FRANCISCO C. EIZMENDI, JR., JOSE S. TAYAG, JR., JOAQUIN L.

SAN AGUSTIN,
EDUARDO V. FRANCISCO, EDMIDIO V. RAMOS, JR., ALBERT G. BLANCAFLOR,
REY NATHANIEL C. IFURUNG, MANUEL H. ACOSTA, JR., AND VALLE VERDE
COUNTRY CLUB, INC., PETITIONERS, V. TEODORICO P. FERNANDEZ,
RESPONDENT.

2019-11-27 | G.R. No. 215280

RESOLUTION

PERALTA, C.J.:

This resolves the Motion for Reconsideration[1] dated October 29, 2018 of respondent Teodorico P. Fernandez,
seeking to reconsider and set aside the Court's Decision[2] dated September 5, 2018 which: (1) granted the
petition for review on certiorari; (2) reversed and set aside the Court of Appeals' Decision dated June 30,
2014 and Resolution dated October 24, 2014 in CA-G.R. SP No. 134704; and (3) reinstated the Order issued
by the Regional Trial Court of Pasig City, Branch 158, on January 28, 2014 in Commercial Case No. 13-202,
insofar as it did not allow any evidence to be presented relating to the February 23, 2013 elections of the
Board of Directors of Valle Verde Country Club, Incorporated (VVCCI).

Fernandez argues that the Court erred in applying the stare decisis principle to his case, and that there is
absolutely no binding precedent which supports the ruling that his complaint, questioning the suspension of
his membership in VVCCI for lack of authority of petitioners Francisco C. Eizmendi, Jr., Jose S. Tayag, Jr.,
Joaquin L. San Agustin, Eduardo V. Francisco, Edmidio V. Ramos, Jr., Albert G. Blancaflor, Rey Nathaniel C.
Ifurung, and Manuel H. Acosta, Jr., as alleged directors of VVCCI, apart from the ground of denial of due
process, is partly an election contest within the purview set by the Interim Rules of Procedure for
Intra-Corporate Controversies (Interim Rules).

Fernandez contends that the Resolution[3] in Valle Verde Country Club, Inc., represented by its hold-over
Board of Directors, etc. v. Francisco C. Eizmendi, Jr., et al. (Valle Verde), G.R. No. 209120, dated October 14,
2013, is a mere unsigned or minute resolution which neither constitutes a binding precedent nor obligates
non-parties, like himself. In support of his contention, Fernandez cites Section 6 (c), Rule 13 of the Internal
Rules of the Supreme Court which states that "[b]y unsigned resolution[,] the Court disposes of the case on
the merits, but its ruling is essentially meaningful only to the parties; has no significant doctrinal value; or is [of]
minimal interest to the law profession, the academe, or the public."

Fernandez insists that the Court erred in giving stare decisis effect an obiter dictum in Valle Verde by
proscribing or disallowing his cause of action on the premise that the same is "partly an election contest" filed
beyond the 15-day reglementary period. He claims that the disquisitions in Valle Verde on "election contest"
are mere obiter dicta, which are not binding under the doctrine of stare decisis. He also assails the Court's
ruling that he cannot question the validity of the February 23, 2013 election for that would be violative of the
15-day reglementary period, based on the maxim that "what cannot be done directly cannot be done
indirectly." He submits that the application of the said maxim presupposes the existence of a prohibition in the
Constitution or in a law, and that such period is a mere limitation of an action or a specie of a statute of
limitation found in a rule of procedure. He asserts that the reglementary period cannot apply to him because
he was not a candidate, and he had no cause of action yet during the period.

Fernandez also faults the Court for making capital of the prayer in his complaint to justify the finding that the
same presents an election contest. He explains that the prayer for relief, although part of the complaint,
cannot create a cause of action; hence, it cannot be considered as part of the allegations on the nature of the
cause of action, and it may be disregarded in adjudicating the case.

The Court finds the arguments devoid of merit.

It is true that, although contained in a minute resolution, our dismissal of the petition was a disposition
of the merits of the case. When we dismissed the petition, we effectively affirmed the CA ruling being
questioned. As a result, our ruling in that case has already become final. When a minute resolution
denies or dismisses a petition for failure to comply with formal and substantive requirements, the
challenged decision, together with its findings of fact and legal conclusions, are deemed sustained. But
what is its effect on other cases?
With respect to the same subject matter and the same issues concerning the same parties, it
constitutes res judicata. However, if other parties or another subject matter (even with the same parties
and issues) is involved, the minute resolution is not binding precedent. Thus, in CIR v. Baier-Nickel, the
Court noted that a previous case, CIR v. Baier-Nickel involving the same parties and the same issues,
was previously disposed of by the Court thru a minute resolution dated February 17, 2003 sustaining
the ruling of the CA. Nonetheless, the Court ruled that the previous case "ha(d) no bearing" on the
latter case because the two cases involved different subject matters as they were concerned with the
taxable income of different taxable years.
Besides, there are substantial, not simply formal, distinctions between a minute resolution and a
decision. The constitutional requirement under the first paragraph of Section 14, Article VIII of the
Constitution that the facts and the law on which the judgment is based must be expressed clearly and
distinctly applies only to decisions, not to minute resolutions. A minute resolution is signed only by the
clerk of court by authority of the justices, unlike a decision. It does not require the certification of the
Chief Justice. Moreover, unlike decisions, minute resolutions are not published in the Philippine
Reports. Finally, the proviso of Section 4(3) of Article VIII speaks of a decision. Indeed, as a rule, this
Court lays down doctrines or principles of law which constitute binding precedent in a decision duly
signed by the members of the Court and certified by the Chief Justice.[5] (Citations omitted)

The binding nature of a minute resolution and its ability to establish a lasting judicial precedent have already
been settled in Deutsche Bank AG Manila Branch v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue[6] where the Court
explained that a minute resolution constitutes res judicata only insofar as it involves the "same subject matter
and the same issues concerning the same parties[.]" However, if other parties and another subject matter
(even if there are the same parties and issues) are involved, the minute resolution is not a binding precedent.

Even if Valle Verde is an unsigned resolution, it still creates a binding precedent to the extent that the Court
pointed out in the assailed Decision, i.e., if the allegations and prayers in the complaint raise issues of
validation of proxies, and the manner and validity of elections, such as the nullification of the election was
unlawfully conducted due to lack of quorum, then such complaint falls under the definition of "election contest"
under the Interim Rules. This is because Valle Verde stated clearly and distinctly the facts and the law on
which it is based, and it is not just a mere dismissal of a petition for failure to comply with formal and
substantive requirements.

The ruling in Valle Verde on what constitutes election cases is not an obiter dictum. Land Bank of the Phils. v.
Suntay[7] explains the concept and effect of an obiter dictum, as follows:

An obiter dictum has been defined as an opinion expressed by a court upon some question of law that
is not necessary in the determination of the case before the court. It is a remark made, or opinion
expressed, by a judge, in his decision upon a cause by the way, that is, incidentally or collaterally, and
not directly upon the question before him, or upon a point not necessarily involved in the determination
of the cause, or introduced by way of illustration, or analogy or argument. It does not embody the
resolution or determination of the court, and is made without argument, or full consideration of the point.
It lacks the force of an adjudication, being a mere expression of an opinion with no binding force for
purposes of res judicata.[8] (Citations omitted)
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Valle Verde directly resolved the substantive issue raised by VVCCI as to whether its complaint is an election
contest, in this wise:

The Petition

In a petition before this Court, Valle Verde points out that it is not challenging the validity of proxies, but
merely the respondents' unlawful misrepresentation of corporate office. It stresses that the election did not
take place since the annual meeting was already adjourned prior to the respondents' declaration as winners
in the "election." Consequently, its complaint is not an election contest as there were actually no winning
candidates on February 23, 2013. It also argues that it is a real party-in-interest in this case because the
respondents' misrepresentation causes confusion among its members and employees, and disrupts its
operations.

Our Ruling

We find the petition unmeritorious.

Section 2, Rule 6 of the Interim Rules on Intra-Corporate Controversies defines an election contest as "any
controversy or dispute involving title or claim to any elective office in a stock or non-stock corporation, the
validation of proxies, the manner and validity of elections, and the qualifications of candidates, including the
proclamation of winners, to the office of director, trustee or other officer directly elected by the stockholders in
a close corporation or by members of a non-stock corporation where the article of incorporation or by-laws so
provide."

The present complaint falls under the definition of election contest because it raises the issues of the
validation of proxies, and the manner and validity of elections. Furthermore, a reading of Valle Verde's
allegations, as well as its prayers in the complaint, shows that the complaint is essentially for the nullification
of the election on the ground that the election was unlawfully conducted due to the adjournment of the
meeting for lack of quorum.

The determination of the validity of the proxies and of the manner and validity of elections is necessary in
adjudicating whether the respondents are the lawful directors and officers of Valle Verde. Consequently, Valle
Verde cannot claim that it did not raise these factual issues because no election was conducted last February
23, 2013 due to the adjournment of the meeting for lack of quorum. Valle Verde's assertion that there was no
election is merely an effect of the declaration of the nullity of the election if the current petition would be found
meritorious.

Even if Valle Verde was merely signed by the Division Clerk of Court, such unsigned resolution was issued by
authority of the Justices who were members of the Division who took part in the deliberation of the case, and
it is still a definitive determination of a question of law raised before it. Applying Section 2, Rule 6 of the
Interim Rules, the Court declared that the complaint falls under the definition of election contest because it
raises the issues of the validation of proxies, and the manner and validity of elections.

There is also no merit to Fernandez's claim that the statutory construction principle to the effect that what
cannot be done directly, cannot be done indirectly, is inapplicable to the construction of the rules of procedure.
To disallow the application of such principle would defeat the purpose of the Interim Rules which is meant to
expedite the resolution of intra-corporate cases, and would sanction the circumvention of said rules. As
stressed in the Court's Decision, the 15-day reglementary period to file an election contest under the Interim
Rules aims to hasten the submission and resolution of corporate election controversies, so that the state of
uncertainty in the corporate leadership is settled. If the Court were to entertain one of the causes of action in
Fernandez's complaint, which is partly an election contest, the salutary purposes of that reglementary period
would be defeated.

Besides, "[r]ules of court, promulgated by authority of law, have the force and effect of law, if not in conflict
with positive law."[9] In Alex Raul B. Blay v. Cynthia B. Baña,[10] the Court applied a statutory construction
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doctrine in construing a provision of the Rules of Court, thus:

It is hornbook doctrine in statutory construction that "[t]he whole and every pan of the statute must be
considered in fixing the meaning of any of its parts and in order to produce a harmonious whole. A statute
must be so construed as to harmonize and give effect to all its provisions whenever possible. In short, every
meaning to be given to each word or phrase must be ascertained from the context of the body of the statute
since a word or phrase in a statute is always used in association with other words or phrases and its meaning
may be modified or restricted by the latter.

By narrowly reading Section 2, Rule 17 of the Rules of Court, the CA clearly violated the foregoing principle
and in so doing, erroneously sustained the assailed RTC Orders declaring respondent's counterclaim "as
remaining for independent adjudication" despite the latter's failure to file the required manifestation within the
prescribed fifteen (15)-day period.

Since the Interim Rules was also promulgated by authority of law—Section 5(5), Article VIII of the Constitution
no less—and has the force and effect of law, the Court sees no compelling reason why the principles of
statutory construction should not be applied to the interpretation of such procedural rules.

That Fernandez was not a candidate in the election that he seeks to nullify and that he had no cause of action
yet during the said period will not excuse him from Section 3, Rule 6 of the Interim Rules which requires that
election contests must be filed within fifteen (15) days from the date of the election. The definition of an
election contest is clear; it hardly distinguishes whether the complainant is a participant in the election or not,
and it is determined only by the nature of the controversy or dispute involved, namely: (1) the title or claim to
any elective office in a corporation; (2) the validation of proxies; (3) the manner and validity of elections; and
(4) the qualifications of candidates, including the proclamation of winners, to the office of director, trustee or
other officer in a corporation. As aptly pointed out by petitioners, Fernandez is a member of VVCCI, and the
time to question their election is within 15 days from the election; to allow him to belatedly question their
authority as members of the board would open the floodgate to any member who will be disciplined by
petitioners or to question their act by questioning the validity of their election anytime.[11]

Equally bereft of merit is Fernandez's contention that the prayer of his complaint cannot be considered as part
of the allegations on the nature of the cause of action, and it may even be disregarded in adjudicating the
case. The rule is settled that a court's jurisdiction over the subject matter is determined by the relevant
allegations in the complaint, the law in effect when the action was filed, and the character of the relief sought,
irrespective of whether the plaintiff is entitled to all or some of the claims asserted.[12] Section 2, Rule 7 of the
1997 Rules of Civil Procedure provides that the body of the pleading sets forth its designation, the allegations
of the party's claims or defenses, the relief prayed for, and the date of the pleading. Considering that the
prayer in a complaint is a "relief," which is part of the body of such pleading, the prayer in Fernandez's
complaint cannot be simply ignored in deciding his case.

In fact, in Yujuico v. Quiambao,[13] the Court relied on the relief prayed for in the complaint, in order to rule that
the subject complaint is an election contest, thus:

Another weighty defense raised by petitioners is that the action has prescribed. One of the reliefs sought by
respondents in the complaint is the nullification of the election of the Board of Directors and corporate officers
held during the March 1, 2004 annual stockholders' meeting on the ground of improper venue, in violation of
the Corporation Code. Hence, the action involves an election contest, falling squarely under the Interim Rules
of Procedure Governing Intra-Corporate Controversies under R.A. No. 8799.[14]

Finally, it bears repeating that no grave abuse of discretion can be ascribed against the Regional Trial Court
of Pasig City, Branch 158, insofar as it did not allow any evidence to be presented in Commercial Case No.
13-202, relating to the February 23, 2013 elections of the Board of Directors of VVCCI. The Regional Trial
Court's action of virtually dismissing the first cause of action in Fernandez's complaint, for being an election
contest filed beyond the 15-day reglementary period, is indeed consistent with the following provisions of the

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Interim Rules: (a) Section 3, Rule 1, because such act promotes the objective of securing a just, summary,
speedy and inexpensive determination of every action or proceeding; and (b) Section 4, Rule 6, which
authorizes the court to dismiss outright the complaint if the allegations thereof are not sufficient in form and
substance.

WHEREFORE, the Motion for Reconsideration dated October 29, 2018 is DENIED for lack of merit.

SO ORDERED.
Leonen and J. Reyes, Jr., JJ., concur.
A. Reyes, Jr., J., see dissenting opinion.
Gesmundo, J., on wellness leave.
________________

[1]
Rollo, pp. 295-307.

Id. at 278-294. Penned by Associate Justice Diosdado M. Peralta, and concurred in by Associate Justices
[2]

Marvic Mario Victor F. Leonen, Andres B. Reyes, Jr., Alexander G. Gesmundo and Jose C. Reyes, Jr.

[3]
Id. at 142-145.

[4]
616 Phil. 387 (2009).

[5]
Id. at 420-422.

[6]
716 Phil. 676, 687 (2013).

[7]
678 Phil. 879 (2011).

[8]
Id. at 913-914.

[9]
Shioji v. Harvey, 43 Phil. 333, 342 (1922), citing Inchausti & Co. v. De Leon, 24 Phil. 224 (1913).

[10]
G.R. No 232189, March 7, 2018 (citation omitted).

[11]
Rollo, p. 355.

[12]
Sps. Trayvilla v. Sejas, et al., 780 Phil. 85, 90 (2016).

[13]
542 Phil. 236 (2007).

[14]
Id. at 257.

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