option.

20 2. Present the “exempt” option as the only method for avoiding the liability described.
21 3. Define the term “exempt” to exclude persons who are “not subject”.
22 This form of abuse exploits the common false presumption among most Americans, which is the following: Government
23 forms present ALL of the lawful options available to avoid the liability described. In fact, government is famous for
24 limiting options in order to advantage or benefit them. In effect, they are constraining your options to compel you to select
25 the lesser of evils and remove the ability to avoid all evil. This devious technique is also called an “adhesion contract”. In
26 summary, they are violating the First Amendment by instituting compelled association in which you are coerced to engage
27 in commercial activity with them and become subject to their pagan laws.
28 There are two ways that one can use to describe oneself on government forms:
29 1. “Exempt”. This is a person who is otherwise subject to the provision of law administering the form because they are
30 an “individual” or “person” and yet who is expressly made exempt by a particular provision of the statutes forming the
31 franchise agreement. This option appears on most government forms.
32 2. “Not subject”. This would be equivalent to a “nontaxpayer” who is not a “person” or franchisee within the meaning of
33 the statute in question. You almost never see this option on government forms.
34 There is a world of difference between these two statuses and we MUST understand the difference before we can know
35 whether or how to fill out a specific government form describing our status. In this section we will show you how to
36 choose the correct status above and all the affects that this status has on how we fill out government forms.
37 We will begin our explanation with an illustration. If you are domiciled in California, you would describe yourself as
38 “subject” to the laws in California. However, in relation to the laws of every other civil jurisdiction outside of California,
39 you would describe yourself as:
40 1. “Not subject” to the civil laws of that place unless you are physically visiting that place.
41 2. Not ANYTHING described in the civil law that the government has jurisdiction over or may impose a “duty” upon,
42 such as a “person”, “individual”, “taxpayer”, etc.
43 3. Not a “foreign person” because not a “person” under the civil law.
44 4. “foreign”.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 5. A “nonresident”.
2 6. A “transient foreigner”.
3 A human being who is domiciled in California, for instance, would not be subject to the civil laws of China unless he was
4 either visiting China or engaged in commerce within the legislative jurisdiction of China with people who were domiciled
5 there and therefore protected by the civil laws there. He would not describe himself as being “exempt” from the laws of
6 China, because one cannot be “exempt” without FIRST also being “subject” by having a domicile or residence within that
7 foreign jurisdiction. Another way of stating this is that he would not be a “person” under the civil laws of China and would
8 be “foreign” unless and until he either physically moved there or changed his domicile or residence to that place and
9 thereby became a “protected person” subject to the civil jurisdiction of the Chinese government.
10 All income taxation within the United States of America takes the form of an excise tax upon an “activity” implemented by
11 the civil law. In the case of the Internal Revenue Code, Subtitle A, that activity is called a “trade or business”. This fact
12 exhaustively proven in the following amazing article:

13 A “trade or business” is then defined in 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(26) as follows:

17 thereof—
18 (26) “The term 'trade or business' includes the performance of the functions [activities] of a public office.”
19 Those who therefore lawfully engage in a public office in the U.S. government BEFORE they sign or submit any tax form
20 are then described as a “franchisee” called a “taxpayer” under the terms of the excise tax or franchise agreement codified in
21 Internal Revenue Code, Subtitle A. Those who are not “public officers” also cannot lawfully “elect” themselves into
22 “public office” by signing or submitting a tax form either, because this would constitute impersonating an officer or
23 employee of the government in violation of 18 U.S.C. §912. This is confirmed by 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(31) , which
24 describes all those who are nonresident within the “United States” (District of Columbia) and not engaged in the “trade or
25 business”/”public office” activity as being a “foreign estate”, which simply means “not subject”, to the Internal Revenue
26 Code, Subtitle A franchise or excise tax:

28 §7701. Definitions
30 thereof—
31 (31) Foreign estate or trust
32 (A) Foreign estate
33 The term “foreign estate” means an estate the income of which, from sources without the United States which is
34 not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, is not includible in
35 gross income under subtitle A.
36 The entity or “person” described above would NOT be “exempt”, but rather simply “not subject”. The reason is that the
37 term “exempt” has a specific legal definition that does not include the situation above. Notice that the term “exempt” is
38 used along with the word “individual”, meaning that you must be a “person” and an “individual” BEFORE you can call
39 yourself “exempt”:

42 (b)(5) Exempt individual defined
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 For purposes of this subsection -
2 (A) In general
3 An individual is an exempt individual for any day if, for such day, such individual is -
4 (i) a foreign government-related individual,
5 (ii) a teacher or trainee,
6 (iii) a student, or
7 (iv) a professional athlete who is temporarily in the United States to compete in a charitable sports event
8 described in section 274(l)(1)(B).
9 (B) Foreign government-related individual
10 The term ''foreign government-related individual'' means any individual temporarily present in the United
11 States by reason of -
12 (i) diplomatic status, or a visa which the Secretary (after consultation with the Secretary of State) determines
13 represents full-time diplomatic or consular status for purposes of this subsection,
14 (ii) being a full-time employee of an international organization, or
15 (iii) being a member of the immediate family of an individual described in clause (i) or (ii).
16 (C) Teacher or trainee
17 The term ''teacher or trainee'' means any individual -
18 (i) who is temporarily present in the United States under subparagraph (J) or (Q) of section 101(15) of the
19 Immigration and Nationality Act (other than as a student), and
20 (ii) who substantially complies with the requirements for being so present.
21 (D) Student
22 The term ''student'' means any individual -
23 (i) who is temporarily present in the United States -
24 (I) under subparagraph (F) or (M) of section 101(15) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, or
25 (II) as a student under subparagraph (J) or (Q) of such section 101(15), and (ii) who substantially complies
26 with the requirements for being so present.
27 (E) Special rules for teachers, trainees, and students
28 (i) Limitation on teachers and trainees
29 An individual shall not be treated as an exempt individual by reason of clause (ii) of subparagraph (A) for the
30 current year if, for any 2 calendar years during the preceding 6 calendar years, such person was an exempt
31 person under clause (ii) or (iii) of subparagraph (A). In the case of an individual all of whose compensation is
32 described in section 872(b)(3), the preceding sentence shall be applied by substituting ''4 calendar years'' for ''2
33 calendar years''.
34 (ii) Limitation on students
35 For any calendar year after the 5th calendar year for which an individual was an exempt individual under
36 clause (ii) or (iii) of subparagraph (A), such individual shall not be treated as an exempt individual by reason of
37 clause (iii) of subparagraph (A), unless such individual establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary that such
38 individual does not intend to permanently reside in the United States and that such individual meets the
39 requirements of subparagraph (D)(ii).
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 The Internal Revenue Code itself does not and cannot regulate the conduct of those who are not “taxpayers”.
2 “Revenue Laws relate to taxpayers [officers, employees, and elected officials of the Federal Government] and
3 not to non-taxpayers [American Citizens/American Nationals not subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the
4 Federal Government]. The latter are without their scope. No procedures are prescribed for non-taxpayers and
5 no attempt is made to annul any of their Rights or Remedies in due course of law.”
6 [Economy Plumbing & Heating v. U.S., 470 F.2d. 585 (1972)]
7 Consequently, all tax forms you fill out PRESUPPOSE that the person filling it out is a franchisee called a “taxpayer” who
8 occupies a public office within the U.S. government and who is therefore a “person” or an “individual”. Since the Internal
9 Revenue Code is civil law, it also must presuppose that all “persons” or “individuals” described within it are domiciled on
10 federal territory that is no part of a state of the Union. This is confirmed by the definition of “United States” found in 26
11 U.S.C. §7701(a)(9) and (a)(10), which is defined as the District of Columbia and not part of any state of the Union. If you
12 do not lawfully occupy such a public office, it would therefore constitute fraud and impersonating a public officer in
13 violation of 18 U.S.C. §912 to even fill such a form out. If a company hands a “nontaxpayer” a tax form to fill out, the only
14 proper response is ALL of the following, and any other response will result in the commission of a crime:
15 1. To not complete or sign any provision of the form.

16 2. To line out the entire form.
17 3. To write above the line “Not Applicable”.
18 4. To NOT select the “exempt” option within the form or select any status at all on the form. If you aren’t subject to the
19 Internal Revenue Code because you don’t have a domicile on federal territory and don’t engage in taxable activities,
20 then you can’t be described as a “person”, “individual”, “taxpayer”, or anything else who might be subject to the I.R.C.
21 “The foregoing considerations would lead, in case of doubt, to a construction of any statute as intended to be
22 confined in its operation and effect to the territorial limits over which the lawmaker has general and
23 legitimate power. 'All legislation is prima facie territorial.' Ex parte Blain, L. R. 12 Ch. Div. 522, 528; State
24 v. Carter, 27 N. J. L. 499; People v. Merrill, 2 Park. Crim. Rep. 590, 596. Words having universal scope, such
25 as 'every contract in restraint of trade,' 'every person who shall monopolize,' etc., will be taken, as a matter of
26 course, to mean only everyone subject to such legislation, not all that the legislator subsequently may be able
27 to catch. In the case of the present statute, the improbability of the United States attempting to make acts done
28 in Panama or Costa Rica criminal is obvious, yet the law begins by making criminal the acts for which it gives
29 a right to sue. We think it entirely plain that what the defendant did in Panama or Costa Rica is not within the
30 scope of the statute so far as the present suit is concerned. Other objections of a serious nature are urged, but
31 need not be discussed.”
32 [American Banana Co. v. U.S. Fruit, 213 U.S. 347 at 357-358]
33 5. To either not return the form to the person who asked for it or to return it with the modifications above.
34 6. If you return the form to the person who asked for it, to clarify on the form why you are not “exempt”, but rather “not
35 subject”.
36 7. To attach the following form to the tax form:
Tax Form Attachment, Form #04.013
37 Another alternative to all the above would be to simply add a “Not subject” option or to select “Exempt” and then redefine
38 the word to add the “not subject” option to the definition. Then you could attach the Tax Form Attachment mentioned
39 above, which also redefines words of the form to immunize yourself from government jurisdiction.
40 If we had an honorable government that loved the people under its care and protection more than it loved deceiving you out
41 of and stealing your money, then they would indicate at the top of the form in big bold letters EXACTLY what laws are
42 being enforced and who the intended audience is so that those who are not required to fill it out would not do so. However,
43 if they did that, hardly anyone would ever pay taxes again. Of this SCAM, the Bible and a famous bible commentary says
44 the following:
45 "Getting treasures by a lying tongue [or by deliberate omission intended to deceive] is the fleeting fantasy of
46 those who seek death."
47 [Prov. 21:6, Bible, NKJV]
48 "As religion towards God is a branch of universal righteousness (he is not an honest man that is not devout), so
49 righteousness towards men is a branch of true religion, for he is not a godly man that is not honest, nor can
50 he expect that his devotion should be accepted; for, 1. Nothing is more offensive to God than deceit in
51 commerce. A false balance is here put for all manner of unjust and fraudulent practices [of our public dis-
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 servants] in dealing with any person [within the public], which are all an abomination to the Lord, and
2 render those abominable [hated] to him that allow themselves in the use of such accursed arts of thriving. It
3 is an affront to justice, which God is the patron of, as well as a wrong to our neighbour, whom God is the
4 protector of. Men [in the IRS and the Congress] make light of such frauds, and think there is no sin in that
5 which there is money to be got by, and, while it passes undiscovered, they cannot blame themselves for it; a
6 blot is no blot till it is hit, Hos. 12:7, 8. But they are not the less an abomination to God, who will be the
7 avenger of those that are defrauded by their brethren. 2. Nothing is more pleasing to God than fair and
8 honest dealing, nor more necessary to make us and our devotions acceptable to him: A just weight is his
9 delight. He himself goes by a just weight, and holds the scale of judgment with an even hand, and therefore is
10 pleased with those that are herein followers of him. A balance cheats, under pretence of doing right most
11 exactly, and therefore is the greater abomination to God."
12 [Matthew Henry’s Commentary on the Whole Bible; Henry, M., 1996, c1991, under Prov. 11:1]
13 In the case of income tax forms, for instance, the warning described above would say the following:
14 1. This form is only intended for those who satisfy all the following conditions:
15 1.1. “taxpayer” as defined in 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(14):
16 “Revenue Laws relate to taxpayers [officers, employees, and elected officials of the Federal Government] and
17 not to non-taxpayers [American Citizens/American Nationals not subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the
18 Federal Government]. The latter are without their scope. No procedures are prescribed for non-taxpayers and
19 no attempt is made to annul any of their Rights or Remedies in due course of law.”
20 [Economy Plumbing & Heating v. U.S., 470 F.2d. 585 (1972)]
21 1.2. Lawfully engaged in a “public office” in the U.S. government, which is called a “trade or business” in the
22 Internal Revenue Code, Subtitle A at 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(26).
23 1.3. Exercising the public office ONLY within the District of Columbia as required by 4 U.S.C. §72, which is within
24 the only remaining internal revenue district, as confirmed by Treasury Order 150-02.
25 2. If you do not satisfy all the requirements indicated above, then you DO NOT need to fill out this form, nor can you
26 claim the status of “exempt”.
27 3. This form is ONLY for use by “taxpayers”. If you are a “nontaxpayer”, then we don’t have a form you can use to
28 document your status. This is because our mission statement only allows us to help “taxpayers”. It is self-defeating to
29 help “nontaxpayers” because it only undermines our revenue and importance. We are a business and we only focus our
30 energies on things that make money for us, such as deceiving “nontaxpayers” into thinking they are “taxpayers”. That
31 is why we don’t put a “nontaxpayer” or “not subject” option on our forms: Because we want to self-servingly and
32 prejudicially presume that EVERYONE is engaged in our franchise and subject to our plunder and control.
33 IRM 1.1.1.1 (02-26-1999)

34 IRS Mission and Basic Organization
35 The IRS Mission: Provide America’s taxpayers top quality service by helping them understand and meet their
36 tax responsibilities and by applying the tax law with integrity and fairness to all.
37 We hope that you have learned from this section that:
38 1. He who makes the rules or the forms always wins the game. The power to create includes the power to define.
39 2. All government forms are snares or traps designed to trap the innocent and ignorant into servitude to the whims of
40 corrupted politicians and lawyers.
41 “The Lord is well pleased for His righteousness’ sake; He will exalt the law and make it honorable. But this
42 is a people robbed and plundered! [by the IRS] All of them are snared in [legal] holes [by the sophistry of
43 greedy IRS lawyers], and they are hidden in prison houses; they are for prey, and no one delivers; for
44 plunder, and no one says, “Restore!”.
45 Who among you will give ear to this? Who will listen and hear for the time to come? Who gave Jacob for
46 plunder, and Israel to the robbers? [IRS] Was it not the Lord, He against whom we have sinned? For they
47 would not walk in His ways, nor were they obedient to His law, therefore He has poured on him the fury of His
48 anger and the strength of battle; it has set him on fire all around, yet he did not know; and it burned him, yet he
49 did not take it to heart.”
50 [Isaiah 42:21-25, Bible, NKJV]a
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 3. The snare is the presumptions which they deliberately do not disclose on the forms and which are buried in the “words
2 of art” contained in their void for vagueness codes. See:
3 4. The main reason for reading and learning the law is to reveal all the presumptions and deceptive “words of art” that are
4 hidden on government forms so that you can avoid them.
5 "My [God's] people are destroyed [and enslaved] for lack of knowledge [of God's Laws and the lack of
6 education that produces it].”
7 [Hosea 4:6, Bible, NKJV]
8 "And thou shalt teach them ordinances and laws [of both God and man], and shalt shew them the way wherein
9 they must walk, and the work [of obedience to God] that they must do."
10 [Exodus 18:20, Bible, NKJV]
11 "This Book of the Law shall not depart from your mouth, but you shall meditate in it day and night, that you
12 may observe to do according to all that is written in it. For then you will make your way prosperous, and then
13 you will have good success. Have I not commanded you? Be strong and of good courage; do not be afraid, nor
14 be dismayed, for the LORD your God is with you wherever you go.”
15 [Joshua 1:8-9, Bible, NKJV]
16 5. Government forms deliberately do not disclose the presumptions that are being made about the proper audience for the
17 form in order to maximize the possibility that they can exploit your legal ignorance to induce you to make a “tithe” to
18 their state-sponsored civil religion and church of socialism. That religion is exhaustively described below:
Socialism: The New American Civil Religion, Form #05.016
19 6. All government forms are designed to encourage you to waive sovereign immunity and engage in commerce with the
20 government. Government does not make forms for those who refuse to do business with them such as “nontaxpayers”,
21 “nonresidents”, or “transient foreigners”. If you want a form that accurately describes your status as a “nontaxpayer”
22 and which preserves your sovereignty and sovereign immunity, you will have to design your own. Government is
23 never going to make it easy to reduce their own revenues, importance, power, or control over you. Everyone in the
24 government is there because they have the largest possible audience of “customers” for their services. Another way of
25 saying this is that they are going to do everything within their power to rig things so that it is impossible to avoid
26 contracting with or doing business with them. This approach has the effect of compelling you to contract with them in
27 violation of Article 1, Section 10 of the Constitution, which is supposed to protect your right to NOT contract with the
28 government.
29 7. The Thirteenth Amendment prohibits involuntary servitude. Consequently, the government cannot lawfully impose
30 any duty, including the duty to fill out or submit a government form. Therefore, you should view every opportunity
31 that presents itself to fill out a government form as an act of contracting away your rights.
32 8. In the case of government tax forms, the purpose of all government tax forms is to ask the following presumptuous and
33 prejudicial question:
34 “What kind of ‘taxpayer’ are you?”
35 . . .rather than the question:
36 “Are you a ‘taxpayer’?”
37 The above approach results in what the legal profession refers to as a “leading question”, which is a question
38 contaminated by a prejudicial presumption and therefore inadmissible as evidence. Federal Rule of Evidence 611(c )
39 expressly forbids such leading questions to be used as evidence, which is also why no IRS form can really qualify as
40 evidence that can be used against anyone: It doesn’t offer a “nontaxpayer” or a “foreigner” option. An example of
41 such a question is the following:
42 “Have you always beat your wife?”
43 The presumption hidden within the above leading question is that you are a “wife beater”. Replace the word “wife
44 beater” with “taxpayer” and you know the main method by which the IRS stays in business.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 11 Legal remedies for “nontaxpayers” who are the subject of unlawful collection activity
2 It is very important to realize that all “taxpayers” are public officers within the U.S. government. Consequently, the only
3 remedies they have in that role are statutory civil law that in turn only applies to public officers, instrumentalities, and
4 government in general. This is exhaustively explained and proven in the following memorandums of law:
5 1. Why Your Government is Either a Thief or You are a “Public Officer” for Income Tax Purposes, Form #05.008
7 2. Why Statutory Civil Law is Law for Government and Not Private Persons, Form #05.037
9 The only section of the I.R.C. that even mentions nontaxpayers that we know of is 26 U.S.C. §7426. This section describes
10 “nontaxpayers” with the phrase “persons other than taxpayers”. The section:
11 1. Is a civil remedy available only to RESIDENTS of the federal zone. Those domiciled outside the federal zone and not
12 representing public offices in the U.S. government may not avail themselves of the benefits of this provision, like the
13 rest of the I.R.C.
14 2. Provides statutory remedies only to THIRD PARTIES who are victimized by wrongful collection action, not primary
15 parties who are incorrectly connected with a public office in the U.S. government, usually by the filing of fraudulent
16 information returns.
17 3. Requires those availing themselves of the “benefits” of that section to exhaust administrative remedies prior to filing
18 suit. See 26 U.S.C. §7426(h)(2).
19 4. Requires those availing themselves of the “benefits” of that section to NOT challenge the accuracy or veracity of the
20 assessment upon which the collection action is based. See 26 U.S.C. §7426(c).

22 § 7426. Civil actions by persons other than taxpayers
23 (c) Validity of assessment
24 For purposes of an adjudication under this section, the assessment of tax upon which the interest or lien of the
25 United States is based shall be conclusively presumed to be valid.
26 All remedies that can or may be pursued would be in the nature of a Bivens Action in federal court or state court against the
27 agent personally and individually. The government cannot and should not be a party. The action should be based upon the
28 common law and NOT statutory law. For resources in pursuing such an action, see:
29 1. Civil Court Remedies for Sovereigns: Taxation, Litigation Tool #10.002

30 FORMS PAGE: http://sedm.org/Litigation/LitIndex.htm
31 DIRECT LINK: http://sedm.org/ItemInfo/Ebooks/CivCourtRem-Tax/CivCourtRem-Tax.htm
32 2. Sovereignty and Freedom Page, Section 4.4: Litigating to Defend your Rights- Bivens Actions, Family Guardian
33 Fellowship-Family Guardian website
34 http://famguardian.org/Subjects/Freedom/Freedom.htm
35 3. Sovereignty and Freedom Page, Section 8.4: Common Law, Family Guardian Fellowship-Family Guardian website
36 http://famguardian.org/Subjects/Freedom/Freedom.htm
37 12 Conclusions
38 This section succinctly summarizes the entire content of this pamphlet in the following enumerated list:
39 1. All “taxpayers” are public offices in the government. See:

Why Your Government is Either a Thief or You are a “Public Officer” for Income Tax Purposes, Form #05.008
40 2. The public office is the “res” that is the subject of all federal legislation, not the human being. The ability to regulate
41 private conduct, according to the U.S. Supreme Court, is “repugnant to the Constitution”:
42 “The power to "legislate generally upon" life, liberty, and property, as opposed to the "power to provide modes
43 of redress" against offensive state action, was "repugnant" to the Constitution. Id., at 15. See also United States
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 v. Reese, 92 U.S. 214, 218 (1876); United States v. Harris, 106 U.S. 629, 639 (1883); James v. Bowman, 190
2 U.S. 127, 139 (1903). Although the specific holdings of these early cases might have been superseded or
3 modified, see, e.g., Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964); United States v. Guest,
4 383 U.S. 745 (1966), their treatment of Congress' §5 power as corrective or preventive, not definitional, has not
5 been questioned.”
6 [City of Boerne v. Florez, Archbishop of San Antonio, 521 U.S. 507 (1997)]
7 3. The public office who is the “taxpayer” is identified in Fed.R.Civ.P. 17(d).
8 IV. PARTIES > Rule 17.

9 Rule 17. Plaintiff and Defendant; Capacity; Public Officers
10 (d) Public Officer's Title and Name.
11 A public officer who sues or is sued in an official capacity may be designated by official title rather than by
12 name, but the court may order that the officer's name be added.
13 4. The human being occupying the public office is not the “taxpayer”, but rather the office itself. Congress can only tax
14 what it creates, and it didn’t create human beings, but rather the public offices that human beings occupy.
15 5. All “public officers” are officers of a federal corporation, the “United States”, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §3002(15)(A).
16 At common law, a "corporation" was an "artificial perso[n] endowed with the legal capacity of perpetual
17 succession" consisting either of a single individual (termed a "corporation sole") or of a collection of several
18 individuals (a "corporation aggregate"). 3 H. Stephen, Commentaries on the Laws of England 166, 168 (1st
19 Am. ed. 1845). The sovereign was considered a corporation. See id., at 170; see also 1 W. Blackstone,
20 Commentaries *467. Under the definitions supplied by contemporary law dictionaries, Territories would have
21 been classified as "corporations" (and hence as "persons") at the time that 1983 was enacted and the
22 Dictionary Act recodified. See W. Anderson, A Dictionary of Law 261 (1893) ("All corporations were
23 originally modeled upon a state or nation"); 1 J. Bouvier, A Law Dictionary Adapted to the Constitution and
24 Laws of the United States of America 318-319 (11th ed. 1866) ("In this extensive sense the United States may
25 be termed a corporation"); Van Brocklin v. Tennessee, 117 U.S. 151, 154 (1886) ("`The United States is a . .
26 . great corporation . . . ordained and established by the American people'") (quoting United [495 U.S. 182,
27 202] States v. Maurice, 26 F.Cas. 1211, 1216 (No. 15,747) (CC Va. 1823) (Marshall, C. J.)); Cotton v. United
28 States, 11 How. 229, 231 (1851) (United States is "a corporation"). See generally Trustees of Dartmouth
29 College v. Woodward, 4 Wheat. 518, 561-562 (1819) (explaining history of term "corporation").
30 [Ngiraingas v. Sanchez, 495 U.S. 182 (1990) ]
31 6. All corporations are “citizens and residents”, and therefore the public officers who occupy them are also statutory
32 “U.S. citizens” and “U.S. residents” in the context of their office but not necessarily in the context of their private
33 affairs:
37 7. Representing a public office by volunteering to becoming a “taxpayer” is how a human being:

38 7.1. Engages in commerce within the jurisdiction of the “United States” and thereby Surrenders sovereign immunity
39 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §1605(a).
40 7.2. Becomes a “citizen”, “resident”, “individual”, or “taxpayer” under the terms of the “trade or business” franchise
41 agreement codified in Internal Revenue Code, Subtitle A.
42 7.3. Makes an election to become a “resident alien” and a domestic entity within the jurisdiction of the federal courts,
43 which are Article IV legislative franchise courts:
44 26 C.F.R. §301.7701-5 Domestic, foreign, resident, and nonresident persons.
45 A domestic corporation is one organized or created in the United States, including only the States (and during
46 the periods when not States, the Territories of Alaska and Hawaii), and the District of Columbia, or under the
47 law of the United States or of any State or Territory. A foreign corporation is one which is not domestic. A
48 domestic corporation is a resident corporation even though it does no business and owns no property in the
49 United States. A foreign corporation engaged in trade or business within the United States is referred to in
50 the regulations in this chapter as a resident foreign corporation, and a foreign corporation not engaged in
51 trade or business within the United States, as a nonresident foreign corporation. A partnership engaged in
52 trade or business within the United States is referred to in the regulations in this chapter as a resident
53 partnership, and a partnership not engaged in trade or business within the United States, as a nonresident
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 partnership. Whether a partnership is to be regarded as resident or nonresident is not determined by the
2 nationality or residence of its members or by the place in which it was created or organized.
3 [Amended by T.D. 8813, Federal Register: February 2, 1999 (Volume 64, Number 21), Page 4967-4975]
4 [SOURCE: http://famguardian.org/TaxFreedom/CitesByTopic/Resident-26cfr301.7701-5.pdf]
5 8. Human beings who fill out tax returns are:

6 8.1. Surety for a public office and therefore represent the “taxpayer” but are not in fact the “taxpayer”.
7 8.2. Acting on behalf of a “straw man” who is a “public office” in the government. See:
Proof That There is a “Straw Man”, Form #05.042
8 8.3. Fiduciaries (26 U.S.C. §6903) and “transferees” (26 U.S.C. §6901) over property and rights to property attached
9 to the office using the Taxpayer Identification Number. That property could only become attached to a “public
10 use”, “public purpose”, and “public office” by voluntarily donating private property to a public use without
11 compensation in order to procure the benefits of the “taxpayer” and “social insurance” franchise called a “trade or
12 business”.
13 “Men are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights,-'life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;'
14 and to 'secure,' not grant or create, these rights, governments are instituted. That property [or income] which a
15 man has honestly acquired he retains full control of, subject to these limitations: First, that he shall not use
16 it to his neighbor's injury, and that does not mean that he must use it for his neighbor's benefit; second,
17 that if he devotes it to a public use, he gives to the public a right to
18 control that use; and third, that whenever the public needs require, the public may take it upon
19 payment of due compensation.
20 [Budd v. People of State of New York, 143 U.S. 517 (1892)]
21 9. All “taxable income” (26 U.S.C. §63) consists of payments made to or received by the United States government.
22 Exchanges between private parties are not “gross income” or “taxable income”. That is what the term “sources within
23 the United States” means. This is demonstrated by 26 U.S.C. §864(c)(3).
24 10. Internal Revenue Code, Subtitle A describes a municipal federal employee or officer kickback program for the District
25 of Columbia disguised to look like a legitimate income tax.
26 11. “Individuals” are a subset of the “public offices” who are “taxpayers”. These people are defined as “employees” in 5
27 U.S.C. §2105(a).
28 TITLE 5 > PART III > Subpart A > CHAPTER 21 > § 2105
29 §2105. Employee
30 (a) For the purpose of this title, “employee”, except as otherwise provided by this section or when specifically
31 modified, means an officer and an individual who is—
32 (1) appointed in the civil service by one of the following acting in an official capacity—
33 (A) the President;
34 (B) a Member or Members of Congress, or the Congress;
35 (C) a member of a uniformed service;
36 (D) an individual who is an employee under this section;
37 (E) the head of a Government controlled corporation; or
38 (F) an adjutant general designated by the Secretary concerned under section 709 (c) of title 32;
39 (2) engaged in the performance of a Federal function under authority of law or an Executive act; and
40 (3) subject to the supervision of an individual named by paragraph (1) of this subsection while engaged in
41 the performance of the duties of his position.
42 12. A “public office” is a franchise that is called a “trade or business” in the definition at 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(26). All
43 franchises are contracts between the government grantor and the private person who signs up:
44 “As a rule, franchises spring from contracts between the sovereign power and private citizens, made upon
45 valuable considerations, for purposes of individual advantage as well as public benefit, 15 and thus a franchise
46 partakes of a double nature and character. So far as it affects or concerns the public, it is publici juris and is
47 subject to governmental control. The legislature may prescribe the manner of granting it, to whom it may be
48 granted, the conditions and terms upon which it may be held, and the duty of the grantee to the public in
49 exercising it, and may also provide for its forfeiture upon the failure of the grantee to perform that duty. But
15
Georgia R. & Power Co. v. Atlanta, 154 Ga. 731, 115 S.E. 263; Lippencott v. Allander, 27 Iowa 460; State ex rel. Hutton v. Baton Rouge, 217 La. 857,
47 So.2d. 665; Tower v. Tower & S. Street R. Co. 68 Minn. 500, 71 N.W. 691.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 when granted, it becomes the property of the grantee, and is a private right, subject only to the governmental
2 control growing out of its other nature as publici juris. 16”
3 [American Jurisprudence 2d, Franchises, §4: Generally (1999)]
4 13. In law, all rights are property, anything that conveys rights is property, contracts convey rights and therefore are
5 “property”, and all franchises are contracts, and therefore property.
6 “Property. That which is peculiar or proper to any person; that which belongs exclusively to one. In the strict
7 legal sense, an aggregate of rights which are guaranteed and protected by the government. Fulton Light, Heat
8 & Power Co. v. State, 65 Misc.Rep. 263, 121 N.Y.S. 536. The term is said to extend to every species of valuable
9 right and interest. More specifically, ownership; the unrestricted and exclusive right to a thing; the right to
10 dispose of a thing in every legal way, to possess it, to use it, and to exclude every one else from interfering with
11 it. That dominion or indefinite right of use or disposition which one may lawfully exercise over particular things
12 or subjects. The exclusive right of possessing, enjoying, and disposing of a thing. The highest right a man can
13 have to anything; being used to refer to that right which one has to lands or tenements, goods or chattels, which
14 no way depends on another man's courtesy.
15 The word is also commonly used to denote everything which is the subject of ownership, corporeal or
16 incorporeal, tangible or intangible, visible or invisible, real or personal, everything that has an exchangeable
17 value or which goes to make up wealth or estate. It extends to every species of valuable right and interest, and
18 includes real and personal property, easements, franchises, and incorporeal hereditaments, and includes
19 every invasion of one's property rights by actionable wrong. Labberton v. General Cas. Co. of America, 53
20 Wash.2d. 180, 332 P.2d. 250, 252, 254.
21 Property embraces everything which is or may be the subject of ownership, whether a legal ownership. or
22 whether beneficial, or a private ownership. Davis v. Davis. TexCiv-App., 495 S.W.2d. 607. 611. Term includes
23 not only ownership and possession but also the right of use and enjoyment for lawful purposes. Hoffmann v.
24 Kinealy, Mo., 389 S.W.2d. 745, 752. “
25 [Black’s Law Dictionary, Fifth Edition, p. 1095]
26 14. Congress has jurisdiction over its own property wherever it may be found, including in a state of the Union.
27 Consequently, it has jurisdiction over its own public officers and therefore “taxpayers” wherever they may be found:
28 “The Constitution permits Congress to dispose of and to make all needful rules and regulations respecting
29 the territory or other property belonging to the United States. This power applies as well to territory
30 belonging to the United States within the States, as beyond them. It comprehends all the public domain,
31 wherever it may be. The argument is, that the power to make ‘ALL needful rules and regulations‘ ‘is a power
32 of legislation,’ ‘a full legislative power;’ ‘that it includes all subjects of legislation in the territory,‘ and is
33 without any limitations, except the positive prohibitions which affect all the powers of Congress. Congress
34 may then regulate or prohibit slavery upon the public domain within the new States, and such a prohibition
35 would permanently affect the capacity of a slave, whose master might carry him to it. And why not? Because no
36 power has been conferred on Congress. This is a conclusion universally admitted. But the power to ‘make
37 rules and regulations respecting the territory‘ is not restrained by State lines, nor are there any constitutional
38 prohibitions upon its exercise in the domain of the United States within the States; and whatever rules and
39 regulations respecting territory Congress may constitutionally make are supreme, and are not dependent on
40 the situs of ‘the territory.‘”
41 [Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393, 509-510 (1856)]
42 15. Pursuant to 4 U.S.C. §72, it is unlawful for Congress to establish a public office outside the District of Columbia,
43 unless expressly authorized to be executed in a specific place:
44 15.1. The public offices that are the subject of the tax upon a “trade or business” have never been expressly extended to
45 a state of the Union and CAN’T without violating the separation of powers doctrine.
46 15.2. The vast majority of Americans who believe they are “taxpayers” are deceived because they not authorized to
47 serve in a public office and do not meet any of the legal requirements for doing so.
48 15.3. It is a crime for a private person to impersonate a public officer of the government in violation of 18 U.S.C. §912.
49 15.4. No tax form can be used to CREATE or ESTABLISH a public office. The Internal Revenue Code regulates the
50 exercise of EXISTING public offices but does not create any new ones.
51 15.5. It is illegal to use the W-4 form as an “election” form to elect yourself into a public office. See 18 U.S.C. §201.
52 16. A third party such as a “withholding agent” pursuant to 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(16) who files an information return such as
53 IRS Forms W-2, 1042-S, 1098, 1099, or 8300 against a private person not lawfully engaged in a public office in the
54 U.S. government:
16
Georgia R. & Power Co. v. Atlanta, 154 Ga. 731, 115 S.E. 263; Lippencott v. Allander, 27 Iowa 460; State ex rel. Hutton v. Baton Rouge, 217 La. 857,
47 So.2d. 665; Tower v. Tower & S. Street R. Co. 68 Minn. 500, 71 N.W. 691.
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 16.1. Is unlawfully impersonating a public officer in violatin of 18 U.S.C. §912.
2 16.2. Converting formerly private property and earnings to a “public office” in violation of 18 U.S.C. §654.
3 16.3. Filing a false return or statement in violation of 26 U.S.C. §7206 and 7207.
4 16.4. Committing perjury under penalty of perjury if he was informed that you do not lawfully occupy a public office
5 in the U.S. Government, in violatin of 18 U.S.C. §1001, 18 U.S.C. §1542, 18 U.S.C. §1621.
6 17. All legal proceedings involving income taxes under Internal Revenue Code, Subtitle A are proceedings “in rem”
7 against the office and the property attached to the office, not against the human being who occupies the office.
8 “In rem. A technical term used to designate proceedings or actions instituted against the thing [the “office”],
9 in contradistinction to personal actions [against human beings], which are said to be in personam.
10 “In rem” proceedings encompass any action brought against person in which essential purpose of suit is to
11 determine title to or to affect interest in specific property located within territory over which court has
12 jurisdiction. ReMine ex rel. Liley v. District Court for City and County of Denver, Colo., 709 P.2d. 1379, 1382.
13 It is true that, in a strict sense, a proceeding in rem is one taken directly against property, and has for its object
14 the disposition of property, without reference to title of individual claimants; but, in a larger and more general
15 sense, the terms are applied to actions between parties, where the direct object is to reach and dispose of
16 property owned by them, or of some interest therein. Such are cases commenced by attachment against the
17 property of debtors, or instituted to partition real estate, foreclose a mortgage, or enforce a lien. Pennoyer v.
18 Neff, 95 U.S. 714, 24 L.Ed. 565. In the strict sense of the term, a proceeding “in rem” is one which is taken
19 directly against property or one which is brought to enforce a right in the thing itself.
20 Actions in which the court is required to have control of the thing or object and which an adjudication is made
21 as to the object which binds the whole world and not simply the interests of the parties to the proceeding.
22 Flesch v. Circle City Excavating & Rental Corp., 137 Ind.App. 695, 210 N.E.2d. 865.
23 See also in personam; In rem jurisdiction; Quasi in rem jurisdiction.

25 18. The “Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN)” functions as a de facto license number to act in the capacity of a public
26 officer in the government. It functions as a “license” because all licenses constitute official permission from the state
27 to perform an act which is otherwise illegal. It is otherwise a criminal violation of 18 U.S.C. §912 for a private person
28 not serving with the government to act as a public officer. The TIN is de facto rather than de jure because the U.S.
29 Supreme Court has already held that Congress cannot authorize or license any profession or franchise, including public
30 offices, within states of the Union.
31 “Thus, Congress having power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and
32 with the Indian tribes, may, without doubt, provide for granting coasting licenses, licenses to pilots, licenses to
33 trade with the Indians, and any other licenses necessary or proper for the exercise of that great and extensive
34 power; and the same observation is applicable to every other power of Congress, to the exercise of which the
35 granting of licenses may be incident. All such licenses confer authority, and give rights to the licensee.
36 But very different considerations apply to the internal commerce or domestic trade of the States. Over this
37 commerce and trade Congress has no power of regulation nor any direct control. This power belongs
38 exclusively to the States. No interference by Congress with the business of citizens transacted within a State is
39 warranted by the Constitution, except such as is strictly incidental to the exercise of powers clearly granted to
40 the legislature. The power to authorize a business within a State is plainly repugnant to the exclusive power of
41 the State over the same subject. It is true that the power of Congress to tax is a very extensive power. It is given
42 in the Constitution, with only one exception and only two qualifications. Congress cannot tax exports, and it
43 must impose direct taxes by the rule of apportionment, and indirect taxes by the rule of uniformity. Thus limited,
44 and thus only, it reaches every subject, and may be exercised at discretion. But, it reaches only existing
45 Congress cannot authorize [e.g. “license”] a trade or business
subjects.
46 within a State in order to tax it.”
47 [License Tax Cases, 72 U.S. 462, 18 L.Ed. 497, 5 Wall. 462, 2 A.F.T.R. 2224 (1866)
48 13 Resources for further Study
49 The following FREE internet resources may be helpful to interested readers in further investigating the claims in this short
50 pamphlet:
51
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 1. Federal and State Tax Withholding Options for Private Employers, Form #04.101- Describes lawful withholding
2 options available to private companies and their workers. Shows workers and companies techniques to stop
3 withholding legally.
5 2. The “Trade or Business” Scam, Form #05.001- Proves that Internal Revenue Code, Subtitle A is an indirect excise tax.
6 Describes precisely the “taxable activity” or “subject of tax” under Subtitle A of the Internal Revenue Code.
8 3. Why You are a “national”, “state national”, and Constitutional but not Statutory Citizen, Form #05.006- Pamphlet
9 that explains the proper citizenship status of people born within states of the Union
11 4. Why Your Government is Either a Thief or You are a “Public Officer” for Income Tax Purposes, Form #05.008
13 5. Family Guardian Website, Taxation Page- Website that focuses on the freedom and liberty
14 http://famguardian.org/Subjects/Taxes/taxes.htm
15 6. Great IRS Hoax, Form #11.302, Form #11.302- Free Electronic book in Adobe PDF format.
16 http://famguardian.org/Publications/GreatIRSHoax/GreatIRSHoax.htm
17 7. Tax Deposition Questions, Form #03.016- Contain over 730 questions in admissions format with supporting evidence
18 from the government’s own mouth proving every point made in this paper. We challenge everyone to prove any part
19 of the evidence or conclusions wrong.
21 We encourage your rebuttal of any of the claims made in the pamphlet. You may send your rebuttal to our Contact Us page
22 at the address below:
23 http://sedm.org/
185H
24 We are not interested in opinions, but only statements that are supportable with evidence, as we have done here.
25 14 Questions that Readers, Grand Jurors, and Petit Jurors Should be Asking the Government
26 For those of you who have read this short pamphlet in its entirety and do not believe it or are unwilling to act based on it,
27 we have some simple questions for you. These are not legal questions, and I’m not asking you for legal advice, because in
28 fact, I already know the detailed answers to all the questions and the answers clearly reveal how irrational your position is
29 in this case and how inconsistent it is with the written law. Without answers to these questions, I am powerless to proceed
30 with the financial transaction under consideration because your actions are completely inconsistent with both the Internal
31 Revenue Code and the Treasury Regulations. Each question includes a default answer that is based on extensive legal
32 research by me. If you do not answer the question and provide a legal cite to support your position, then you admit to the
33 Default Answer provided. Silence is acquiescence in the legal field:
34 1. By what legal authority do you assert that the Internal Revenue Code applies to you and I, both of whom are inside of a
35 state of the Union on land not under the legislative jurisdiction of the federal government as required by 40 U.S.C.
36 §255, its successors 40 U.S.C. §3111 and 3112, as well as Article 1, Section 8, Clause 17 of the Constitution?
37 DEFAULT ANSWER: There is no federal jurisdiction within states of the Union except for very limited subject
38 matters like Treason, mail, and counterfeiting under the Constitution.
39 MY ANSWER:_____________________________________________________________________________
40 ____________________________________________________________________________________
41 ____________________________________________________________________________________
42 ____________________________________________________________________________________
43 ____________________________________________________________________________________
44
45 2. Where is the definition of “United States” found in Internal Revenue Code, Subtitles A and C that includes area within
46 states of the Union that is not owned by or ceded to the federal government?
47 DEFAULT ANSWER: There is no definition of “United States” anywhere in the Internal Revenue Code that applies to
48 Subtitles A and C other than that found in 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(9) and (a)(10).
49 MY ANSWER:_____________________________________________________________________________
50 ____________________________________________________________________________________
51 ____________________________________________________________________________________
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 ____________________________________________________________________________________
2 ____________________________________________________________________________________
3
4 3. What section of code identifies “citizens” under federal law as “taxpayers”.
5 DEFAULT ANSWER: 26 U.S.C. §911 identifies “citizens” domiciled in the District of Columbia as “taxpayers”, but
6 only when they are temporarily overseas on travel. There is no section of code that refers to “citizens” as
7 “taxpayers” while they are physically present in a state of the Union, which is no part of the “United States” as
8 defined in the Internal Revenue Code in 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(9) and (a)(10). The only “taxpayers” identified
9 anywhere in the I.R.C. are referred to as “aliens” or “nonresident aliens” in 26 C.F.R. §1.1-1(a)(2)(ii). When
10 “citizens” are overseas, they come under an income tax treaty with the foreign country they are in, and under
11 that treaty, they are “aliens”, and consequently, “taxpayers”.
12 MY ANSWER:____________________________________________________________________________
13 ____________________________________________________________________________________
14 ____________________________________________________________________________________
15 ____________________________________________________________________________________
16 ____________________________________________________________________________________
17
18 4. What section of the code identifies anything other than “corporations” and artificial entities as “U.S. persons”? I’ll
19 give you a hint: It isn’t 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(30).
20 DEFAULT ANSWER: “U.S. persons” are only defined in 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(30). That section of code limits them
21 to artificial entities and does not include natural persons. Notice it says “its” number.
22 MY ANSWER:_____________________________________________________________________________
23 ____________________________________________________________________________________
24 ____________________________________________________________________________________
25 ____________________________________________________________________________________
26 ____________________________________________________________________________________
27
28 5. What code section requires me, as a person living outside of federal jurisdiction within a state of the Union, who is a
29 “national” under 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(21) and a “nonresident alien” under 26 U.S.C. §7701(b)(1)(B), to have or use a
30 “Taxpayer Identification Number”?

33 Withholding of Tax on Nonresident Aliens and Foreign Corporations and Tax-Free Covenant Bonds
34 Sec. 1.1441-6 Claim of reduced withholding under an income tax treaty.
35 (c) Exemption from requirement to furnish a taxpayer identifying number and special documentary evidence
36 rules for certain income.
37 (1) General rule.
38 In the case of income described in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, a withholding agent may rely on a
39 beneficial owner withholding certificate [IRS Form W-8BEN] described in paragraph (b)(1) of this section
40 without regard to the requirement that the withholding certificate include the beneficial owner's taxpayer
41 identifying number. In the case of payments of income described in paragraph (c)(2) of this section made
42 outside the United States [federal zone] (as defined in Sec. 1.6049-5(e)) with respect to an offshore account (as
43 defined in Sec. 1.6049-5(c)(1)), a withholding agent may, as an alternative to a withholding certificate
44 described in paragraph (b)(1) of this section, rely on a certificate of residence described in paragraph (c)(3)
45 of this section or documentary evidence described in paragraph (c)(4) of this section, relating to the beneficial
46 owner, that the withholding agent has reviewed and maintains in its records in accordance with Sec. 1.1441-
47 1(e)(4)(iii). In the case of a payment to a person other than an individual, the certificate of residence or
48 documentary evidence must be accompanied by the statements described in paragraphs (c)(5)(i) and (ii) of this
49 section regarding limitation on benefits and whether the amount paid is derived by such person or by one of its
50 interest holders. The withholding agent maintains the reviewed documents by retaining either the documents
51 viewed or a photocopy thereof and noting in its records the date on which, and by whom, the documents were
52 received and reviewed. This paragraph (c)(1) shall not apply to amounts that are exempt from withholding
53 based on a claim that the income is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United
54 States.
55 __________________________________________________________________________________________
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 Title 31: Money and Finance: Treasury
2 PART 103—FINANCIAL RECORDKEEPING AND REPORTING OF CURRENCY AND FOREIGN
3 TRANSACTIONS
4 Subpart C—Records Required To Be Maintained
5 § 103.34 Additional records to be made and retained by banks.
6 (a)(3) A taxpayer identification number required under paragraph (a)(1) of this section need not be secured
7 for accounts or transactions with the following:
8 [. . .]
9 (x) non-resident aliens who are not engaged in a trade or business in the United States.
201H 20H
10 In instances described in paragraphs (a)(3), (viii) and (ix) of this section, the bank shall, within 15 days
11 following the end of any calendar year in which the interest accrued in that year is $10 or more use its best
12 effort to secure and maintain the appropriate taxpayer identification number or application form therefor.
13 ________________________________________________________________________________________
14 Title 31: Money and Finance: Treasury

15 PART 306—GENERAL REGULATIONS GOVERNING U.S. SECURITIES
16 Subpart B—Registration
17 306.10 General
18 The registration used must express the actual ownership of a security and may not include any restriction on the
19 authority of the owner to dispose of it in any manner, except as otherwise specifically provided in these
20 regulations. The Treasury Department reserves the right to treat the registration as conclusive of ownership.
21 Requests for registration should be clear, accurate, and complete, conform with one of the forms set forth in
22 this subpart, and include appropriate taxpayer identifying numbers. 2 The registration of all bonds owned by
23 the same person, organization, or fiduciary should be uniform with respect to the name of the owner and, in the
24 case of a fiduciary, the description of the fiduciary capacity. Individual owners should be designated by the
25 names by which they are ordinarily known or under which they do business, preferably including at least one
26 full given name. The name of an individual may be preceded by any applicable title, as, for example, Mrs., Miss,
27 Ms., Dr., or Rev., or followed by a designation such as M.D., D.D., Sr., or Jr. Any other similar suffix should be
28 included when ordinarily used or when necessary to distinguish the owner from a member of his family. A
29 married woman's own given name, not that of her husband, must be used, for example, Mrs. Mary A. Jones, not
30 Mrs. Frank B. Jones. The address should include, where appropriate, the number and street, route, or any other
31 local feature and the Zip Code.
2
32 Taxpayer identifying numbers are not required for foreign governments, nonresident aliens not engaged in
33 trade or business within the United States, international organizations and foreign corporations not engaged
34 in trade or business and not having an office or place of business or a financial or paying agent within the
35 United States, and other persons or organizations as may be exempted from furnishing such numbers under
36 regulations of the Internal Revenue Service.
37 DEFAULT ANSWER: There is no provision in the Internal Revenue Code or the Treasury Regulations that requires
38 “nationals” and “nonresident aliens” to obtain or use “Taxpayer Identification Numbers”, and even if there were,
39 it would be unconstitutional, because the federal government cannot pass a law that applies to people outside of
40 its jurisdiction. That’s why “nonresident aliens” are called “nonresident”.
41 MY ANSWER:_____________________________________________________________________________
42 ____________________________________________________________________________________
43 ____________________________________________________________________________________
44 ____________________________________________________________________________________
45 ____________________________________________________________________________________
46
47 6. Please identify the section from the Internal Revenue Code that defines a “trade or business” as being anything other
48 than a “public office” as described in 26 U.S.C. §7701(a)(26).
49 DEFAULT ANSWER: The word “include” used in the definition of “public office” can mean either “is limited to” or
50 “in addition to” according to Black’s Law Dictionary. If it means “in addition to”, then the things that are added
51 MUST be spelled out SOMEWHERE in the law. This is a requirement of the rules of statutory construction,
52 which say:
53 “Expressio unius est exclusio alterius. A maxim of statutory interpretation meaning that the expression of one
54 thing is the exclusion of another. Burgin v. Forbes, 293 Ky. 456, 169 S.W.2d. 321, 325; Newblock v. Bowles,
55 170 Okl. 487, 40 P.2d. 1097, 1100. Mention of one thing implies exclusion of another. When certain persons
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 or things are specified in a law, contract, or will, an intention to exclude all others from its operation may be
2 inferred. Under this maxim, if statute specifies one exception to a general rule or assumes to specify the effects
3 of a certain provision, other exceptions or effects are excluded.”
5 “In the interpretation of statutes levying taxes, it is the established rule not to extend their provisions by
6 implication beyond the clear import of the language used, or to enlarge their operations so as to embrace
7 matters not specifically pointed out. In case of doubt they are construed most strongly against the government
8 and in favor of the citizen.”
9 [Gould v. Gould, 245 U.S. 151, at 153 (1917)]
10 MY ANSWER:_____________________________________________________________________________
11 ____________________________________________________________________________________
12 ____________________________________________________________________________________
13 ____________________________________________________________________________________
14 ____________________________________________________________________________________
15
16 7. Do you have any reason to believe or evidence in your possession that I am engaged in a “trade or business” within
17 federal jurisdiction, which includes the District of Columbia and the territories and possessions of the United States? I
18 claim under penalty of perjury that I am not, and I want to see evidence that supports any other conclusion.
19 DEFAULT ANSWER: NO
20 MY ANSWER:_____________________________________________________________________________
21 ____________________________________________________________________________________
22 ____________________________________________________________________________________
23 ____________________________________________________________________________________
24 ____________________________________________________________________________________
25
26 8. What is the proper form to use to stop withholding as a “nonresident alien” who is NOT a “beneficial owner” but
27 simply a “nonresident alien”? The W-8BEN is only for “beneficial owners” and the IRS discontinued the use of the
28 W-8 even though it applied to those who were not “beneficial owners”.
29 DEFAULT ANSWER: The W-8 and not the W-8BEN form. The W-8 was discontinued in 2001 to remove that option
30 and thereby force those who are not “beneficial owners” to either modify the W-8BEN form or submit their own
31 custom form. In the alternate, the following form is recommended and will be accepted by the recipient of this
32 form as a replacement. There is no prohibition against making your own forms. Affidavit of Citizenship,
33 Domicile, and Tax Status, Form #02.001; http://sedm.org/Forms/FormIndex.htm.
34 MY ANSWER:_____________________________________________________________________________
35 ____________________________________________________________________________________
36 ____________________________________________________________________________________
37 ____________________________________________________________________________________
38 ____________________________________________________________________________________
39
40 9. What section of code and or regulations defines “employees” as expressly including anything other than elected or
41 appointed officers of the United States?
42 DEFAULT ANSWER: There is no code section which defines “employees” as being anything other than elected or
43 appointed officers. 26 U.S.C. §3401(c ) is clarified by the underlying regulation at 26 C.F.R. §31.3401(c)-1 to
44 mean elected or appointed officers. Also, the only parties against whom distraint (force) may be used to enforce
45 the Internal Revenue Code are identified in 26 U.S.C. §6331 as being elected or appointed federal “employees”.
46 MY ANSWER:_____________________________________________________________________________
47 ____________________________________________________________________________________
48 ____________________________________________________________________________________
49 ____________________________________________________________________________________
50 ____________________________________________________________________________________
51
52 10. How can you claim to be an “employer” under the Internal Revenue Code if you have no “employees” because I am
53 not an “employee” as legally defined?
54 DEFAULT ANSWER: 26 U.S.C. §3401(d) defines an “employer” as being anyone who has “employees”. Since
55 “employees” are only elected or appointed officers of the United States government, then the only “employers”
56 are federal agencies in the Executive, Judicial, and Legislative Branches
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________
1 MY ANSWER:_____________________________________________________________________________
2 ____________________________________________________________________________________
3 ____________________________________________________________________________________
4 ____________________________________________________________________________________
5 ____________________________________________________________________________________
6
7 11. By what authority do you claim that I am an “employee” as defined in 26 C.F.R. §31.3401(c)-1 when I have no
8 relationship to the federal government?
9 DEFAULT ANSWER: There is no authority to do so anywhere.
10 MY ANSWER:_____________________________________________________________________________
11 ____________________________________________________________________________________
12 ____________________________________________________________________________________
13 ____________________________________________________________________________________
14 ____________________________________________________________________________________
15
16 12. By what authority do you claim to act as an “employer” in relationship to me as an entity who is simply acting as a
17 financial institution who is handling my money? Backup withholding and/or reporting are only required of
18 “employers” under 26 U.S.C. §3406.
19 DEFAULT ANSWER: There is no authority. And even if you found a statute somewhere in the Internal Revenue
20 Code, the federal government has no jurisdiction within states of the Union except on land ceded to the federal
21 government as required under Article 1, Section 8, Clause 17 of the Constitution and 40 U.S.C. §255.
22 MY ANSWER:_____________________________________________________________________________
23 ____________________________________________________________________________________
24 ____________________________________________________________________________________
25 ____________________________________________________________________________________
26 ____________________________________________________________________________________
27
28 Mandatory perjury statement of private company or financial institution representative:
29
30 I certify that the answers provided by me above are true, correct, and complete to the best of my knowledge and ability, so
31 help me God.
32
33 Signature:________________________________________________Date:_______________
34 Company representing:_____________________________________________________________________________
35 Capacity in which acting:____________________________________________________________________________
36
Form 05.013, Rev. 6-24-2014 EXHIBIT:________

Who Are Taxpayers

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WHO ARE “TAXPAYERS” AND WHO NEEDS

A “TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER”?

Table 1: Two jurisdictions within the I.R.C. ......................................................................................................................... 36

7 TITLE 26 > Subtitle F > CHAPTER 79 > § 7701

16 TITLE 26--INTERNAL REVENUE

20 (a) General rule.

41 GOVERNMENT ANNOUNCEMENT April 15, 20__

Babylon the Great is Falling

16 "..liability for taxation must clearly appear[from statute imposing tax]."

29 If you want to know more about this subject see:

19 1. IRS Form 886-A: Explanation of Terms

43 United States Code

30 1. Assessing ourselves with a liability shown on a tax return.

22 TITLE 26 > Subtitle F > CHAPTER 79 > Sec. 7701.

26 (31) Foreign estate or trust

27 (A) Foreign estate

8 [Code of Federal Regulations]

45 TITLE 26 > Subtitle F > CHAPTER 76 > Subchapter B > § 7433

28 [Sinking Fund Cases, 99 U.S. 700 (1878)]

17 "Sec. 4 REPEAL and SAVINGS PROVISIONS.-

25 See below for the original version of the above:

Statutes At Large, 53 Stat. 1, Section 4, Part 1, Chapter 2, p. 1, Exhibit #05.027

Socialism: The New American Civil Religion, Form #05.016

Great IRS Hoax, Form #11.302, Sections 5.6.10 and 5.6.12

18 NORMAL TAXES AND SURTAXES

37 (1) Authority conferred by law,

5 TITLE 4 > CHAPTER 3 > Sec. 72.

14 (9) “United States

21 8 U.S.C. §1101(a)(36): State [Aliens and Nationality]

27 (b) Trade or business within the United States

31 (1) Performance of personal services for foreign employer

32 The performance of personal services -

9 WITHHOLDING OF TAX ON NONRESIDENT ALIENS AND FOREIGN CORPORATIONS AND TAX-FREE

15 (i) Alien individual.

22 26 C.F.R. §301.7701-5 Domestic, foreign, resident, and nonresident persons.

Legal Deception, Propaganda, and Fraud, Form #05.014

38 4 Two Taxing Jurisdictions under the I.R.C.: “National” v. “Federal”

17 TITLE 26 > Subtitle F > CHAPTER 79 > Sec. 7701.

19 (a)(39) Persons residing outside [the federal] United States

23 (A) jurisdiction of courts, or

30 1040A 11327A Each

34 W:CAR:MP:FP:F:I Tax Form or Instructions

21 TITLE 5 > PART I > CHAPTER 5 > SUBCHAPTER II > § 552

29 26 C.F.R. §601.702 Publication and public inspection

30 (a)(2)(ii) Effect of failure to publish.

37 The only exceptions to the above rule are the following

47 Internal Revenue Manual

6 26 C.F.R. §31.3401(a)-3 Amounts deemed wages under voluntary withholding agreements

13 (b) Remuneration for services.

22 [Code of Federal Regulations]

28 TITLE 26--INTERNAL REVENUE

34 (b) Form and duration of agreement.

15 TITLE 26--INTERNAL REVENUE

21 (b) Form and duration of agreement.

37 TITLE 26 > Subtitle C > CHAPTER 24 > § 3402

39 (p) Voluntary withholding agreements

40 (3) Authority for other voluntary withholding

45 [Code of Federal Regulations]

51 TITLE 31--MONEY AND FINANCE: TREASURY

43 §74. Aliens can not hold Office. - -

40 [Code of Federal Regulations]

46 TITLE 31--MONEY AND FINANCE: TREASURY