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  • Reading: Migration Breeding Inhabit Migration Observers Imperative Species Evolve Breed

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    Iskender Farajullayev
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    Bird migration involves regular seasonal movement between breeding grounds and other inhabited areas. Most birds migrate to higher latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere for breeding in warm seasons and return south in cold seasons, allowing nesting in optimal conditions. Some birds migrate between hemispheres, like the Arctic Tern that travels over 24,000 miles annually between the Arctic and Antarctic. Altitudinal migration also occurs, where birds breed at high elevations and spend non-breeding seasons in nearby lowlands. Birds navigate using the sun, stars, and landmarks and fly hundreds of miles per day during migration.

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    Bird migration involves regular seasonal movement between breeding grounds and other inhabited areas. Most birds migrate to higher latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere for breeding in warm seasons and return south in cold seasons, allowing nesting in optimal conditions. Some birds migrate between hemispheres, like the Arctic Tern that travels over 24,000 miles annually between the Arctic and Antarctic. Altitudinal migration also occurs, where birds breed at high elevations and spend non-breeding seasons in nearby lowlands. Birds navigate using the sun, stars, and landmarks and fly hundreds of miles per day during migration.

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    45 views3 pages

    Reading: Migration Breeding Inhabit Migration Observers Imperative Species Evolve Breed

    Uploaded by

    Iskender Farajullayev
    Bird migration involves regular seasonal movement between breeding grounds and other inhabited areas. Most birds migrate to higher latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere for breeding in warm seasons and return south in cold seasons, allowing nesting in optimal conditions. Some birds migrate between hemispheres, like the Arctic Tern that travels over 24,000 miles annually between the Arctic and Antarctic. Altitudinal migration also occurs, where birds breed at high elevations and spend non-breeding seasons in nearby lowlands. Birds navigate using the sun, stars, and landmarks and fly hundreds of miles per day during migration.

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    of 3

    UNIT 1 : THE NATURAL WORLD

    Reading

    Bird Migration

    Migration is the regular movement of animals between their breeding


    grounds and the areas that they inhabit during the rest of the year.
    Many types of animals migrate, but bird migration in particular has fas­
    cinated observers for centuries. Migration is an excellent example of how
    nature has responded to the biological imperative for species to evolve
    and spread out into all possible ecological niches that can provide the
    conditions necessary for species to breed and raise young.
    The most common form of bird migration involves traveltng1 to higher
    latitudes to breed during the warm season and then returning to lower
    latitudes during the nonbreedtng period. This form of migration allows
    birds to breed tn areas that provide optimal conditions for nesting and
    feeding their young. Because of the way in which the continents are sit­
    uated upon Earth, migration of this type takes place prtmartly into the
    higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. No land birds are known
    to migrate into the higher latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere; only
    species of seabirds migrate to the Southern Hemisphere to breed.
    Although most bird migration takes place between the lower and
    higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, many species are transe­
    quatortal, living in the Northern Hemisphere during the breeding season
    and in the Southern Hemisphere during the remainder of the year. A
    well-lmown example of transequatorial migration is the arctic tern. This
    tern, which breeds in the arctic regions and winters in antarctic waters,
    travels 24,000 miles a year durtng migration.
    Not all migration is long distance. Some species exhibit altitudinal
    migration. Their breeding areas are in higher elevations, near or at the
    peaks of mountains, and they spend the nonbreedingseason 1n neighbor­
    tng2 valleys or other nearby low country. nus variety of migration is typi­
    cal of many grouse species, including the ptarmigan, a type of arctic
    grouse. Many rock pt:anntgan never leave the high arctic tundra, spend­
    ing their breedingseason atop windswept arctic peaks and the winter sea­
    son in nearby valleys, enduring some of the coldest conditions on Earth.
    Durtng migration, most birds fly for a limited period each day, proba­
    bly about six to eight hours, typically flying distances of several hundred
    miles. Some birds, however, undertake much longer flights when their
    routes include crossing large bodies of water or other geographic fea­
    tures such as deserts and mountains. For example, many species regu­
    larly cross the Gulf of Mexico, a trip that requires a continuous flight of
    more than 1,000 miles and takes from twenty-four to thirty-six hours or
    longer. An extreme example of nonstop bird migration is done by the

    1 BrE: travelling
    2BrE: neighbouring

    11
    -- --- o --· ..... -

    miles from Alaska to New Zealand each year. At the start of its trip,
    about 55 percent3 of its body weight is made up of the fat necessary to
    fue.l this amazing journey.
    How birds manage to unerringly travel between distant locations is
    one aspect that has fascinated obsetvers for centurtes. Modem-day
    researchers have attempted to understand this feat. Most studies have
    found that migratory birds all have some ability to navigate and an
    innate drive to travel in a particular direction. Nocturnal migrants, those
    species that travel at night, seem to take their navigational cues from
    the stars. When the stars are obscured by clouds, nocturnal migrants
    may become confused and return to land or stray off course. Diurnal
    migrants, those migrating during the day, take their cues from the loca­
    tion of the sun. In addition, diurnal migrants have also been shown to
    use geographic features such as mountain ranges or seacoasts as other
    cues for navigation. Because the stars and the sun move constantly over
    the course of twenty-four hours, this suggests that migrating birds also
    have some sense of time.

    Answer the questions about Bird Migration.

    Questions 1-4

    Do the following statements agree with the information in the


    reading passage?
    Write
    TRUE if the statement agrees with the information.
    FALSE if the statement contradicts the information.
    NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage.

    TRUE 1. Transequatorial birds cross from one hemisphere to the


    other when they migrate.

    False
    __ 2 . Many migratory birds breed in the Southern Hemisphere.

    True 3 . Migrating birds spend the warm months where conditions


    for breeding are optimal.

    Not
    __
    Given 4 . Many birds fail in their migration because they do not have
    enough body fat to fuel the journey.

    3BrE: per cent

    20
    UNIT 1 : THE NATURAL WORLD

    Questions 5-8

    Look at the following descriptions of migratory habits.


    Match each type of bird with the correct description.
    Write the correct letter, A or B.
    A Diurnal species of birds
    B Nocturnal species of birds

    __ A 5. They navigate by looking at the sun.

    __
    B 6. They navigate by looking at the stars.

    __
    B 7. They may stop flying when clouds obscure the sky.

    __
    A 8. They navigate by looking at landforms.

    My Words

    I
    Write the words that are new tD you. Look them up In the dictionary
    . and write their deflnttiDns.

    Words Definitions

    migration moving from one place to another

    imperative urgent need

    nocturnal active at night

    navigation finding and following one's route

    obscure to make difficult to see

    diurnal active during the day

    aspect a part or feature

    fuel to provide energy

    21

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