THE TAMIL NADU DR.

AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY

(State University Established by Act No.43 of 1997)
MGR Salai, Near Taramani Railway Station, Perungudi, Chennai-600113
relephone Nos. 044- 2243e1\i|p#;?#17ee6 ' nbt2
Dr. j.Mahalakshmi, LL.M.,Ph.D., tN
Controller of Examinations (i/c)
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ThePrincipal
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ChengalPattu.

Madam,

Sub: The Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University,.Chennai - Controller of

Examinations - LL.M. Degree Course - Branch X: Criminal Law with Cyber
Crimes - Syllabus forwarded for the candidates - R"g.

With reference to the above subject matter, the syllabus of LL.M. Degree course,
Branch IX - Criminal Law with Cyber Crimes, (II, m and IV semesters), is forwarded
herewith for the candidates.

coNTRoLLER oF EXAM{SATIONS ( i/c)

 BRANCH.IX-CRIMINALLAwWITHCYBERCRIMES
SECOND SEMESTER
PAPER V:. JTIVENILE DELINQUENCY . PPA
Objectives of the course:
Juvenile Delinquency is considered as an important branch
of
of
criminoloSr. The impact of juvenile delinquency upon the formation
Indian Criminologr Tradition does not seem to be noticeable'
No
without
understanding of crimes and treatment of offenders can be complete
a sure grasp of causes, carrots, and cures of
juvenile delinquency'

Increasingly, it is being also realized, that young offenders require

a
wholly different centre of criminal justice system and should
not be treated
although a
in the same way as the adult offenders. Juvenile Justice System'
part of the criminal justice system has now its own autonomous
characteristics.
In addition, the state and the law have to deal with juveniles in certain
defines
situations, as parens patriae. The category of 'neglected children'
the burdens of care which state and society have to assume for
neglected
children. Most categories of neglected children are also themselves the
distinctive
victims of crime. The institutional care of children poses its own
dilemmas. These, too, should be discussed, especially, at the level
of
resource investment compared with the extent of need'
to a
The following syllabus prepared with this perspective will extend
period of one semester:

Syllabus
1. The Basic ConcePts.
Code'
1.1 The concePtion of 'Child'in Indian Constitution and Penal
r.2 Delinquent juvenile.
1.3 "Neglected" juvenile.
1.4 The overall situation of children/Young Persons rn India, also
with reference to crime statistics (of crimes by and against
children.)

2. Determining Factors of Juvenile Delinquency'

2.I Deferential association'
2.2 Anomie.
2.3 Economic Pressure.
2.4 Peer grouP influence'
2.5 Gang sub-culture.
 2.6 Classdifferentials.

3. Legislative APProaches.

3.1 Legislative approaches during the late colonial era.

3.2 Children's Act.
3.3 Legislative position in various States'
3.4 The Juvenile Justice Act
3.4.1 Constitutional asPects.
3.4.2 Distinction between "neglected" and "delinquent" Juveniles.
3.4.3 ComPetent authorities.
3.4.4 Processual safeguards for juveniles
3.4.5 Powers given to Government
3.4.6 Community Participation as envisaged under the Act.

4 Indian Context of Juvenile Delinquency.

4.I The child population percentage to total sex-ratio,

urban/ rural/ rural- urban.
+.2 Neglected-beiow povert5r line, physically and mentally disabled,
orphans, destitutes, vagrants.
4.3 Labourers
4.3.1In Organised Industries lTke zati, carpet, bidi, glass'
4.3.2In Unorganized. sector like domestic servant, shops and
establishments, rag-pickers family trade'
4.4 Delinquent - number, sex-ratio, ratio to adult crime, types of
offences committed, recid"ivism, rate of increase, background'
4.5 Drug addicts.
4.6. Victims.
4.6.I Of violence - sexual abuse, battered, killed by parents.
4.6.2 Of Criminal activity like bootlegging, d*g, pollution as a
response of Protective aPProach.
5. Judicial contribution'
5.1 Social action litigation concerning, juvenile justice.
5.2 Salient Judicia-l decisions'
5.3 Role of legal profession in juvenile justice system'
6. Implementation.
6.I Institutions, Bodies, Personnel.
6.2 Recruiting and Funding Agencies.
6.3 Recruitment Qualifications and Salaries or Fund'
6.4 Other Responsibilities of each Agency/Person'
6.5 Co-ordination among Related Agencies'
6.6 Accountability - Annual Reports and Accessibility of Public to
Juvenile Justice Institution.
7. Preventive Sitrategies.
7.I State Welfare Programmes, Health, Nutrition, ICWS, Grants-in-
Aid.
7.2 CompulsoryEducation.
7.3 Role of community, Family, voluntary Bodies, Individuals.

Select Bibliography
c National Institute of sociat Defence, Mod.el Rules under th.e
Juuenile Justice Act, i986 (1986).
. K.S. Shukla, Ad.olescent Offender (19g5).
o (Jnited Nation's, Beijing Rules on Treatment of young offend.ers
(1eBs).
. MAron Weiner, The Chitd. and. State in India (1gg0).
o The united Nation's Declaration on tIrc Rights of chitdren.
 BRANCH IX: CRIMINAL LAw WITH CYBER cRIMEs

SECOND SEMESTER
PAPER VI: CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY- THE TREATMENT
OF OFFENDERS -
PPB
Objectives of the Course:

This course offers a specialist understanding of Criminai principles

and policies
including causation of crime and rheories of Punishment of Discreton
in the their
supposed philosophical and sociological justifications and
the problematic of
discretion in the sentencing experience of the 'developing' societies,
a focus normally
absent in law curricula so far.
_

The e>rpert work of the u.N. committee on crime Prevention

and Treatment of
offenders will be availed of in this course. Especially, at each
state, the three .D,s will
be explored as offering a range of alternatives: Decrimin
a)ization, Dependization, De-
Institution alization. Broadly, the course will concern itsetf with:

(a) Theories of punishment.

(b) Approaches of Sentencing.

(c) Alternative to Imprisonment.

(d) The state of Institutional Incarceration in India: Jails and other custodial
Institute.

(e) The Problematic of Capital punishment.

(0 Penologz in relation to privileged Class Deviance.

(g) Penoiogi in relation to Marginalized Deviance or Criminality.

(h) The Distinctive Indian (historical and contemporary) Approaches

to penologr.
The following syllabus prepared with this perspective will be
spread over a period of
one semester.

Syllabus

1' crime and criminology - criminal Responsibilities Theories of causation

-
subjective Theories of crime - classification of crime and -
criminals - organized
Crimes, White Collar Crimes and Victimless Crimes.

2. Penolory - Treatment of Offenders

Definition and Theories of punishment.
2.I Retribution.

2.2 Utilitarian Prevention: Deterrence.

2.3 Utilitarian Intimidation.

2.4 Behavioural Prevention: Incapacitation.

2.5 Behavioural Prevention: Rehabilitation - Expiation.

2.6 Classical Hindu and Islamic Approaches to Punishment:

3. Problematic of Capital Punishment.

3.1 Constitutionality of Capital Punishment

3.2 Judicial Attitudes towards Capital Punishment in India - An Inquiry through

the Statute Law and Case Law.

3.3 Law Reforms Proposals.

4. Approaches to Sentencing:

4.I Alternative to Imprisonment.

4.I.1 Probation.

4.1.2 Corrective Labour.

4.I.3 Fines.

4.L.4 Collective Fines.

4.1.5 Reparation by the Offender/by the Court.

5. Sentencing.

5.1 Principal types of sentences in the Penal Code and Special Laws.

5.2 Sentencing in White Collar Crime.

5.3 Pre-Sentence Hearing.

5.4 Sentencing for Habitual Offender.

5.5 Summary Punishment.

5.6 Plea - Bargaining.

6. Imprisonment
6.I The Status of India's Jails Today.

6.2 The Discipiinary Regime of Indian Prisons.

6.3 Classifrcation of Prisoners.

6.4 Rights of Prisoner and Duties of Custodial Staff.

6.5 Deviance by Custodial Staff.

6.6 Open Prisons.

6.7 Judicial Surveiltrance - Basis - Development Reforms

Select Bibliography
. Eduin H. Sutherland - Criminotogg
. Gillin - Criminologg and Penologg.
. Hall, Jerome - General Principles of Criminal Latu.
o Russel - Crime and Misdemeanour.
c Wooten - Crime and Criminal.
c S.Chhnbbra, The Quantum of Punishment in Criminal Law (197O)
c H.L.A. Hart, htnishment and Responsibilitg (1968).
c Herbert L. Packer, The Limits of Criminal Sanction (1968).
. Alf Ross, On Guilt, Responsibilitg and Punishment (1975).
o A.Siddiqte, Criminologg (1 994)Eastern, Lucknotu.
o Law Commission of India, Fortg = Second Report CtL3 (1971).
. K.S. Slukla, "sociologg of Deuiant Behauiour" in 3.ICSSR Surueg of Sociologg and
S...Anthropologg 1 969-479 ( 1 986).
. Tapas Kumar Banerjee, Background.to Indian Criminal Lana (1990). R. Camprag
& Co., Calattta.
 BRANCH IX: CRIMINAL LAW WITH CYBER CRIMES

SBCOND SEMESTER

PAPER VIII: CYBER CRIMES -PPC

Unit-I- Introduction
Technologr & Law - Introduction to Cyber Wor1d, Computer Networks - Internet and
web technologr - mobile and wireless technolo$/ - its impact in society-Cyber Crime :
Nature, Elements and modus operaldi - Distinction from Conventional Crimes -
Cyber Criminais.

Unit-II- Cyber Crimes - The International initiatives

UN efforts - Council of Europe - Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) - Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) - International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) Initiatives Initiatives by World Bank and
Commonwealth of Nations - Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice
(CCPC) United Nations Convention against Transnational Organiz-ed Crime
Budapest Convention on Cybercrime - other Internationa-l agreements.

Unit-III- CyberCrime
History and evolution of Cybercrime - Conceptualization - Taxonomy of Cybercrimes :
Semi Cybercrimes and Pure Cybercrimes, identity theft and fraud, forgery, obscenity,
child pornography, defamation, cyber buliying, cyber stacking, Cyber Squatting etc.,
and hacking, Computer Contaminants (Viruses, worrns etc.,) - Security related crimes
- Cyber terrorism.
Unit-IV- Countering CyberCrimes
The Indian Legal Framework on Cybercrimes - The Challenges, Conflict of Laws, Issue
of Consensus, Jurisdictional issues, privacy in.Cyber space, etc., - Indian Penal Code
and its effect - The Information Technologr Act , 2OOO ( as amended on date), the
object, scope and an overview - offences and penalties - Enforcement strategr.

Unit-V- CyberCrimes Investigation

IT Act, 2000 - Cybercrimes investigation Agency in India - Powers and Procedure
under the Criminal Justice System - collection and seizure of evidence - Cyber
Forensics -Digitat evidence - Relevancy admissibility of digital evidence.
,r**r<*)t*****
 BRANCH. IX.CRIMINAL LAW II/ITH CYBER CRIMES
THIRD SEMESTER
PAPER: IX - PRMLEGED CLASS DEVIANCE - PPD

Objectives of the course:

This course focuses on the "Criminality of the Privileged Classes". The
definition of "Privileged Classes" in a society like India should not pose
major problem at all; the expression nearly includes weilders of all forms of
state and social (including religious) power. Accordingly, the course focuses
on the relation between privilege power and deviant behaviour. The
traditional approaches which highlight "white-collar offences", "socio-
economic offences" or "crimes of the powerful" deal mainly with the deviance
of the economically resourceful. The dimension of deviance associated with
bureaucracy, the new rich (nouveau riche) religious leaders and
organizations, professionals classes and the higher bourgeoisie are not fully
captured here.
In designing teaching materials for this course, current developments
in deviance, as reflected in newspapers/journals, law reports, and legislative
proceedings should be highlighted.

It should be stressed that the objective of the course include;

(a) Dispelling of the commonly held belief that deviance crime is
usually associated with the impoverished or improvident;
(b) Construction of model, so understanding the reality of middle
and upper middle class deviance criminality in India;

(c) Critical analyses of legal system responses; and

(d) Issues and dilemmas in penal and sentencing policies.

The following syllabus prepared with the above objectives will be

spread over a period of one semester:

Syllabus
1. Introduction

t.1 Conceptions of White Collar Crimes.

t.2 Indian Approaches to Socio-Economic Offences.
1.3 Notions of Privileged Class Deviance as providing a wider
categorlb,ation o f un de rs tandin g I ndian develo pment.
I.4 $pical forms of such Deviance.
I.4.1 Official Deviance (Deviance by Legislators, Judges,
Bureaucrats.)
 1.4.2 Professional Deviance: Journalists, Teachers, Doctors,
Lawyers, Engineers, Architects and Publishers'
I.4.3 Trade Union Deviance (including Teachers, Lawyers
Urban ProPertY Owners)
1.4.4 Landlord Deviance (Class, Caste based Deviance)'
1.4.5 Police Deviance.
1.4.6 Deviance on Electoral Process (Rigging, Booth Capturing,
Impersonation Practices).
I.4.7 Gender-based Aggression by Socially, economically and
politically Powerful

Note: Depending on specialist interest by the teacher and the taught any
three areas of deviance of privileged class may be explored. What follows is
only illustrative of one model of doing course.

2. Official Deviance

2.1 conception of official deviance - Permissible limit of

discretionary Powers
2.2 The chambal Valley Dacoit vinoba Mission and Jai
Prakash Narain Mission 1959 and I97I.
2.3 The Chagla Commission Report on LIC - Mundhra Affair.
2.4 The Dass Commission Report on Pratap Singh Kairon.
2.5 The Grover Commission Report on Dev Raj Urs'
2.6 The Maruti Commission RePort.
2.7 The Thakkar - Natarajan commission Report on Fairfax.

3. Police Deviance
3.1 Structures of Legal Restraint on Police Powers in India'
3.2 Unconstitutionality of "Third-degree" methods and use of
fatal force bY Police.
3.3 "Encounter" Killings.
3.4 Police Atrocities.
3.5 The Plea SuPerior Orders.
3.6 Rape and related forms of Gender-based Aggression by
Police and Para-Millitary Forces.
3.7 Reforms suggestions especially by the National Police
Commissions.

4. Professional Deviance
4.I Unethical Practices at the Indian bar.
4.2 The Lentin Commission RePort.
4.3 The Press council on unprofessional and Unethical
Journalism.
 4.4 Medical Malpractice.

5. Response of Indian Legal Order to the Deviance of privileged

Classes.

5.1 Vigilance Commission.

5.2 Public Accounts Committee
5.3 Ombudsman.
5.4 Commissions of Enquiry
5.5 Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947.
5.6 The Antulay Case.

Select Bibliography

* Upendra Baxi, The Crisis of the Indian Legal System

(1982) Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi.
* Upend.ra Ba^ri (ed.), Lau and Pouertg: Essags (1988).
* Upendra Baxi. Libertg and Corntption: The Antulag Case
and Begond (1989).
* Surendranath Dueuedi and G.S. Bhargaua, Political
Corntption in India (1967).
* A.R. Desai (ed.), Violation of Democratic Rights in India
(1e86).
* A.G. Noorani, Minister's Misconduct (1974).
* B.B. Pande, "The Nature and Dimensions of Priuileged
Class Deuiance" in The Otherside of Development L36
(L987; K.S. Shukto (ed.).
* Indira Rottrcr [Jnd, "Patterns of Trade Union Leadership in
Dhanbad CoaI Fields" 23 J.I.L.L 522 (1981}
 BRANCH IX : CRIMINAL LAW WITH CYBER CRIMES
THIRD SEMESTER

PAPER X: DRUG ADDICTION, CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS -PPE

Objectives of the course:

Almost all the major dilemmas of criminal policy surface rather acutely in
combating drug abuse and criminality is quite complex. At least three important
questions have been recently identified as crucial for comparative research. First, to
what extent drug dependence contributes to criminal behaviour? Second, in what
ways do criminal behaviour patterns determine drug abuse? Third, are there any
cofiIlnon factors which contribute to the determination on both drug abuse and
criminal behaviour?
Apart from these causal issues, there is the broad questions of the social costs -
benefits of criminalization of addictive behaviour.Should drug-taking remain in the
category of "Crime without victims?" Or should it be viewed as posing an ever-growing
threat to human resource development and be subjected to state control, over
individual choices as to survival and life styles?
The Problems here are not merely ideological or theoretical. User of drug for
personal , non-therapeutic purposes may well be linked with international trafficking
in psychotropic substances. It has even been suggested that encouragement of drug-
dependency may have in addition to motivation of high profits, politically subversive
aspects.

Assuming that both addiction and traJ{icking have to be regulated, what penal
policies should be appropriate?What human rights costs in the administration of
criminal justice should be considered acceptable? The international response to these
questions is indicated by the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs,1961, adopted in
New York, 30 March 1961 and as amended by 7972 Protocol in Geneva, 25 March,
7972 and the Convention on Psychotropic substances, adopted in Vienna, 2I
February 1971.India has recently adopted the basic principles of ttrese conventions in
the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act,1986.

Broadly, Penal policy dilemmas here relate to : (a) Management of sanctions

relating to production, distribution and illicit commerce in Narcotic Substances; and ,
(b) Ways of prevention of abuse of drugs, including speedy diagnosis, treatment,
correction, aftercare, rehabilitation arrd reaJization of persons affected.

Important problems and method in studying, the impact of regulation need

evaluated at every stage.

The following syllabus prepared with the above perspective wiil be spread over a
period of one semester.
 Syllabus

1. Introduction
1.1 Basic ConcePtions.

1.1.1 Drugs "narcotics", "psychotropic substances"'

1.1.2 "Dependence", "Addiction".
1. 1.3 "Crimes without Victirns"-
t.1.4 "Trafficking" in "drugs"'

1.1.5 "Primarlr drug abuse".

2. How does one study the incidence of Drug Addiction and Abuse?

2.L Self-RePorting.

2.2 Victim-Studies.

2.3 Froblems of Comparative Studies.

,3. Anagraphic and Social Characteristics of Drug Users'

3.1 Gender.

3.2 Age.

3.3 Religiousness.

3.4 Single Individuals/ Cohabitation.

3.5 Socio-Economic Level of Famiiy.

3.6 Resid.ence Patterns (Urban/ Rural/Urban)'

3.7 Educational Levels

3.8 OccuPation.

3.9 Age at frrst use.

3.10 Type of Drug use.

3.11 Reasons given as cause of first use.

3.I2 Method of intake.

 3.13 Pattern of the use.

3.1,4 Average quantity and cost.

3.15 Consequences on addict's health (physical/psychic)

Note: Since no detailed empirical studies exist in India, the class should be in this
topic sensitized by comparative studies. The principal objective of this discussion is to
orient the class to a whole variety of factors which interact in the 'making' of a drug
addict.

4. The International Legal Regime:

4.1 Analysis of the background, text and operation of the Single Convention
on Narcotic Drugs, L961,1972.

4.2 Analysis of the Convention on Psychotropic substance s, 1972.

4.3 International Collaboration in Combating Drug Addiction.

4.4 " The SARC" and "South-South Cooperation".

4.5 Profile of International Market for Psychotropic Substances.

5. The Indian Regulatory System.

5.1 Approaches to Narcotic Trafficking during colonial India.

5.2 Nationalist thought towards regulation of drug, trafficking, and usage.

5.3 The Penal Provisions (under ttre IPC and the Customs Act).

5.4 India's Role - in the evolution of tlle two International Conventions.

5.5 Judicial approaches to sentencing in drug traf{icking and abuse.

5.6 The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act,1985.

5.7 Patterns of resource investment in India: Policing, Adjudication,

Treatment, Aftercare and Rehabilitation.

6. Human Rights Aspects.

6.1 Deplo5rment of marginalized people as carrier of narcotics.

6.2 The problem of juvenile drug u.se and legal approaches.

6.3 Possibilities of misuse and abuse of investigative prosecutory powers.

6.4 Bail.
 6.5 The problem of differential application of the legal Regimes especially in
relation to the resourceless.

7. The Role of Community in Combating Drug Addiction'

T.I Profile cif community intiatives in inhibition of dependence and addiction

(e.g. de-addiction and aftercare).

7.2 The role of Educational Systems.

7.3 The role of Medical Profession

' 7.4 The role of Mass Media.

7.5 Initiatives for compliance with Regulatory Systems

7.6 Law Reform Initiatives.

Select Bibliography
. H.S. Becker, Outsiders: Th.e studies in socrologg of Deuiance (1966I
o J.A.Incard, C.D. Chambers, (eds.), Drugs and t\e Criminal Justice System (1974).
. R.Cocken, Drug Abuse and Personalitg in Young Offenders (1971).
. G.Edwards Busch, (ed.), Drug Problems in Britain: A Reuieu of TenYears (198i)-
o P.Kondanram and Y.N. Murthg, "Drug, Abuse and Crime: A preliminary Studg"-
. 7 Indian Journal of Criminologg, 65-68 (1979).
. pR.Rajagopal, Violence and Response: A Citique of the Indian Criminal Sgstem,
(1eBB).
o United. Nation's Economic and Social Reports of the Commission on Narcotic
Drugs, United Nations'
. Social Defence, Research Institute (UNSDRI), Combating D*g, Abuse and Related
Crimes (Rome, Julg 1984, Publication No.21)-
. Lok Sabha and. Rajga Sabha Debates on 7986 Bill on Psgchotropic Substances.

tJsefut Journals in this area are:

(t) The Laut and Societg Reuieut (USA).
(it) Journal of Drug.Issaes (Tatlahassee Florida).
(iit) International Journal of Addictions (Neu York).
(iu) British Journal of Criminologg.
(u) Journal of Criminal Law, Criminologg and Police Science (Baltimore, Md.)
(ui) Journal of Criminal Lau and Criminologg (Chicago, III)
(uit) International Journal of Offender Tterapg and Comparatiue Criminologg.
 BRANCH IX:- CRIMINAL LAW WITH CYBER CRTMES

THIRD SEMESTER
PAPER: XI - CYBER FORENSICS - PPF

Unit-I-INTRODUCTION

Evidence collection and forensic tools - Processing crime and incident

scenes - Working with Windows and DOS systems. Current computer
forensics tools: software/hardware - Analysis and Validation - Validating
forensics data - Data hiding techniques - Performing remote acquisition -
Network forensics - email investigations - Cellphone and mobile devices
forensics.

Unit-il CYBER FORENSIC

The fundamentals of Computer forensics - Use of Computer forensics in law

enforcement - Computer forensics services - Computer forensics technologr
- Types - Specialized forensic technics.
Unit - ilI - COMPUTER FORENSIC SYSTEMS
Computer forensic systems - Internet security system - Intrusion deduction
system - Firewall security system - Storage area network security system -
Network disaster recovery system - Public key infra system - Instant
messaging (IM) security system - Net privacy System - Identity management
security system - Bio metric security system, etc.,
Unit - IV DATA RECOVERY
Data Recovery - Defining Data Recovery - Role of Backup - Data recovery
solution - Hiding and recovering the hidden data - Collection of evidence
and seizure of data - TVpes of evidence - The rules of evidence - General
procedure for collection of evidence - Methods of collection - Artifacts -
Steps for collection of evidence - Controlling contamination - Reconstructing
the Attack.
Unit - V-CYBER SECURITY
Cyber Security - Introduction to Cyber Security - Implementing hardware
based securit5r - Software based firewalls - Security standards - Assessing
threat levels - Forming an incident response team - Reporting cybercrime -
Operating system attacks - Application attacks - Reverse Engineering and
Cracking Techniques and Financial Frauds.
 BRANCH IX:- CRIMINAL LAW WITH CYBER CRIMES

FOURTH SEMESTER
PAPER XII: COMPARATTVT CRIMINAL PROCEDURE.PPG
Objectives of the course:

Criminal Procedure is being taught as a compulsory paper at the level

of B.L. However a jurisprudential thrust has to be given to this subject at
the post-graduate level, as this is a subject, which has constitutional
undertones and jurisprudential importance. A study of Comparative
Criminal Procedure helps students develop an ecumenical approach and
broadens their vision. It inspires them renew and revise their laws to be in
time with developed systems. The paper is taught with reference to India,
England, France, Russia & USA (General).

Syllabus
1. Organisation of Courts and Prosecution Agencies.
1. 1 Hierarchy of Criminal Courts and their jurisdiction.
1.1.1 Nyaya Panchayats in India.
1. 1. 1. 1 Panchayats in Tribal Areas.
I.2 Organization of Prosecuting Agencies for Prosecuting
Criminals.
I.2.I Prosecutors and the Police
1.3 Withdrawal of Prosecution.
2. Pre-Trial Procedures.
2.1 Arrest and Questioning of the Accused.
2.2 The Rights of the Accused.
2.3 The Evidentiary Value of Statements / Articles Seized I
Collected by the Police.
2.4 Right to Counsel.
2.5 Roles of the Prosecutor and the Judicial Officer in Investigation.

3. Trial Procedures.
3.1 The Accusatory System of trial and the Inquisitorial System.
3.2 Role of the Judge, the Prosecutor and Defence Attorney in the
trial.
3.3 Admissibility and Inadmissibility of evidence.
3.3.1 Expert Evidence.
3.4 Appeal of the Court in Awarding Appropriate Punishment.
3.5 Plea Bargaining.
4. Correction and Aftercare Services'
4.llnstitutionalCorrectionoftheoffenders.
4.2 General comparison - After-care Services in India and France'
in India'
4.3 The role of the Court in Correctional Programmes

5. Preventive Measures in India'

5.1 Provisions in the Criminal Procedure Code'
5.2 SPecial Enactments'

6. Public Interest Litigation

6.1 Directions for Criminal Prosecution'

Select BibliograPhY
* Celia Hamptom, Criminal Procedure'

WitkinsandCross,outlineoftheLauofEuidence.
* Archbold., plead.ing, Euidence and Practice in Criminal
Cases'

* Sarkar, Laut of Euidence'

of criminal
* K.N. Chandrasekharan Hltai (ed.), R.v. Ketkar's outlines
Procedure (2 00 0), Eastern Lucknow'
* Patric Deulin, The criminal Prosecution in England'
* Procedure code
American series of Foreign Penal codes and" criminal
PeoPle's RePublic of China'
* John N. Ferdico, cnminal Procedure (1996) West.
* Sa nd-ers & Young, Criminal Justice (1994)'
*ChristinavanDenwyngart,criminalProcedureSgstemsinEuropean
Communitg Joel Samaho
* Criminal Procedure (1997)West'
* Cnminal Procedure Code, 1973'
* The French Cod.e of Criminal Piocedure'
* 14th and 47"t Report of Indian Law Commission'
necessary' to the
The paper utill be taught with reference' tahereuer
procedures in India, England, US' France' Russia'