FIRST SECTION

CASE OF MIKLIĆ v. CROATIA

(Application no. 41023/19)

JUDGMENT

Art 5 § 1 • Persons of unsound mind • Unlawful prolongation of applicant’s

compulsory psychiatric internment following his criminal conviction for
offences committed while lacking mental capacity • Procedure assessing his
mental state at odds with domestic law provisions and not based on objective
and recent medical expert opinion • Failure to provide applicant with
psychiatric hospital’s submissions prior to the hearing

STRASBOURG

7 April 2022

This judgment will become final in the circumstances set out in Article 44 § 2 of the
Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision.
 MIKLIĆ v. CROATIA JUDGMENT

In the case of Miklić v. Croatia,

The European Court of Human Rights (First Section), sitting as a Chamber
composed of:
Marko Bošnjak, President,
Péter Paczolay,
Krzysztof Wojtyczek,
Alena Poláčková,
Erik Wennerström,
Raffaele Sabato,
Davor Derenčinović, judges,
and Renata Degener, Section Registrar,
Having regard to:
the application (no. 41023/19) against the Republic of Croatia lodged with
the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human
Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Croatian
national, Mr Luka Miklić (“the applicant”), on 29 July 2019;
the decision to give notice of the application to the Croatian Government
(“the Government”);
the parties’ observations;
Having deliberated in private on 15 March 2022,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:

INTRODUCTION
1. The case concerns the applicant’s compulsory psychiatric internment
following his criminal conviction for intrusive behaviour and uttering threats,
which he was found to have committed while lacking mental capacity. The
applicant complains that the prolongation of his compulsory psychiatric
internment had been unlawful in that no fresh expert opinion had been
obtained in his case. He also complains that he was not served with the written
proposal and reasoned opinion of the psychiatric hospital prior to the hearing
in his case.

THE FACTS
2. The applicant was born in 1999 and lives in Dramalj. He was
represented by Ms I. Dedić, a lawyer practising in Rijeka.
3. The Government were represented by their Agent, Ms Š. Stažnik.
4. The facts of the case, as submitted by the parties, may be summarised
as follows.

1
 MIKLIĆ v. CROATIA JUDGMENT

I. THE APPLICANT’S CONVICTION

5. In 2015 a certain D.R., who was a minor at the time, lodged a criminal
complaint against the applicant, also a minor at the time, alleging that he had
persistently followed, harassed and stalked her since 2013, attempting to
establish unwanted contact with her. She stated that the applicant had on
many occasions addressed her with offensive words with sexual connotations.
On several occasions he had physically attacked her and had grabbed her by
her genitals.
6. On 6 September 2016 D.R.’s mother also lodged a criminal complaint
against the applicant alleging that during the summer of 2016, the applicant
had frequently visited the neighbourhood where they lived, often called them
and mentioned certain details from which it was clear that he had been
stalking them for a while. The applicant had also sent disturbing Facebook
messages from various profiles.
7. On 19 September 2016 the police informed the Rijeka Municipal State
Attorney’s Office that minor L.L. had also lodged a criminal complaint
against the applicant, alleging that he had sent her threatening Facebook
messages because she had refused to talk to him about D.R.
8. In the course of the ensuing criminal proceedings against the applicant,
on 7 December 2016 a psychiatrist D.P. and psychologist D.B. submitted an
expert report, which stated that the applicant suffered from paranoid
schizophrenia, a behavioural and mental disorder aggravated by taking drugs
or other harmful substances. At the time of the commission of the criminal
offences (tempore criminis) he was in a state of diminished mental capacity
and he could not understand the meaning of his actions or control them. The
expert report was based on the inspection of the case file, medical
documentation and personal examination of the applicant.
9. On 12 January 2017 D.P. produced a supplement to her expert report
submitting that the applicant had reduced capacity of standing trial and
recommending that the court provide a psychologist who would clarify the
questions put to him during court hearings. Furthermore, D.P. stated that the
applicant could pose a danger to others due to the unpredictability of his
behaviour, given that he was under the influence of psychopathological
experiences.
10. On 13 June 2017 the Rijeka Municipal Court found that the applicant,
as a minor, had committed criminal offences of two counts of intrusive
behaviour and one threat, while lacking mental capacity. Relying on the
psychiatric and psychological expert opinions obtained during the criminal
proceedings, it decided that the applicant should be placed in a psychiatric
hospital for a period of six months.
11. The applicant’s appeal against that judgment was dismissed by the
second-instance court on 18 August 2017.

2
 MIKLIĆ v. CROATIA JUDGMENT

II. THE APPLICANT’S COMPULSORY INTERNMENT

12. On 15 September 2017 the Rijeka County Court instituted

proceedings for the applicant’s compulsory internment in the Rab Psychiatric
Hospital (hereinafter: “the Rab Hospital”) for a period of six months, based
on the Rijeka Municipal Court’s final judgment (see paragraph 10 above).
13. On 4 October 2017 the applicant voluntarily came to the Rab Hospital,
accompanied by his father, and applied for psychiatric treatment.
14. At the same time, the applicant’s lawyer lodged an appeal against the
decision on his internment, challenging D.P.’s expert opinion on his lack of
mental capacity given before the criminal court (see paragraph 8 and 9
above). On 31 October 2017 the Rijeka County Court dismissed the
applicant’s appeal.
15. On 9 February 2018 the Rab Hospital filed a motion, signed by doctor
V.T., with the Rijeka County Court proposing outpatient treatment in respect
of the applicant, bearing in mind that: i) he regularly received protective
antipsychotic therapy, ii) his hospital treatment was not providing satisfactory
results, iii) his parents were aware of the overall situation, iv) they have taken
full care of the applicant’s therapy, and v) for the purpose of completing
secondary education. In its motion, the Rab Psychiatric Hospital also stated
that it could not completely rule out the possibility that the applicant
continued to pose a danger to himself and others.
16. On 14 February 2018 the Rijeka County Court commissioned a
psychiatric expert report on the applicant’s mental state from doctor K.R.,
who was not an employee of the Rab Hospital, with a view to deciding on the
motion to replace compulsory internment with treatment at liberty.
17. On 25 February 2018 K.R. submitted her report based on the case file,
medical documentation and examination of the applicant. She concluded that
she had not currently observed paranoid schizophrenia, which, if it had
existed at the time of the commission of the criminal offences, may have gone
into remission under the influence of medication. In her view, the applicant
suffered from a personality disorder and had a pronounced aggressive
potential which could manifest itself in possibly frustrating circumstances.
She could not rule out the danger that the applicant posed to others and thus
considered it necessary to continue his treatment in the psychiatric institution.
18. On 28 February 2018 the Rijeka County Court held a hearing closed
to the public at the premises of the Rab Hospital, in the presence of the
applicant, his lawyer, the Rab Hospital’s Head of Forensic Psychiatry
Department, V.S.J., and expert K.R. K.R. maintained her findings and
explained that the applicant could not have been cured during such a short
period of hospitalisation. She therefore disagreed with the motion for
outpatient treatment because the danger that the applicant posed to himself
and others could not be ruled out.

3
 MIKLIĆ v. CROATIA JUDGMENT

19. Consequently, the Rijeka County Court extended the applicant’s

internment for another year, until 4 March 2019.
20. In May 2018 the applicant was released on his first therapeutic leave,
during which he had again visited the place of residence of D.R., despite clear
instructions not to do so.
21. Following the applicant’s appeal against the above decision on
prolongation of his internment, on 27 June 2018 a three-judge panel of the
Rijeka County Court quashed the first-instance decision and remitted the case
with an instruction to commission an additional expert report or, if necessary,
a new expert witness evaluation. It held that it was not clear from K.R.’s
report whether the applicant was still suffering from the same illness that led
to the commission of the criminal offences.
22. On 19 July 2018 the Rijeka County Court held a hearing closed to the
public and attended by the applicant, his lawyer, the Rab Hospital’s doctor
V.T, and expert D.P., who was not employed by the Rab Hospital. V.T.
changed the hospital’s initial recommendation for out-patient treatment and
proposed continuation of the applicant’s compulsory hospitalization given
that his first therapeutic leave in May 2018 had not been successful (see
paragraph 20 above).
23. Having interviewed the applicant, expert D.P. explained that her team
had been treating the applicant since 2013 with a diagnosis of acute psychotic
disorder. Considering all objective parameters, the applicant had been
diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia caused by the use of drugs. He also
suffered from behavioural mental disorders of longer duration. In her opinion,
the applicant continued to exhibit paranoia-related projective tendencies
towards D.R. and her mother and remained unaware of his condition. She
proposed compulsory hospitalisation for a period of one year because such a
period had been required to correct his behaviour.
24. The applicant’s lawyer requested the court to commission a fresh
psychiatric expert evaluation. Her request was dismissed on the grounds that
the court had already obtained expert evaluation by D.P., who was not
employed by the Rab Hospital.
25. On the same day, the Rijeka County Court extended the applicant’s
compulsory internment until 4 March 2019. Considering that there was still a
possibility that the applicant, due to severe mental disorders, could commit
further criminal offences, hospital treatment was required to eliminate that
danger.
26. On 5 September 2018 a three-judge panel of the Zagreb County Court
(Županijski sud u Zagrebu) allowed the applicant’s appeal against the
first-instance decision of 19 July 2018 and remitted the case. It held that
K.R.’s expert opinion had been overlooked in the fresh proceedings and
instructed the first-instance court to re-examine K.R.’s and D.P.’s reports,
and, if necessary, to obtain a new psychiatric expert witness evaluation of the
applicant’s state.

4
 MIKLIĆ v. CROATIA JUDGMENT

27. At a hearing held on 22 October 2018, the Rijeka County Court heard
V.T., and experts D.P. and K.R. Expert D.P. maintained that the applicant’s
compulsory internment should be continued considering that he was obsessed
with the victim at the level of insanity, from which he had not yet been
retrieved by previous methods. Expert K.R. submitted that the applicant’s
symptoms clearly indicated a dissocial personality disorder. The danger to
himself and to others stemmed from his persistence in achieving his goal, and
it was thus necessary to continue his treatment in a closed institution.
Outpatient treatment was not expected to reduce or eliminate his risky
behaviour. Representing the Rab Hospital, V.T. also stated that the applicant
suffered from a dissocial personality disorder and that he would pose a threat
to himself and others if he were to be released.
28. At the same hearing the applicant’s lawyer lodged a request for a fresh
psychiatric expert evaluation at the Vrapče Psychiatric Hospital. That request
was dismissed on the grounds that V.T. and two expert witnesses D.P. and
K.R. had all agreed on the applicant’s diagnosis and concluded that there had
been a need to continue his treatment in a closed institution. Thus, the court
extended the applicant’s compulsory internment until 4 March 2019.
29. The applicant’s appeal against that decision was dismissed by a
three-judge panel of the Rijeka County Court on 19 December 2018.
30. In the meantime, on 8 November 2018, the applicant requested that he
be released from the psychiatric hospital and continue his treatment at liberty.
He based his request on a privately commissioned expert witness evaluation
by doctor D.M., who recommended that the applicant’s out-of-hospital
treatment be considered, with regular reporting to a psychiatrist and the
involvement of the parents in the process.
31. On 31 January 2019 the judge forwarded the applicant’s request to the
Rab Hospital for comments and scheduled a hearing for 13 February 2019.
32. On 7 February 2019 the Rab Hospital filed a motion for the
continuation of the applicant’s hospital treatment, stating that he had still not
achieved a sufficient degree of criticism regarding his condition or the
committed criminal offences. The danger which he posed to others had
resulted from a disturbed personality structure and dynamics, he had been
uncritical and insufficiently aware of his condition, had only formally
verbalized remorse, while disobeying hospital rules, poorly tolerating
frustration and responding to warnings with aggression. That submission was
not forwarded to the applicant.
33. On 8 February 2019 the Rab Hospital submitted written observations
on the applicant’s motion for out-of-hospital treatment. The hospital refuted
certain statements contained in D.M.’s expert report, relying on relevant
medical theory and practice. It further stated that the applicant’s
resocialization process had begun by his second therapeutic leave in early
2019. However, he had not yet reached the level required for out-patient
treatment. While expert D.M. had ruled out the applicant’s violent behaviour,

5
 MIKLIĆ v. CROATIA JUDGMENT

all psychological tests had confirmed his aggressiveness and he had recently
initiated physical conflict with another patient. That submission was not
forwarded to the applicant.
34. At the hearing held on 13 February 2019, the Rijeka County Court
served on the applicant’s lawyer the Rab Hospital’s written observations on
his proposal for release as well the Hospital’s counter proposal for the
continuation of his hospital treatment (see paragraphs 32 and 33 above). The
court began the hearing by reading out the applicant’s motion for release as
well as the Rab Hospital’s proposal for continuation of his compulsory
psychiatric internment. On behalf of the Rab Hospital, doctor V.T.
maintained that it had been necessary to continue the applicant’s treatment in
the hospital in order to eliminate the danger of committing further criminal
offences, since he had still been focused on the victim. According to the
applicant’s therapist, there had been no adequate response to the therapeutic
activities, the applicant’s vulgar and inappropriate behaviour towards
members and therapists having continued. The applicant’s lawyer contested
the hospital’s motion by noting that she had received it only at that hearing,
stressing that the applicant’s motion for outpatient treatment had been based
on an independent expert opinion by D.M. who should be heard in court and
reiterating her request to obtain a fresh expert opinion.
35. At the same hearing, the Rijeka County Court extended the applicant’s
compulsory internment until 4 March 2020, dismissing his motion for
outpatient treatment. The court found that the applicant had continued to
suffer from a severe mental disorder (dissocial personality disorder) and that
the course of treatment showed that he had remained focused on the victim
and insufficiently aware of his condition. The danger to others could not yet
be ruled out, thus reducing or eliminating risks by outpatient treatment could
not be expected in his current state. The court dismissed the applicant’s
request to obtain a fresh expert witness evaluation, deeming that the existence
of the requirements for the continuation of his compulsory internment had not
been called into question.
36. On 24 April 2019 a three-judge panel of the Rijeka County Court
dismissed the applicant’s appeal against the first-instance court’s decision.
As regard his complaint that the first-instance court should have
commissioned a fresh expert report, it pointed out that the applicant had
previously been subjected to an expert witness evaluation during his
treatment in the Rab Hospital by K.R. and D.P. Both experts had agreed on
the applicant’s diagnosis, as well as on the need to continue his compulsory
internment.
37. The applicant then lodged a constitutional complaint, claiming that his
rights to a fair trial and equality before the law had been violated and that his
freedom was disproportionately restricted because the domestic courts had
not duly considered replacing compulsory internment with a milder measure,
and they had failed to commission a new expert evaluation.

6
 MIKLIĆ v. CROATIA JUDGMENT

38. On 2 July 2019 the Constitutional Court (Ustavni sud Republike

Hrvatske) dismissed his constitutional complaint as ill-founded.

III. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

39. According to the Government, on 22 July 2019 the applicant lodged a

fresh motion for outpatient treatment. The Rijeka County Court obtained a
fresh expert evaluation by K.R., who had concluded that there had been
progress in the applicant’s treatment. The Head of the Forensic Department
of the Rab Hospital warned that the applicant’s outpatient treatment should
be structured and carried out cautiously. Consequently, the Rijeka County
Court accepted the motion to replace compulsory internment with treatment
at liberty as of 31 January 2020.
40. In the summer of 2020, the applicant again tried to contact D.R. and
his condition deteriorated.
41. On 14 July 2020 the court ordered the applicant’s compulsory
internment, based on expert K.R.’s fresh recommendation to continue the
applicant’s treatment under institutionalised conditions as the deterioration
had occurred during outpatient treatment. The applicant’s compulsory
confinement has continued in the Vrapče Psychiatric Hospital.

RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW

42. The relevant provision of the Criminal Code (Kazneni zakon, Official
Gazette no. 125/11, with subsequent amendments), as in force at the material
time, reads as follows:

Article 140 – Intrusive behaviour

“(l) Whoever persistently and over a long period of time follows or spies on another,
or establishes or seeks to establish unwanted contact with another, or intimidates
another in some other way and by doing so provokes anxiety in him or her or causes
fear for his or her safety or the safety of persons close to them,
shall be punished by imprisonment not exceeding one year.”
43. The relevant provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Zakon o
kaznenom postupku, Official Gazette, nos. 52/2008, 76/2009, 80/2011,
91/2012, 143/2012, 56/2013, 145/2013 and 152/2014), as in force at the
material time, read as follows:

Article 554
“(1) If the State Attorney has made a request in accordance with Article 550
paragraph 1 of this Code, and the court, upon completion of the trial, establishes that
the defendant committed the unlawful act in a state of mental incapacity and that the
conditions exist for ordering his or her confinement in a psychiatric hospital or
psychiatric treatment at liberty in accordance with the Protection of Individuals with

7
 MIKLIĆ v. CROATIA JUDGMENT

Mental Disorders Act, it shall adopt a judgment determining that the defendant
committed the unlawful act in a state of mental incapacity and shall order [his or her]
involuntary internment in a psychiatric hospital for a period of six months. The
judgment shall also contain a warning to the accused that psychiatric treatment at liberty
will be replaced by compulsory internment in a psychiatric institution if he fails to start
treatment at liberty by the date specified in the ruling on referral to a psychiatric
institution.”
44. The relevant provisions of the Protection of Persons with Mental
Disorders Act (Zakon o zaštiti osoba s duševnim smetnjama, Official Gazette
no. 76/2014) provide:

Section 13
“(2) Proceedings conducted on the basis of this Act shall be considered urgent.”

Section 37
“(1) The compulsorily detained person, legal representative, lawyer, head of the
department and, if necessary, a person of trust and the social welfare centre shall be
invited to an oral hearing. ...
(2) For an oral hearing, the court may, and upon a reasoned request of the
compulsorily detained person or his or her lawyer, has to obtain written findings and
opinion of one of the psychiatrist expert witnesses who is not employed at the
psychiatric institution where the compulsorily detained person is placed on whether that
person has severe mental disorders due to which he or she seriously and directly
endangers his or her own or someone else’s life, health or safety...
(3) Exceptionally, if due to the impossibility of meeting the deadline referred to in
section 36(7) of this Act or other objective circumstances, it is not possible to act in the
manner specified in paragraph 2 of this section, the written findings and opinion may
be given by a psychiatrist expert witness employed by the institution where the
compulsorily detained person is staying, who had not previously decided on his/her
compulsory detention.
(4) A psychiatrist expert witness shall submit the written findings and opinion to the
court upon the personal examination of the compulsorily detained person.
...
(7) The court shall allow the compulsorily detained person, person of trust, legal
representative, lawyer and head of the department to state all the facts relevant to issuing
a decision on compulsory internment and to ask questions to the psychiatrist expert
witness and other persons heard at the hearing.”

Section 40
“(1) If a psychiatric institution determines that a compulsorily detained person should
remain in internment even after the expiration of the duration thereof determined by the
court decision, it is obliged to propose to the court an extension of internment no later
than seven days before its expiry.
(2) The court shall issue a decision on the extension of the internment in accordance
with the same procedure as the first decision on involuntary placement.

8
 MIKLIĆ v. CROATIA JUDGMENT

(3) The court is obliged to issue a decision on the extension of the internment before
the expiry of the previously determined [period].
(4) With the decision referred to in paragraph 2 of this section, the court may extend
the involuntary placement of a person in a psychiatric institution for up to three months
from the expiration of the time set out by the decision on involuntary placement referred
to in section 39(3) of this Act.
(5) Any further involuntary placement may be extended by a court decision for a
period of up to six months.”

Section 47
“(1) A compulsorily detained person shall be released from a psychiatric institution
before the expiration of the time for which the internment was determined if it is
established that the reasons for involuntary placement referred to in section 27 of this
Act have ceased to exist. A reasoned decision on early release ... shall be issued by the
head of the department.
(2) The psychiatric institution shall be obliged to send the decision on early release
of a compulsorily detained person to the court that issued the decision on involuntary
placement without delay.
(3) The decision on early release of a compulsorily detained person may also be
issued by the court ex officio or at the proposal of the compulsorily detained person,
their legal representative or lawyer if it finds that the reasons for internment referred to
in section 27 of this Act have ceased to exist.
(4) In the procedure of early release referred to in paragraph 3 of this section, the
court shall apply mutatis mutandis the provisions of sections 34 to 39 and 41 to 44 of
this Act.”

Section 51
“(1) In criminal proceedings the court shall order the compulsory internment of a
person lacking mental capacity in a psychiatric institution for a period of six months if,
based on the opinion of a psychiatrist expert witness, it finds that the person could again
commit an aggravated criminal offence owing to severe mental disorders, causing the
lack of mental capacity, and that treatment in a psychiatric institution is necessary to
eliminate that danger.”

Section 58
“(1) The psychiatric institution shall lodge a reasoned motion for the extension of
compulsory internment in a psychiatric institution with the competent court at least
fifteen days before the expiry of the compulsory internment of a person lacking mental
capacity in a psychiatric institution if the reasons referred to in section 51(1) of this Act
still exist.
...
(3) A motion for release from a psychiatric institution or for the replacement of
compulsory internment with psychiatric treatment at liberty may be lodged with the
competent court by the psychiatric institution at any time, and a motion for release from
a psychiatric institution, for the replacement of compulsory internment with psychiatric
treatment at liberty or for the termination of psychiatric treatment at liberty may be filed

9
 MIKLIĆ v. CROATIA JUDGMENT

by a person lacking mental capacity, his or her legal representative or lawyer, once
every six months.”

Section 59
“(1) The motion for the extension of compulsory internment or psychiatric treatment
at liberty, for the replacement of compulsory internment with psychiatric treatment at
liberty, for the release of a person lacking mental capacity from a psychiatric institution
or the termination of psychiatric treatment at liberty shall be decided by the court on
the basis of a hearing, applying in an appropriate manner the provisions of sections 37
to 41 of this Act.
(2) If, after the proceedings the court finds that the requirements for the compulsory
internment of a person lacking mental capacity referred to in section 51(1) of this Act,
or for ordering his or her psychiatric treatment at liberty referred to in section 51(2) of
this Act continue to exist, it shall issue a ruling extending compulsory placement or
extending psychiatric treatment at liberty for up to one year. Any further extension of
the compulsory internment or treatment at liberty may be for a period of up to one year
without exceeding the period referred to in section 56 of this Act.”
45. In the final proposal of the Protection of Persons with Mental
Disorders Act, dated May 2014, the relevant explanation concerning section
37 of the Act reads as follows:
“...It is also prescribed that the court may, and at the request of the person with mental
disorders or their lawyer in any event must, obtain an independent expert opinion.
Namely, the practice has shown shortcomings in the procedures of obtaining expert
opinions, especially in smaller communities where experts are usually employees of
psychiatric institutions. In these cases, the independence of the expert in the specific
expertise may be questionable. Therefore, it was necessary to stipulate that the court is
obliged to ensure the right of a person with mental disabilities to request independent
expertise, which is in accordance with Article 6 of the Convention, according to which
the quality of medical examination is decisive for the lawfulness of court proceedings,
and with Article 5 of the Convention which stipulates that it is necessary to ensure the
protection of persons with mental disabilities from arbitrary decisions on their
freedom.”

THE LAW

I. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 5 OF THE CONVENTION

46. The applicant complained that his involuntary internment in the

psychiatric hospital as ordered by the decision of the Rijeka County Court of
13 February 2019 had been in breach of Articles 5 § 1 and 6 § 1 of the
Convention. On the one hand, the court had failed to obtain a fresh expert
opinion when ordering the continuation of his internment and, on the other, it
had failed to forward to his lawyer the opinion and the proposal of the Rab
Hospital prior to the hearing of 13 February 2019.

10
 MIKLIĆ v. CROATIA JUDGMENT

47. Being master of the characterisation to be given in law to the facts of

the case (see Radomilja and Others v. Croatia [GC], nos. 37685/10 and
22768/12, § 114, 20 March 2018), the Court considers that the applicant’s
complaints should be examined under Article 5 §§ 1 and 4 of the Convention,
which, in so far as relevant, read as follows:
“1. Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived
of his liberty save in the following cases and in accordance with a procedure prescribed
by law:
...
(e) the lawful detention ... of persons of unsound mind, ...”
4. Everyone who is deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention shall be entitled to
take proceedings by which the lawfulness of his detention shall be decided speedily by
a court and his release ordered if the detention is not lawful.”

A. Admissibility

48. The Court notes that the application is neither manifestly ill-founded
nor inadmissible on any other grounds listed in Article 35 of the Convention.
It must therefore be declared admissible.

B. Merits

1. The parties’ submissions

(a) The applicant
49. The applicant maintained that the domestic courts had failed to
properly assess whether his condition warranted continuation of his
psychiatric internment and that the judicial decisions in that regard had not
been accompanied by adequate procedural safeguards. Nor had the principles
of adversarial proceedings and equality of arms been respected.
50. He had filed his motion for outpatient treatment on 8 November 2018,
basing it on a privately-commissioned expert report, which concluded that he
had most likely not suffered from any mental disorder at the time when the
offences had been committed and that his condition allowed for treatment in
an outpatient setting. The report also noted that, given his young age and lack
of trust in the Rab Hospital staff, he was more likely to resolve his difficulties
with outpatient treatment and closer relationship with his parents.
51. According to the applicant, following his request for release, the court
acted unlawfully in that it refused to obtain a fresh expert evaluation. Instead,
it unjustifiably extended his involuntary placement, relying solely on the
submissions of the institution and ignoring D.M.’s expert report. Moreover,
the second-instance court erroneously pointed out that the applicant had
already been subject to independent expert evaluations by K.R. and D.P.,

11
 MIKLIĆ v. CROATIA JUDGMENT

disregarding the fact that those opinions had been obtained earlier in the
proceedings and not for the purpose of the hearing held on 13 February 2019.
52. Finally, the applicant stressed that the court had failed to communicate
to him, prior to the hearing of 13 February 2019, the Rab Hospital’s
comments on his request for out-patient treatment, as well as its
counter-proposal on prolongation of his psychiatric internment, thereby
breaching the principles of adversarial proceedings and equality of arms.

(b) The Government

53. The Government maintained that during the criminal proceedings the
applicant had been evaluated by two expert witnesses, who concluded that he
had suffered from serious mental disorders and posed a danger to others
warranting his psychiatric internment. The applicant’s mental state had thus
been reliably determined at the time of the imposition of compulsory
interment by the judgment of the criminal courts.
54. Furthermore, during his compulsory hospitalisation, the applicant had
been subjected to a further psychiatric expert witness evaluation by K.R., who
had based her findings on the medical documentation and her examination of
the applicant. In addition, during the entire period of his compulsory
internment, the domestic court had also been provided with the statements
and opinions of the Rab Hospital doctors, who had given their reasons for
proposing the extension of the applicant’s treatment based on his daily
monitoring by an entire team of medical staff.
55. The Government stressed that all experts involved in the proceedings
had unanimously concluded that the applicant had posed a danger to himself
and others, as he had remained obsessed with the victim and lacked any real
awareness of his condition.
56. Moreover, throughout the impugned period the court carefully
considered the application of more lenient measures and the justification for
the applicant’s further confinement on the basis of regular reports by the Rab
Hospital on developments in his treatment and behaviour. Thus, when the risk
of reoffending had been minimized and positive developments in the
applicant’s treatment achieved, the court approved his outpatient treatment in
January 2020. However, due to a subsequent deterioration in his condition,
the applicant was again hospitalised several months later.
57. The Government further argued that the applicant enjoyed full access
to court, by participating and presenting motions and opinions, personally and
through his chosen representative. He had had direct contact with the lawyer
of his choosing, who effectively represented him throughout the proceedings
before the domestic courts, actively and comprehensively protecting his
interests. What is more, the applicant had the opportunity to have reviewed
the lawfulness of the decisions to extend his compulsory internment. Oral
hearings, which he attended, were held at regular intervals before the
domestic court.

12
 MIKLIĆ v. CROATIA JUDGMENT

58. As regards the hearing of 13 February 2019, the Government

submitted that the court had had all the information necessary to issue its
decision on the extension of the applicant’s compulsory internment, which
had comprised the medical documentation on the course of his treatment, the
reports on his behaviour in the hospital and during therapeutic leave, written
observations and statement of the Rab Hospital on the applicant’s motion for
outpatient treatment, the opinion of doctor V.T., who had not been previously
involved in decisions on the applicant’s compulsory internment and the oral
opinion produced by expert K.R. at a hearing held only four months
previously. Thus, in the Government’s view, the domestic court’s decision
extending the applicant’s compulsory internment had been based on a
“sufficiently recent” psychiatric expert witness evaluation, and there had been
no medically justified reason to obtain a fresh expert evaluation as requested
by the applicant.
59. The Government further noted that the court served the motion for the
extension of compulsory internment and the opinion of the Rab Hospital on
the applicant’s motion for outpatient treatment on the applicant immediately
at the beginning of the hearing of 13 February 2019. The applicant and his
lawyer did not ask the court to adjourn the hearing in order to study those
materials, but instead engaged in discussing the content of those documents.
60. As regards D.M.’s private expert witness evaluation, the Government
observed that he was not a specialist in the field of forensics, and that the Rab
Hospital had presented clear arguments challenged his findings. The domestic
court considered two opposing opinions, taking into consideration all the
evidence submitted on the applicant’s behaviour and his state of health. It was
thus able to reach an impartial conclusion as to the redundancy of hearing
D.M. in court.

2. The Court’s assessment

(a) As regards Article 5 § 1 of the Convention
(i) General principles

61. The Court reiterates that Article 5 § 1 (e) of the

Convention permits detention of persons of “unsound mind”
only when both the substantive and procedural requirements for
such detention are met (see Zagidulina v. Russia, no. 11737/06, § 54,
2 May 2013).
62. Substantively, an individual cannot be deprived of his liberty as being
of “unsound mind” unless the following three minimum conditions are
satisfied: firstly, he must reliably be shown to be of unsound mind, that is, a
true mental disorder must be established before a competent authority on the
basis of objective medical expertise; secondly, the mental disorder must be
of a kind or degree warranting compulsory confinement; thirdly, the validity

13
 MIKLIĆ v. CROATIA JUDGMENT

of continued confinement depends upon the persistence of such a disorder

(see Ilnseher v. Germany [GC], nos. 10211/12 and 27505/14, § 127,
4 December 2018, and Rooman v. Belgium [GC], no. 18052/11, § 192, 31
January 2019). In deciding whether an individual should be detained as a
person “of unsound mind”, the national authorities are to be recognised as
having a certain discretion, since it is in the first place for them to evaluate
the evidence adduced before them in a particular case; the Court’s task is to
review under the Convention the decisions of those authorities (see Ilnseher,
cited above, § 128).
63. The Court further reiterates that no deprivation of liberty of a person
considered to be of unsound mind may be deemed in conformity with
Article 5 § 1 (e) of the Convention if it has been ordered without seeking the
opinion of a medical expert. Any other approach falls short of the required
protection against arbitrariness, inherent in Article 5 of the Convention (see
Kadusic v. Switzerland, no. 43977/13, § 43, 9 January 2018, with further
references). Moreover, the objectivity of the medical expertise entails a
requirement that it was sufficiently recent, the assessment of which depends
on the specific circumstances of the case before it (see Ilnseher, cited above,
§ 131, and the references therein).
64. Procedurally, the expressions “lawful” and “in accordance with a
procedure prescribed by law” under Article 5 § 1 of the Convention
essentially refer back to domestic law; they state the need for compliance with
the relevant procedure under that law. The notion underlying the term in
question is one of fair and proper procedure, namely that any measure
depriving a person of his liberty should issue from and be executed by an
appropriate authority and should not be arbitrary (see M.S. v. Croatia (no. 2),
no. 75450/12, § 140, 19 February 2015, with further references).
65. Finally, in order to comply with Article 5 § 1 (e) of the Convention,
the proceedings leading to the involuntary placement of an individual in a
psychiatric facility must necessarily provide clearly effective guarantees
against arbitrariness given the vulnerability of individuals suffering from
mental disorders and the need to adduce very weighty reasons to justify any
restriction of their rights (see M.S. (no. 2), cited above, § 147).

(ii) Application of the above principles to the present case

66. The Court notes that the applicant was initially deprived of his liberty
by virtue of the Rijeka County Court’s judgment of 13 June 2017 ordering
his placement in a psychiatric hospital for a period of six months (see
paragraph 10 above). His detention could thus fall under Article 5 § 1 (a) as
being detention “after conviction” by a “competent court”, and/or under
Article 5 § 1 (e) as constituting detention of a person of “unsound mind”.
67. In view of the fact that his continued deprivation of liberty was
prolonged on two occasions, based on a finding by the domestic courts that
the applicant suffered from a mental disorder and was therefore of “unsound

14
 MIKLIĆ v. CROATIA JUDGMENT

mind”, the Court considers it appropriate to examine the complaint under

Article 5 § 1 (e) (see X v. the United Kingdom, 5 November 1981, § 39, Series
A no. 46; Puttrus v. Germany, (dec.), no. 1241/06, 24 March 2009; and Graf
v. Germany, (dec.), no. 53783/09, 18 October 2011).
68. The Court will first examine whether the procedure followed by the
domestic courts had been “prescribed by law” as required by Article 5 § 1 of
the Convention.
69. In that connection, the Court observes that under section 37(2) of the
Protection of Persons with Mental Disorders Act, when deciding on the
periodic prolongation of a person’s compulsory internment or his or her
request for out-of-hospital treatment, at a reasoned request of the person
concerned, the domestic court is as a rule under the obligation to obtain a
fresh expert opinion from a person not employed by the institution concerned
(see paragraph 44 above). According to section 47(4) of the Protection of
Persons with Mental Disorders Act, the same procedure is to be applied
mutatis mutandis to requests for early release (ibid.)
70. The Court further observes that section 37(3) of the Protection of
Persons with Mental Disorders Act provides for an exception from obtaining
an independent expert opinion, in cases when this would not be possible due
to the impossibility of meeting the deadline for prolongation of one’s
internment or other objective circumstances. In such cases, written findings
and opinion on the person’s mental state may be given by a psychiatrist expert
witness employed by the institution where the compulsorily detained person
was staying, provided that that person had not previously decided on his or
her compulsory detention (see paragraph 44 above).
71. It is not disputed that in the present case the applicant’s lawyer
submitted a reasoned request for obtaining an independent expert opinion at
the hearing held on 13 February 2019. Her request was rejected by the first-
instance court because “the existence of the requirements for the continuation
of the applicant’s compulsory internment had not been called into question”
(see paragraph 35 above). Replying to the same argument in the applicant’s
appeal, the appellate court stated that he had previously been subjected to an
expert witness evaluation by K.R. during his treatment (see paragraph 36
above). None of these explanations, in the Court’s view justify the fact that
no fresh expert evaluation had been requested in the applicant’s case, as
prescribed by domestic law (see in this connection also the travaux
préparatoires of the Protection of Persons with Mental Disorders Act cited at
paragraph 45 above).
72. The Court further notes that none of the domestic courts explained
why it had been necessary to disregard the applicant’s clear and reasoned
request to obtain a fresh expert opinion and follow the exceptional procedure
prescribed by section 37(3) of the Protection of Persons with Mental
Disorders Act. While it is true that the previous decision on the applicant’s
internment was about to expire on 4 March 2019, as the applicant rightly

15
 MIKLIĆ v. CROATIA JUDGMENT

pointed out, the Rijeka County Court had ample time to obtain a fresh expert
opinion between the moment the applicant had submitted his proposal for
out-patient treatment on 8 November 2018, and the holding of the court
hearing on 13 February 2019. Instead, despite the fact that the proceedings
were considered urgent under domestic law (see section 13 of the Protection
of Persons with Mental Disorders Act, cited in paragraph 44 above), the
Rijeka County Court took no action on the applicant’s motion for release for
almost three months and forwarded it to the Rab Hospital for observations as
late as 31 January 2019 (see paragraph 31 above). None of the domestic
courts have sought to explain, nor does the Court see any justification for,
such an excessive delay in a situation involving urgent domestic procedures
and strict deadlines.
73. Furthermore, even assuming that the other conditions for applying the
exceptional procedure as prescribed in section 37(3) of the Protection of
Persons with Mental Disorders Act had been met, the court did not obtain an
opinion of a psychiatrist expert witness employed by the institution where the
applicant was staying, who had not previously decided on his internment.
Indeed, the only person who had given an opinion on the need for the
applicant’s continued internment on which the Rijeka County Court
ultimately based the impugned decision of 13 February 2019 was doctor V.T.,
acting on behalf of the Rab Hospital, who had been involved in previous
decisions concerning the prolongation of the applicant’s internment. Notably,
she had filed on behalf of the Rab Hospital the proposal for the applicant to
be released in February 2018, which she amended at the hearing held on
19 July 2018 proposing his continued internment (see paragraphs 15 and 22
above), and gave evidence on the applicant’s diagnosis and the need for his
continued internment at the hearing held on 22 October 2018 (see
paragraph 27 above).
74. The Court further notes that, having refused the applicant’s proposal
to obtain a fresh expert opinion, in addition to the hospital’s opinion, the
domestic courts based their decisions on expert evaluations of K.R. and D.P.
which were not only initially in disagreement about the applicant’s diagnosis,
but at the time of ordering his continued internment had been one and two
years old, respectively (see paragraphs 8, 9 and 17 above). In such
circumstances, the Court is not convinced that either of those expert opinions
could be considered both objective and recent within the meaning of the
Court’s case-law on Article 5 § 1 (e) (see Kadusic, cited above, § 55; and
Herz v. Germany, no. 44672/98, § 50, 12 June 2003).
75. Bearing in mind that the question whether medical expertise was
sufficiently recent cannot be answered in a static way but depends on the
specific circumstances of the case before it (see, among many other
authorities, M.B. v. Poland, no. 60157/15, § 64, 14 October 2021), the Court
would in addition note the following. Already when the applicant’s
internment was being prolonged for the first time, the appeal court had

16
 MIKLIĆ v. CROATIA JUDGMENT

repeatedly instructed the first-instance court to obtain a fresh expert report

(see paragraphs 21 and 26 above), which the latter did not do at the relevant
time. It transpires from the facts of the case that the applicant, who was of a
very young age, had previously shown changes in his condition (see for
instance paragraphs 15 and 22 above, when the Rab Hospital first proposed
his release and subsequently his prolonged internment due to a change in
circumstances). Moreover, a recent privately-commissioned expert opinion
the applicant had submitted in support of his request for early release, implied
that his condition had further evolved (see paragraph 50 above). In such
circumstances, and in order to obtain the most accurate information on
the applicant’s mental health at the time of his request for discharge, the court
should at least have sought a fresh medical expert opinion (compare Ruiz
Rivera v. Switzerland, no. 8300/06, § 64, 18 February 2014).
76. In conclusion, the Court notes that the assessment of the applicant’s
mental state at the moment of prolonging his internment had on the whole
been adopted in a procedure at odds with the relevant provisions of the
domestic legislation and had not been based on objective and recent medical
expert opinion.
77. The applicant’s position in the ensuing proceedings was further
compromised by the fact that he had not learned about the Rab Hospital’s
counterproposal for his continued internment or its opinion on his request for
release of 7 and 8 February 2019, respectively (see paragraphs 32 and 33
above), prior to the hearing of 13 February 2019.
78. The above procedural failures obviate the need for the Court to
examine whether the national authorities met the substantive requirement for
the applicant’s involuntary internment by proving that his mental condition
had necessitated continued deprivation of his liberty (see M.S. (no. 2)
v. Croatia, cited above, § 161).
79. There had accordingly been a violation of Article 5 § 1 in the present
case.

(b) Article 5 § 4 of the Convention

80. The applicant also complained that the court had failed to
communicate to him two crucial submissions by the Rab Hospital, thereby
breaching the principles of adversarial proceedings and equality of arms.
81. Having regard to its findings under Article 5 § 1 above, in which it
took into account the fact that the applicant had not been served the two
submissions by the Rab Hospital prior to the hearing held on 13 February
2019 (see paragraph 77 above), the Court considers that it is not necessary to
examine separately whether, in this case, there has also been a violation of
Article 5 § 4.

17
 MIKLIĆ v. CROATIA JUDGMENT

II. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION

82. Article 41 of the Convention provides:

“If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols
thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only
partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the
injured party.”
83. The applicant did not submit a claim for just satisfaction. Accordingly,
the Court considers that there is no call to award him any sum on that account.

FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,

1. Declares the application admissible;

2. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention;

3. Holds that it is not necessary to examine separately the complaint under

Article 5 § 4 of the Convention;

Done in English, and notified in writing on 7 April 2022, pursuant to

Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.

Renata Degener Marko Bošnjak

Registrar President

18