UNIT-

CELLULAR ARCHITECTURE
Multipk Aecess lechniqes fo Wix luss CommuniCallen
Multiple access sthemes d to allo ma
axe
mand
mobile usess to share
Aadio speclAum,
Simulaneousy a
fni amount

nonvensional tlaphon y ahms. it poss: bl

totalk

and stn imuliraas, and hs Called p launa

Thuplaxvg may be don tuma Aag uanuy domain

tchniqs.
* HAcquany Diiaten upuxua
Tt
progdas two dishnct banols
o fAc uen cues for eve
TT orwand band prordes ati rom base Maior
to k mobile
evesband. praides hattie from6mobilk to ke base
atien
In FPD
any uplex charnel aclialy Comsist t two
smplas channels a fwd 4 Aevexse) ano A alevice
Callud uplon used nd each Su bstber unit
nd base station t allow imulanees bielkeeto nal
adio Tk4Re fon both kubsuibes and base statun
em
uplex channel pain
.TDTme Division
T
Lupluxig)
Prordes both donw and and Aevorse ink
link

Hultip wgsshare kigle 1adio thaml b hking

a

and
uars i e tine dem ain
 The channd assigned wim me slots each me slot
rale tates bidisechenal Comm tunita tions.
(Josusakod tuneslotGAevonse ine lots)

Revex se FDD Proidos wwo

channel| Jchannel
Hmplax channals at
Separation-> on the Same me

ReveAse d
Chanhel channl >Time. TDD Prondas t o

Time 8epalah on mplax chaanals at

t sama q uan
Types e Halbiplh Accam Techniques.
The seyerl multph technigOA aRe geneially
QCeASs
used,

where the useRs Can sen o vfonmahon hao

multiph
unita hen Channel to ke seceiven
he lomm
Mulliple Access Techaigues

Spaca Division
Code Di Sion
Time Diision Faeguen y Dineion
Multiple Access
Haltph Aecess Mhultple A ccess
Haltiph Acces
CcDmA) (sDMA)
TDMA) (PDMA)
chnig ues
FDMA, TOMA CDMA a thaee
haee mayon a ccess

ed to Ahare ke avalable bandw idlk wite ess lommusiali=

wite

Syiluns
anAowb an d anal uide band
Thope echai que s ca be raupod as

how he availabe bandsid

ysans depending pen

allocaad to he uzens
 Namow band Syiam
La
Nastowband ystom,k availa ble xado speckaum
6anduwidt) dini dad ab a lange no. aAarsos band
thannels
The channels aL uually eperaad usg DD.
FDD.
pariulan
n naowbandFDMA, a udek asigned a
C a b l e7
Channel wheh i not hasd by ahor usess in he hun
CuUn d FDD wsed hen he kyeton j called FOMpoo
0 miniml za b/ Forwaxd and ROvekse lks,
htenferane
witi ke f1eguuny
e
e eguany parahon k made
pechum Gnd tommon hanscveA antenna to be ugel
each ubsniber unit.
G8
GSM

hawowband TDMA us exs haso he same Aaelie

elophona
yslum
1 Channel but allocates a uniqus tne slot to eac
uses h cyok'cal faskion he channel, hus on
uses a

Syn
ch.opthca
SoNET Amall numbex useAs ime on
paralng a

N
Pasingle chaned. TDMA generally a lasge ho
Radio chaanels allolad ustg FDD TDD Such syaam

RKe Called TDMA FDD Or

TDMA/7DD
Wide band Sysleos wiffauler Commn.
In wide band y Alem each ue uses enTi ko guonu
peclhumn.
Tha Tx bandwsdlk a sing chamel is much lungen
han he Coherento bandwid ehe channal,
Tn ha sylom karge no. of T o allowed to tantmit

on the Same channol

Bat 8pad Apecbum cpMA allows all he te to accecs
chael at e 6ame tn
 Cellulan Syiam Mulhpe, Aec ess Techiqos

Advan tad Hobilu phone Syolam Dini/FDD

2.
Global Syabm fon Mabile (69v) TDnA/ FDD
3. Us Digital Callulah TMA/ FDD
4. Paife Dgilal cellula TDMA /r DD
5.Coxdles Telaphano FDMA/TDD
6.
Digital kmopean lordass Telephon FDMA TDD
7. US NaMowband Spxoad Spoclkum CDMA FDD CDMA /TDD
8 W- CDMA CDMA/FDD COMA/TDD
9. CDMA 2000 CDMA/FD CDMA/TDD.

In addition.to
FDMA, TDMA and CDMA tauo ofta multpu ac

Bchemes wil be ed i wielass Communiatons. Thage aAa

packat Aadio PR) and Spaca Division Multpla Aecess (SDMA).
Aa en y Dislon Multple Access. (FDMA).
.FDMA aAsign tndividual channels tohdividuual useas
band DA channel.
Fach usen u allotad a unique 2 uenuH
B FDMA.
.One t ke Aimpleet analog muliple aceess method
and i mmonly
Comm only wsed oA the voice an d data arsmi sslon..
Jete he tetal systam bandwidlk u dvided nto Aen- ovea appi

Regueny u b bands.
lan Shaa
Shake
tall ho. olkas use lan
Rvig
DuRuig Ke peaiod
he Same Channel.
aa channol apaia
thannolapain
aRe assi'gned
. Tn FDD Systam,
SysTam, he useas

fheqen uis Channol

One fugueny fpr foxvatd

oheaguany fen teverse thannel

 Atode

Foquen
FDMA scheme
Time
Aled uand Bands.
aA
The adjacent oquony bands u FOMA Spechum

Rikely viteryac wik ea ch olho

neceSs aAy chda
Thakefore o avid blinferone
hands
Tke guard bands 6l e adj acant R.
AAnu
Ghuakd band
to aveid

Zhenferenu
RDuenuy
2.
Non-neas effects Time
Ch FDMA
En this Byslüm, many harnels share the Same anltnna at

he base Maen
Ihn poweA
ampufteAs, hepowea Combinexs whon operalad
at 0A heo fo max. CReatus nen nea.
ae
effeieny
ha hen-innalties Caukes gnal spraading he aguony
eemau
demai and Ckoalus nbamobulathon Aeq uen ues
This IM undoixad anal t tsats R Aadiation

whic with ehen channels n

Can eue
FDMA a m . 6 even a r i e also nlanfened
To minimia hese effecls RF Alas aue poided but kese
aA heay Costy
 43
3 No. of Chanels FDM.
olh Yol channels
Qse ent en
fonwaxd channel taom bas Blatier
to mobile it
and AaVveAse charul hom he mobila unit to bare
alon
The no.
channels that Can be
simultaneousl suppora4 a

FDMA y alam
Ng- B- 2 Bquard
Be
Ng- No. ef subsuibed ehannels.
8Tolal spectaum allotahione.
Ba
idthaa n d - ruakd band allocalid
u i äpeckum band.
Be Channel bandwidt
Be Specifiedintorms mplax Bandwidhs

Pnoblam:
In US AMPS, 4L channels ane allocakd to Vaalous Collalar

efperatars. The charnel blio hem A 30KMa. wih e quand

band ot lo kHz. Caludatu ke spechum allecatuen given to
eath epehalor.
Speclaum allorated t each collulan eperalo
Be W Bet 2 Bquand
3
4l6x 30x 1o+2 (10xib)
= 2.5 MHz

12.5 HH2 allotated to each mplex band.

AFeatnos rChasatienishies FDMA

Advan laak
Relative by imple to implement.
2. Tt CaRiies eny n Phona iait at auma
3. The bae lalien and mobile taansmit imuleously
and ten tmuousy

uA
ually enplemened t hannow bandSy Rem
5. e amoud o ioten smbel olonfeiante is lous
tu oa
eaualizehon
ne
Aaquhad for hansow band
systac
6.
6.
Cornplaxily l o w CompatadTpanto TDmA
Conpeilg
7 Abgense dypthaonizaluon b G
To Redute rfesone Ane k b/w phik and olownhink
Channols, (ke fa. allorahons hare to e 4epatatd by Kfuu
Cm ount

. FDMA B Ceninuous kan%misson feces bita where

ase
C
Needled foh ovEAhend putpoes Btuch as Synehron Sa lhen
an d
4haming bi Compated to TDMA
TbmA
inadvanlages
T t ppokts nanseas band aiol is not ru able fo
Mulu'media lommunicaticos. (tudio GVidae)

2. channl Aot n me, ken t llle g Cannot be

Aed fon Shatng k tapau by olea uA.
3 To minimizo ke bawdulahon adjacent charnel nayewn
RE ler kequiked.
hugher tell Sste y i m losts au
A. FDMA 6y4tm have
HaB.Compased o TDMA,
5. kack offlocibky Cate Aa Conbgusalhon.
 45

i m e Dinion Mullpe Access TDMA)

TDMA &yslims dvt da he Aado spechum vilo me sloth
and in each slot ony One ies allowed to elkan Tk onR
Code

T i m e
S ' o
Ch-N

h
»yroquany
Time
ach useA oLecuypt es a clically Aapealng tne alot, so a clanel
may be hought f as a parhular me slot kat segures
tune o t n a
renyanme, where Nfaems.
melhod, Rus
t thansmit dala t a bulen- and. bunst
ke hanSmiSion foa any usRA hen- Continusus.
moadulaler must
This unples Kat oligital odata and digilal
be used twilk TDMA

T al
Pae pamahan M e x s a g e . | 8 i 3 .

amble

Slot

Guard
Trialyoe.|Tnfortmaheo Dalu Bits
Bils

huehae. he frame B yekil apenhd velina

TDMA Aame l a
blrlaced
users
he aanSmission AomVaaious
Aepe alng ame {Ruehure.
aame Con&s a a Aumber
I Can be Sen ht a
achAame s made p of a ptuamblo, an vfosm ahen
esage and lail bita
T TDMA
IToD, hal he te sos tn hu frame vifoamahon
eAsage, would be nsed for K.
and fonwand bk chonnels
haly would be sed foA Aaeisa lsk channols
TTDMAJFDDyatoma henlion ally duto several lin
slotsof dolay b/w faward Aevexze tine slos fon
AeveRse lune
anhula usek, A hat dluplor ens a e not Aeguited
Aaguitea
nhe Kubscaibe wnit.
In
In TDMA
ame, ke pacamble Contains ke
addss
addhs& and
ynch sorizehion tifoamahon a t base slalen anol
an

he ubscwbens, use ts idenhfy each o l e

Ciuand tunes
tumes ane hzad ts allow ynthnoni zahon
k e Aeceiren b/w deleswnt slo and faamad

Featunes eTDM4.
TDMA haies a Aigle caunier frnuaney wilk veral
eAs, each usen make use afnon oveslappurng ume slats
No.
RoB/fane olepnols en mooulaken tekni guus, Bw ete C

Data Tk 7DMA not leninuous, but otius in bunsb.

Thus Arsulls low batteny Censumphn whon not à ue

Adaptive equaliztion &aquitad 7DMA Syslu

Ln TDMA,
TDMA, he guand me should he minimd. T
hu. hansmitted ahal at he edge a Tume lots
Aats
aAe mppressed kaply n der t shorton The guand
ume, e Te apecaun will expand and cause thlaafonen
to aoljatont hannc.
 A
47
Higk ypchsonization Oven head Aeguinod D Kysbms
betause e buast hansmi
RSions.
T possible to allotale dllesnt numars Tme Rlot
Pper fAame dffeot usens, Thus based on pmionty4
baned widh can be upphkod.
HHenuy 7DMA
A measute
percantage of hansmilled data hat anlains
Cngokmaten a
ePpesed to pmoriduig oven head
for h access
Scheme.

bexcentage o bis pex aame shich tenlain s T

date
6oH N br+
N bpt N ba 7 N, b
Wr No.
-

koferena bunta per rama

hafpe busts PerRame
br A
oveskaad bt per aepetan ta busta.
bp per pamble s each slot.
bg equivalent bita ench quatd tume vuaval
bo overkerd bi pen hame,
Then total AO. bits pename br
br

T
f - Faame dukakon

R- Channl bit szte

Then 1- xloo
No. Channeks. e h a

eehannsls
n n a l s

o.

A mBut28)
B
tqaess
ion fo a)TDMA

eack Aadio ckaanol

M-Hax. ho. TDMIA wsexs uppon bed m

tot- Totalmptin. bandwidlk.

Cuand Band widt
aBoblem:
Conider Global Syaem fon noble whi.ch u TDMA FDO
Sysun hat uses 2SMHz or the otwan dlnk, whitk
baokan nto Radio chansels o 2eokuz. poweh
peoeh

channels
Chann els ae
ruppoaled on a Ringle Aadio Channel,

and no
quakd band i ASmed, ind he humben
Amullaaeous UsLRS kat Can be acomodalid GSM
The ho.
Simul laneous useAs thak Can be accombdaled

sMHz)
N looo Simullaneous uA EAS,.

(200 kM)

blem
Sm eA
UAes a
a fAame Auncun whono eack ame
eack tme slot ternlans
Corvis f egkt tune o lola, and

I56. bi and data hanSmitled at 270. 833 kphs

the chanel, nd (a he tne dusaton a bit (6) Teline

duunatien
duunaipn a slot ( The tine ouk aen Aame,

and () how leng must a se a ingle ine

slot bl two uceesive thanamissien s.

(ay Tha tm dunation abit . bs3.692As
70. 8 33 kbps

The tune duuation Alot slat I56.25 xT,= .ST|ms

The Tume dlumutiten lame T 8xTstet = 4.615ns

A usea has t wait 4. 615 ms, ke axival ume oe a heuw

thame or next kansmi s ton,

 Pacblem: :3 alled
A hoAmal G3M has 3Alant bib, 3 stop bts also
as Maillng bit) hainng bilg fo allewing adaptive
2
bih and bss 58 bils
equal zaheo, 8.25 9uand 370. 833 khps
thansmilhad at 270. 833
kps
dala whie
encaypted
the channd. od
bos
(0)No. o oveshaad bits pen faame,
Ttal Ao b/fhome
a a m e nale
slht
Tima ourahon a
(e)fhame effiueny = 156,
25
b
26+2(58)
6 +9.25+

A tune slot Kas

ne -322 b
ovahead bib bos = 8l6)7 8(8.25)+8(26)
No.
6f
f
No. bils 1rame = 8 x 156. 25 1250 bitalfa ame

bps / ) 250 bb/hame 2/6-66 tana/sec

-

Aat: 270. 833

Frame
TIme duahon a slot : 56.23 * J70.s33rhps = 57b. 24s

e) aame eueny -)- 322 24

/250

IQpread pcthu Muthple Access.

ansmission banadsidth
SSMA uses gnals whieh are
tan
Kat K Vakal Ordens a magn lude leater
RF baduwidl.
Re minmun Anguka2d
mullpalk bledexence and
SgMA prorides Unmunwhy to
o

Robust mulfipe ALeNS capabikty.

cwhen used by
SSMA ot efient bandsid
bat effhc'ent badwidh v muthpl WseA
asingl
enviaodment. main
TheRa aa two
pe3
.FAaguany heppad Matpl Act ess. (FHMA)
2. Coda Dindion ulti pl Auess CéDmA)
 6S
No ch seclon v

Ns I+ t/N.
JR
E/N.'

o.375
( 125 XIo"/9boo

Ns = 35-7
Thlolal no. uLeiS
given y 3Ns. Sh
hAcA settons exists oikis ke Coll

N As
3x 35.7

N. Jo7 ugons /ca

Cellulas elephona Syslm
wIAlass Connetiove
A Cellalar tokephone Rylam pkovides
loealuin
tthe Puble Switehig Telaphone
N/w (PsTN) fos any usea

withi fke Aadè Mangê af k Aystam.

which s
anea wihen

ange no, useAS Ove a

Lange oophic

aimilad haguan peelhun

sexvice than ond i e yalam.

T T prDvioes hjh quly
cel
an tan be a
nglu ansa Ca led a

jeognaphital
Cellular
inglu base&ahen, I
kat seaVedby a

yAems, each the base slalion

Cornnerted to Mobia Suitehug Centar (Msc)
a by huincA

neB
 Ba atat

eoll

MeC PSTN
Basic cellulan Ry stem which consists mebile glakin,
base staliens MBC.
The lowenS KpResent base lalons which proi de Aado

attess blw
M.sC albo called as Mabile Talephone utekig fea lomte)

a giren sd Aeguentes, oa adio Charnele, can be

seused toilhoul ncaakung the nlokfeteno, ken ke lage
tRansmiltac Can
Maa tovesedby kingle hyk
a Powen
be diridadvto a ho asrnall atanseask allecabd a

aubset nguan tud

Loilk a Amall gographtcal toveNagea l a o peu
hansmilens wilk lowen anlannas tanbeued

A grup cala at mes a dfxan et Aenu

doM
toll s tallad Coll eusles.
each a
 quan yKeute
Eath Cellulas base a tan ale calhd a grop sadó
Called
Channeds to be ued a Snall oapka ana

Call
.Cell euped e chu Mous
aAe Ech Chota uti lzos
Th entia arailable kadio pe um

11.aquan tu Plan enapt

Puyaica eporothen twe alh hufuanty de,
e oma Aubset oftquanusaCon be wpd be ele.

Ths a Contapt aquany Aeure

Aabi teuse th fnquan uis P 7orides a way
unprove lke toal ykan apa ug witteut hacd P
mploy high po ansitess
naquen y Aavhing, halps be ane kpethum Can rppos
multiple wens eparalzd by a dalane wth effetval.
.
Tha haxagonal Cell hape peam
easy and marageable ahaly
Lellulan 8ya

Capaiy tEpansuon byJ1quan keua

Total ho. dupler channels e 8.
t
N be he lusten. ize ms A eulls w
and each colls alloratad a group ef k clannals(k<s)
also aenued 04fqeny keuse taclo a Sys n
S= kN
The N Cells h i ch akt collerfively uses he Compleli set
eavailablk fáequchaa Called clas
he clsaa Can be Acplitaled many umes lo form he entise
Cellulas Communicatton om.
e t M be he numbea mas he cluslen s aopk'caud
Cbe he lolal no. o{ chonnels used ent Collulas Sysum
toiEhenty Anns
TRen ke Capa
C MkN. N A, 7
or) 12
C MS
Th Capaty Colulan Syslam disectly prrpontional
arsa. C
e. hnos cstenu aspktalad a
a
ixedeRrita

ke cell Size s Kept

e. custea Siz N ked uced, tan
ore uslons ara Aguikod to tove a 9ven
Connlant
Capauy achieved.
aRea hence mom

Rulss KOR olatamnung the Nearest lo. channal Ne:ghboas.

Sep:Move calls aleng any Chain o exagons
Slep Tun bo Couna clockwin and moke ces
or
Tor 3 , J the to. chemels calls ane he ladfol cels

N j+
TKe tAcgueny ALuse neads to be liucluted o tat
h e . channel inbrtotone is kept at an aceeptabe leve
The oligtan e b/ to. Chenne teoazRB, Co. Chaaad
Lerente wil ale ckoaRe
whan e all Size iceo, ts avakaga igaal t
lo. chanad nloyeAence Aätio tarl} be tnolapenolont

ansmi tad Powe est Cold.

 61

Adantages
The tuçe af le penex lkansmilles
A &lew ance o acqucn cay Aouse

3 ehannel Aign ment

lualegies (oK) Allocatien Teehnz uas.
hjectve pueony Aoe hcALasny Capaciba and
RDind mizuny hleafetente
7K math ekjecthve o a channel allotahen taehr.igues b
Mabi lize he fluctualians ke pwbab c a l blockige.
pven entite Covenag area e a orenorn hme.
7wo ehannels as goment approa ches
rced ehamel asigDnent rea)
Dynamie chaanel a5sigoment lDca)
hapnel
.Fited, Asignment Shalhay
allocald a
pre oletenmved st Veito
Each Ghahne ell u
Channcls.
he tell can eny be sessed
Any call twlich atemptng wih
Kat parthulan Coll.
hetunud Lhannels i
by blotksd
a l l k chanels kat call au occupied, the ull
does not Aeceve keseavia.
and he subsoaibes