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Abe 145 Aquaculture Engineering: Course Description
Abe 145 Aquaculture Engineering: Course Description
Course Description
Principles of planning aquaculture systems; layout of farm.
Course Requirements:
1. Class Standing = 66.66%
Quizzes = 33.33%
Laboratory Activities/Problem Sets = 33.33%
2. Examinations = 33.34%
Midterm Examination
Final Examination
For course evaluation, please refer to your course syllabus
Introduction
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Lecture Module ABE 145 Aquaculture Engineering
2nd Semester SY 2021 – 2022
For Benguet State University use only
Engineering and design of aquaculture facilities
Engineering-based research studies
Construction experience and techniques
In-service experience, commissioning, operation
Materials selection and their uses
Quantification of biological data and constraints
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Lecture Module ABE 145 Aquaculture Engineering
2nd Semester SY 2021 – 2022
For Benguet State University use only
MODULE 1
Study Guide:
1. Read and understand every topic.
2. Be mindful in accomplishing the various activities of the module. Practice time
management.
3. Be reminded that you are the learner so you must do the module on your own. You can
seek help from classmates, but the activities should be done individually.
4. You may contact me for any clarifications and questions regarding the topic.
Objectives:
By the end of this module, students are expected to:
1. Discuss the aquaculture practices and methods
2. Differentiate the different culture systems, and
3. Discuss the existing aquaculture practices and methods in the Philippines.
To Do List:
Overview of Aquaculture
Methods and Practices
General Overview of
Aquaculture in the Philippines
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Lecture Module ABE 145 Aquaculture Engineering
2nd Semester SY 2021 – 2022
For Benguet State University use only
MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO AQUACULTURE
What is Aquaculture?
It is also defined as the fishery operation involving the breeding and farming of fish and
other fishery species in fresh, marine and brackishwater areas.
It is one of the fastest growing forms of food production in the world. Because harvest from
many wild fisheries has peaked globally, aquaculture is widely recognized as an effective way to
meet the seafood demands of a growing population.
Using aquaculture techniques and technologies, researchers and the aquaculture industry
are “farming” all types of freshwater and marine species of fish and shellfish.
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Lecture Module ABE 145 Aquaculture Engineering
2nd Semester SY 2021 – 2022
For Benguet State University use only
Overview of Aquaculture Methods and Practices
a. Freshwater aquaculture is carried out either in fish ponds, fish pens, fish cages or, on a
limited scale, in rice paddies.
c. Marine culture employs either fish cages or substrates for mollusks and seaweeds such
as stakes, ropes, and rafts.
Culture systems range from extensive to intensive depending on the stocking density of the
culture organisms, the level of inputs, and the degree of management. In countries where
government priority is directed toward increased fish production from aquaculture to help meet
domestic demand, either as a result of the lack of access to large waterbodies (e.g., Nepal, Central
African Republic) or the over-exploitation of marine or inland fisheries (e.g., Thailand, Zambia),
aquaculture practices are almost exclusively oriented toward production for domestic
consumption.
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Lecture Module ABE 145 Aquaculture Engineering
2nd Semester SY 2021 – 2022
For Benguet State University use only
seaweeds, with for molluscs Resource enhancement
carps and and programmes integrated
seaweeds seaweeds with environmental
dominating management
production
Mussels and Intensive/semi- - Hanging Production of high-
oysters, red intensive to lines for value species for select
seaweeds extensive mussels and markets;
pearl oysters
- Offshore Small-scale
cages for aquaculture for local
salmon markets;
PACIFIC - Pond Improved management
culture for of fishery resources,
shrimps, particularly reef
tilapia, fisheries
catfish,
milkfish
- Freshwater
pens for
crayfish
50 species of Extensive to - Offshore Production of species
fish, semi-intensive cage for export and marine
crustaceans, and and Intensive farming of shrimp and salmon
molluscs, Pacific and
including Atlantic
freshwater fish salmon
and marine
shrimps in - Ocean
South America ranching in
and molluscs in Southern
LATIN AMERICA Central America Ocean
- Semi-
intensive
farming of
marine
shrimp in
coastal
ponds and
extensive
farming of
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Lecture Module ABE 145 Aquaculture Engineering
2nd Semester SY 2021 – 2022
For Benguet State University use only
freshwater
fish in ponds
>26 freshwater Mainly extensive, - Fish pond Increased emphasis on
fish; the most rural-based, culture for higher value catfishes
important being integrated with freshwater for urban markets, on
tilapia and poultry and fish marine species of fish
common carp, animal and crustaceans for
molluscs and husbandry, rice- - Raceways select national market
oysters also fish farming; and floating and export
AFRICA
some intensive in cages for Culture-based fisheries
raceways and marine in lakes and reservoirs
floating cages species
Development of
coastal lagoons which
are almost totally
unexploited
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Lecture Module ABE 145 Aquaculture Engineering
2nd Semester SY 2021 – 2022
For Benguet State University use only
Cultured Species
Culture Systems
1. Extensive systems use low stocking densities (e.g., 5 000-10 000) shrimp post larvae
(PL)/ha/crop) and no supplemental feeding, although fertilization may be done to stimulate the
growth and production of natural food in the water. Water change is effected through tidal
means, i.e., new water is let in only during high tide and the pond can be drained only at low
tide.
The ponds used for extensive culture are usually large (more than two ha) and may be
shallow and not fully cleared of tree stumps. Production is generally low at less than 1 t/ha/y.
2. Semi-intensive systems use densities higher than extensive systems (e.g., 50 000-100 000
shrimp PL/ha/crop) and use supplementary feeding.
3. Intensive culture uses very high densities of culture organism (e.g., 200 000-300 000 shrimp
PL/ha/crop) and is totally dependent on artificial, formulated feeds. Both systems use small
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Lecture Module ABE 145 Aquaculture Engineering
2nd Semester SY 2021 – 2022
For Benguet State University use only
pond compartments of up to one ha in size for ease of management.
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Lecture Module ABE 145 Aquaculture Engineering
2nd Semester SY 2021 – 2022
For Benguet State University use only
General Overview of Aquaculture in the Philippines
Aquaculture in the Philippines has a long history and involves many species and farming
practices in diverse ecosystems. Most of the production comes from the farming of seaweed,
milkfish, tilapia, shrimp, carp, oyster and mussel. Aquaculture contributes significantly to the
country's food security, employment and foreign exchange earnings.
It is generally accepted that the earliest fishponds were brackish water growing milkfish,
using naturally occurring fry from tidal waters. For a very long time, aquaculture in the Philippines
was virtually synonymous with milkfish culture, specifically in brackish water ponds, relying
totally on natural food. In the early 1970s milkfish farming expanded to include culture in bamboo
and net pens set in Laguna de Bay - the country's largest freshwater lake. In the early 1990s
milkfish culture in fish pens spread to shallow marine bays and estuaries, particularly in the
Lingayen Gulf area. Milkfish culture soon spread to net cages which were fixed or floating in both
freshwater and marine water. The culture of milkfish in cages depended upon and was hastened by
the development and marketing of commercial feed by the feed millers (Yap, 1999).
The level of development of aquaculture in the Philippines varies greatly from one species
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Lecture Module ABE 145 Aquaculture Engineering
2nd Semester SY 2021 – 2022
For Benguet State University use only
to another. It ranges from almost zero technology for
spotted scat, to genetic manipulation for Nile tilapia.
Within species the culture system ranges from
extensive earthen pond systems yielding only 500 kg
per hectare, to highly intensive marine cages capable
of harvesting as much as 50 000 kg in an area
measuring no more than 300 m2 , as is the case with
milkfish (Yap, 1999).
1. Milkfish Production
https://ussec.org/philippine-milkfish-farm-takes-part-
Milkfish production comes from brackish feed-comparative-feeding-demonstration/
water fishponds.
2. Shrimp Production
Freshwater ponds
In the semi-intensive monoculture of Nile
tilapia in one-metre deep earthen ponds (0.25-1
ha), fingerlings (0.25-0.5 g) are stocked at 3-
5/m2 . With fertilization/feeding, yields of 4-8
tonnes/ha/crop of three - four months are
obtained for fish weighing 150 - 250 g at harvest.
Cages
https://ussec.org/philippine-milkfish-farm-takes-part-
In 100 m2 floating cages, Nile tilapia feed-comparative-feeding-demonstration/
fingerlings (1.6 g) are stocked at an average of
67/m2 and grown for five months with feed. An average yield of 540 kg/cage/crop is obtained
and the fish weigh 175 g each.
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Lecture Module ABE 145 Aquaculture Engineering
2nd Semester SY 2021 – 2022
For Benguet State University use only
4. Carp Production
6. Seaweed Production
For seaweed production farming methods can be classified under two: farming in shallow
waters and farming in deep waters.
R.P.Subasinghe, P. Bueno, M.J. Phillips, C. Hough, S.E. McGladdery & J.R. Arthur, eds.
Aquaculture in the Third Millennium. Technical Proceedings of the Conference on Aquaculture in
the Third Millennium, Bangkok, Thailand, 20-25 February 2000. pp. 129-135. NACA, Bangkok
and FAO, Rome.
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Lecture Module ABE 145 Aquaculture Engineering
2nd Semester SY 2021 – 2022
For Benguet State University use only