Preterm Newborn: NCM 102 High Risk Newborn Problems Related To Maturity
Preterm Newborn: NCM 102 High Risk Newborn Problems Related To Maturity
Preterm Newborn: NCM 102 High Risk Newborn Problems Related To Maturity
PRETERM NEWBORN
Description: A neonate born before 37 weeks of gestation
Primary concern relates to immaturity of all body systems
Cause: unknown
Maternal factors: age, smoking, poor nutrition, Placental problem , Preeclampsia/ eclampsia
Fetal factors: multiple pregnancy, infection
Other factors: poor socioeconomic status, environmental exposure to harmful substance
Assessment
Respirations are irregular with periods of apnea
Body temperature is below normal
Skin is thin, with visible blood vessels and minimal subcutaneous fat pads, may appear
jaundiced (Poikilothermic-easily take on the temperature of the environment)
Poor sucking and swallowing reflexes
Bowel sounds are diminished
Management
1. Improving respiratory function- Oxygen therapy, Mechanical ventilator
2. Maintaining body temperature- Isolette – maintains ideal temperature, humidity and oxygen
concentration isolates infant from infection, Kangaroo Care
3. Preventing infection- Handwashing
4. Promoting nutrition- Gavage feeding, Milk feeding
5. Promoting Sensory stimulation- Gentle touch, speaking gently and softly, music box or
low tuned radio
Nursing Interventions
1. Monitor vital signs every 2 to 4 hours
2. Administer oxygen and humidification as prescribed.
3. Monitor intake and output
4. Monitor daily weight.
5. Maintain newborn in a warming device.
6. Reposition every 1 to 2 hours,and handle newborn carefully
7. Avoid exposure to infections.
8. Provide newborn with appropriatestimulation, such as touch
9. Suctioning of secretions as needed
10. Monitor for signs of infection
11. Provide skin care
12. Provide complete explanations for parents
POST-TERM NEWBORN
Description: Neonate born after 42 weeks of gestation
About 12% of all infants are post-term
Causes of delayed birth is unknown
Maternal factors: First pregnancies between the ages 15 to 19years
Woman older than 35 years
Multiparity
Fetal factors: Fetal anomalies such as anencephaly
Assessment
Depleted subcutaneuos fat: old looking “old man facies”
Parchment-like skin (dry,wrinkled and cracked) without lanugo
Fingernails long and extended over ends of fingers
Abundant scalp hair
Long and thin body
Sign of meconium staining
Nails and umbilical cord (yellow to green)
Management
1. Ultrasound is done to evaluate fetal development, amount of amniotic fluids and the placenta
signs of aging
2. To reduce the chance of meconium aspiration, upon delivery of newborn’s head and just
before the baby takes his first breath suctioning of the mouth and nose is done
Nursing management
1. Closely monitor the newborn cardiopulmonary status
2. Administer supplemental oxygen therapy as needed
3. Frequent monitoring of blood sugar; assess for sign of hypoglycemia
4. Provide thermoregulated environment– use of isolette or radiant heat warmer
5. Monitor for signs of meconium aspiration syndrome
Assessment
7. large, obese
8. Lethargic and limp
9. May feed poorly
10. Sign and symptoms of birth trauma
Bruising
Broken clavicle
Evidence of molding
Cephalhematoma
Caput succedaneum
Management
Routine newborn care with special emphasis on the following:
a) Monitor vital signs frequently, especially respiratory status.
b) Monitor blood glucose levels and for signs of hypoglycemia
c) Initiate early feedings
d) Note any signs of birth trauma or injury
e) Monitor for infection and initiate measures to prevent sepsis
f) Provide stimulation, such as touch and cuddling.
Assessment
1. Expiratory grunting –major- is the body's way of trying to keep air in the lungs so they will
stay open
2. Tachypnea
3. Nasal flaring
4. Retractions
5. Seesaw – like respirations (chest wall retracts and the abdomen protrudes)
6. Decreased breath sounds
7. Apnea
8. Pallor and cyanosis
9. Hypothermia
Management to provide adequate oxygen to the baby
a) Oxygen therapy- hood, nasal prong, mask, endotracheal tube , CPAP (Continuous
Positive Airway Pressure) or PEEP (Positive End –Expiratory Pressure) may be used
b) Muscle relaxants – Pancuronium (Pavulon)
Reduces muscular resistance
Prevents pneumothorax
Prepare Atropine or Neostigmine Methylsulfate
c) Liquid Ventilation- Uses perfluorocarbons – substances used in industry to assess leaks
d) Nitric Acid- Causes pulmonary vasodilation – increases blood flow to the alveoli
Nursing Interventions
1. Monitor color, respiratory rate, and degree of effort in breathing.
2. Support respirations as prescribed
3. Monitor arterial blood gases and oxygen saturation levels (arterial blood gases from
umbilical artery).so that oxygen administered to the newborn is at the lowest possible
concentration necessary to maintain adequate arterial oxygenation.
RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY
Vascular disorder involving gradual replacement of retina by fibrous tissue and blood vessels
Primarily caused by prematurity and use of supplemental oxygen (longer than 30 days)
Oxygen administration should never be more than 40% unless hypoxia is documented
Any premature newborn who required oxygen support should be scheduled for an eye
examination before discharge to assess for retinal damage.
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia- over expanded lungs prolonged use of O2
Management:
a) Suction every 2 hours or more often as necessary.
b) Prepare to administer surfactant replacement therapy (instilled into the endotracheal
tube)
c) Administer respiratory therapy (percussion and vibration)
d) Provide nutrition
e) Support bonding
f) Encourage as much parental participation in newborn's care as condition allows.
HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA
Description: is an abnormally high level of Bilirubin in the blood; results to jaundiced
In physiologic jaundiced:
occurs on the second day to seventh day
average increase of 2mg/dl; not exceeding 12mg/dl
Pathological Jaundice of Neonates
Any of the following features characterizes pathological jaundice:
Clinical jaundice appearing in the first 24 hours.
Increases in the level of total bilirubin by more than 12 mg/dl
Therapy is aimed at preventing Kernicterus, which results in permanent neurological damage
resulting from the deposition of bilirubin in the brain cells.
Causes:
a) Immaturity of the liver
b) Rh or ABO incompatibility
c) Infections
d) Birth trauma
e) Maternal diabetes
f) Medications
Assessment
Jaundice
Enlarged liver
Lethargy
Management
1. Phototherapy
-The use of blue lights overhead or in blanket –device wrapped around infant
- is use of intense florescent lights to reduce serum bilirubin levels in the newborn
- Injury from treatment, such as: eye damage, dehydration, or sensory deprivation
- Wallaby blanket-a blanket which, when wrapped around the infant’s torso, delivers effective
therapy to jaundiced babies
- no need to cover the baby’s eyes as all light treatment is delivered through the blanket
Nursing Interventions
2. Cover the genital area, and monitor the genital area for skin irritation or breakdown.
3. Cover the newborn's eyes with eye shields or patches; make sure that eyelids are closed
when shields or patches are applied.
4. Remove the shields or patches at least once per shift (during a feeding time) to inspect
the eyes for infection or irritation and to allow eye contact and bonding with parents.
8. Monitor the newborn's skin colorwith the fluorescent light turned off, every 4 to 8
hours.
9. Monitor the skin for bronze baby syndrome- a grayish-brown discoloration of the skin.
12. After treatment, continue monitoring for signs of hyperbilirubinemia, because rebound
elevations are normal after therapy is discontinued.
13. Turn off phototherapy lights before drawing blood specimen for serum bilirubin levels
and avoid allowing blood specimen to remain uncovered under fluorescent lights (to
prevent the breakdown of bilirubin in the blood specimen).
14. Monitor for the presence of jaundice; assess skin and sclera for jaundice.
16. Press finger over a bony prominence or tip of the newborn's nose to press out capillary
blood from the tissues.
17. Jaundice starts at the head first, spreads to the chest, abdomen, and then the arms and
legs, followed by the hands and feet
19. Facilitate early, frequent feeding to hasten passage of meconium and encourage
excretion of bilirubin.
20. Report to the physician any signs of jaundice in the first 24 hours of life and any
abnormal S&S
21. Prepare for phototherapy, and monitor the newborn closely during the treatment.
MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME (MAS)
occurs when infants take meconium into their lungs during or before delivery
Occurs in term or post-term infants
During fetal distress there is increases intestinal peristalsis, relaxing the anal sphincter and
releasing meconium into the amniotic fluid.
Aspiration can occur in utero or with the first breath.
Meconium can block the airway partially or completely and can irritate the newborn’ airway,
causing respiratory distress
Assessment:
1. Respiratory distress is present at birth:
- tachypnea,
- cyanosis,
- retractions,
- nasal flaring,
- grunting,
- crackles, and rhonchi may be present.
- infant's nails, skin, and umbilical cord may be stained a yellow-green color.
CAUSES and RISK FACTORS:
1. Common to post mature
2. Maternal history of diabetes
3. Hypertension
4. Difficult delivery
5. Poor intrauterine growth
Management
a) Suctioning must be done immediately after the head is delivered before the first breath is
taken;
b) Vocal cords should be viewed to see if the airway is clear before stimulation and crying
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)- Cardiopulmonary bypass to support gas
exchange allows the lungs to rest
Nursing interventions
1. Observing neonates respiratory status closely
2. Ensuring adequate oxygenation
3. Administration of antibiotic therapy
4. Maintain thermoregulation
SEPSIS
Description: Generalized infection resulting from the presence of bacteria in the blood
Major common cause is group B beta- hemolytic streptococci
Contributing factors:
1. Prolonged rupture of membranes
2. Prolonged or difficult labor
3. Maternal infection
4. Cross contamination
5. Aspiration
Assessment findings – often does not have specific sign of illness
1. Poor feeding
2. Irritability
3. Lethargy
4. Pallor
5. Tachypnea
6. Tachycardia
7. Abdominal distention
8. Temperature instability – difficulty keeping temperature within normal range
Diagnosis:
1. Blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid cultures
2. Routine CBC, urinalysis, fecalysis
3. Radiographic test
Management
1. Intensive antibiotic therapy
2. IV fluids
3. Respiratory therapy
Nursing interventions- Routine newborn care with special emphasis on the following:
1. Monitor vital signs, assess for periods of apnea or irregular respirations..
2. Administer oxygen as prescribed
3. Provide isolation as necessary- Monitor and limit visitors
4. Handwashing before after handling neonate
ACYANOTIC TYPE
A. ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT
• Abnormal opening in the septum between left and right atria
• Usually detected after neonatal period
S/S: - decrease activity tolerance
- dyspnea
+ murmur – upper left sternal border
Mgt: Surgery – 2 and 4 yrs of age
B. VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT
• Opening in the septum between ventricles, causing a left to right shunt
• Small VSD – asymptomatic
• Large –hypertrophy and/or failure of right ventricle
S/S: increase respiratory effort
Frequent respiratory infection
+ murmur – heard best @ lower left sternal border
Congestion - pulmonary
Mgt : Surgery
C. PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
• Connects pulmonary trunk to aorta
S/S: + murmur – machinery type @ middle to upper left sternal border
poor feeding
tiring easily
Mgt: Indomethacin
Surgery – ligation
D. COARCTATION OF AORTA
• Narrowing of the aorta
• Significant decrease in blood flow to abdomen and legs
• Blood shunted to head and arms
S/S: BP /pulse – higher in arms than legs
High pulse pressure in carotid and radial pulses
Warm upper body
Mgt: surgery – angioplasty – repaired of narrowed vessel
E. VALVULAR DEFECTS
a. right side – tricuspid
pulmonic valve
b. left side – mitral
aortic valve
S/S: palpitations
Pain
Edema
Weakness, dizziness
Mgt: Surgery – valvotomy, valvuloplasty
valve replacement
CYANOTIC TYPE
A. TRANSPOSITION OF GREAT VESSELS
Aorta arises from right ventricle, pulmonary artery arises from left ventricle oxygenated blood
therefore circulates through left side of heart to lungs and back to left side
unoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from body ,goes back to right ventricle and back to
circulation without being oxygenated
S/S:
Blueness of the skin
Shortness of breath
Poor feeding
Clubbing of the fingers or toes
peripheral hypoxemia
severe progressive pulmonary hypertension.
Complications:
Arrythmias
Heart failure
B. TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
This condition is characterized by the following four defects:
an abnormal opening, or ventricular septal defect, that allows blood to pass from the
right ventricle to the left ventricle without going through the lungs
a narrowing (stenosis) at or just beneath the pulmonary valve that partially blocks the
flow of blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs
the right ventricle is more muscular than normal
the aorta lies directly over the ventricular septal defect
Tetralogy of Fallot results in cyanosis (bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes due to
lack of oxygen).
Cyanosis develops within the first few years of life.
First presentation may include poor feeding, fussiness, tachypnea, and agitation.
Cyanosis occurs and demands surgical repair.
Dyspnea on exertion is common.
Hypoxic "tet" spells are potentially lethal, unpredictable episodes that occur even in
noncyanotic patients with TOF. These spells can be aborted with relatively simple procedures.
Birth weight is low.
Growth is retarded.
Development and puberty may be delayed.
Right ventricular predominance on palpation
May have a bulging left hemithorax
Systolic thrill at the lower left sternal border
Single S2 - Pulmonic valve closure not heard
Systolic ejection murmur
Cyanosis and clubbing - Variable
Squatting position
Scoliosis - Common
Retinal engorgement
Hemoptysis