This document discusses concepts related to natural hazards and disasters. It defines key terms like hazards, vulnerability, exposure, risk, and disasters. Natural hazards are classified as biological, geological, or hydrometeorological phenomena. Factors that determine the magnitude of a disaster include the severity of the natural event, level of exposure, and vulnerability. Earthquakes are discussed as an example hazard, with details about tectonic plates, types of quakes, how they are measured, and associated hazards like ground rupture.
This document discusses concepts related to natural hazards and disasters. It defines key terms like hazards, vulnerability, exposure, risk, and disasters. Natural hazards are classified as biological, geological, or hydrometeorological phenomena. Factors that determine the magnitude of a disaster include the severity of the natural event, level of exposure, and vulnerability. Earthquakes are discussed as an example hazard, with details about tectonic plates, types of quakes, how they are measured, and associated hazards like ground rupture.
Original Description:
This is an exam reviewer for the Grade 11 3rd quarter.
This document discusses concepts related to natural hazards and disasters. It defines key terms like hazards, vulnerability, exposure, risk, and disasters. Natural hazards are classified as biological, geological, or hydrometeorological phenomena. Factors that determine the magnitude of a disaster include the severity of the natural event, level of exposure, and vulnerability. Earthquakes are discussed as an example hazard, with details about tectonic plates, types of quakes, how they are measured, and associated hazards like ground rupture.
This document discusses concepts related to natural hazards and disasters. It defines key terms like hazards, vulnerability, exposure, risk, and disasters. Natural hazards are classified as biological, geological, or hydrometeorological phenomena. Factors that determine the magnitude of a disaster include the severity of the natural event, level of exposure, and vulnerability. Earthquakes are discussed as an example hazard, with details about tectonic plates, types of quakes, how they are measured, and associated hazards like ground rupture.
CONCEPTS OF DISASTER AND threat of damage, injury, and READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION even death exists/potential.
Disaster happens when the CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS
probable destructive agent, the hazard, hits a vulnerable Natural Hazards are naturally populated area. occurring physical phenomena caused either by rapid or slow occurrence of a disaster depends onset events. on the interplay between a Biological: phenomenon of natural phenomenon or event organic origin and the vulnerability of populations exposed. Geological: Geological phenomenon Natural Phenomenon those that Hydrometeorological: occur or manifest without human phenomenon of input. atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature Vulnerability is the characteristics and circumstances of a Man-made Hazards originating community, system or asset that from technological or industrial make it susceptible to the conditions, including accidents, damaging effects of a hazard. dangerous procedures, Exposure refers to people and infrastructure failures, or specific property. human activities.
Factors That Determine the
Natural events do not Magnitude of Disaster: automatically become hazards, 1. The severity of the natural much less cause disasters. event 2. The quantity of exposure of A phenomenon often brings the elements at risk which corresponding hazards and risks includes lives and properties to anyone exposed to it. 3. Vulnerability level or quality of exposure THE ELEMENTS OF RISK IMPACTS OF DISASTERS
Disaster Risk can be expressed as There are a lot of impacts of
a function of hazard, exposure, disasters like Deaths, Destruction and vulnerability: Disaster Risk = of buildings, crops, Decreased Hazard x Exposure x Vulnerability quality or quantity of water, Damage to critical facilities, CHARACTERISTICS OF DISASTERS Disruption of transportation, Wider They come quickly with little or no economic impact, Global warning, resulting in widespread environmental change, Social death, injury, and property and political impact. damage. CONCEPTS OF HAZARDS They require immediate and Hazards a potentially damaging effective intervention of both physical event, phenomenon or national government agencies human activity that may cause and non-government the loss of life or injury, property organizations to help meet the damage, social and economic needs of the victims. disruption or environmental They know no political boundary. degradation.
They require restructured and CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDS
new responding organizations. Magnitude of the event is a They create new tasks and measure of its strength and is an require more people as disaster indication of how destructive it responders. can be. They render inutile routine Intensity is a measure on the emergency response equipment impacts on the ground, on and facilities. people, and on structures. They worsen confusion in Speed of onset predicts a hazard understanding roles of peoples and how much lead time is and organizations allowed by it, is critical in They expose lack of disaster determining how damaging it will planning, response and be. coordination. Duration becomes a concern as EARTHQUAKES AND ITS HAZARDS the chance of experiencing Earth's lithosphere is fragmented severe damage will depend on into different tectonics plates how long the hazard affects an which constantly move in area. different directions in a specific Frequency refers to how often an time. event occurs. Plate boundaries are the edges HAZARD IDENTIFICATION, where two plates meet. Most ASSESSMENT AND MAPPING geologic activities, including volcanoes, earthquakes, and Hazard Assessment is the process mountain building, take place at of estimating, for defined areas, plate boundaries. the probabilities of the occurrence of potentially The Philippines is situated in what damaging phenomenon of given is known as the Pacific Ring of magnitude within a specified Fire. It is a horseshoe-shaped basin period of time. located in the Pacific Ocean. It is bounded by subducting tectonic Risk Assessment involves both the plates called the Philippine Sea assessment of hazards from a plate in the East and the Eurasian scientific point of view and the Plate. socioeconomic impacts of a hazardous event. Earthquake is a weak to violent shaking of the ground produced Hazard mapping is the process of by the sudden movement of rock identifying the spatial variation of materials below the earth’s hazard events or physical surface. conditions. It is indispensable for information and education TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE campaigns to hazards scientists, Tectonic Earthquakes are and to land use planners. produced by sudden movement Geographic Information System along faults and plateboundaries. (GIS) is a powerful hazard Volcanic Earthquakes are mapping tool. It displays maps earthquakes induced by rising and assigns attributes to map lava or magma beneath active units. It analyzes data associated volcanoes. with the map units. The earthquakes originate in the Surface waves travel outward tectonic plate boundary. from the epicenter. They also travel slower than the other two Hypocenter (focus) is the point seismic wave types. inside the earth where the earthquake started. Ground shaking is potentially destructive to buildings, Epicenter the point on the surface particularly the horizontal of the earth directly above the component of seismic wave focus. motion. MEASUREMENTS EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS Magnitude is proportional to the GROUND RUPTURE intensity of energy released by an shaking depends not only on earthquake at the focus. It is earthquake characteristics of the represented by Arabic Numbers materials the ground is made of. (e.g. 4.8, 9.0). Measures to Minimize the Effects of Seismographs are instruments Ground Ruptures: used to calculate earthquakes. 1. Sound engineering and construction practice may be Intensity on the other hand, is the adopted to prevent total strength of an earthquake as destruction. 2. The best measure, however, is perceived and felt by people in a avoidance of active fault traces certain locality. It is represented and deformation zones when by Roman Numerals (e.g. II, IV, planning any construction. 3. Local government units, other IX). government agencies, business entities, NGOs, and homeowners Elastic Rebound Theory builds up may access available detailed in the deforming rocks on either maps of local active faults from side of the fault until it overcomes PHIVOLCS. 4. Some critical parameters such as the resistance posed by any steepness of the fault plane and irregularity on the fault plane. amount of fault displacement during an earthquake are used in MAIN TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES estimating setbacks and in determining hazard zones. P (Primary) waves, S (Secondary) waves that travel in the rocks below the surface of the earth. LIQUEFACTION is caused by the Human interventions contribute to passing of seismic waves, mainly the instability of slopes through shear or S-waves, causing loss of construction activities (roads, equilibrium or disturbance of the buildings, and other facilities) granular structure of the ground. Earthquakes prone to widespread Three Factors Required failure during earthquakes for Liquefaction to Occur: because of the sudden shaking 1. Loose, granular sediment areas of hilly and mountainous areas. with deposits that are young enough to be loose TSUNAMI waves propagate away 2. Saturation of sand and silt sediment by ground water from the source with amplitude 3. An earthquake strong enough to far too small compared to the liquefy susceptible sediments wavelength.
MONITORING AND WARNING
FACTORS CAUSED BY LANDSLIDES Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre (PTWC) monitors the ocean Removal of support at the base of surface using satellites, radar, and a slope which may be due to buoys in the water that measure erosion at the toe of a slope by current speed and waves. rivers or ocean waves. PHIVOLCS has been setting-up Groundwater pressure during tsunami warning systems that are sudden changes in the water equipped with sirens in selected level of bodies of water adjacent areas prone to tsunamis. to a slope also acts to destabilize it. VOLCANIC HAZARDS
Volcanic eruptions are the Volcanoes is a vent, hill or
bulging of slopes and the force of mountain from which molten or volcanic material ejection or hot rocks with gaseous material emission may also contribute to have been ejected. slope instability. Lava flows are rivers of Intense rainfall due to the incandescent of molten rock or weakening of the slope material lava moving downslope by water saturation. Pyroclastic Density Currents are mixtures of fragmented volcanic particles (pyroclastics), hot gasses and ash that rush down the volcanic slopes or rapidly outward from a source vent at high speeds.
Tephra or ash fall in an eruption
column eventually fall or gravitationally settle over areas downwind of an erupting volcano, forming blankets of tephra fall or ashfall.
Lahar is the process whereby a
wet cement-like mixture of volcanic material and water flows down the slopes of a volcano.
Volcanic gasses form a dissolved
component of magma that is released to the atmosphere in large quantities during eruptions.
Volcanic debris avalanches are
landslides that occur in volcanic slopes.
Debris avalanches are faster and
their deposits more far-reaching mainly due to the large amount of material involved.