A S

I
Ethics, Integrity &

X T
Aptitude

E
General studies 4

N BY RAJKUMAR RAI

1
 S
TOPICS TO BE COVERED

I A
1. Contribution of Moral thinkers and Philosophers from

T
India and World
2. Public/Civil Service Value and Ethics in public

X
administration:

E
1) Status and Problems
2) Ethical concerns and dilemmas in government and

N
private institutions
3) Laws, Rules, Regulations and Conscience as Sources of
Ethical Guidance;

2
 A S
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4) Accountability and Ethical Governance;

T
5) Strengthening of Ethical and Moral Values in Governance;

X
6) Ethical Issues in International Relations and Funding;

E
7) Corporate Governance.

N 3
 A S
I
3. Probity in Governance:
1) Concept of Public Service;

T
2) Philosophical Basis of Governance and Probity;

X
3) Information Sharing and Transparency in Government,
4) Right to Information,

E
5) Codes of Ethics,

N 4
 A S
I
6) Citizen’s Charters,
7) Work Culture,

T
8) Quality of Service Delivery,
9) Utilization of Public Funds,

X
10) Challenges of Corruption.

E
4. Case Studies on above issues.

N 5
 S
Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude

I A
• Ethics is systematic study of human actions from point of
view of its rightfulness or wrongfulness.

T
• Ethics is set of standards that society places on itself that

X
helps guide Behaviours , Choice and actions

E
• Branches of Ethics

N
• 1. Meta Ethics
• 2. Normative Ethics
• 3. Descriptive Ethics
• 4. Applied Ethics
6
 S
Meta Ethics

I A
• When there is evaluation of Ethics itself, whether ethical principle is

T
good or bad.

X
• Meta Ethics is study of what ethical terms and theories refer to .

E
• Eg It deals with question about what is good, what is right?

N
• It seek to understand the nature of Ethics.

7
Normative Ethics

A S
I
T
• It is Prescriptive in nature.

• It study ethical theories that prescribes how people ought to

X
act.

E
• Eg Should we use weapons of mass destruction or chemical

N
weapons on terrorist camps

• Normative ethics suggest punishment when a person deviates

from the path of ideals.

8
 A S
I
• It tries to establish certain theories on guidelines of some norm.
• Normative Ethic offer the moral principles to use to resolve difficult

T
moral decisions.

X
• Eg Aristotle’s Virtue Ethics, Kant’s Deontological Ethics, Mills
Consequentialism.

N E
9
 S
Descriptive Ethics
• It studies people’s belief about morality
Empirical investigation

I A
T
•
• Studies history and evolution of Ethics

X
• It gives record of certain taboos, Customs or conventions
It seeks to explanations of actual Choices made by moral agent in

E
•
practices,

N 10
 S
Applied Ethics

I A
• It consist of analysis of specific, controversial moral issue
such as Abortion, Animal rights or Ethunesia

T
• Use of Ethics to deal with dilemma.
• Eg Is abortion ethical?

X
• Is euthanasia ethical?
• Do animals have rights?

N E
• Abortion- Pro Choice Vs Pro Life
• Process of willfully removing the foetus from the womb of
mother.
• Several countries legalized abortion (within 1st trimester)

11
 A S
I
• But does it protect the life of helpless child in the womb?
• Moral issues- Right to life (of Child)

T
• 2. Stem Cell Research- Provide avenues of organ and

X
tissue development.
• Utilize in transplantation

E
• Human Cloning and designer babies

N
• 3. Environmental Ethics- Cutting of trees, Carbon emission,
Genetically Modified food.

12
 S
• PRACTICE CASE STUDY (APPROACH)

A
• You are the Executive Director of an upcoming InfoTech

I
Company which is making a name for itself in the market.
• Mr. A, who is a star performer, is heading the marketing

T
team. In a short period of one year, he has helped in
doubling the revenues as well as creating a high brand

X
equity for the Company so much so that you are thinking
of promoting him. However, you have been receiving

E
information from many corners about his attitude
towards the female colleagues; particularly his habit of

N
making loose comments on women. In addition, he
regularly sends indecent SMS’s to all the team members
including his female colleagues.

13
 A S
I
• One day, late in the evening, Mrs. X, who is one of Mr. A’s team
members, comes to you visibly disturbed. She complains against the

T
continued misconduct of Mr. A, who has been making undesirable
advances towards her and has even tried to touch her

X
inappropriately in his cabin. She tenders her resignation and leaves
your office. (20 marks | 250 words)

E
• What are the options available to you?
• Evaluate each of these options and choose the option you would

N
adopt, giving reasons.

14
Before solution of CASE STUDIES, KEEP
THIS things in Mind

A S
I
1. CASE STUDIES ~120 MARKS
2. LENGTHY DESCRIPTION- BE QUICK WHILE READING

T
3.TIME MANAGEMENT ~80-100 Min

X
4. ALWAYS FOCUS ON PRAGMATIC SUGGESTION OF COURSE OF
ACTION

E
5. STAKEHOLDER IDENTIFICATION MUST BE SPECIFIC TO GIVEN
INFORMATION IN CASE STUDY

N
6. CONCLUSION /FINAL COURSE OF ACTION

15
Steps to follow while solving case
study

A S
I
1. SPECIFY FACTS AND IDENTIFY THE STAKEHOLDERS/ THEIR INTEREST
2. DEFINE DILEMMA AND CLARIFY VALUES/ PRINCIPLES AT STAKE

T
3. FORMULATE POSSIBLE COURSE OF ACTION AND IDENTIFY POTENTIAL

X
CONSEQUENCES
4. MAKE CLEAR DECISION

N E
16
 S
Solution to the Case Studies
Given That

I A
1. I AM THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF UPCOMING COMPANY

T
2. MR A IS STAR PERFORMER, SKILLED AND DOUBLED THE COMPANY

X
REVENUE AND IMPROVISE ITS BRAND IMAGE.
3. But MR A BEHAVIOUR TOWARD WOMEN IS UNACCEPTABLE

E
4. MRS X COMPLAINED ABOUT SEXUAL HARASSMENT AND
MISCONDUCT OF MR A AND TENDER HER RESIGNATION

N 17
 A S
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ETHICAL CONCERNS/DILEMMA
1. WORK ETHICS

T
2. CODE OF CONDUCT Vs PROFIT OF COMPANY

X
3. ENDANGERING LIVELIHOOD VS PROMOTING JUSTICE
4. EMPATHY TOWARD WEAKER SECTIONS

E
5. INTEGRITY, NON PARTISANSHIP , OBJECTIVITY. COMPASSION

N
6. DEDICATION TO PUBLIC SERVICE

18
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STAKEHOLDERS
1. FEMALE EMPLOYEE INCLUDING MRS X

T
2. MR A

X
3. OVERALL WORK ETHICS OF ORGANIZATION

N E
19
 S
POSSIBLE OPTIONS
1. ACCEPT THE RESIGNATION OF MRS X
2. SUSPEND MR A

I A
T
3. ORDER AN IMPARTIAL ENQUIRY IN THE MATTER

E X
N 20
 S
Ethics

I A
• Ethics emerge from Greek word, Ethos that refers to character,
habit, customs and ways of behaviours.

T
• Ethics is systematic study of human actions from point of view of its
rightfulness or wrongfulness.

X
• Ethics is set of standards that society places on itself that helps guide

E
Behaviours , Choice and actions

N 21
 S
Moral

I A
• Moral emerge from Latin word Mores that refer to tradition, Customs
• Moral principles concerning the distinction between right and

T
wrong or good and bad behaviour.(in that part of human conduct
for which human has some personal responsibility)

E X
N 22
 S
What Ethics is not?

I A
1. Ethics is not Morality- Morality can be an individual set
of commitment even when they are rejected by others. Eg

T
War, Violence, Lying

X
2. Ethics is not religion- Many people are not religious but
Ethics applies to everyone.

E
3. Ethics is not Law- In law, a man is guilty when he violates
the right of another. In ethics, he is guilty if he thinks of

N
doing so(Kant).

23
 A S
I
4. Ethics is not Culture- Some culture might have corrupt or unethical

T
values eg Slavery, Untouchability.

X
5. Ethics is not Science- Not based only on verifiable or empirical or

E
objective truth, but on context. Eg Poverty line can’t be justified on
scientific ground.

N 24
 A S
THANKT I
YOU!
E X
N 25
 A S
I
X T
Ethics, Integrity &
Aptitude

N EGeneral studies 4

BY RAJKUMAR RAI

1
 S
Ethics
• Derived from Greek Word Ethos

I A
T
• Character or ways of living or habits or customs
• Set of standard that society places on itself.

X
• It help guide Behaviour, Choices and Action.

E
• Prescription and Prohibition.

N
• Do’s and Don’t.

2
 A S
I
• Ethics is systematic study of human actions from point of
view of its rightfulness or wrongfulness.

T
• Ethics is set of standards that society places on itself that

X
helps guide Behaviors , Choice and actions.
• Ethics derives from Culture, Religion, Society, Family, Law,

E
Constitution.

N 3
 S
Characteristics of Ethics

IA
• Shaped by Person’s environment
• Product of Cultural System.

T
• Subjective/Contextual in Nature

X
• It operate at different Levels.

E
• (a) Individual
• (b) Organizational

N
• (c) Social
• (d) Cultural/Natural

4
 S
Moral

I A
• Moral emerge from Latin word Mores that refer to

T
tradition, Customs
• Moral principles concerning the distinction between right

X
and wrong or good and bad behaviour (in that part of
human conduct for which human has some personal

E
responsibility).

N 5
 S
What Ethics is not?

I A
1. Ethics is not Morality- Morality can be an individual set
of commitment even when they are rejected by others. Eg

T
War, Violence, Lying

X
2. Ethics is not religion- Many people are not religious but
Ethics applies to everyone.

E
3. Ethics is not Law- In law, a man is guilty when he violates
the right of another. In ethics, he is guilty if he thinks of

N
doing so(Kant).

6
 A S
I
4. Ethics is not Culture- Some culture might have corrupt or unethical
values eg Slavery, Untouchability.

X T
5. Ethics is not Science- Not based only on verifiable or empirical or
objective truth, but on context. Eg Poverty line can’t be justified on

E
scientific ground.

N 7
 S
MICRO AND MACRO ETHICS

I A
• MICRO ETHICS is concerned with individual and internal
relations of engineering profession

T
• Eg health, safety, Integrity etc

X
• MACRO ETHICS is concerned with the collective social
responsibilities of the engineering profession with societal

E
decision about technology

N
• Eg Sustainable development , Nano science, human
cloning etc

8
What are Values?

A S
I
• It is said the most important thing in life is to decide what is
important.

T
• Values are what matter.

X
• It is what we think should happen.
• It can be referred as our preferences , core belief or holding

E
something in high regards
• It gives meaning to life.

N
• Values emerged from Belief ie what we think about any thing/
entity.

9
 A S
I
3 types of Belief

T
1. Descriptive Belief - I believe Yoga is form of physio-
mental exercise.

X
2. Evaluative Belief- I believe Yoga is good for the health.
3. Prescriptive Belief- I believe people should be

E
encouraged for Yoga.

N 10
 S
Attitude

I A
• Attitude refers to feelings, beliefs, and behavior predispositions
directed towards people, groups, ideas, or objects.

T
• It’s a state of mind.

X
• It determine how people will arrive at judgement or actions.
• Attitude = Belief + Value

N E
11
 A S
I
• Attitude has 3 components
1. Cognitive- Knowledge and Belief

T
2. Affective- Feeling and Emotions
3. Behaviour- Your overt response/predisposition toward

X
a person or object.

E
Eg Tiger are carnivorous and can kill human (Belief based
on Cognitive aspect)

N
Eg I fear Tiger(Feeling based on Affective aspect)
Eg I will run away if there is a Tiger(Overt Behaviour)

12
• Aptitude is defined as natural or inherent talent to acquire a

S
certain skills or ability in future through appropriate training

A
• It can be both mental as well as physical.

I
Difference between Attitude and Aptitude
Attitude Aptitude

T
1. Its one’s predisposition directed toward It refers to inborn potential but can be
others including people, groups, ideas or nurtured also

X
object.
2. Its associated with character of person Its associated with competence

E
3. It determines how people will perform a It determines whether Person will
given task? Or takes decision? develop the skills to perform a

N
particular task.
4. Its associated with mind Its both physical as well as associated
with mind
5. Examples Optimism Quantitative Aptitude
Tolerant , Confidence Reasoning Aptitude

13
The moral values held by an individual are

A S
I
enduring or lasting beliefs. Some are

T
1. Honesty includes truthfulness, integrity and

X
trustworthiness
2. Fairness includes Justice, equity and equality.

E
3. Respect includes tolerance, self respect and respect for
others

N
4. Compassion include kindness, caring and empathy
5. Responsibility includes accountability, obligation and
duty.

14
Important Human Value

A S
I
Trust

T
Trust is defined as confidence in or reliance on some quality or
attribute of a person or thing, or truth of statement.

X
It consist of two concepts:-
1. Trustfulness whereby individual expresses a sense of confidence in

E
other.

N
2. Trustworthiness wherein an individual acts so as to engender trust
and merit the confidence of others

15
Honesty

A S
I
Honesty includes acts like not stealing, not engage in bribes and

T
kickbacks etc

X
Honesty in speech means not deceiving i.e. not intentionally
misleading whether by pretending manipulating someone’s

E
attention lying or withholding information that some one has right to
know.

N 16
 S
Forms of dishonesty
1. Lying - It consist of 3 elements

I A
(i) A lie ordinarily involves something believed to be false.

T
(ii) Ordinarily stated in words

X
(iii) Made with intention to deceive.
Eg Blatantly sharing wrong or incorrect information.

N E
17
 A S
I
2. Deliberate deception- Hiding or deliberately not telling
some information.
Eg Salesmans exaggerate about products while selling.

X T
3. Withholding Information- Omitting or withholding
information is another type of deceptive behaviour.

E
Eg Restricting sharing of negative aspects of any product or
projects.

N 18
 S
Courage

I A
The capacity to withstand to the fears.
It is categorized into 3 type:-

T
• Physical Courage- Overcoming the fear of physical
injury or death in order to save others or oneself.

X
• Moral Courage- Emphasize on ethical integrity and
authenticity at the risk of losing friends, employment ,

E
privacy or prestige.
• Psychological Courage- Emphasis to confront a

N
debilitating illness or destructive habit or situation.

19
Element of courage

A S
I
T
• Courageous action must be voluntary and coerced action cannot
qualify.

X
• Courage must also involve judgement - an understanding of risk and
an acceptance of the consequences of action.

E
• Courage requires the presence of danger, loss, risk or potential
injury.

N
• Courage involves the mastery of fear rather than fearlessness.

20
Integrity

A S
I
• Consistency in our thoughts, speech and actions.
• Consistency among our attitude , emotion and conduct

T
in relation to justified moral values.

X
Individual with character of integrity display following
behaviour:-

E
1. Will be genuine rather than pretentious.

N
2. Will say right thing and when needed will speak the
truth however harsh it may be.

21
 A S
I
3. Is guided by his/her own personal code of conduct.
4. Follow and fulfill commitments.

X T
Honesty - Factual Truthfulness and Interpersonal sincerity.
Authenticity- Emotional genuineness and psychological

E
depth.
Integrity- Moral self unity in terms of moral character.

N 22
 A S
I
Example –1) Lal Bahadur Shastra bought personal Car on bank loan.
2) During British rule, while in prison, he was released on parole of 15

T
days to meet his sick daughter but when he reached home, she
died. After her funeral, Shastri ji came back to prison before 15

X
days were complete.

E
3) Suppose an Engineer asked to be part of Nuclear program related
Defense Project and he is pacifist, He wont join.

N 23
 S
Kindness

I A
As per Mahatma Gandhi, Simple act of Kindness is
powerful than thousand heads bowing in prayer.
Kindness is

T
• To be nice to other people.

X
• To be compassionate and concerned about others
welfare.

E
• To do favor for them.
• To perform good deeds and take care of them.

N
Eg 1) Giving seat to stranger young mother holding an
infant.
2) Donating body organs after death Kidney, Eyes, etc.

24
 S
Those having this value of
Kindness believe in
1.

I
Other are just as important as myself.
A
T
2. All human being are of equal worth.

X
3. Giving is more important than receiving
4. Doing good for others with love and kindness is the

E
best way to live.
5. I care for the ungrateful as well as grateful.

N
6. I am not the centre of Universe but part of
common humanities.

25
 S
Forgiveness

I A
It is conscious, deliberate decision to release feeling of
resentment or vengeance toward person or group
who has harmed you, regardless of what they

T
actually deserve.

X
Individual with forgiveness would endorse statement:-

E
1. When some one hurt my feeling, I manage to get
over it.

N
2. I don’t hold grudge for very long.
3. When people make me angry, I am usually able to
get over my bad feeling toward them

26
 S
Humility

I A
• People ability to transcend a focus on the self or to
view themselves from a broader perspective.

T
• An accurate sense of one’s abilities and
achievement.

X
• The ability to acknowledge one’s mistake,
imperfections gap in knowledge and limitation.

E
• Relatively low focus on self or an ability to forget the
self.

N 27
 S
Gratitude

I A
• Derived from Latin word Gratia ie Grace, graciousness
• Gratitude is a sense of thankfulness and joy in response to
receiving a gift, whether the gift be tangible benefit from a

T
specific other or a moment of peaceful bliss evoked by
natural beauty.

X
Individual with this value strength strongly believe:-

E
• It is important to appreciate each day that you are alive.
• Acknowledge how often reflect on how much easier my life

N
is because of my efforts of others.
• For me, life is much more of a gift than burden.

28
 S
Hope

I A
• Hope, optimism, future –mindedness and future orientation
present cognitive , emotional and motivational stance toward

T
the future.
• Thinking about the future expecting that desired events and

X
outcome will occur.
• Acting in ways believed to make them more likely and feeling

E
confident that these will ensue given appropriate efforts

N 29
 A S
Individual with this value strength would strongly say:-

I
• Despite challenges , I always remain hopeful about the future.

T
• I always looks on the bright side.

X
• I am confident that my way of doing things will work out for best.

E
• I expect the best.

N 30
Perseverance

A S
I
We define persistence as voluntary continuation of a
goal-directed action in spite of obstacles, difficulties or

T
discouragement.

X
It involve:-
• Finishing what one has started.

E
• Keeping up-despite obstacle.

N
• Taking care of business, achieving closure, staying on
task.

31
Empathy

A S
• Ability to understand other person circumstances by

I
considering oneself in their place.
• Empathy describe a wide range of experience.

T
• Emotion researchers generally define empathy as the
ability to sense other people’s emotions, coupled with

X
ability to imagine what someone else might be
thinking or feeling.

E
• Affecting Empathy- refers to sensations and feelings
we get in response to other’s emotions.

N
• Cognitive Empathy- Perspective taking refers to our
ability to identify and understand others people’s
emotions

32
Compassion
• Literally means to suffer together.

A S
I
• It is feeling that arises when you are confronted with another’s
suffering and feel motivated to relieve that suffering.

T
• Compassion is not empathy/altruism.

X
• Empathy refers generally to our ability to take the perspective of and
feel the emotion of another person.

E
• Compassion is when those feelings and thoughts include the desire to
help.

N
• Altruism is kind of selfless behaviour often prompted by feeling of
compassion.
• Disinterested and selfless concern for well being of other.
• Eg Charity, Donation of body organ, Financially helping someone.

33
PRACTICE CASE STUDY

A S
I
Q. A young resident doctor at a reputed government

T
hospital committed suicide. She had reportedly been
suffering harassment at the hands of three senior

X
resident doctors, which allegedly led her to commit
suicide.

E
A week after her death, the committee has found that
she indeed faced "extreme harassment" and was

N
subjected to discrimination and slurs for having
belonged to an ST community and having procured
admission into the college through the SC/ST quota.

34
 A S
I
In the wake of her death, many doctors belonging to SC/ST
communities have come forward and recounted similar

T
experiences of discrimination they faced while they were in
medical college.

X
Give reasons for such incidents taking in higher educational

E
institutes even in the 21st century. Suggest measures to prevent

N
their occurrence.

35
 S
• Given that

A
1. A young doctor, facing harassment from 3 Senior

I
doctors, committed suicide
2. A committee found that she faces discrimination and

T
slurs for having belonged to an ST community
3. In the wake of her death, many doctors belonging to

X
SC/ST communities have come forward and recounted
similar experiences.

E
• Stakeholders

N
1. Deceased doctor
2. Doctors belonging to SC/ST communities
3. Perpetrators who carry on such acts

36
 S
• Ethical Issues/Concerns

A
• Justice, bringing the perpetrators to account

I
• Right to live with dignity, protection from discrimination,
attitude at work place, safety at work place.

T
• Prejudices, stereotypes

X
Reasons for such incidents:

E
All the institutions of a nation mirror the social realities
which we might ignore in routine life.

N
There are multiple reasons why such incidents are taking
place in higher educational institutes even in 21st
century.

37
 A S
I
X T
N E
38
 S
Measures to prevent their occurrence:
• Legal and administrative measures:

I A
T
• Effective implementation of laws- Scheduled Castes and Scheduled

X
Tribes (Prevention of atrocities)- There are many laws to prevent the
atrocities but their lax implementation and delay in providing justice

E
acts as a booster for the miscreants.

N
• Establishment of internal complaints committee at workplace- An
internal complaints committee formed under the act can be given
additional responsibility to address such issues.

39
 A S
• Grievance Redressal – There should be a time frame

I
within which the complaints should be resolved and
action should be taken. If not, then a grievance
redressal and set framework for escalation of

T
complaint should be there.

X
• Penalties on organisations/institutions which don’t take

E
action against complaints- If any complaint is made
but the organization doesn’t set up an enquiry

N
committee or take necessary actions then the
complaint can be filed against the organisation in
police station. If any such deaths occur, then
organisation can be sued too.

40
Behavioural change:

A S
I
• This is most needed action to make everyone aware about their

T
rights and duties, the law of the land and punishments for such acts.
Behavioral change is a process which will need constant nudging

X
•

and counselling.
Sensitization shall start from home and schools itself as such attitude

E
•

is developed among children by observing the behaviour of elders.

N 41
 S
CONCLUSION

I A
• Preamble of the Indian Constitution itself has guaranteed the
equality for all its citizens.

T
• However, such equality will be established and discrimination will
stop only when the behavioural change happens at societal level.

E X
N 42
 A S
THANKT
I
YOU!
E X
N 43
 A S
I
Ethics, Integrity &

X T
Aptitude

E
General studies 4

N BY RAJKUMAR RAI

1
 S
Approaches for solving Ethical

A
Dilemmas/Issues

I
T
1. Utilitarian Approach

X
• Greatest good for greatest number

E
• It is based on principle that indicate that morally right
course of action in any situation is one that produces the

N
greatest balance of benefits over harm for everyone.
• What benefits and what harms will each course of action
produce, and which alternative will lead to the best
overall consequences?

2
 A S
I
• This question answers the dilemma of which option will produce the
greatest benefits and least harm.

T
Examples

X
• Capital Punishment, Building of Infrastructure projects harming
ecology.

N E
3
 S
Rights based Approach

I A
• What moral rights do the affected parties have, and which course of
action best represents those rights?

T
• The rights approach follows the belief that individuals have the
ability to make their decisions freely.

X
• It believes that if it does not respect everyone’s moral rights, it is

E
wrong to act.

N 4
 A S
I
• The rights approach is predicated on the notion that humans have
the right to choose paths which affect their destiny because they

T
are human.
• Furthermore, humans are justified in their expectation that their rights

X
should be respected.

E
• These rights include the right to the truth, the right of privacy, the
right to not be injured, and the right to fulfillment of promises.

N 5
 S
Fairness/Justice Approach

I A
• Which course of action treats everyone the same, except where
there is a morally justifiable reason not to, and does not show

T
favoritism or discrimination?
• This approach gives the individual the opportunity to reflect if the

X
action is fair to the people.

E
• The fairness approach assumes that people should be treated
equally regardless of their station in life, that is, they should not be
subject to discrimination.

N 6
 S
Virtue Approach

I A
• Which course of action develops moral virtues?
• Each of us hold internal values and morals that we strive to maintain

T
and hold on to.

X
• This question reflects on what kind of person you should be and
what it will do to your character.

E
• The virtue approach describes an assumption that there are higher
orders of goodness to which man should aspire, and that only moral

N
actions will help us achieve that higher level.

7
 S
Common Good Approach

I A
• Which course of action advances the common good?
• This question helps drive our choice to decide if the action taken will

T
be good for ourselves and the community.

X
• It opens the door to other questions related to the type of society
we want to become and how to achieve that.

E
• The common good approach suggests that ethical actions are
those that benefit all members of the community.

N 8
 S
Ethical Dilemma

I A
• An ethical dilemma, ethical paradox, or moral dilemma is
a decision-making problem between two possible moral

T
imperatives, neither of which is unambiguously
acceptable or preferable.

X
• The complexity arises out of the situational conflict in
which obeying would result in transgressing another.

E
• Sometimes called ethical paradoxes in moral philosophy,
ethical dilemmas may be invoked to refute an ethical

N
system or moral code, or to improve it so as to resolve
the paradox.

9
 S
Clinical Trials and Research

I A
• Mostly underdeveloped countries in Asia and Africa were
chosen.

T
What are clinical trials?

X
• Clinical trials are a way to test new methods of
diagnosing, treating, or preventing health conditions.

E
• The goal is to determine whether something is both safe
and effective.

N 10
 A S
I
A variety of things are evaluated through clinical trials, including:
1. medications

T
2. medication combinations

X
3. new uses for existing medications
4. medical devices

N E
11
 A S
I
• Before doing a clinical trial, investigators conduct preclinical
research using human cell cultures or animal models.

T
• For example, they might test whether a new medication is toxic to a
small sample of human cells in a laboratory

X
• If the preclinical research is promising, they move forward with a

E
clinical trial to see how well it works in humans.
• Clinical trials happen in several phases during which different

N
questions are asked. Each phase builds on the results of previous
phases.

12
 S
Phase 0

I
• Small number of people, usually fewer than 15.

A
• Investigators use a very small dose of medication to make sure it

T
isn’t harmful to humans

X
• If the medication acts differently than expected, the investigators
will likely do some additional preclinical research before deciding

E
whether to continue the trial

N 13
 S
Phase I

I A
• Investigators spend several months looking at the effects
of the medication on about 20 to 80 people who have no
underlying health conditions.

T
• This phase aims to figure out the highest dose humans
can take without serious side effects.

X
• Investigators monitor participants very closely to see how

E
their bodies react to the medication during this phase.
• In addition to evaluating safety and ideal dosage,

N
investigators also look at the best way to administer the
drug, such as orally, intravenously, or topically.
• According to the FDA, approximately 70 percent of
medications move on to phase II.

14
 S
Phase II

I A
• Involves several hundred participants who are living with
the condition that the new medication is meant to treat.
• Investigators monitor participants for several months or

T
years to see how effective the medication is and to
gather more information about it.

X
• While phase II involves more participants than earlier

E
phases, it’s still not large enough to demonstrate the
overall safety of a medication without any side effects it
might cause.

N
• The FDA estimates that about 33 percent of medications
move on to phase III

15
 S
Phase III

I A
• Involves up to 3,000 participants who have the condition
that the new medication is meant to treat.
• Trials in this phase can last for several years.

T
• The purpose of phase III is to evaluate how the new

X
medication works in comparison to existing medications
for the same condition.

E
• To move forward with the trial, investigators need to
demonstrate that the medication is at least as safe and

N
effective as existing treatment options.

16
 A
• To do this, investigators use a process called

S
I
randomization.
• This involves randomly choosing some participants to

T
receive the new medication and others to receive an
existing medication.

X
• Phase III trials are usually double-blind, which means that
neither the participant nor the investigator knows which

E
medication the participant is taking.
• This helps to eliminate bias when interpreting results.

N
• Roughly 25 to 30 percent of medications move on to
phase IV

17
 S
Phase IV

I A
• It happen after the FDA has approved medication.
• This phase involves thousands of participants and can last

T
for many years.
• Investigators use this phase to get more information

X
about the medication’s long-term safety, effectiveness,
and any other benefits.

E
Clinical trials and their individual phases are a very

N
important part of clinical research. They allow the safety
and effectiveness of new drugs or treatments to be
properly assessed before being approved for use in the
general public.

18
 S
Ethical issues with Clinical trials

I A
• Voluntary Agreement of the participant: Companies
exploit people who are in need of money and the

T
people who are ignorant of medical consequences of
the trial.

X
• It has been found that people who come for clinical trials

E
are usually from low-income groups, lacking free will,
guided by monetary benefits.

N 19
 A S
I
• Informed consent: Informed consent is the process of telling the
participants all the facts regarding a trial-including benefits and risks.

T
• Since a large proportion of participants are not well educated, they
are trapped.

X
• It has been observed at many instances that the people who were

E
admitted in hospitals for treatment were tested for clinical trials
without their knowledge.

N 20
 A S
I
• Accountability and transparency while conducting trials: According

T
to a submission in SC, about 2,800 patients have died in India during

X
2005 and 2012, while participating in clinical trials conducted by
pharmaceutical companies.

N E
21
 A S
I
• Research and trial details should be in public domain: The Clinical
Trials Registry formed under the Indian Council of Medical Research

T
calls for registration of all clinical trials conducted in India.
• However, there is a very poor registration rate resulting into

X
inaccessibility of data of various trials or even data not being
published at all due to “negative” results.

N E
22
 S
Revealing Information related to

A
Privacy Vs Maintaining Confidentiality

I
T
• Making choice between competing Ethical Principle ie One
ethical principle lead to compromise on other ethical

X
principle.
• Hypothetical case : Accidently HIV infected Employee blood

E
comes into contact with other employee accidently.
• Whether to maintain Privacy of individual Health information or

N
to disclose it in benefit of those, who accidently comes in
contact with HIV infected employee’s blood.
• Revealing COVID-19 infection (Whether it comes under Privacy
of Individual or had to keep it confidential ?)

23
 S
Superior Directive Vs Public Good
• Killing as directed by superior.
• Nuremberg Principle

IA
X T
N E
24
Maintaining Secrecy Vs Ensuring
Transparency

A S
I
X T
N E
25
Preferential Treatment Vs Non
Discrimination

A S
I
X T
N E
26
 S
Honesty Vs Efficiency

IA
X T
N E
27
 S
Profit Vs Social Responsibility

IA
X T
N E
28
 S
Profit Vs Employee Welfare

IA
X T
N E
29
 S
Automation Vs Employment

I A
X T
N E
30
 S
Interest of Promoter Vs Shareholder

IA
X T
N E
31
 S
The trolley problem

I A
• The trolley problem is a series of thought experiments in
ethics and psychology, involving stylized ethical

T
dilemmas of whether to sacrifice one person to save a
larger number.

X
• Opinions on the ethics of each scenario turn out to be
sensitive to details of the story that may seem immaterial

E
to the abstract dilemma.
• The question of formulating a general principle that can

N
account for the differing moral intuitions in the different
variants of the story was dubbed the "trolley problem" in a
1976 philosophy paper by Judith Jarvis Thomson.

32
 A S
I
X T
N E
33
Abortion debate

A S
I
• The abortion debate is the ongoing controversy surrounding the
moral, legal, and religious status of induced abortion.
• In English-speaking countries, the sides involved in the debate are

T
the self-described "pro-choice" and "pro-life" movements.
• "Pro-choice" emphasizes the right of women to decide whether to

X
terminate a pregnancy.
• "Pro-life" emphasizes the right of the embryo or fetus to gestate to

E
term and be born.
• Both terms are considered loaded in mainstream media, where

N
terms such as "abortion rights" or "anti-abortion" are generally
preferred.
• Each movement has, with varying results, sought to influence
public opinion and to attain legal support for its position.

34
 S
Samaritan's dilemma

I A
• The Samaritan's dilemma is a dilemma in the act
of charity. It hinges on the idea that when presented with

T
charity, in some location such as a soup kitchen, a person
will act in one of two ways: using the charity to improve

X
their situation, or coming to rely on charity as a means of
survival.

E
• The term Samaritan's dilemma was coined by
economist James M. Buchanan.

N
• The argument against charity frequently cites the
Samaritan's dilemma as reason to forgo charitable
contributions.

35
 A S
I
• It is also a common argument against communism and socialism,
claiming that state aid is equivalent to charity, and that the

T
beneficiaries of such aid will become slothful or otherwise negligent
members of society.

X
• The more aid that is received the less likely the recipient will seek
out a permanent solution for their condition.

E
• The dilemma's name is a reference to the biblical Parable of the
Good Samaritan.

N 36
 S
Suicide

I A
• Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's
own death.

T
• Mental disorders—including depression, bipolar
disorder, autism, schizophrenia, personality

X
disorders, anxiety disorders, physical disorders such
as chronic fatigue syndrome, and substance abuse—

E
including alcoholism —are risk factors.

N 37
 A S
I
• Some suicides are impulsive acts due to stress (such as from financial
or academic difficulties), relationship problems (such as breakups or

T
deaths of close ones), or harassment/bullying.
• Those who have previously attempted suicide are at a higher risk for

X
future attempts.

N E
38
 S
• Effective suicide prevention efforts include limiting access

A
to methods of suicide—such as firearms, drugs, and

I
poisons; treating mental disorders and substance misuse;
careful media reporting about suicide; and improving
economic conditions.

T
• Even though crisis hotlines are common, they have not
been well studied. Examples

X
• Seppuku – Samurai Code of Honour- Die with honor rather

E
than fall into hands of enemy.
• Sati- Indian Window kill herself on her Husband’s funeral.

N
• Suicide Bombing
• Murder

39
 S
Euthanasia

I A
• Euthanasia is the practice of intentionally ending a life to
relieve pain and suffering.

T
• Different countries have different euthanasia laws. The
British House of Lords select committee on medical

X
ethics defines euthanasia as "a deliberate intervention
undertaken with the express intention of ending a life, to

E
relieve intractable suffering".

N 40
 A S
I
• In the Netherlands and Belgium, euthanasia is understood as
"termination of life by a doctor at the request of a patient".

T
• The Dutch law, however, does not use the term 'euthanasia' but
includes the concept under the broader definition of "assisted

X
suicide and termination of life on request".

N E
41
 A S
I
• Euthanasia is categorized in different ways, which include voluntary,
non-voluntary, or involuntary:

T
• Voluntary euthanasia is legal in some countries.

X
• Non-voluntary euthanasia (patient's consent unavailable) is illegal in
all countries.

E
• Involuntary euthanasia (without asking consent or against the
patient's will) is also illegal in all countries and is usually considered

N
murder.

42
 S
Capital punishment

I A
• Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is

T
a government-sanctioned practice whereby a person is
put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime.

X
• The sentence ordering that someone be punished in such
a manner is referred to as a death sentence, whereas the

E
act of carrying out such a sentence is known as
an execution.

N
• A prisoner who has been sentenced to death and is
awaiting execution is referred to as condemned, and is
said in some countries to be on "death row".

43
 A S
I
• Crimes that are punishable by death are known as capital
crimes, capital offences, and vary depending on the jurisdiction,

T
• but commonly include serious offences such as murder, mass
murder, aggravated cases of rape, child rape, child sexual abuse,

X
terrorism, treason, espionage, sedition, offences against the State
(such as attempting to overthrow government

N E
44
 S
PRACTICE CASE STUDY
A young female Police Officer has joined the Crime Branch of

I A
Mumbai Police. She is asked to head a company of Riot Control
Police (RCP), a division of the Crime Branch. She is the first
woman officer heading a company of RCP. RCP has been

T
formed to counter the sudden riotous situation, by a team of
specially trained police. They have been trained in mob

X
dispersal tactics.

E
After some days she comes to know that woman police are
taken for granted, male police don't want to work under them.

N
According to male police, women police officers are not
capable of heading a company in a riotous situation. Women
police are often subject ridicule and laughed at, they are not
taken seriously.

45
 A S
I
• She is facing odds to adapt in such biased and male-dominated
force. Through informal sources, she comes to know that even

T
superiors make fun of women police in her department as being
'frail and incapacitated’.

X
• Discuss the courses of Action She should take up so that the work
culture in her department becomes suitable for women police.

E
• Do you think that women should be posted in such tough and
physically challenging jobs?

N 46
 S
Given that

A
• Young female police officer appointed at the helm of a

I
challenging and crucial division.

• Lack of respect by subordinates for the Police officer

T
because of gender biasness.

X
• May hamper working of crucial Riot Control Division of

E
Police Department.

• Gender biased attitude of the seniors in the department

N
as well.

• Need to improve work culture and attitude of police

personnels.
47
 S
Stakeholders

IA
• Female Officer
• Police Department
• Police Personnel

T
• Society at large

X
Ethical Concerns

E
• Respect, Attitude change
• Work culture, Gender sensitivity

N
• Stereotypes, prejudice

48
Course of Action:

A S
• Improving work culture and changing attitude of people

I
is a gradual process and requires consistent efforts and
perseverance.

T
• As a young police officer, she has dual disadvantage of

X
lack of experience and perceived incapacity due to her
gender.

E
• To push for the change in the work culture in her
department, she needs to work on multiple fronts,

N
collaborating with different like minded colleagues in the
department.

49
 S
• Setting an example - One of the ways to earn respect is

A
I
through hard-work, dedication and efforts.

• Setting up a professional example, that displays the

T
capabilities of female officer can help change the
perception, especially among the subordinates.

X
• Starting a Discourse - Key to change attitude and work

E
environment is to accept there is a problem and
understand the reasons behind them.

N
• Internal seminars, surveys and discussions can be initiated
with in the police department, to increase awareness
among the personnel.

50
 S
• Role Models - India currently has women in the top

A
positions of Defense Ministry, Foreign Ministry and top

I
leaders of national political parties.
• Also, there had been many respected female police

T
officers in the past like Kiran Bedi.

X
• Women from time to time have proven their mettle and
excelled in such “tough” jobs. Sonia Narang as DIG of

E
Crime Investigation Department (CID), Meera Borwankar
as member of Maharashtra’s anti-terrorism squad,

N
handled “tough” cases related to Ajmal Kasab, Yakoob
Menoon and Sanjya Dutt; Sanjukta Parashar, working in
Bodo militancy area of Assam, are just some of the
examples.

51
 A S
I
• These leaders can be used as role models to change the
perception about the capabilities and strength of female police

T
officers.
• Increasing number of women in Police force - A gender strategy

X
can be developed to promote inclusion of more capable police-
women.

E
• This will help in reducing the male dominance in the department
and change perception about female police officer with increased

N
number of proven examples.

52
 A
• Mentorship - An institutional framework can be

S
I
developed to provide mentorship and guidance to
female police officers in the department.

T
• This will provide new female police officers with someone

X
to talk with and look up to.

E
• Skilling opportunities - To improve upon the capabilities of
the female police officers, skill and ability enhancement

N
opportunities can be made available to them.

53
 S
• Internal complaints committee - To report any incidents of

A
sexual harassment, biased behaviors and improper

I
actions in the department.

• This will help in ensuring a safe environment at

T
workplace.

X
• Attitude change in society - Attitude of police personnel is
a reflection of the attitude of society towards women

E
and their capabilities in general.

N
• A permanent change necessitates change in attitude of
society, where women aren’t considered as “frail and
incapacitated”.

54
 S
Women posting in tough and physically challenging
jobs:

I A
• Changing nature of jobs - Policing job is changing with time,

T
attributes like empathy, ability to dialogue and negotiate, or the
potential to motivate staff, are becoming important in tough

X
situations like riots and insurgencies.

E
• Empirically women have been found to be very apt in these
skills.

N 55
 A S
I
• Technology to aid - With the increased availability of technologies
like internet, drones, automated guns and tools like GPS, mobile

T
applications etc,
• the dependence of Police department on core physical strength

X
has reduced, facilitating entry and success of women in these
tough positions.

N E
56
 A S
I
• Proven track records - With women entering and excelling in tough
positions across sectors, the perceived glass ceilings are no more.

T
• For example, all women crew of Indian navy circumnavigated the
globe, and women are excelling at top positions like ex-defense

X
minister of the largest democracy of the world.

N E
57
 S
Arguments Against:

I A
• Biological limitations - The difference in the biology of
men and women, makes it difficult for female police

T
officers to sustain and work efficiently in areas that are
physically strenuous and challenging.

X
• Poor Work Environment - As the police department is

E
male dominated and female police officers fails to
command the required respect from their subordinates, it
becomes difficult for them to perform well in such tough

N
jobs.
• This compromises the efficiency of the crucial operations
of the department.

58
 S
CONCLUSION

I A
• It is necessary to fight stereotypes like attributes
indispensable for being a good police officer are
masculine in nature: leadership, physical strength,

T
courage.
• These prejudices ignore other characteristics that are as

X
or more necessary to provide good police services, such
as empathy, ability to dialogue and negotiate.

E
• A police officer can possess these characteristics

N
irrespective of the gender, making him/her suitable for
“tough” jobs.

59
 A S
THANK T I
YOU!
E X
N 60
 A S
I
Ethics, Integrity &

X T
Aptitude

E
General studies 4

N BY RAJKUMAR RAI

1
 S
Theories of Punishment

I A
• The immediate consequence that follows a
criminal acts or digression from standard
behaviour is known as punishment.

T
• Punishment is define as suffering, loss, pain or any

X
other penalty that is inflicted on a person for the
crime by concerned authority.

E
• According to Aristotle and Hegel, Punishment is
negative reward of criminal who acquires it by

N
infringing moral law, hence the person must
receive this negative reward.

2
 S
Different theories of Punishment
1. Retributive Theory.

IA
T
2. Preventive Theory
3. Expiatory theory

X
4. Deterrent Theory

E
5. Reformative Theory

N 3
 A S
I
X T
N E
4
 S
Retributive Theory

I A
• Retribution is the most ancient justification for punishment.

T
• This theory insist that a person deserve punishment as he
has done a wrongful deed.

X
• It is based on principle of getting even with wrong doer to
diminish the perceived need for street justice, revenge

E
etc.

N 5
 A S
I
• Its based on philosophy of regaining equality or balancing injustice.
• Eg “An Eye for an Eye” or “Tooth for Tooth”.

T
• In a nutshell, Under Retributive Theory,

X
(A) Penalty given will be equivalent to grievance caused by person.
(B) Personal revenge and punishment gets merged.

N E
6
 S
Some purposes of official retribution include:
1. To channel the retributive sentiments of the public into the

A
political and legal systems. The intent is to deter people from

I
resorting to lynching's, blood feuds, and other forms
of vigilante self-help.

T
2. To promote social solidarity through participation in the act
of punishing, under the theory that "the society that slays

X
together stays together.“
3. To prevent a situation in which a citizen who would have

E
preferred to obey the law as part of his civic
responsibility decides that he would be a fool to not violate it,

N
when so many others are getting away with lawlessness that
the point of his obedience is mostly defeated.

7
 S
CRITICISM

I A
• 1. It is not necessary that criminal will, after being punished
realized the mistake and feel remorse for his deeds

T
• 2. A criminal may become even worse after punishment.

X
• 3. It does not remove the cause of crime.

N E
8
 S
Preventive Theory

I A
• The preventive theory is the idea of preventing
the repetition of crime by disabling the offender

T
through methods such as imprisonment,
forfeiture, death punishment and suspension of

X
the license.

E
• This theory has used a restraint that an offender if
repeats the criminal act is culpable for death,

N
exile or imprisonment.

9
 A S
I
• The theory is based on notion that society must be
protected from the criminal. Thus punishment is for

T
solidarity in society and its defense.

X
• The development of the institution of prison is an important
outcome of the preventive theory of crime. According to

E
this theory, the aim of punishment is used to prevent others
from committing similar offenses.

N 10
 S
CRITICISM

I A
• It seems to be more idealistic than real

T
• Difficult to remove the social/economic causes that leads
to crime from society.

E X
N 11
 S
EXPIATORY THEORY

I A
• Expiatory theory of Punishment is based on
morals.

T
• According to this theory repentance or
expiration by offender itself is a punishment.

X
• If the offender expiates or repents, he must be

E
forgive.
• Expiatory theory of Punishment was prevalent in

N
ancient Indian criminal law.

12
 A S
I
• According to the Modern Expiation Theory, compensation
is awarded to the victim from the wrongdoer.

T
• By crimes awarding compensation from the pocket of the

X
wrong-doer, he is punished and is prevented from doing
such offenses in his remaining life.

N E
13
 A S
I
• This also becomes a lesson to the remaining public.

T
• In other systems of punishment, the victim is not taken into
consideration.

X
• The present criminal justice system concentrates only on
punishing the criminal.

N E
14
 S
CRITICISM

I A
• The expiation theory is sufficient to meet the less serious
type of offenses, such as abuse, assault, defamation,

T
trespass, torts, etc.

X
• However, the expiation theory could not be a solution in
cases of murder, plunders, rapes, kidnapping, thefts, etc.,

E
serious natured offenses.
• Rich Offenders can escape imprisonment by paying

N
money

15
 A S
I
• The expiatory theory, being based on ethical
considerations, has lost its relevance in the modern system

T
of punishment

X
• In the present age of materialism and declining moral
values, expiration can hardly be effective in bringing

E
about a change in the criminal mentality of offenders

N 16
 S
Deterrent Theory

I A
• Deterrent means to discourage, it seeks to discourage the
evil minds into treading the wrong and the illegal path.

T
• The aim of punishment is to set an examples to others and

X
to prevent from criminal tendencies.
• Here, the objective is to discourage some one from future

E
wrong doing by making punishment severe enough such
that benefits of crime is outweigh by punishment.

N 17
 A S
I
• Its expressed by Judges formula, “You are not punished for
stealing sheep but in order that sheep may not be stolen”.

T
• Deterrence is designed to avoid future crime by

X
discouraging it/frightening people not to do what the
criminal/defendant did.

N E
18
 S
CRITICISM

I A
1. It uses offender as a means and not an end.

T
2. It does not effect any improvement in culprit rather made
for improvement of others.

X
3. It is improper as it does not seek to remove causes of
crime.

E
4. Not every one consider a culprit as criminal so no use of

N
exemplary punishment.

19
 S
Reformative Theory

I A
• According to Reformative Theory, the aim of punishment is
the improvement or reform of the offenders.

T
• The objective of this theory is to transform the offender in

X
to law abiding citizen.
• It is believed that experience of punishment brings

E
changes in his/her personality, attitude and behaviour.

N 20
 A S
I
• It implies that an offender is punished for his own benefits.

T
• This theory favours the humanitarian sentiments of the
age.

X
• It seek to eliminate very cause of the crime and thereby
preventing it.

E
• Under this theory, type of punishment is not very harsh and

N
often punishment is supplemented by counselling,
education and training.

21
 A S
I
• CRITICISM

T
• 1. It assume the cause of limited number of crime to be
caused of all crime

X
• 2. Some habitual offender may not be reformed.

N E
22
 S
• PRACTICE CASE STUDY

I A
• Q. A Recent WHO report highlighted air pollution in Indian
cities. Rapid urbanization has led to reckless deforestation
and diversion of green lands, thus aggravating the

T
situation.
• You are Chief Secretary of a State that plans to build a

X
commercial-cum- residential colony near state capital,
which will serve housing needs for the marginalized

E
section living on streets in destitute conditions. This will also
create employment opportunity in the region.

N
• However, the project entails cutting down 50,000 trees.
This news has created heavy uproar among educated
masses and environmentalists against the cutting down
of the trees.

23
 A S
I
• Also in last 5 years, forest cover in State and the capital city in
particular has shrunk dramatically, which has been cited as a

T
reason for loss of biodiversity, increased air pollution, with Particulate

X
Matter in the air generally very high, and even less precipitation in
the state.

E
a)Discuss the various ethical dilemmas involved in the case.

N
b)How will you handle the situation?
c) Suggest short-term and long term measures to deal with issues
presented in the case.

24
 A S
I
• Approach/ Solution
• Above case is case of environmental ethics involving

T
debate of environment vs economy.
• Two of citizens’ rights namely right for development and

X
right for clean environment come in contradiction to
each other.

E
• It requires greater level of objectivity, compassion,
innovation, emotional intelligence on part of

N
Government to smartly handle the situation and carving
out well-acceptable solution

25
 A S
I
X T
N E
26
 S
Ethical dilemmas in the case

I A
• Developmental Rights of Beneficiaries v/s Environmental

T
Rights of Society

X
• Commercial-cum-residential colony proposed will have
significant spillover impact on creating economic

E
opportunities.

N
• Relocating marginalized section from slum to pucca
households will not only bring dignity, confidence, and
better livelihood but also aesthetically make city more
beautiful and sustainable.

27
 A S
I
• However, city has already experienced forest cover loss and further
50,000 trees cutting will aggravate the dilapidated situation.

T
• Poor air quality is of graver concern especially for vulnerable section

X
like Elderly, pregnant women and young children.

E
• Environment loss will impact numerically larger masses and as per
utilitarian principle, greatest good for greatest number would be in

N
preventing the project.

28
 A S
I
• Biodiversity interests vs Human interests

T
• Prioritizing biodiversity against humans is ethical dilemma to solve.

X
• Felling of trees would have detrimental impact on biodiversity, who
rely on forest for housing, food and sustenance needs.

E
• Cutting trees for satisfying human needs for urbanisation puts flora-

N
fauna rights at lower level as compared to that of human.

29
 A
• Environment Protection vs Economic Development

S
I
• Economy upgradation and developmental needs require
utilization of natural resources.

T
• This is also witnessed during other development activities

X
like dam, industries construction, which is compensated
through CAMPA funds, large scale-trees plantation etc.

E
• However, ecological loss has diverse impact which can’t

N
be easily quantified and substituted.
• Threat to endemic species, long term global warming
implications are also equally important for addressal.

30
 A S
I
• Adopted Means (Deontology) vs Anticipated Outcome (Teleology)

T
• Project creates broader dilemma of justifying wrong means for right
ends.

X
• Anticipated outcome is better living standards, development of city

E
while means adopted would create significant suffering.

N
• Balancing the two is an ethical challenge.

31
 S
• Handling the situation

I A
• As Chief Secretary, I would handle the situation with
compassion, objectivity and emotional intelligence,

T
prioritizing my action as per urgency.
• Uproar among environmentalist need to be pacified

X
before it turns into law and order problem.

E
• People would be allowed to put forth their opinions in
peaceful manner.

N
• While Moral suasion by political leaders and use of curfew
provisions could be resorted to maintain peace, if
situation goes out of control.

32
 A S
I
• Project EIA to be re-evaluated and alternatives to be explored to
prevent heavy environmental loss. Like in SMART cities, help of

T
foreign experts and city planners can be consulted. This would

X
uphold objectivity.

• Within the proposed project, possible modifications toward Zero

E
energy building like green building code, vertical and terrace

N
gardens, renewable solar energy installation to be incorporated for
compensating environmental loss. It would require creativity,
innovation.

33
 A S
I
• As alternate, CAMPA funds of the project to be utilized for creating
green cover in nearby area, which will ensure compassion for

T
ecological sustainability.

X
• Due procedure to be followed during construction leading to
minimal construction and demolition waste, use of nets etc.

N E
34
 S
• Short-term Measures

A
• Create communication channel between civil society

I
and government for speedy resolution of immediate
grievances.

T
• Explore scope of revision in present construction project
to minimize environment loss and share updated EIA

X
report with masses for pacifying their concerns. This will
improve transparency in decision making.

E
• Taking immediate steps for reducing air pollution impact

N
like sprinkling water, distribution of air masks at subsidized
rate, rationalizing transportation flow etc.
• This will create trust among masses and generate good-
will.
35
 S
• Long term measures

I A
• Identifying other sources for increasing air pollution and
address each of them like vehicular and industrial

T
emissions, waste burning etc.

X
• Recalibrating City Masterplan to incorporate provisions
for sustainable development for adequately balance

E
environment with economy

N
• Create counter-magnets to rationalize population
growth. Due to poor livelihood opportunities, there is
widespread distressed migration. Developing rural areas
could help in better resource allocation

36
 S
CONCLUSION

I A
• Building infrastructure will always be a part of development whether
creating new or supplementing the existing one.

T
• It is crucial that all parties involved understand the impact of such
infrastructures and how to keep operations moving smoothly while

X
preserving a clean and safe environment.

N E
37
 A S
THANKT I
YOU!
E X
N 38
 A S
I &
Ethics, Integrity
X T
Aptitude
N E General studies 4
Moral Thinkers and Philosophers from India and the World
BY RAJKUMAR RAI

1
 S
Moral thinkers and Philosophers from

A
the World

I
T
• Understanding Ethical thought process.
• Resolving ethical dilemmas in effective manner.

X
• Developing Ethical competence.

E
• Useful in Attribution.

N 2
 S
Socrates (469-399 BC)

I A
• Socrates was arguably the most influential philosopher
ever and a Greek legend.
• To this day he is considered as the “Father of Western

T
Philosophy”, but at the time in his native Athens he was
seen as a controversial figure.

E X
N 3
 A S
I
• Dialectics

T
• Virtue Ethics
• System of Governance

X
1) Philosopher King

E
2) Tyranny
3) Plutocracy

N
4) Democracy

4
 S
RELEVANCE

I A
• To know, is to know that you know nothing. That is the
meaning of true knowledge.

T
• Freedom of Speech

X
• Athens was one of the first places to have freedom of

E
speech where every man had the capacity to address
the whole Athenian Assembly.

N
• However, depending on social class, you would have to
“know your worth” and for the lowest social class to
speak it would be with a sense of shame.
5
 A S
I
• Socrates fought against this by devising a system of real
free speech.

T
• Athens did not like this but he continued to rebel which in

X
the end would be the cause of his death.
• Today freedom of speech is one of the most vital parts of

E
democracy, Socrates understood this 2400 years ago.

N 6
 S
• Question Everything

I A
• “The highest form of Human Excellence is to question
oneself and others.”

T
• Socrates belief that world wasn’t created by God was
seen as widely controversial.

X
• He not only would go against people of his own

E
generation, but this ideology would also disagree with
many religions which would arrive hundreds of years later.

N
• Socrates was not a scientist but his method of questioning
to find answers paved the way for how science works
today.

7
 A S
I
• He devised a unique way of breaking down a conservation with
people who have different views but who seek the same truth.

T
• Scrutinise everything, beginning with a hypothesis and then do not

X
stop till there is a clear conclusion.

E
• He believed in not depending on the whim of Gods and instead
pushed for individual empowerment and responsibility,

N 8
• Seek True Happiness

S
• “The secret of happiness, you see, is not found in seeking

A
more, but in developing the capacity to enjoy less.”

I
• Socrates battled in both foreign and civil wars.

T
• He began to ask himself and others what is the point of
war if the people we are fighting for are not happy.

X
• He is the first person to believe that happiness can be

E
achieved through human effort.
• Most people of his generation believed that happiness

N
was a rarity and it is given to those that the Gods prefer.
• The concept that you can get happiness yourself was
seen as arrogant and was met with punishment.

9
 A S
I
• However, Socrates believed it is possible and that to achieve true
happiness you must focus on your soul.

T
• Living a moral life will lead to a happier life.

X
• Having awareness of our lives is vital as we end up going about our

E
jobs with little questioning.

N
• As Socrates argued what is the point of wars unless the people of
the country are actually happy.

10
 S
• Challenging Social Norms

A
• Socrates never feared the Greek state and would

I
regularly fight and argue with the government wherever
he saw opportunity for improvement.

T
• He never feared speaking his own mind on bad
governance as Martin Luther King once wrote in 1963:

X
• “Just as Socrates felt that it was necessary to create a

E
tension in the mind so that individuals could rise from the
bondage of myths and half-truths. so we must see the

N
need for non-violent gadflies to create the kind of tension
in society that will help men rise from the dark depths of
prejudice and racism.”

11
 S
• Creator of Philosophical Ethics

I A
• Socrates was one of the first person to encourage people
to question what is right or wrong?

T
• He would ask questions to all of society to establish what
was good and what was bad which would later shape

X
the legal conducts in Western society.

E
• Socrates did not stop there, he questioned what would
be the best way to live, and his answer was so impactful

N
that many philosophers took his answers in their own
explanations.

12
 S
• Primarily, Socrates enjoyed the company of people.
• He loved listening to them, understanding their problems

I A
and their ways of thinking.
• His speeches centred around the importance of morality,
bravery and loyalty to fair ruling.

T
• He especially taught the youth of wealthy families not to

X
over-value material objects but to have more interest in
their spirits.

E
• He believed that people had the capability to solve
issues through just logical thinking.

N
• This is still relevant as ever as his theories are critical to
modern Western Philosophy.

13
Plato (427-347 BC)

A S
I
• Disciple of Socrates

T
• Conceive Human soul as having 3 parts
1) Rational part - Intellect

X
2) Spirited part- Will

E
3) Apetitive part- Passion

N
• Intellect must use will to control passion

14
 S
Plato theory of Justice

IA
X T
N E
15
 S
5 types of regime
1) Aristocracy

IA
T
2) Timocracy
3) Oligarchy

X
4) Democracy

E
5) Tyranny

N 16
 S
Relevance

I A
1. The immortality of the soul: Our actions have consequences

• Plato believed in the immortality of the soul, both in life and

T
after death.

X
• Our soul is something that cannot be corrupted. Something
permanent, perennial, that never dies.

E
• That is why Plato insists on the importance of living a just life.

N
• By “just” He mean a morally acceptable and reasonable life.

• A life based on justice, moderation and wisdom.

• The idea of being judged on our actions is interesting.
17
 S
• 2. Conceiving the State: An elaborate system

A
I
• Mankind has never created the perfect political
system.

T
• Still today, in our western society, some people

X
try to imagine how to build a good and

E
adequate system that aligns with the needs of
every individual.

N
• As for Plato, he has a completely different
conception.

18
 A S
I
• He imagines a society ruled by philosophers, protected
by guardians and inhabited by artisans, blacksmiths,
carpenters, traders, etc.

T
• Plato wants to establish an aristocracy. Not the typical

X
aristocracy as we know it, but one that is in the hands of
governors who have been trained to govern properly:

E
philosophers.

N
• According to Plato, the other governors lead a life of
luxury, treat their subject badly, can’t resist pleasure or
pain and do not know the truth.

19
 S
• 3. Be careful with democratic values!

A
• Why is democracy not part of the ideal State Plato

I
imagined?

T
• According to him, democracy was a danger to the State
and to the individuals.

X
• It is hard to imagine today why democracy would be a

E
danger to all of us but Plato gives an interesting answer.

N
• He thinks that democracy is charming but at the same
time dangerous because there are myriad human
natures.

20
 A S
I
• He adds that there are necessary and natural desires.

T
• Eating is natural and necessary, like breathing.

X
• But eating delicate food is not necessary since we could just eat
simple food to stop being hungry.

E
• He concludes that a democratic individual will never be satisfied

N
because they think they are entitled to do whatever comes into
their head. Their life has neither law nor order.

21
 S
The Allegory of the Cave

I A
• Plato realizes that the general run of humankind can
think, and speak, etc., without any awareness of his realm
of Forms.

T
• The allegory of the cave is supposed to explain this.

X
• In the allegory, Plato likens people untutored in the
Theory of Forms to prisoners chained in a cave, unable to

E
turn their heads.
• All they can see is the wall of the cave. Behind them

N
burns a fire.
• Between the fire and the prisoners there is a parapet,
along which puppeteers can walk.

22
 S
• The puppeteers, who are behind the prisoners,

A
I
hold up puppets that cast shadows on the wall of
the cave.

T
• The prisoners are unable to see these puppets,
the real objects, that pass behind them.

X
• What the prisoners see and hear are shadows
and echoes cast by objects that they do not see.

E
Here is an illustration of Plato’s Cave:

N
• Such prisoners would mistake appearance for
reality. They would think the things they see on
the wall (the shadows) were real; they would
know nothing of the real causes of the shadows.
23
 S
• So when the prisoners talk, what are they talking about? If

A
an object (a book, let us say) is carried past behind them,

I
and it casts a shadow on the wall, and a prisoner says “I
see a book,” what is he talking about?

T
• He thinks he is talking about a book, but he is really
talking about a shadow. But he uses the word “book.”

X
What does that refer to?
• “And if they could talk to one another, don’t you think

E
they’d suppose that the names they used applied to the
things they see passing before them?”

N 24
 A S
• Plato’s point is that the prisoners would be mistaken. For

I
they would be taking the terms in their language to refer
to the shadows that pass before their eyes, rather than to
the real things that cast the shadows.

T
• If a prisoner says “That’s a book” he thinks that the word

X
“book” refers to the very thing he is looking at.
• But he would be wrong. He’s only looking at a shadow.

E
The real referent of the word “book” he cannot see.
• To see it, he would have to turn his head around.

N 25
 A S
• Plato’s point: the general terms of our language are not

I
“names” of the physical objects that we can see.
• They are actually names of things that we cannot see,

T
things that we can only grasp with the mind.
• When the prisoners are released, they can turn their

X
heads and see the real objects. Then they realize their
error.

E
• What can we do that is analogous to turning our heads
and seeing the causes of the shadows? We can come to

N
grasp the Forms with our minds.

26
 A S
I
X T
N E
27
 A S
I
• Plato’s aim in the Republic is to describe what is necessary for us to
achieve this reflective understanding.

T
• But even without it, it remains true that our very ability to think and to
speak depends on the Forms.

X
• For the terms of the language we use get their meaning by

E
“naming” the Forms that the objects we perceive participate in.
• The prisoners may learn what a book is by their experience

N
with shadows of books.

28
 A S
I
• But they would be mistaken if they thought that the word “book”
refers to something that any of them has ever seen.

T
• Likewise, we may acquire concepts by our perceptual experience
of physical objects.

X
• But we would be mistaken if we thought that the concepts that we

E
grasp were on the same level as the things we perceive.

N 29
 S
PRACTICE CASE STUDY

A
Q. You are the DM of a coastal district of Orissa, who

I
has been leading the fight against Corona. You have
been successful in arresting the spread of Corona

T
through increased testing and bolstering quarantine

X
facilities in the district.

E
People have been made aware of maintaining
social distance and asked to avoid congregations

N
and stay indoors. Amidst all the progress, you have
received a warning that another disaster in the form
of super cyclone Amphan will make landfall in your
district.
30
 A S
• As the DM is also the chairperson of the District

I
Disaster Management Authority, you have the
responsibility of ensuring zero human causality

T
from the cyclone.

X
• Cyclone disaster management protocols require

E
district administration to translocate the
maximum number of people living in the coastal

N
regions to safe locations or government shelters.
This has created a twin challenge before district
administration.

31
 S
• On one hand COVID management requires
social distancing, home quarantine and

A
avoidance of congregation. On the other hand

I
evacuation for cyclone requires relocation of
thousands to safe houses where social distancing

T
is next to impossible.

X
• Among other difficulties are lack of healthcare
workers, testing apparatus and maintenance of

E
separate accommodations for Covid positive

N
patients. Moreover lack of funds in the state due
to lockdown has further tied the hands of district
administration.

32
 A S
I
• Answer the following questions based on the above case.

T
• a) As a civil servant of the state, what will be your strategy

X
to manage the situation?

E
• b) What will be the key principles on basis of which you will
take decisions in the given situation?

N 33
 S
• The situation calls for management of double disaster

A
I
and tests the ability of an administrator to think on his
feet. It is expected of him to take firm decisive actions
through putting emotional intelligence at work.

T
The strategy applied in this situation would be premised

X
on the basic principle of minimizing loss of life and

E
property. Evacuation work along with containment of
pandemics needs to be carried out. Post disaster focus

N
should be aligned towards relief and rehabilitation efforts.
Various steps taken in this regard would be:

34
 A S
I
Coordination with Indian Meteorological Department to obtain the
details of landfall of the cyclone and its intensity, to create

T
vulnerability assessment maps and identify the number of people to

X
be evacuated.

Cyclone management code would be put into action with the help

E
of Odisha State Disaster Management Authority and NDRF.

N 35
 A S
Strong buildings as storm shelters would be designated,

I
stocking of ready to eat food, medical supplies, fuel for
power would be ensured. There would be increase in
number of storm shelters to ensure some degree of social

T
distancing. Private properties like marriage halls,

X
auditoriums etc. could also be roped in.

E
Arrangement of thermal screening and test facilities
before entry, and isolation wards for confirmed cases.

N
High risk individuals like old people and children should
be provided separate shelters.

36
 A S
I
• Masks and hand sanitizers should be provided to all the residents.
Proper usage of mask should be ensured inside the storm shelters.

T
Both emotional appeal and fear appeal should be used to
persuade people to adhere to the distancing and hygiene norms.

X
• A team of volunteers, doctors and nurses should be kept in standby
to handle any unexpected situation and hospitals should be asked

E
to keep sufficient bed vacancies to deal with any emergency.

N 37
 S
• Post disaster field survey for loss assessment and relief

A
cum rehabilitation work needs to be carried out to

I
resettle the citizens and cope with after effects of
disaster. Proper tab of residents of each shelter house

T
needs to be maintained in case of requirement of
contact tracing.

X
• Thus a concerted effort of all the stakeholders and

E
service providers are necessary to mitigate such an
unprecedented situation of double disaster. Consultation

N
with seniors and other experts should also be made to
gain their perspective in dealing with the matter.

38
 S
a. Key principles on basis of which decisions will be taken

A
are:

I
• Zero Casualty: All the efforts are directed towards

T
ensuring zero loss of life due to either of the disasters. This
requires immense dedication to service, compassion and

X
commitment.

E
• Utilitarianism: The principle of utilitarianism prescribes
greater good for greater number of people and thus the

N
action of evacuation of large number of people to
shelter house does put a few vulnerable section to the risk
of COVID infection, but it saves a majority of people from
the wrath of cyclone.
39
 A S
I
• Gandhi’s Talisman: Gandhiji’s talisman helps in decision making
when one is trapped in a dilemma. It prescribes to take actions

T
keeping in mind the interest of the weakest and most vulnerable
section.

X
• Hippocratic Oath: The front line workers dealing with COVID crisis are
guided by Hippocratic Oath which calls for service to the people

E
and treating the sickest with priority. A proper triage policy would
also help in avoiding decision making for the doctors and

N
administration.

40
 S
• Dedication to public service: The administrators and

A
associated governmental employees are inspired by their

I
oath to service of people under every situation. They act
as linchpins in controlling the casualties in the times of

T
disaster.

X
• Efficient utilization of limited resources: Decisions should
be taken based on the principle of equitable distribution

E
of resources among the masses and catering to the
needs of the weakest and most vulnerable.

N 41
 A S
I
• Sensitivity towards the discomfort of the weaker section: Weaker
and Vulnerable sections like old aged people, women, children and

T
diseased people should be given priority.

X
• These are the basic principles that would be employed in tackling
the situation. The values of compassion, integrity and dedication to

E
public service are actively put to use in dealing with the situation.

N 42
 A S
THANKT I
YOU!
E X
N 43
 A S
I
T
Ethics, Integrity &

E X
Aptitude
General studies 4

N
Moral Thinkers and Philosophers from India and the World

BY RAJKUMAR RAI

1
 S
PRACTICE CASE STUDY

A
Q. A Multinational food and drink processing company

I
has a signature Noodles that it sells all over the world. In
India, the version of the noodles complies with Indian food

T
and health regulations under FSSAI, but is less healthy than
the noodles sold in the European market where the law is

X
stricter. The food and drink processing company is obeying
the law in India, but it is selling an inferior, less healthy

E
product in a developing country.

N
• If you are Consumer Right Activist, what are the options
available to you?
• Evaluate the option and choose the most appropriate
course of action from it.

2
 S
• Given that-

A
(a)Multinational food and drink processing Company

I
selling FSSAI complaint noodles in India but of inferior
quality than Europe.
(b)I am the Consumer Rights activist.

T
• Stakeholders

X
(a)Multinational food and drink processing company.
(b)FSSAI & other regulatory body of India.

E
(c)Common People/Customer of Products.
(d)I as Consumer rights activist.

N
(e)Society at large.

3
 A S
I
• Ethical Issues involve
(a)Professional integrity Vs Profit

T
(b)Following different food safety standards
(c)Globalization Vs Discrimination

X
(d)Consumer Health Vs Consistency with letters of law

N E
4
 A S
I
• Possible Course of Action/ Options
• 1)File a complaint against the company in United Nation Human

T
Right commission for following double food safety standards.
• Merit- The issue got international attention, put dent in brand

X
value of company; hence company will follow similar food safety
standards everywhere.

E
• Demerit- The Company ignores the issues at UNHRC

N 5
 A S
I
• 2) Request the government and FSSAI to ban the Noodles in India
until it follow European food safety standards.

T
• Merit- It will ensure to put people’s health in India at par with
European standard.

X
• Demerit- It adversely impact the business of company in India.

N E
6
 A S
I
• 3)File a PIL against company in Supreme Court regarding
following different food safety standards by the company.

T
• Merit- Court might take cognizance to the issue and direct
company to follow European standards.

X
• Demerit- Court case might take long time to come to conclusion.

N E
7
 A S
I
• 4)Write an fierce newspaper article and initiate debate in country
against the double standard of the company.

T
• Merit- It will ensure that company takes into cognizance the
concern of Indian people health.

X
• Demerit- People and authorities might not take this issue seriously.

N E
8
 A S
I
• 5)Start a public campaign to boycott the Noodles and other
products of company.

T
• Merit- It will generate awareness among people and they
boycott may pressurize company to follow similar food safety

X
standards everywhere.
• Demerit- Company might use its economic power to suppress

E
such initiative.

N 9
 A S
I
• Public Health is a serious issue which can’t be ignored.
• There is need to upgrade the food safety standards in the country to

T
ensure that health of citizens of the country is not compromised.

X
• Looking at case study, it seems option 5 is most appropriate as it is
democratic, and emerge from people directly.

N E
10
Moral thinkers and Philosophers from
the World

A S
I
• Understanding Ethical thought process.
Resolving ethical dilemmas in effective manner.

T
•
• Developing Ethical competence.

X
• Useful in Attribution.

N E
11
 S
Aristotle (384–322 BC)

IA
X T
N E
12
 A S
I
• The highest good and the end toward which all human activity is
directed is happiness, which can be defined as continuous

T
contemplation of eternal and universal truth.
• One attains happiness by a virtuous life and the development of

X
reason and the faculty of theoretical wisdom.

E
• For this one requires sufficient external goods to ensure health,
leisure, and the opportunity for virtuous action.

N 13
 A S
I
• Moral virtue is a relative mean between extremes of excess and
deficiency, and in general the moral life is one of moderation in all

T
things except virtue.
• No human appetite or desire is bad if it is controlled by reason

X
according to a moral principle.

E
• Moral virtue is acquired by a combination of knowledge,
habituation, and self-discipline.

N 14
 A S
I
• Virtuous acts require conscious choice and moral purpose or
motivation. Man has personal moral responsibility for his actions.

T
• Moral virtue cannot be achieved abstractly — it requires moral
action in a social environment.

X
• Ethics and politics are closely related, for politics is the science of

E
creating a society in which men can live the good life and develop
their full potential.

N 15
 S
Virtuous Means

IA
X T
N E
16
 A S
I
• Aristotle refer to theory of Justice, where he emphasizes 2 forms

T
• (a)Universal Justice i.e. ideal form of justice which ask every
individual to act on the principle of morality in their mutual

X
relationship.

E
• (b)Particular Justice ie when universal justice is applied in particular

N
life, it is called particular Justice. Its two types are Retributive and
Distributive Justice

17
Social Contract Theory

A S
I
• Social contract theory is the view that persons’ moral
and/or political obligations are dependent upon a
contract or agreement among them to form the society

T
in which they live.

X
• Social contract theory is rightly associated with modern
moral and political theory and is given its first full

E
exposition and defense by Thomas Hobbes.
• After Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau

N
are the best known proponents of this enormously
influential theory, which has been one of the most
dominant theories within moral and political theory.

18
 S
THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679)

IA
X T
N E
19
 S
• English Civil War, waged from 1642-1648.

A
• He rejects the theory of the Divine Right of Kings,

I
• Hobbes also rejects the early democratic view, taken up by the
Parliamentarians, that power ought to be shared between

T
Parliament and the King.
• He argues that political authority and obligation are based on

X
the individual self-interests of members of society who are
understood to be equal to one another,

E
• While at the same time maintaining the conservative position
that the monarch, which he called the Sovereign, must be

N
ceded absolute authority if society is to survive.
• Hobbes theory of the social contract, founded on the
hypothetical State of Nature.

20
 S
JOHN LOCKE (1632 –1704)

IA
X T
N E
21
 A S
• According to Locke, the State of Nature, the natural

I
condition of mankind, is a state of perfect and complete
liberty to conduct one’s life as one best sees fit, free from
the interference of others.

T
• According to Locke, private property is created when a
person mixes his labor with the raw materials of nature.

X
• Given the implications of the Law of Nature, there are

E
limits as to how much property one can own: one is not
allowed to take more from nature than one can use,

N
thereby leaving others without enough for themselves

22
 A S
I
• Having created a political society and government through their
consent, men then gain three things which they lacked in the State

T
of Nature:
1. laws,

X
2. judges to adjudicate laws, and

E
3. the executive power necessary to enforce these laws.

N 23
 S
JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU(1712-1778)

IA
X T
N E
24
 A S
I
• According to Rousseau, the State of Nature was a peaceful and
quixotic time.

T
• People lived solitary, uncomplicated lives. Their few needs were
easily satisfied by nature.

X
• As time passed, however, humanity faced certain changes. As the

E
overall population increased, the means by which people could
satisfy their needs had to change.

N 25
 A S
I
• Eventually, those who have property notice that it would be in their
interests to create a government that would protect private

T
property from those who do not have it but can see that they might
be able to acquire it by force.

X
• So, government gets established, through a contract, which
purports to guarantee equality and protection for all, even though

E
its true purpose is to fossilize the very inequalities that private
property has produced.

N 26
 A S
I
• The normative social contract, argued for by Rousseau in The Social
Contract (1762), is meant to respond to this sorry state of affairs and

T
to remedy the social and moral ills that have been produced by the
development of society.

X
• The Social Contract begins with the most oft-quoted line from
Rousseau: “Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains”.

N E
27
 A S
I
• The sovereign is thus formed when free and equal persons come
together and agree to create themselves anew as a single body,

T
directed to the good of all considered together.
• So, just as individual wills are directed towards individual interests,

X
the general will, once formed, is directed towards the common
good, understood and agreed to collectively.

N E
28
 S
Hobbes Locke Rousseau
(1588-1679) (1632-1704) (1712-1778)

I A
Human Nature Selfish, must be controlled Rational Good & Compassionate but
can be corrupted

T
State of Nature Solitary, Poor, Brutish, Non government, yet not Rich environment for
Nasty chaos because rationality and peaceful lives.
natural right

X
Sovereign We need Monarch All adult male will elect a People vote, people are

E
government sovereign
Effect of Social People live in peace Natural rights will be enforced Life will be fair if we follow

N
Contract by government created with general will and set aside
consent personal preferences

Man is Evil Good Good, Society screwed us

up

29
 S
Hobbes Locke Rousseau

I A
Government is Needed to protect wanted to benefit public Needed to enforce
people social contract

T
Government should All powerful, cannot Conditional can overthrow Arbitrary can overthrow
be overthrow

X
Power should be Not shared executive is Shared legislative and Shared & direct,

E
absolute executive representative not
needed

N
The Leviathan Classical Liberalism Discourse on inequality

30
 S
JOHN STUART MILL(1806–73)

I A
X T
N E
31
 A S
I
• Utilitarianism is one of the most important and influential moral
theories of modern times.

T
• There are three principles that serve as the basic axioms of
utilitarianism.

X
• 1. Pleasure or Happiness is the Only Thing That Truly Has Intrinsic

E
Value.
• 2. Actions Are Right as much as They Promote Happiness, Wrong as

N
much as They Produce Unhappiness.
• 3. Everyone's Happiness Counts Equally.

32
 A S
I
• “On Liberty” 1859 Book
2 FORMS OF LIBERTY

T
•
• LIBERTY OF THOUGHT

X
• LIBERTY OF ACTION

E
• HUMAN ACTIONS- 2TYPES

N
• 1) SELF REGARDING ACTIONS
• 2) OTHERS REGARDING ACTIONS

33
 A S
THANKT I
YOU!
E X
N 34
 A S
I
T
Ethics, Integrity and

E X
Aptitude
Moral thinkers and philosophers from India and the world

N BY RAJKUMAR RAI

1
 S
PRACTICE CASE STUDY
Q. Election commission has announced general election

A
and model code of conduct has come into force. You are

I
District Magistrate and returning officer of an assembly
constituency. A candidate belonging to a political party

T
has been permitted by you to hold a meeting at 2 pm.to a
public place. Suddenly, you get a request from a ruling
party candidate that chief minister has made a

X
programme of holding election meeting on the same
venue and the same date at 4pm. There is no alternative

E
place where the ruling party could hold its election
meeting. There is every likelihood of clashes between

N
supporters of both candidates.
(a)What are the options available to you?
(b)Evaluate each of these options and choose the options
which you would adopt giving reasons.
2
 S
• Given that – Summarize the case

IA
• Stake holders
• 1) You and administrative machinery

T
• 2) Ruling party candidate and CM
• 3) Candidate of other political party

X
• 4) People of assembly constituency.

E
• Ethical Issues

N
• (a) Impartiality
• (b) Objectivity
• (c ) Non particianship

3
 S
• (d) DEDICATION to public service

A
• (e ) integrity

I
• (f) Law as source of ethical guidance
• (g) Social influence and persuasion

X T
• Purpose of MCC- It is to create a level playing field and
efforts of administration should be that none of the party

E
should feel that it has been discriminated.
• CM is a busy person, cant say that you did not have

N
apply before so not allowed. Have to look for a
balanced approach without showing any due favors

4
 S
• Options

A
• 1) Can refuse CM on the basis that only ground available

I
and he should have applied before can indicate any
other day or time

T
• Merit- Worked within law and rules, Impartiality and
objectivity followed

X
• Demerit- Duty of DM is to facilitate political dialogue, to
facilitate as many political meeting as possible . Thus

E
awareness generation in the constituency prevented.
• Also, the supporter of CM may create ruckus on not

N
obtaining permission and may broke violent clashes.

5
 S
• 2) Can create a division in the ground. 2 entry and 2 exit

A
separately for each party. Ask the first party to finish off by

I
3.30 pm and Buffer zone of 10 feet can be made in
between can install security forces.
• Can ask second party to enter only after first one has left.

T
• Merit- Rational decision, satisfying both parties, political

X
dialogue is necessary for healthy democracy and its DM
duty to promote election. Thus, performed his duty

E
• Demerit- If meeting stretched beyond 3.30pm, will
become difficult to control the supporter if become

N
violent.

6
 A S
I
• 3) Hold a meeting on private ground by seeking consent of the
owner of that ground. Owner must give in writing his permission so

T
can ask CM to arrange on private ground.
• Merit- Faithfully conducted its role as a returning officer, promoted

X
dialogue and healthy democracy. Abided by rules, regulations,
impartiality and non partisanship.

E
• Demerit- CM has to pay if users private ground. CM and supporter
have to make fresh appeal to public about changed venue.

N 7
 A S
I
• Conclusion
• Priority should be given to problem preventing values over problem

T
solving.

X
• TO prevent such problem in future, DM can call an all party meeting
and tell them to inform well in advance before arranging meeting

E
and they should announce to the electorate only seeking
permission for the meeting.

N 8
 S
Immanuel Kant(1724 –1804)

I A
X T
N E
9
 S
Categorical imperative

I A
Immanuel Kant believed that there are set of moral
obligations that one must follow and these moral obligations
are to be derived from pure reason.

T
These moral obligations derived from pure reason are called
Categorial imperative

X
1. Universalizability Principle- The moral obligation must be
universal without any contradiction. Everyone’s reason

E
should permit and accept an obligation as moral. Then
only it can be called categorical imperative

N
2. Humanity- The moral obligation should treat all humans as
ends in themselves and not as mere means to achieve
those ends.

10
 A S
I
• For instance, A hungry person steal a bread. As per categorial
imperative, it is immoral because stealing cannot be approved by

T
human reason.
• Similarly, Slavery, as here, human are treated as means and hence

X
regarded as immoral.

E
• Thus, for kant, even killing a criminal or even terrorist is not moral
since killing does not appear to be moral to anyone’s reason.

N 11
 S
John Rawls (1921–2002)

IA
X T
N E
12
 S
Theory of Justice
• A theory of Justice(Book, 1971)

I A
• To find out fair rule or procedure, on the basis of which primary

T
social goods could be distributed

X
• Justice as original
• Fair Procedure without bias

E
• Rawls Original Positions- Contractors under Veil of Ignorance

N
• Applied Maxi-min Rule – To give every class according to merit and
try to maximize the opportunity

13
 S
2 PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE
1. Principle of equality of liberty -
2. Social and Economic discrimination

I A
T
(a)Difference principle- Greatest benefit to least advanced sections

X
(b)Principle of equality of opportunity- All post made available to
everyone.

N E
14
 S
Karl Marx (1818-1883)

IA
X T
N E
15
 A S
I
• Marxist ethics is a doctrine of morality and ethics that is based on, or
derived from, Marxist philosophy.

T
• Marxism holds that morality, like other forms of ideology, is of a class
character and is manifested in people’s behavior in different ways

X
in different historical conditions in accordance with the interests of
what classes or social strata a person occupies.

E
• Marxist ethics is dialectical: it maintains that like morality as a whole,
each of its manifestations, each standard, and virtue, is in perpetual

N
motion, emerging, developing, disappearing, passing from one
qualitative state to another.

16
 A S
I
• False Consciousness

T
• Law of Dialectics

X
• Dominant Class- Subordinate Class

N E
17
 S
PRACTICE CASE STUDY

A
• You are a senior magistrate, being assisted by police

I
officer and force dealing with a violent mob which is
protesting against price rise, corruption etc.

T
• Prohibitory order under section 144 CrPC has been made
by you and despite of your best efforts the mob is not

X
dispersing rather starts throwing brickbats. Police had no
option except to fire two rounds in air.

E
• The mob dispersed but unfortunately one of the bullet
hits a passerby old man who was returning after the day

N
long work in his field. He died on the spot. On verification,
you found that he was the only earning member of a
family of 8 people.

18
 A S
I
• Answer the following on the basis of the above incident.
(A)Do you justify the police firing? What should have been the ideal

T
way of dealing with the situation.

X
(B) What will be the best course of action to compensate the death
of the old person?

E
(C)In future, if such situation arises, what will be ideal way of dealing
with the situation?

N 19
 S
• Given that :-

A
(a)I am senior magistrate dealing with violent mob protesting

I
against price rise, along with police force.
(b)Sec 144 imposed but mob got violent and police fire in air,
that dispersed the mob but killed an innocent passerby old

T
man

X
(c) He was only earning member of family of 8.
• Stake holders

E
(a)I, as Senior Magistrate

N
(b)Police Personnel
(c) Deceased Old man and his family
(d)Protestors
(e) Society at large
20
 S
• Ethical Issues Involved

A
(a)Law and Order Vs Right to Protest

I
(b)Justice to the victim family
(c) Non lethal Method of crowd Control Vs Suppression of

T
Mob Violence

X
(d)Integrity, Impartiality and Non-partisanship,
(e) Objectivity, Dedication to Public Service,

E
(f) Emotional Intelligence, Empathy

N
(g) Tolerance and Compassion towards the weaker-
sections.

21
 A S
I
(a)The police firing is justified as Sec 144 of CrPC was in progress and
Mob was getting violent, If firing would not done to disperse the mob,

T
Police personnel might have been overpowered and arms would
have been snatched.

X
However, Firing in not justified as first options. In place of it, effective
use of firing by targeting the kingpin of mob must have been done

E
first. Firing should be done for sake of self protection and deterrence.

N 22
 A S
I
• (b) Firstly, rush to the hospital, if already dead, proceed toward post-
mortem

T
• (i) Ex-gratia: As an interim compensation, until full enquiry is
completed, must be provided to family.

X
• (ii)Government Job offer or some form of remunerative occupation

E
to one family member of deceased
• (iii) Expression of regret on entire matter, that unfolded, resulting in

N
unfortunate death of old man.

23
 S
(C ) Ideally, when ever a magistrate is heading police

A
force, he should insist that they carry lathi, tear gas shells,

I
rubber bullets, water cannons if possible.
Stray firing should be avoided. Firing must be effective

T
especially against leaders of agitation party, hit below the
belt.

X
Can also have trained dogs in service as well to deal with
such situation.

E
Naming and shaming of people involve in mob violence
by proper identification and compensation sought from

N
them for destruction of public property must be made.

24
 A S
• The entire events put police machinery under test to deal

I
with emergency situation like riots etc. Here, Police
personnel security as well as safety of life and property of
common people were at risk. The old man death was

T
unfortunate event. Until full enquiry is done,
Compensation and ex-gratia to be provided to the

X
family. Also, attempt need to made to depoliticize the
situation and rumor mongering.

E
• The maintenance of law and order is also shared
responsibility of citizenry along with their genuine right to

N
protest and expression of grievance. Hence, there is a
need to make people aware about effective and
peaceful manner of protesting without destruction of life
and liberty that belongs to all citizens.

25
 S
Buddhism

I A
• Founded by Gautam Buddha
• Buddhism is a set of moral guidelines and practices

T
which, if followed, can bring people to the ultimate state
of reality and peace.

X
• The Buddha described these morals after he reached
enlightenment, or nirvana: the true understanding of the

E
universe.

N 26
 A S
I
X T
N E
27
 S
• Buddhist moral principle relate with actions (karma )
• Actions with virtuous intentions are Kushal Karma

IA
• Actions which have root in greed, hatred are Akushla
Karma

T
• The Buddha's Four Noble Truths are another guiding norm
of moral thought and action, particularly as expressed in

X
the fourth truth, the Eightfold Path. The truths are as
follows:

E
• 1. The world is full of suffering

N
• 2. There is a cause of Suffering
• 3. There is way to cessation of suffering.
• 4. Eight Fold Path

28
Essence of Buddhist teaching lies in 4
noble truths

A S
I
 The Truth of Dukkha is that all conditional phenomena and
experiences are not ultimately satisfying.

T
 The Truth of the Origin of Dukkha is that craving for and clinging to

X
what is pleasurable and aversion to what is not pleasurable result in

E
becoming, rebirth, dissatisfaction.
 The Truth of the Cessation of Dukkha is that putting an end to this

N
craving and clinging also means that rebirth, dissatisfaction no
longer arise.

29
 S
• The Truth of the Path of Liberation from Dukkha is that by

A
following the Noble Eight-fold Path;

I
(1)Right View
(2)Right intention

T
(3)Right speech

X
(4)Right action

E
(5)Right Livelihood
(6)Right Efforts

N
(7)Right Mindfulness
(8)Right Concentration

30
Buddhist provide 5 Precepts or rules of
behaviours

A S
• No killing

I
T
• No stealing

X
• No lying
• No Sexual Misconduct

E
• No consumption of intoxicants

N
These guide one’s action in right direction.

31
 S
Buddhist doctrine of Dasavidha Rajadhamma ie 10
principles of good governance include:-

I A
• Dana ( Charity)–Sacrifice own pleasure for public well being .

T
• Sila( Morality)- Moral responsibility of government towards its
people.

X
• Paraccaca( Altruism)- Being generous

E
• Ajjivan(Honesty)- Perform duty with loyality.

N 32
 S
• Majjavan(Gentleness)- Gentle temperament, avoid

A
arrogance.

I
• Tapa (Self-restrain)- Restrain to sense, passion and
perform duties without negligence.

T
• Akkhodha (Non-anger)- Free from hatred, remain calm.

X
• Avihimsa(Non Violence)- Avoid harming anyone.

E
• Khanti(Forbearance)- Patient while serving public.

N
• Avirodhata( Absence of obstruction)- respecting opinion
of others, avoid prejudice.

33
 S
Q.3 (a)What teachings of Buddha are most relevant
today and why? Discuss. (150 words) (2020 MAINS)

I A
• Present society facing lot of serious issues like

T
• COVID 19 Pandemics

X
• Conflict – Azerbaijan-Armenia Conflict, India-China
Conflict

N E
34
 A S
I
• Religious Intolerance- France terrorist incidence against Charlie
Hebdo (Beheading of Samuel Patty, Church Attack, Bangalore

T
Violence, Malmo religious riots in Sweden)

X
• Environment Degradation

E
• Corruption

N
• Outcome

• Mental Dissatisfaction , Alienation, Youth Unrest

35
 S
Buddha’s Teachings

IA
• Panchshila of Buddha is comprised of the basic teachings of
conduct which are as under:

T
1. No killing Respect for life.

X
2. No stealing Respect for others' property.

E
3. No sexual misconduct Respect for our pure nature.

N
4. No lying Respect for honesty.
5. No intoxicants Respect for a clear mind.

36
 S
The relevance of Buddha’s Teachings

I A
 Buddha’s teachings emphasise on learning based on
one’s observations and perception and believe that

T
knowledge is not possible without experience.

X
 Desire as root of all evil, hence excessive materialism is
dangerous.

E
 Detachment from greed, desire, ignorance and hatred.

N
 The eightfold path revolves around Wisdom (right
understanding and intention),

37
 S
 Ethical Conduct (right speech, action and livelihood)

A
 Meditation (right effort, mindfulness and concentration).

I
 Right understanding and intention can open the path for
knowledge and can liberate the people from ignorance

T
and delusion.

X
 Right speech can liberate from the hatred that is spread
across the world on the name of race, ethnicity, religion

E
etc.
 Right action and livelihood can liberate society from

N
corruption, it can ensure food and water security and will
enhance economic opportunity and employment giving
way to prosperity for all.

38
 S
 Right effort, mindfulness and concentration can ensure

A
mental peace and enrich moral and cultural values.

I
• The Buddhist teachings inculcate compassion, calmness
& composure, joy among humans and they can help

T
maintain a sustainable balance between man and

X
nature.

E
• Buddha’s teachings can transform the societies into their
better and more humane forms as reflected by Tibetan

N
spiritual leader the Dalai Lama “the 20th century was a
century of war and violence, now we all need to work to
see that the 21st century is of peace and dialogue.’

39
 S
Mahavira

I A
• Mahāvīra, also known as Vardhamāna, was the twenty-

T
fourth and last tirthankara.

X
• In Jainism, a tirthankara is an omniscient teacher who
preaches the dharma (righteous path) and builds a ford

E
across the ocean of rebirth and transmigration.

N 40
 A S
I
X T
N E
41
Five ethical principles/Panch Mahavrat

A S
• Mahavira prescribed five major vows (vratas) that both

I
ascetics and householders have to follow. These are five
ethical principles were:

T
 Ahimsa (Non-Violence) – Mahavira taught that every
living being has sanctity and dignity of its own and it

X
should be respected just like we expect our own sanctity

E
and dignity to be respected. In simple words, we should
show maximum possible kindness to every living being.

N
 Satya or truthfulness – It leads to harmony in society. One
should speak truth and respect right of property of each
other's in society.

42
 A S
I
One should be true to his own thoughts, words and deeds to create
mutual atmosphere of confidence in society.

T
 Asteya or non-stealing – It states that one should not take anything

X
if not properly given.
 Brahmacharya or chastity – It stresses steady but determined

E
restraint over yearning for sensual pleasures.

N
 Aparigraha (Non-possession) – non-attachment to both inner
possessions (like liking, disliking) and external possessions (like
property).

43
 S
3 JEWELS /TRI-RATNA FOR KAIVALYA
• 1. Right Faith or Samyak Darshan
• 2. Right Knowledge or Samyak Jnana

I A
T
• 3. Right Conduct or Samyak Charita

E X
• One of the three cannot exist exclusive of the others, and all are
required for spiritual liberation.

N
• The Triratna is symbolized frequently in art as a trident.

44
 S
Application

I A
• 1. Political Harmony and global Peace can be achieved through
non violence

T
• 2. Development of compassion and sensitivity more important than
just mere economic development. In Jainism, greater emphasis is

X
given to sacrifice and charity.

E
• 3. Jaina principle of Paraspariopagraho Jeevanam ie Life exist not
only in human, animals but also in stones, earth, water, fire. Thus,
destruction of environment for our selfish attitudes is an act of

N
violence.

45
 A S
I
• 4. Aparigraha ie Wealth and profit should not be accumulated at

T
the cost of public interest.

X
• 5. Non-consumerism ie giving less important to individual interest.

N E
46
 S
KAUTILYA

IA
X T
N E
47
 A S
I
• Kautilya was genius and prominent figure in the history.
• He was the minister in the kingdom of Chandragupta Muarya.

T
• He was considered as shrewdest minister of his time and had

X
explained his view on state, war, social structure, diplomacy, ethics,
politics and state craft in his book Arthashastra.

N E
48
 S
• In a war-like situation both Kautilya and Machiavelli share

A
the same reasoning.

I
• Both propagate that a king should be closely involved in

T
the science of war.

X
• Kautilya has proposed three types of war:

E
 Open war: War fought between states
 Concealed war: It is fought on the lines of guerrilla

N
warfare
 Silent war: It is fought continuously inside the kingdom
itself so that the king’s power does not get diluted.
49
 S
• In regards of punishments he believed that punishment is
a means to an end and needs to prevent the commission

I A
of the crime.
• Thus, dandaniti (Punishment) was very dear to him that
included protecting property, acquiring property,

T
augmenting and distributing the same.
• His view on crime and justice is very elaborate and he

X
advocates different punishments depending upon if the
crimes were committed while in public office, civil crimes,

E
sexual crimes or religious crimes.

N 50
 S
Elements of State or Saptang Theory

I A
• Kautilya enumerated seven prakritis or essential organs of the state.
They are as follow

T
(i) Swami (The Ruler)

X
(ii) Amatya (The Minister)
(iii) Janapada (The Population)

E
(iv) Durga (The Fortified Capital)
(v) Kosha (The Treasury)

N
(vi) Danda (The Army)
(vii) Mitra (Ally and Friend)

51
 S
Kautilya’s Concept of Rajrishi and Its
relevance

I A
• The concept of Rajrishi envisaged by Kautilya is very
important for a good King.

T
• This concept is very close to the concept of “Philosopher
King” by Plato.

X
• In this concept, Kautilya has identified indicators of good

E
governance. These indicators are as follows:

N
 An ideal king must merge his individuality with duties
 An administrator must guide properly.

52
 A S
 An ideal king must avoid extremes without missing the

I
goal.
 The king and public servants must get fixed salaries and

T
allowances.

X
 The main duty of the king and servants is to maintain law

E
and order. The losses due to theft and corruption should
be made good from kings’ and his servant’s salary.

N 53
 A S
I
 An important duty of king is to carry out preventive and punitive
measures against corrupt officials.

T
 Another important duty of king is to find replacement of ministers by

X
good ones.

E
 Disciplined life with a code of conduct for king and ministers

N 54
 S
Kautilya’s policy of Saam, Daam, Dand & Bhed

A
• Saam-Niti (Persuasion)

I
• When disagreements arrive, and are not substantially settled,
conflicts grow. Identifying and allaying disagreements is the

T
object of Saam. Under this policy, major emphasis will be laid

X
on Awareness generation about Ethical values and principles to
common people and public official.

E
• Daam-Niti (Temptation)

N
• Under this policy, the major attempt is made to incentivising the
hard-working people/public official, by offering them best
possible remuneration and privileges. It will motivate other to
equally work hard and improve overall efficiency of
administration and society. 55
• Dandh-Niti (Punishment)

A S
I
• Under this policy, there must be provision for punishment for
those, who divert from prescribed task/work. Punishments acts

T
as deterrents and creates fear among the people/public
officials, which makes digression (viz involve in corruption

X
cases) high risk activity.
• Bedh-Niti (Division)

E
• Under this policy, there must be utmost importance laid on

N
intelligence gathering and vigilance activities, especially on
those who goes against rules.

56
 S
Mahatma Gandhi

I A
• Mahatma Gandhi was eminent personality and known for
his great ideologies all over the world.

T
• Mahatma Gandhi had immense sense of morality.

X
• Gandhi developed his life's work around two moral values.
• He realized that it was important to recognize the humanity

E
of all people.
• He also felt that there is necessity to fight against injustice

N
but to always do so in a way (non-violence) that protected
everyone's human self-respect.

57
 A S
I
X T
N E
58
 S
• HENRY STEPHEN SALT – VEGETARIANISM

A
• HENRY DAVID THOREAU- CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE

I
• LEO TOLSTOY- CRITIQUE TO INSTITUTIONAL CHRISTIANITY
• FAITH IN LOVE OF SPIRIT

T
• TOLSTOY FARM- GRAM SWARAJYA

X
• JOHN RUSKIN- UNTO THIS LAST – CONCEPT OF
ECONOMIC MAN

E
• SYSTEM OF SELF SUFFICIENCY
• DECENTRALIZED ECONOMY

N
• SATYAGRAHA = SATYA + AGRAHA
• TRUTH IS MORE POWERFUL THAN ANYOTHER WEAPON OF
MASS DESTRUCTION.

59
 A S
I
• NON VIOLENCE – TOTAL NON VIOLENCE WOULD RID A PERSON
FROM ANGER , OBSESSION AND DESTRUCTION

T
• BRAHMACHARYA, AT 36, GANDHI ADOPTED VOW OF CELIBACY

X
• SARVODAYA- UNIVERSAL UPLIFTMENT OF ALL
• FASTING- EXERTING MENTAL CONTROL

E
• DOCTRINE OF TRUSTEESHIP

N 60
 S
Doctrine of Trusteeship

I A
• In relation to ownership of property, Gandhi regarded
Rich as trustees of wealth (Doctrine of Trusteeship).
• He said that ultimately all property belongs to God, the

T
excess or superfluous wealth which the rich possess
belongs to society and should be used for supporting the

X
poor.
• Wealthy people have no moral right to what is more

E
than their proportionate share in national wealth.

N
• They simply become trustees for the disproportionate
share of God’s property they hold. They have to use it for
helping the poor.

61
 S
Gandhi’s Seven Social Sin
1.
2.

I A
Politics without Principles. Eg Political Defections
Wealth without Work. Eg Crony capitalism

T
3. Pleasure without Conscience. Eg Intoxicants

X
4. Knowledge without Character. Eg Violation of IPR
5. Commerce without Morality. Eg Adulteration, Hoarding

E
6. Science without Humanity. Eg Weapons of Mass destruction.

N
7. Worship without Sacrifice. Eg Sacrifice of Ego, anger, greed.

62
Dr B.R. Ambedkar

A S
I
X T
N E
63
 S
• Ambedkarism is of great relevance to Indian society even

A
today in achieving social justice, removal of

I
untouchability, in establishing equality and freedom and
true democracy.

T
• Dr. Ambedkar is a socio-political reformer, had a deep
effect on modern India.

X
• In post-independence India, his sociopolitical ideas have
acquired great respect across all spheres of the society.

E
• He struggled throughout his life, for the rights of the Dalits
and other socially backward classes as well as for the

N
women.
• He also made a great contribution to economic and
agrarian reforms.

64
 S
PRACTICE CASE STUDY

A
Q. Rajesh Kumar is a senior public servant, with a

I
reputation of honesty and forthrightness, currently posted in
the Finance Ministry as the Head of the Budget Division. His
department is presently busy in organizing the budgetary

T
support to the states, four of which are due to go to the
polls within the financial year.

E X
This year’s annual budget had allotted Rs 8300 crores for
the National Housing Scheme (NHS), a centrally sponsored

N
social housing scheme for the weaker sections of society.
Rs 775 crores have been drawn for NHS till June.

65
 S
• The Ministry of Commerce had long been pursuing a
case for setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in a

A
southern state to boost exports. After two years of

I
detailed discussion between the center and state, the
Union Cabinet approved the project in August. Process
was initiated to acquire the necessary land.

T
• Eighteen months ago a leading Public Sector Unit (PSU)
had projected the need for setting up a large natural gas

X
processing plant in a northern state for the regional gas
grid. The land is already in possession of the PSU. The gas

E
grid is an essential component of the national energy
security strategy. After three rounds of global bidding, the

N
project was allotted to an MNC, M/s XYZ Hydrocarbons.
The first tranche of payment to the MNC is scheduled to
be made in December.

66
• Finance Ministry was asked for a timely allocation of an

S
additional Rs 6000 crores for these two developmental
projects. It was decided to recommend re-appropriation

I A
of this entire amount from NHS allocation. The file was
forwarded to Budget Department for their comments and
further processing. On studying the case file, Rajesh

T
Kumar realized that this re-appropriation may cause
inordinate delay in the execution of NHS, a project much

X
publicized in the rallies of senior politicians.
Correspondingly, the non-availability of finances would

E
cause a financial loss in the SEZ and national
embarrassment due to delayed payment in an
international project.

N 67
 S
• Rajesh Kumar discussed the matter with his seniors. He
was conveyed that this politically sensitive situation

A
needs to be processed immediately. Rajesh Kumar

I
realized that diversion of funds from NHS could raise
difficult questions for the government in the Parliament.

T
Discuss the following with reference to this case:

X
(a) Ethical issues involved in re-appropriation of funds
from a welfare project to the development projects.

E
(b)Given the need for proper utilization of public funds,
discuss the options available to Rajesh Kumar. Is resigning

N
a worthy option?(250 words)

68
 S
• Given that
• Rajesh Kumar, Head of Budget division in Finance Ministry,

A
known for honesty and forthrightness. Main issues of

I
concern before him are: -
 NHS Welfare scheme Budget allocation 8300 cr of which

T
775 cr drawn already in June, now 7525 Cr left.
 In August, Union Cabinet approved project to set up SEZ

X
by MoC to increase export, Process for land acquisition
began.

E
• PSU to set up Natural gas processing plant after global

N
bidding allot the project to MNC, M/s XYZ, for which first
tranche of payment to MNC to be made in December.

69
 A S
I
 Finance Ministry was asked for a timely allocation of an additional
Rs 6000 crores for these two developmental projects. It was

T
decided to recommend re-appropriation of this entire amount from

X
NHS allocation.

• Rajesh Kumar discussed the matter with his seniors. He was

E
conveyed that this politically sensitive situation needs to be

N
processed immediately. Rajesh Kumar realized that diversion of
funds from NHS could raise difficult questions for the government in
the Parliament.

70
 A S
I
• Stakeholders

T
1. Beneficiaries of NHS
2. PSU for Natural gas processing plant.

X
3. MNC M/s XYZ Hydrocarbons
4. Southern State where SEZ to be set up.

E
5. Senior bureaucrats and Politicians of different Ministries.
6. Society at large.

N 71
 S
(a) Based on above facts, Ethical issues involved in re-
appropriation of funds from a welfare project to the development

I A
projects.

T
• Ethical Issues

X
• Business Environment Vs Budget guidelines.

E
• Public Accountability Vs International Ethics
(Commitment)

N
• Infrastructure Development Project Vs Welfare Project.

72
 A S
I
• Rights based Approach Vs administrative discretion

T
• Policy dilemma to prioritize Welfare or Development.

X
• Energy Security Vs Basic Amenities.
• This is classic dilemma between Welfare and Growth. It was

E
believed that Development would lead to trickle down effect on
poor and weaker section of society, which did not happen.

N
• Hence, there was need to have separate welfare program for the
weaker section of society to ensure sustainable and inclusive
growth.

73
 S
• In the above case, there were issue associate with re-

A
appropriation of fund meant for NHS to development of

I
Special Economic zone in southern state for export
promotion and PSU led National gas processing plant for

T
regional gas grid to ensure national energy security by an
MNC.

X
• SEZ and Gas grid may be important from economic

E
growth perspective but often the interest of the poor gets
ignored. NHS is essential aspect of equity and meaning

N
distribution of welfare benefits to every section of society.
Thus, a balance between equity and economic growth
must be best way forward.

74
 S
(B) Based on above discussion, Various Options
available to Rajesh Kumar are
• Resign from Job

I A
T
• This will ensure that easier way out to problem encountering Rajesh
Kumar. But again, it would be akin to Escapist tendency where

X
Rajesh Kumar could be seen as running away from the responsibility.
An honest and forthright public servant is expecting to handle the

E
situation to the best of their capabilities and take decision as per

N
their merit. Hence, this option would be least preferable.

75
 A S
I
• Divert the Fund

T
• This will ensure that both SEZ Project and Natural Gas processing
Plant would have sufficient funds to initiate their process. However,

X
after re-appropriation or Diversion of Fund demanded, ie 6000 Cr,
only 1525 Cr would be left for NHS, which is way too insufficient for its

E
implementation. It was observed that Poor and Marginalized are

N
often overlooked in Development process and this action would
strengthen this view point. Hence, this options too is not preferable.

76
 S
• Do not divert the Fund.

I A
• By not diverting it, NHS scheme would be implemented in
the way it was planned and Poor would get their own

T
housing accommodation. It also saves the government
face in parliament. However, it will lead to default in

X
payment to M/s XYZ for Natural gas processing plant that
would dent Country’s international reputation. Likewise,

E
the SEZ Project land acquisition process would further get
delayed. Hence, this options too is not preferable.

N 77
 A S
I
• Balancing the reappropriation of fund.

T
• Here, the budget reappropriation is done in a way that payment of
first tranche to M/s XYZ made on time along with some funds for SEZ

X
Project to ensure its kick start. However, majority of fund, that was
allotted for NHS scheme should be there with clause of release of

E
funds in phased manner with progress of Housing Construction to

N
ensure houses for needy one build on time.

78
 A S
I
• In this case, the best course of action would be to balance
between economic growth initiative under SEZ and National Grid

T
project with people’s rights and welfare.
• It could be done with the help of better resource and budget

X
management ensuring allocation based on Outcome based
budgeting principles.

E
• Hence 4th Options would be most appropriate.

N 79
 A S
THANKT I
YOU!
E X
N 80
 A S
I
Ethics, Integrity &

X T
Aptitude

E
General studies 4

N BY RAJKUMAR RAI

1
 A S
I
• PRACTICE CASE STUDY
• You are a senior tax officer and have decided to raid the business

T
and residential premises of two firms. One of the business firm is
owned by son of a powerful ruling party minister. There is pressure

X
on you to go soft on the firm that has political connections. You had
informally solicited the advice of a senior officer who suggested that

E
you should be soft in the instant case(Political firm). However you
have decided to go ahead completely neutral, methodical and

N
objectively.

2
 A S
I
• (a) What steps do you propose to take before organizing raid?
• (b) What will be your briefing to the members of your team?

T
• (c ) What measures you propose to take so that the raid succeeds

X
without any controversy?

N E
3
 A S
• Organizing raid particularly in official and residential

I
premises require certain pre-cautions which should be
taken well in advance like gather reliable information,
selecting suitable personnel for organizing raid.

T
• Taking help of district administration for security etc and

X
maintain confidentiality of operation.
• Now the instant raid that has to be organized, involved 2

E
firms, one owned by son of political figure and hence
some additional preparation will be required in order to

N
ensure that entire operation ends without controversy.

4
 S
• (a) Steps to take before organizing raid
• Very detailed facts and record should be collected

I A
including legal documents like warrants etc.
• Make a team of credible officials and security personnel
as well. Have some lady personnel (police and

T
constable) as well.

X
• Time- Tell the place of raid only when assemble to raid
(early morning 4-4.30 AM).

E
• Everybody should be disconnected (take their mobiles)
• Independent witness is required (so that they do not

N
blame false accusation later on) and also for objectivity.
• Ready with all raiding kits.

5
 S
• (b) Briefing to the members of team

A
• (i) Break you team in 2-3 or more groups, depending on

I
places of raid, headed by group leader.
• (ii) Need not to be provocative, be polite (especially with

T
female members).
• (iii) Despite of provocation from the occupants, utmost

X
restraint to be adopted.
• (iv) Documents- a copy should be given to occupants if

E
you have seized things (by listing them in receipt)

N
• (v) only one person or two will be authorized to speak to
media and with guarded words.

6
 A S
• (C ) Measures to follow for successful raid without any

I
controversy
• (i) Raid should be effective based on facts, documents,
intelligence, should be very specific and not taken out of

T
revenge.

X
• (ii) Chance of alluding of Lower functionary in exchange
of favors would be possible, so should take extra care

E
and it must be avoided.
• (iii) Water tight case- All proofs and documents collected

N
and succeed in getting some punished.

7
 A S
I
• Your response and actions in a court should be in highly professional
way so that guilty people do not escape from ambit of law.

T
• Senior officer must display enough courage, to prevent influence of
politician.

E X
• In this manner, a raid is to be conducted in thorough professional
and objective manner.

N 8
 A S
I
Public/civil service values

T
and ethics in public

X
administration: status and

E
problems

N 9
 S
Public service values

I A
• Public service values are a set of principles that a public
service agency should adhere to in discharging duties.

X T
N E
10
 S
Importance of ethics in public

A
administration

I
T
● It provides accountability between the public
and administration.

X
Creates standard of professionalism that co-

E
●

workers can expect.

N
● Timely and informative communication with the
community.

11
 S
American Society of Public

A
Administration (ASPA) laid down code of

I
ethics for public servants

T
● Public servants should put public interest above

X
self interest, oppose discrimination.
They should recognize public’s right to know,

E
●

involve citizen in decision making policy.

N
● Respect constitution and laws, promote
constitutional principles.

12
 A S
I
• They should perform duties honestly, without favouritism.

T
• They should make effort to strengthen organizational
capabilities.

X
• They should strive for professional excellence.

N E
13
 S
Status of Public Service Values

I A
• It refers to relevance of public service values in current scenario.
It involve three items:

T
1. Traditional values that are still relevant to the present day
public service.

X
2. Traditional values that have lost relevance to present day

E
public service.
3. New values that are gaining currency in present day

N
public service.

14
 S
Traditional values that are still relevant

IA
● Honesty
Impartiality

T
●

● Objectivity

X
● Non-partisanship

E
● Dedication
Legality

N
●

● Empathy

15
Values that have lost relevance

A S
I
T
1. Procedural correctness:

X
• Due to change in circumstances , the procedures laid
down earlier become irrelevant and thus are updated..

E
Eg. Autopsy rule says that it should not be done after sun
set since electricity was not present in previous time.

N
• Though one should deviate from procedures only when in
public interest and backed by logic.

16
 A S
I
2. Hierarchy: Higher the levels, slow down the decision making,
responsiveness and efficiency. Thus now flatter organizations

T
with short reporting structures.

X
3. Secrecy: RTI; Pro active disclosures by government has
brought transparency into foray.

E
4. Centralization and Monopoly: New age public service
demands decentralization; “citizen’s service centre”, thus

N
government power is distributed across agencies.

17
 S
New values that are gaining ground

1.

I A
Flexibility: Freedom to adopt any means for service of public

T
with in a broad framework. E.g. if in a job, minimum height is
165cm and in a tribal area the tallest one is 162cm, so civil

X
servant can write to make an exception.
2. Innovation: To deliver public service in a better, hassle free

E
manner, quick grievance redressal. Some innovation can be
in mode of public service delivery- minimal efforts for citizens,

N
minimum interface with government. E.g. Aadhaar enabled
Public Distribution System (AePDS).

18
 A S
I
• Risk taking: Because of new issues arising in the present,
which demand to take risk.

T
• Efficiency and effectiveness: Efficiency is more output per

X
unit of input. It deals with quantity. Effectiveness is producing
quality output. It deals with quality. Both can be ensured by

E
timely delivery of service, quality service with minimal
resources.

N 19
 A S
I
• Team Spirit: Useful in conducting many events like
conferences, fest, sports meet etc.

T
• Competition: example by awarding district based on

X
performances like Swachh Sarvekshan Survey etc.

N E
20
 S
Factors that necessitated these

A
changes in values
1.

I
Shift in role of public servant from regulator to facilitator and

T
thus emergence of flexibility, multi tasking etc.

X
2. Shift in the role of government from regulation (only
monitoring) to development (service provisioning with the

E
welfare).
3. Due to infusion of technology, there is a need of cyber and

N
technology experts, thus specialization, technology
interface type values emerge.

21
 A S
I
• Information Technology: IT has given rise to
innovation, transparency, efficiency etc.

X T
New Public Management(NPM): Performance linked

E
rewards, citizen- centric, innovation, team work,
capitalism, market, merit

N 22
 S
PRACTICE CASE STUDY

I A
A Senior administrative officer recently joined an organization. His
nature is of short tempered, threaten his subordinates with suspension

T
on even petty matters. You are the next senior officer in the
organization and very popular there. Everyone hopes that you will

X
take initiative to cool down the office head.
(A)What are the options available to you?

E
(B) Evaluate options and which one you would accept?

N 23
 A S
I
• Given that

T
(a)Newly joined Senior Officer is short tempered, not liked by
subordinates.

X
(b)Being next to senior officer, Subordinate hope that I will ensure to

E
cool down Senior Officer approach.

N 24
 A S
I
• Stakeholder involves

T
(a)Senior officer.

X
(b) I, as next senior officer in organization.
(c)Colleague and subordinate in office.

N E
25
 A S
I
• Ethical issues involved

T
(a)Declining morale of workforce

X
(b)Subordinate trust and confidence in senior officer to them.
(c)Ensuring balanced working atmosphere without troubling any

E
employee.

N
(d)Organizational code of conduct.

26
 A S
I
• Available Options with reasons

T
1. Form a small delegation and convey politely to senior officer about
shortcoming in approach dealing with subordinate and its impact.

X
• Merit- Senior officer might relook his behavior/approach.

E
• Demerit- It might antagonize the senior officer.

N 27
 A S
I
2. Work for an informal gathering where you share lighter moments
and can say about concern of staff in between politely.

T
• Merit- It will give opportunity to senior officer to explain his view

X
point.

E
• Demerit- It might affect my personal rapport with officer and he
might also not take this whole thing seriously.

N 28
 A S
I
3. I can talk to his family members/ spouse.

T
• Merit-Better impact if suggestion comes from family thus
harmonious relationship with officer maintained, confidence of

X
workforce maintained.

E
• Demerit- Sr. Officer might get angry on knowing that office related
things have reached his home.

N 29
 A S
4. I can approach subordinate and persuade them about senior

I
officer who only threaten under his own pressure of work and to
ensure discipline and not his intentional behavior.

T
• Merit- Subordinate might understand his commitment to work and

X
this might improve his impression about subordinate. To avert his
behavior, subordinate might ensure proper disciplined and

E
efficient work.

N
• Demerit- Senior official might never get to know the underlying
tension in office due to his behavior.

30
 A S
I
• “Self- awareness” is important for a leader, by not
providing him the feedback/feeling of subordinates; he

T
might actually never learn it and continue to do so.

X
• Trust and confidence of subordinates might be subdued in
me, if I don’t talk directly to superior.

N E
31
 A S
THANKT I
YOU!
E X
N 32
 I A
Ethics, Integrity
S
&

X T
Aptitude

N E General studies 4

BY RAJKUMAR RAI

1
 S
PRACTICE CASE STUDY

I A
• Q. Suppose you are a senior civil servant known for integrity and
professionalism, heading an investigation related to a major scam.

T
• While investigating, you come to know that one of the members of
the investigating team has been leaking information to some of

X
the accused as well as to the head of the investigating body.

E
• The leakage of the information is seriously affecting the
confidentiality and credibility of the investigation.

N
• It has also happened in past investigations which have affected
convictions in the courts and people’s faith in the body.

2
 I A S
• a) Suppose you are the head of the investigating team

T
then what should be your immediate priorities and why?

X
• b) What steps will you suggest so that the credibility and
professionalism of the investigating body are restored?

N E
3
ETHICAL PREMISES/DECISION PREMISES
● Ethics in governance

I A S
T
● Values such as integrity, confidentiality and accountability.

X
● Bureaucratic ethos such as hierarchy, neutrality

E
• Honesty and integrity

N
• As the investigation is being done in a major scam, the information
should be maintained confidential till the charge-sheet is filed and
the accused are convicted.

4
As the head of the investigating team following should be

S
the immediate priorities:

A
IMMEDIATE PRIORITIES REASONS

I
1. Knowing who is leaking ● Information needs to be kept
information and removing him confidential as many times

T
from the team : (Technique to due to leakage of
find: Each member of the team information, prosecution is not

X
can be given some sensitive fake able to provide facts to

E
information about the scam convict the criminals. E.g., 2G
individually asking them to keep it scam, Arushi Talwar case

N
confidential from other members.
When you come to know about it
from the head of the agency
then from that information you
can identify and replace him
from the team).
5
2. Report can be prepared ● As a head of investigating

S
after the investigation is teams, one cannot take

A
complete, mentioning the role any action against the

I
and interference of the head head of agency.
of the agency in the ● Also, the priority here is

T
investigation team. that the information of the

X
investigation should not be
leaked.

E
3. Applying formal and It will help in checking any

N
informal ways to ensure that further damage
no further leakage of
information takes place
4. Ensuring suitable disciplinary This will set example for
action against the culprit others
6
(b)Suggestions to restore credibility and

S
professionalism of investing body:

I A
● Selection/recruitment process: There should be a standardized,
objective process to select officers of investigating agencies given

T
the sensitive and important nature of work done by the agency.

X
There should be an integrity pact from the officers.

E
● Appointment of head of agency: There should be independent and
transparent mechanism of appointment to head of such

N
investigation agency. E.g., appointment to head of CBI and CVC.

7
 I A S
• Internal Complaint Mechanism: When an officer comes to know
about the wrong behavior and actions by seniors, they should be

T
able to complain about it. E.g., Lokpal and Lokayukta, CVC can be
made such agencies responsible to receive such complaints.

X
• Increasing accountability: Investigation agency should be made

E
more accountable. There should be an audit of the investigation
done and whether it has resulted in conviction of offenders (At

N
present only 47% convictions).

8
 I A S
• Training: Officers should be given professional training and increase
their skills and sensitive training to improve their soft skills as many

T
times investigating agencies need to behave in a soft manner.

X
• Conclusion: Justice system works on evidence. Evidence is collected

E
by investigating agencies. If these agencies are not impartial,
objective and do not have integrity then justice will suffer. It will also

N
affect trust of people in government and administration as
upholders of the rule of law.

9
 S
PRACTICE CASE STUDY

A
• Q. Migrant workers have always remained at the

I
socio-economic margins of our society, silently
serving as the instrumental labour force of urban

T
economics. The pandemic has brought them into
national focus.

X
• On announcement of a countrywide lockdown, a
very large number of migrant workers decided to

E
move back from their places of employment to their

N
native villages. The non-availability of transport
created its own problems. Added to this was the fear
of starvation and inconvenience to their families. This
caused, the migrant workers to demand wages and
transport facilities for returning to their villages.

10
• Their mental agony was accentuated by multiple

S
factors such as a sudden loss of livelihood, possibility

A
of lack of food and inability to assist in harvesting

I
their rabi crop due to not being able to reach home
in time. Reports of inadequate response of some

T
districts in providing the essential boarding and
lodging arrangements along the way multiplied their

X
fears.

E
• You have learnt many lessons from this situation

N
when you were tasked to oversee the functioning of
the District Disaster Relief Force in your district.

11
 I A S
• (A) In your opinion what ethical issues arose in the current
migrant crisis?

T
• (B) What do you understand by an ethical care giving

X
state?

E
• (C) What assistance can the civil society render to
mitigate the sufferings of migrants in similar situations?(250

N
words)

12
 S
• Given that

A
 Due to lockdown, large number of migrant labour

I
decided to move to native village
 Non availability of transport, hunger and

T
inconvenience to family makes them mentally

X
stressed and force them to demand wage and

E
transport facilities.
 Lackadaisical response of some district authority

N
multiplied their fear.
 You were tasked to oversee functioning of District
Disaster Relief Force in your district.

13
 S
• (A) Ethical Issue due to Current Migrant Crisis are:-
• Right to health and dignified life

I A
T
• Food and Job Security

X
• Unorganized Sector worker and their uncertain nature of

E
work.
• Non availability of transport facility and no immediate

N
government assurance.

14
 I A S
• Public service Value like Dedication to public service,
Empathy and Compassion to weaker section.

T
• Emotional Intelligence and attitude toward Problem

X
solving.

E
• Duty of State and its agencies to provide adequate,
prompt services toward need of migrant workers.

N 15
 I A S
• (B) An ethical care giving state is based on idea of the ethics of
care that holds that moral action depends on interpersonal

T
relationships and consider care or benevolence as a virtue.

X
• While consequentialist and deontological ethical theories
emphasize generalizable standards and impartiality, ethics of care

E
emphasize the importance of response to the individual.

N 16
 S
• In present pandemics time, we may face a genuine
caregiving crisis-with more needy individuals and fewer

I A
available caregivers, with growing costs of long-term care
and fewer workers to support social programs.

T
• In this situation, role of Ethical Care giving State is important.

X
India is welfare state, whose ideals are embodied upon rights
and entitlement provided to all its citizens.

E
• Indian constitution promises social justice, equality and

N
fraternity. Hence, in this difficult times, India with Union and
States government took various initiative for welfare of
Migrant workers like

17
 I A S
 Use of National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) for providing food
and shelter to the migrants.

T
 The government issued sweeping orders directing that the landlords

X
should not demand rent during the period of the lockdown and

E
that employers should pay wages without deduction
 The government announced the National Migrant Information

N
System (NMIS), an online database to help streamline the
movement of the migrant workers.

18
 S
 State governments set up thousands of camps to

I A
house lakhs of migrants and stop the exodus.
 The central government permitted the Indian

T
Railways to launch "Shramik Special" trains for the

X
migrant workers and others stranded.

E
 Various Direct cash transfers and steps to ensure

N
food security
 Garib Kalyan Rozgar Abhiyan

19
 S
• (C )Role of the civil society render to mitigate the
sufferings of migrants in similar situations were

I A
important. They can support in

T
1. Boarding and lodging

X
2. Food and Transport

E
3. Mask, Sanitizer and PPE kit to needy people.
Raising voice for the voiceless people including

N
4.

Differently abled, LGBTQ, migrant labor, sex workers,

Poor etc
5. Rescue and relief to people who need support
20
 S
• Various examples of help provided by Civil Society
Organization during COVID-19 pandemic were

I A
observed like:-

T
 The Rotary Club of Mumbai alone has served over
60 lakh hot meals and food kits across Mumbai,

X
Thane and Palghar, distributed through partner

E
NGOs.

N
 Non-profit Youth for Unity and Voluntary Action
(YUVA) distributed 8 lakh cooked meals to frontline
workers, migrant workers and Bhiwandi’s power
loom workers.
21
 I A S
 Ankuram, a Hyderabad-based NGO, spotted migrants

T
and persuaded them to their shelter, where they were
offered food and water.

X
 Goonj organisation has delivered 8 lakh kg of ration and

E
provided 1.4 lakh meals.

N 22
 I A S
• Migrant workers are silent contributor to urban economy. They are
neither identified, nor appreciated.

T
• Despite widespread public empathy for migrant workers, their social

X
marginalisation in the cities is a direct result of their inability to
pervade public consciousness as equal citizens, but merely as the

E
“commodity of labour”.
• The migrant labour crisis due to Covid Pandemic raise the need to

N
have more inclusive urban policies that recognise and include
migrants.

23
AccountabilityA
I S
and
T
Ethical Governance
X
N E
24
 Accountability
●

I A S
It is answerability of officials for their decisions
and actions.

T
It is liability to give a satisfactory account of the

X
●

exercise of the power of discretion vested in

E
some authority to which it is due.

N 25
Accountability different from
responsibility

I A S
Responsibility is public servant’s responsiveness

T
●

to the public.

X
● It can be shared while accountability cannot.

E
● It can be before and/or after a task while

N
accountability comes after a task.

26
Five dimensions in concept of
accountability
● Legal: Rule of law

I A S
T
● Fiscal: Use of public funds

X
● Policy and performance: meeting goals

E
● Democratic: informing and consulting legislators
and citizens.
●

N
Ethical dimension: behaving in accordance with
code of ethics or general moral standards.

27
Why accountability is needed?
●

I A S
It makes a person careful in deciding/acting,
hence improve quality of decision.

T
● It discourages bad and inefficient work.

X
● Brings order to any organisation’s functioning

E
because it establishes clear relationship between
“act and actor” otherwise, every activity become

N
responsibility of everyone and thus leads to chaos.
● Reduces corruption and financial malpractices.

28
Ethical governance
●

I A S
It is defined as the manner in which power is
exercised in management of country’s social

T
and economic resource for development.

X
● Ethical Governance requires that public

E
officials adhere to high moral standards while
serving others and promote good.

N 29
Relationship between accountability

S
and ethical governance

I A
● Accountability promotes ethical governance.
With regard to ethical governance, accountability

T
●

manifests in following ways:

X
1. Accountability of public representatives to people.

E
● Conduct of free and fair elections.

N
● Right to reject and recall in some democracies.
● Public disclosure of assets and liabilities by
representatives.

30
 S
2. Accountability of government servants to people.

A
• RTI Act

I
• anti- corruption ombudsman (lokpal, lokayukta,
CVC).

T
• Public disclosure of assets.

X
3. Accountability of executive to legislature.

E
• Parliamentary standing committee (PAC, Estimates
committee)

N
• Parliamentary questions
• No – confidence motion

31
Relationship between accountability

S
and ethical governance
4.

I A
Internal accountability of government servant to their

T
high ups.
• Calling for reports

X
• Disciplinary powers

E
• Regulators and auditors- CAG,CVC,CBI,CIC.

N 32
Modern accountability mechanism
● Whatsapp, telegram etc.

I A S
T
● Government functionaries are asked to upload
photo of their work: real time monitoring.

E X
N 33
 I A S
Ethical concerns and dilemmas

T
in government institutions

X
N E
34
Ethical concerns in government

S
organisation
●

I A
Asymmetric distribution and abuse of power.

T
● Lack of responsibility and accountability.

X
● Lack of integrity.

E
● Lack of proper protection to whistle-blowers.

N
● Political interference an cronyism.

35
 I A S
• Lack of commitment, excellence, responsiveness.

T
• Corruption.

X
• Lack of compassion, attitude of arrogance and
indifference.

E
• Administrative secrecy.

N
• Nepotism.

36
 S
Ethical concern in private institutions

I A
Responsibility and accountability towards

T


stakeholders- customers, employee, manager,

X
shareholder, society.

E
 Transparency and disclosure of information.

N
 Integrity, loyalty and honesty, commitment
towards goal of organisation.

37
 I A S
• Statutory and legal obedience to various
laws.

X
• Responsiveness.
T
E
• Quality of product and services.

N
• Excellence.
• Fair working conditions.

38
Ethical Dilemma
●

I A S
Ethical dilemmas are situations in which there is
a choice to be made between two options,

T
neither of which resolves the situation in morally

X
satisfactory manner.

E
● An ethical dilemma ascends from a situation
that necessitates a choice between conflicting

N
sets of principles.

39
 Types of Ethical Dilemmas
●

I A S
Personal Cost Ethical Dilemmas: It rises from situations in which
compliance with ethical conduct results in a substantial

T
personal cost to the decision maker in a problematic situation.

X
● Right-versus-Right Ethical Dilemmas: It arises from situations of

E
two or more conflicting sets of bonafide moral values.

N
● Conjoint Ethical Dilemmas: It develops when a careful
decision-maker is exposed to an amalgamation of the above-
indicated ethical dilemmas in searching for the “right-thing-to
do".

40
Some dilemmas

I A
your family, friends? vote biased against
proposal of a colleague who was your S
1. Dilemma involving fairness: are you favouring

T
opponent? What is fair in labour negotiation

X
with public employees?

E
2. Dilemma involving personal and public interest:

N
– conflict of your duty of loyalty with personal interest.
– Duty to family that may affect decision making.
– Use of public resources for personal purposes?

41
 I A S
3. Should one actively engage in pressure group
acting because one sympathizes with their

T
views.

X
4. Administrative secrecy

E
5. Information leaks

N
6. Corruption
7. Public accountability

42
Ethical dilemma in private institution:
• Profit Vs social responsibility.

I A S
T
• Profit Vs employee welfare.

X
• Automation Vs employment.

E
• Promoters Vs shareholders.

N 43
 S
Resolving ethical dilemma

I A
● Following course of action should be taken by
a public servant in resolving dilemma:

T
constitutional/legal validity and consistency with

X
rule of law.

E
– Analysing correctness of actions.
– Analysing consequences of actions.

N
– Validating with organizational goals and code of
conduct.
– Can it be justified?

44
 I A S
Strengthening of ethical
and moral values in

T
Governance

X
N E
45
 S
Ethics in
Politics

I A
T
Ethics in
Ethics in
Political

X
Executive Legislature
Ethics in

E
Governance

N Ethics in
Permanent
Executive
Ethics in
Independent
Regulators

46
Strengthening Ethics in politics

I A
• Auditing accounts of political parties.
S
T
• Internal democracy in parties should be present.
• Periodic public disclosure of education, criminal history of

X
party members.

E
• Bringing parties under RTI.

N
• Instill ethics in members by display of tenets of ethics on
party offices.

47
Strengthening ethics in legislature
• Not to use foul language.

I A S
T
• Parliamentary privileges must be revisited.
• Criminal and court cases must be expedited against

X
legislators.

E
• Defection of legislators to other parties should be
checked.

N
• There should be a separate bench to hear election
offences petitions.

48
Strengthening ethics in political

S
executive

I A
• Immersion programs should be conducted to inculcate
values and morals.

T
• Cases of corruption, criminal charges should be

X
investigated by an independent body.

E
• Mandatory periodic reshuffling of portfolios.
• 360 degree review of ministers as well involving ethical

N
conduct component.

49
Strengthening ethics in permanent

S
executive

I A
• Appointment should be merit based in accordance with
the constitutional provision of reservation.

T
• Training facilities for upgradation of their skills for ethical

X
analysis and moral reasoning. “Ethics in governance”
courses as part of induction program.

E
• Public servants should know their ‘right’ and ‘obligation’

N
when exposing wrong doings. (whistleblowers case)
• Government servant must be made to sign an Integrity
Pact while giving contract to an outside party.

50
 I A S
• Automation in processes of governance, public
disclosure will reduce opaqueness.

T
• Senior public servants as role models, consistent
leadership.

X
• There should be clear guidelines for interaction

E
between public and private sector.

N
• Grievance redressal mechanisms to be
strengthened, call centers to be set up.

51
Strengthening ethics in independent

S
regulators

I A
• They should not have conflict of interest in the activity they
are regulating.

T
• Selection mechanism should be transparent.

X
• Regulation and procedures should be crisp, specific and

E
automated.
• Avoid post- retirement postings.

N 52
 S
PRACTICE CASE STUDY

A
• Q. The Chairman of Bharat Missiles Ltd (BML) was watching a

I
program on TV wherein the Prime Minister was addressing the
nation on the necessity of developing a self-reliant India. He

T
subconsciously nodded in agreement and smiled to himself
as he mentally reviewed BML’s journey in the past two

X
decades.

E
• BML had admirably progressed from producing first
generation anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs) to designing

N
and producing state of the art ATGM weapon systems that
would be the envy of any army. He sighed in reconciliation
with his assumptions that the government would probably not
alter the status quo of a ban on export of military weaponry.

53
 S
• To his surprise, the very next day he got a telephone call from
the Director General, Ministry of Defence, asking him to

A
discuss the modalities of increasing BML production of ATGMs

I
as there is a probability of exporting the same to a friendly
foreign country. The Director General wanted the Chairman to

T
discuss the details with his staff at Delhi next week.

X
• Two days later, at a press conference, the Defence Minister
stated that he aims to double the current weapons export

E
levels within five years. This would give an impetus to
financing the development and manufacturing of indigenous

N
weapons in the country. He also stated that all indigenous
arms manufacturing nations have a very good record of the
international arms trade.

54
 I A S
• As the Chairman of BML, what are your views on the following
points?

T
• (a) As an arms exporter of a responsible nation like India, what are

X
the ethical issues involved in arms trade?
• (b) List five ethical factors that would influence the decision to sell

E
arms to foreign governments.(250 words)

N 55
 S
• Given that: -

I A
 Chairman of BML, who believed Country would not
export its state of art ATGM weapons.

T
 Later, he gets to know about intention of

X
government to export ATGM to friendly country and

E
double the weapons export within next 5 years.
 Impetus and boost to indigenous defense

N
manufacturing and arms export.

56
• Stakeholders

I
1. Chairman of BML and its employee

A S
T
2. Government
3. Foreign government

X
4. Society at large

N E
57
 S
• Ethical Issue involve arms trade for responsible nation like India,

I A
1. Ensure protection of exported arms misuse.
2. Global disarmament movement

T
3. Promote arms proliferation

X
4. National and International peace and stability

E
5. Should not initiate Arms race

N
6. International ethics especially Human Rights
7. Economic benefits to India

58
 S
• Ethical Factors that influence the decision to sell arms to

A
foreign governments.

I
1. India’s National Interest

T
2. India’s Policy toward foreign government and their legitimate

X
need.

E
3. It should be at par with International regulations
4. Combating regional and international terrorism and

N
organized crime.
5. Foreign government guarantees protection against its
misuse.

59
 S
• India seeks to boost its arm export to reduce its

I A
dependence from other countries and becoming self-
reliance its defense need.

T
• At the same time, as a responsible country, India would
never engage into unethical arms trade with foreign

X
government having dubious human right records, violators

E
of international norms and poor track record in arms
proliferation.

N 60
 I
THANK YOU!A S
X T
N E
61
 I A S
T
Ethics, Integrity &

E X
Aptitude

N
General studies 4

BY RAJKUMAR RAI

1
 S
• PRACTICE CASE STUDY

A
• Q. Rampura, a remote district inhabited by a tribal population, is marked

I
by extreme backwardness and abject poverty.

T
• Agriculture is the mainstay of the local population, though it is primarily
subsistence due to the very small landholdings.

X
• There is insignificant industrial or mining activity. Even the targeted

E
welfare programs have inadequately benefited the tribal population.

N 2
 I A S
• In this restrictive scenario, the youth has begun to migrate to other states to
supplement the family income. Plight of minor girls is that their parents are

T
persuaded by labour contractors to send them to work in the Bt Cotton farms of
a nearby state.

X
• The soft fingers of the minor girls are well suited for plucking the cotton.

E
• The inadequate living and working conditions in these farms have caused
serious health issues for the minor girls.

N 3
• NGOs in the districts of domicile and the cotton farms appear to be

S
compromised and have not effectively espoused the twin issues of child

A
labour and development of the area.

I
• You are appointed as the District Collector of Rampura. Identify the

T
ethical issues involved.

X
• Which specific steps will you initiate to ameliorate the conditions of

E
minor girls of your district and to improve the over-all economic scenario
in the district? (250 words)

N 4
 S
• Given that

A
• Rampura is remote district, backward with tribal population, poverty and

I
subsistent agriculture.

T
• Insignificant industries, inadequate targeted welfare programs result in

X
distress migration of youth including minor girl to work in Bt cotton farm.

• Poor working conditions affect health of minor girls.

E
• NGOs ineffective towards the twin problem- Child labour and Area

N
development.

• I am the District collector

5
• Stakeholders

I A S
T
• I, as District Collector

X
• Local Population of Rampura including youth and minor girls.

E
• Labour Contractor

N
• Local NGOs

6
 S
• Ethical Issues

I A
• Child Labour

T
• Corruption

X
• Neglect of the regions developments

E
• Livelihood of people of Rampura

N
• Exploitation of labour

• Health of Minor Girl

7
 S
• Steps to ameliorate the conditions of minor girls

A
• Strictly implementing Child labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act.

I
• Providing Livelihood opportunities under various government initiative like

T
MNREGA, MUDRA yojna etc

X
• Rehabilitation of Minor Girl child under UJJAWALA Scheme

E
• Education of minor girl child

N
• Vocational and skill development for Minor girl child.

• Nutritional and health care to minor girl Child under POSHAN Abhiyaan.

8
 I A S
• Steps to improve the over-all economic scenario in the district

T
• Promotion of developmental programs in Rampura

X
• Tribal Welfare Schemes Implementation

E
• Agro-based, small scale industries that provides employment to local population.

N
• Skill development under PMKVY.

9
 A S
• Agriculture development,

I
• Promotion of Tribal products under TRIFED

T
• NGO regulation and its funding based on its work.

X
• Gather support from Local MLAs, MPs of region for more funding support under

E
MP LAD, MLA LAD schemes.

N
• In this way, it will ensure that problems of Rampura is resolved and it moved to
faster, sustainable and inclusive growth.

10
 S
Corporate Governance: Definition

I A
• Corporate governance imply method and processes that steer a
business corporation in a direction in such a way that interest of all

T
the stakeholders( shareholders/ creditors/ lenders/ suppliers/

X
employees/ government customers/ public at large) are not
compromised by the management.

N E
11
Shareholders

A S
• Some activities which might hurt the interest of share holders are:

I
a. Insider trading: trading stocks for a price sensitive information.
b. A decision which might benefit few and are detriment to the others.

T
c. Giving reduced returns to share holders.

X
d. Booking more personal expenditure in terms of perks so that profits
come down.

E
e. Doctoring account to hide profits.
f. Misappropriation of funds.

N 12
 S
Shareholders

I A
• Corporate governance in terms of shareholders can be achieved
by:

T
a. Having independent members in board.
b. Third party independent auditor to audit finances.

X
c. Periodically changing the auditors.

E
d. Disclosure of statements on websites, transparency.

N
e. Conduct Annual General Body meetings.

13
 S
Government

A
• Corporate governance can be ensured here in following ways:

I
a. Clear laws with due consultation between all stakeholders.
b. Strict punishment for violation.

T
c. Strong enforcement.

X
d. Considering ecological norms, fire safety norms, town

E
planning norms, labor norms etc.
e. To avert tax evasion.

N 14
 S
Public

I A
• Every action of a business affects society at large. Corporate governance with
respect to public/society can be ensured by:

T
a. Consideration towards environment( waste management, go- green

X
initiatives).
b. Reserving profit portion for CSR.

E
c. Non- hoarding of essential commodities.

N 15
 S
Principles of corporate governance

I A
X T
N E
16
 I A S
T
Citizen Charter
X
N E
17
 S
Definition

I A
• Citizen Charter refers to written commitment of the government to
citizens about the quality of public service delivery.

T
• The concept of Citizens' Charter enshrines the trust between the

X
service provider and its users.

N E
18
 I A S
• Citizens' Charters initiative is a response to the quest for solving the problems
which a citizen encounters, day in and day out, while dealing with the

T
organizations providing public services.

E X
N 19
Six principles of the Citizens Charter

S
movement:

I A
1. Quality: Improving the quality of services.

T
2. Choice: Wherever possible

X
3. Standards: Specify what to expect and how to act if standards are
not met

E
4. Value: For the taxpayer’s money

N
5. Accountability: Individuals and Organisations
6. Transparency: Rules/Procedures/Schemes/
Grievances.

20
A comprehensive Citizen Charter should cover

S
following points:

I A
• Clear statement of vision of the organization which reflects objective of an
organization and manner in which it tends to seek it.

T
• Mission statement: specific objectives which propel organization in tune with

X
vision.
• Clearly specify services provided by the organization and briefly about

E
description/details of business transacted by organization.

N
• Time limit for service delivery.

21
 S
• Identification of various levels providing specific services, allocation of
responsibilities and authorities.

I A
• Clearly mention client group/stakeholders/ users.
• Specification of service quality standards.

T
• Specification of service delivery standards sch as timeliness, accuracy,
reliability, affordability, responsiveness, fairness, sensitivity, courtesy.

X
• Providing information about Grievance Redressal Mechanism) if service

E
not delivered.
• Information about time frame for public grievance redressal.

N 22
 S
Benefits of Citizen Charter:

I A
• It act as a guide for citizens to hold employees accountable for not delivering
service and thus improved service delivery.

T
• Greater responsiveness of officials towards public.

X
• Greater public satisfaction with the services.

E
• Improved quality of service, since delivery in less time and with less hassles to the
citizens.

N 23
 I A S
• In presence of citizen charter, bribe cannot be demanded very easily, so curb
corruption.

T
• Citizen charter act as a yardstick to assess an organization's performance to

X
evaluate employees as well.
• Better organization management: Peter Drucker once said, “You cannot manage

E
what you cannot measure.”

N 24
 S
Key points for an Ideal Citizen Charter

I A
• It should be concrete and specific rather than abstract expressions. Eg.
“Organization shall strive to deliver service as early as possible”, in place of this it

T
should provide exact time frame.

X
• It should lay down services offered in measurable (quantitative terms) e.g. how
much(Jal board shall provide 30lpcd water with 3mg sodium), in how much time

E
it will be delivered: how much compensation, if not given(if water supply not
restored in 3 days, 40 rupees fine per day).

N 25
 S
• It should be realistic, deliverable practically. If ambitious commitments

I A
made and are not delivered, then organization may loose its credibility.
• Resource availability should be taken into consideration while committing
time.

T
• Provision for compensation (It can be deducted from the salary of the

X
person who did not deliver the service).

E
• For a realistic citizen charter, front line functionaries should be
consulted.(e.g. Patwari works on the ground foot).

N 26
Process reengineering to precede citizen

S
charter.

I A
• Process reengineering refers to changing existing workflows in a way that time
and effort for outcome is minimized.

T
• Objective of citizen charter is to provide best quality service to the public, so

X
irrelevant steps could be removed.

N E
27
Duties of a civil servant with regard to citizen

S
charter

I A
• Carry out the process reengineering to remove unwanted steps, simplify
procedure.

T
• Formulate realistic, measurable concrete citizen charter after consultation with

X
stakeholders.
• Provide for compensation, if service remain undelivered.

E
• Create awareness about citizen charter.

N
• Ensure it is displayed at all government offices.

28
 S
• A robust Grievance Redressal Mechanism( toll free number for registering
complaint, a counter, account on social media etc.)

I A
• Setting up a monitoring system. E.g. Andhra Pradesh citizens apply for
services through “Mee- Seva” portal and portal shows the services

T
pending with each government functionary.
• Rewards who perform well.

X
• Punish the ones who did not perform well.

E
• Consider the special needs of physically challenged, transgender etc. in
framing of citizen charter.

N 29
 S
Recommendations of 2nd ARC report

I A
• One size does not fit all .

T
• Citizen’s Charter should be prepared for each independent unit under the overall
umbrella of the organization’s charter.

X
• Wider consultation which should include civil society in the process .

E
• Firm commitments to be made .

N 30
 I A S
• Internal process and structure should be reformed to meet the commitments
given in the Charter .

T
• Redress mechanism in case of default .

X
• Periodic evaluation of Citizen’s Charters .

E
• Benchmark using end-user feedback .
• Hold officers accountable for the results .

N 31
Sample Citizen Charter

S
Government General Hospital, ABC District

I A
• Introduction

T
• The hospital provides medical care to all patients who come to the hospital
according to the availability of resources. The Deputy Director is the Head of the

X
Institution.
• The Resident Medical Officer is in charge of the day to day function of the

E
hospital. The hospital has 25 doctors (9 specialists Doctors and 16 General Duty
Medical Officers including one Dental Surgeon and one Ayurvedic (Physician).

N 32
 wear white aprons and Nurses are in white uniform.
• Casualty And Emergency Service

I A S
• The present bed strength is 171 out of which 142 beds are in operation . Doctors

T
• Emergency medical services are given for 24 hours on all days by General Duty

X
Medical Officer. On an average 100 to 120 patients are attending the casualty.
• Resident Medical Officer is available during fore-noon sessions. Specialist Doctors

E
Viz. Medicine, T.B, Surgery, Pediatrics, Ophthalmology, Ortho, E.N.T,

N
Anesthesiology and Gynecology will be available on call.

33
 I A S
• The decision to call a specialist is that of the treating doctor. Emergency cases are
attended promptly. Facilities for emergency X-ray/E.C.G/Lab. Investigations are

T
available.

X
• In serious cases, if the treatment cannot be managed in this hospital, they are
referred to higher referral Institutions at XYZ.

E
• The decision rests with the treating doctor. The Casualty Telephone No. is
332243. A Public telephone is available at the entrance of casualty for use of

N
patients and their attendants.

34
• Outpatients Departments

I A S
T
• O.P.D Registration Timings

X
• 7.30a.m to 10.30 am on all working days
• 7.30a.m to 9.30a.m on Saturdays.

E
• 8.00a.m to 9.00a.m on Sundays and Holidays

N
• (Patients are issued O.P. tickets indicating the O.P. Room Nos. to be
consulted.)

35
 S
O.P. Sections

I A
Section Room No. Section Room No.
Surgery 14 Dental 12

T
Gynecology 9 Ayurvedic 17

X
Eye 10 Pharmacy 5

E
ENT 16 Laboratory 4
Ortho 6 Dressing 2

N
T.B 155 Injection 3
Pediatric 8

36
 S
Special Clinics

I A
Clinic Days & Timing

T
Hypertension & Diabetic Friday

X
Well Baby clinic Thursdays

E
Antenatal clinic Tuesdays & Saturdays
Asthma clinic Wednesdays

N
Filaria clinic Monday (Night(8.00p.mto 9.00p.m)

Leprosy clinic Third Wednesday of every month.

37
• Laboratory (Timings)

I A S
T
• 8.00 am to 2.00 P.M on all working days except Saturday 8.00 a.m. to 12.00 noon
on Saturday Sundays and Holidays are closed.

X
• investigations are done on all days at any time. X-ray facilities are available on
working days from 8.00 a.m. to 200 p.m.

E
• Emergency X-rays are taken on all days at any time.

N 38
 S
• Health Programs implemented by this institution through Para-Medical

A
Workers Child Survival and Safe Mother-Hood Program.

I
• Reproductive Child Health Program.
• Leprosy Eradication Program.

T
• National Malaria Eradication Program.

X
• Universal Immunization Program.
• Filaria Control Program.

E
• Family Welfare, Maternity & Child Health Program. Mass

N
Education and Media Program.
• School Immunization/Student Health Program.

39
• Complaints and Grievances

I A S
•If the patients/public have any complaint or grievance, the same may be brought

T
immediately to the notice of the Deputy Director or Resident Medical Officer in

X
person or in writing.

E
•The genuine complaint/grievances will be settled immediately. A

N
suggestion/complaint box is also provided at the O.P.D. block of the hospital.

40
 S
PRACTICE CASE STUDY

I A
• You are government officer works in Ministry of culture. You observe that
personal secretary of Minister interferes too much in the official processes

T
and decision making.

X
• You often find him suggesting to other officer to follow his instruction rather

E
than work as per rule.

N
• Every one, considering his closeness to Minister prefers not to antagonize
him.

41
 A S
• You are known for your honesty and integrity. One day, secretary of minister

I
suggests you to do thing in particular matter which is against rule. When you

T
confront him and tell him that, he confirms it as desire of honorable minister.

X
• What are the options available to you?

E
• Evaluate the option and choose the most appropriate course of action from it.

N 42
 S
• Given that

I A
(a)I am government officer, honest and upright, working in ministry of culture.

T
(b)Personal secretary to minister interfere in the official work, often suggest doing

X
thing bending the rules.

E
(c)One day, he did ask similar things to me.

N 43
 S
• Stakeholder

I A
(a) I as government official.

T
(b) Personal secretary to Minister

X
(c) Other employee of Ministry of Culture.

E
(d) Minster himself.

N
(e) Government of India.

44
• Ethical Issue Involve

I A S
T
(a) Official Rule Vs Superior aide’s directive.

X
(b) Code of conduct Vs personal values

E
(c) Honesty, Integrity, Non biasness, Objectivity, Corruption

N 45
 S
• Course of Action

A
(1) Meet the senior officer and seek their suggestion and guidance.

I
• Merit- The senior will provide suggestion that might be valuable to deal

T
with the problem.

X
• Demerit- The senior might force to follow personal secretary suggestion.

E
(2) Refuse the personal secretary and stick to rules.

N
• Merit- You followed the rule.
• Demerit- It might antagonize personal secretary and indirectly to
minister who consider it as disobedience.

46
 S
(3) Ask the Personal secretary to confirm in writing & bring the matter into

A
record.

I
• Merit – It will ensure that I get opportunity to express my concern in
writing as per rule.

T
• Demerit- it might antagonize personal secretary.

X
• In government, an official need to function along with political bosses who

E
may not be fully conversant with the rules and regulations. Hence it is the

N
duty of government official to convey them the requisite rule and bring
any official matter on record to ensure its proper scrutiny. In this regard,
the 3rd course of action is most appropriate.

47
 I A S
THANK YOU!
X T
N E
48
 I A
Ethics, Integrity
S
&

X T
Aptitude

E
General studies 4

N BY RAJKUMAR RAI

1
 S
• PRACTICE CASE STUDY

A
• Q. Parmal is a small but underdeveloped district. It has rocky terrain that is

I
not suitable for agriculture, though some subsistence agriculture is being
done on small plots of land.

T
• The area receives adequate rainfall and has an irrigation canal flowing

X
through it. Amria, its administrative centre, is a medium sized town.

E
• It houses a large district hospital, an Industrial Training Institute and some

N
privately owned skill training centres.

• It has all the facilities of a district headquarters. A trunk railway line passes
approximately 50 kilometers from Amria.

2
 I A S
• Its poor connectivity is a major reason for the absence of any major industry

T
therein. The state government offers a 10 years tax holiday as an incentive to new
industry.

X
• In 2010 Anil, an industrialist decided to take benefits to set up Amria Plastic

E
Works (APW) in Noora village, about 20 km from Amria.

N
• While the factory was being built, Anil hired the required key labour and got
them trained at the skill training centres at Amria. This act of his made the key
personnel very loyal to APW.

3
 S
• APW started production in 2011 with the labour drawn fully from Noora village.
The villagers were very happy to get employment near their homes and were

I A
motivated by the key personnel to meet the production targets with high
quality.

T
• APW started making large profits, a sizeable portion of which was used to

X
improve the quality of life in Noora.

E
• By 2016, Noora could boast of a greener village and a renovated village temple.
Anil liaised with the local MLA to increase the frequency of the bus services to

N
Amria.

4
 A S
• The government also opened a primary health care centre and primary school at
Noora in buildings constructed by APW.

I
T
• APW used its CSR funds to set up women’s self-help groups, subsidize primary

X
education to the village children and procure an ambulance for use by its

E
employed and the needy.

N 5
 S
• In 2019, there was a minor fire in APW. It was quickly extinguished as fire safety

I A
protocols were in place in the factory.

T
• Investigations revealed that the factory had been using electricity in excess of

X
its authorized capacity. This was soon rectified. The next year, due to
nationwide lockdown, the requirement of production fell for four months.

N E
• Anil decided that all employees would be paid regularly. He employed them to
plant trees and improve the village habitat. APW had developed a reputation of
high-quality production and a motivated workforce.

6
 I A S
• Critically analyse the story of APW and state the ethical issues involved.

T
• Do you consider APW as a role model for the development of backward areas?

X
Give reasons. (250 words)

N E
7
 S
• Given that

I A
• Parmal, an underdeveloped district, not suitable for agriculture despite irrigation
due to rocky terrain.

T
• Amria, district HQ, with ITI, Hospital and Skill training Centre but poor

X
connectivity

E
• State government gave 10-year tax holiday to industries,

N
• Anil, an industrialist, set up Amria Plastic work, 20km from Amria at Noora village.

8
• Used local labour, get them skilled at Amria training centre.

S
• APW start production in 2011 and meet the target production, bring prosperity

I A
in the village.
• Government with APW support, open Primary Health care Centre and primary

T
school. Local MLA promote bus service from Amria.

X
• APW used its CSR funds to set up women’s self-help groups, subsidize primary
education to the village children and procure an ambulance for use by its

E
employee and the needy.

N
• In 2019, there was a minor fire in APW, due to its usage of excess electricity
than its authorized capacity.
• During Lockdown, all employees were regularly and APW utilized their labour
to plant trees and improve the village habitat.

9
• Stakeholders

I A S
T
• Anil, the entrepreneur who start APW in village

X
• Local population of Amria HQ/Parmal district/Noora Village

E
• Government, that provide tax holiday to new industry set in the region.

N
• Society at large.

10
 S
• Critical Analysis and Ethical Issues involved

I A
• APW, indicate a sign of Ethical driven organization that used available resources
and labour force for its enterprise.

T
• Anil, who is owner of APW, shows the image of compassionate capitalism, where

X
it is believed that growth of enterprise is invariable linked with growth of its

E
employee and society where it operates.

N
• Skill Development of local population and their High morale leading to meeting
production target with high quality.

11
 S
• APW bringing prosperity, boast greenery and renovated village temple.

A
• Social consciousness of APW enterprise reflected with using CSR fund to set up

I
women’s SHG, subsidized primary education, provide ambulance for use by
needy.

T
• A small glitch in operation ie overdrawing electricity than authorized capacity

X
lead to minor fire in APW in 2019, that was rectified soon.

E
• Ethical and Environment Consciousness during lockdown, paying salary to its

N
employee and utilized their labour to plant trees and improve the village
habitat.

12
 S
• Ethical Issues

A
1. Ethics - in Private and Public Relationships

I
2. Dedication to Public Service, Empathy, Tolerance and Compassion towards the

T
weaker-sections.
3. Work Culture, Quality of Service Delivery,

X
4. Integrity, Impartiality and Non-partisanship,

E
5. Social Influence and Persuasion

N
6. Inclusive Characteristic of Organization- Health, Education, Women
empowerment, Environment Consciousness.
7. Wage Payment during pandemic despite decline in production.

13
 S
• Reasons for APW as a role model for the development of backward areas:-

A
• The APW enterprise shown a robust model of private sector lead growth

I
utilizing government incentive creating a win-win condition.

T
• Many backword regions of India had similar conditions like
Amria/Parmal/Noora, where there is underdevelopment and only subsistent

X
agriculture.

E
• APW lead by example, how private sector can fill the gap left by State in

N
ensuring welfare of people even in small village by transforming their life.

14
 I A S
• APW ensure best utilization of local resources with skill development and

T
attempted inclusive development.

X
• APW model would also take care of various problems like Migration, Education,
Health, local employment generation in village.

E
• APW presented ethical, social and environmental conscious organization focused

N
on overall growth of the place and not just their own profits.

15
 S
• Reasons for APW not as a role model for the development of backward

A
areas:-

I
• Every backward region had its own unique issues. APW model for all backward

T
areas would be akin to “One Size Fit All” approach.

X
• Some backward regions would require more government support than just tax
holiday for new industry and Private sector initiatives.

E
• Every Private enterprise may not have APW or Mr Anil like Ethos and they

N
might start over exploiting resources, if left unchecked by government.

• Despite enterprises being socially conscious, its unfair to expect them to

provide affirmative actions which is the role of government.

16
 A S
• Hence, in this regard, best way to strengthen the model of mixed economy where

I
government will provide business friendly atmosphere for industries to set up

T
their operation in backward regions with regulation under the government

X
protecting rights of peoples.

E
• This will result in proper checks and balances to private enterprise while ensuring

N
welfare of people and inclusive development.

17
 I A S
Information Sharing and

T
Transparency in government
X
N E
18
 S
Definition

A
• Information Sharing refers to proactive disclosure of information pertaining to

I
government policies and functioning by the government to public at large.

T
• Transparency refers to designing government processes such that government

X
actions and decisions are not hidden from the public view.

N E
19
 S
• Information sharing promotes Transparency and engendering transparency

I A
necessitates more and more information sharing.

T
• Giving access to government functioning to public would bring down misdeeds in

X
the government system. This is information sharing and transparency in the

E
government.

N 20
Necessity of Information Sharing and

S
Transparency in government

I A
• Democratic government is answerable to public. Public have a right to know what

T
government is doing.

X
• It will keep a check on favoritism and will ensure that government treat every

E
citizen alike.

N
• If the accounts, financial and other financial information is put in public domain,
it will keep a check on frauds. E.g. in a ration shop if a transparent system displays
the stock availability, the dealer cannot siphon off the commodities.

21
 S
• It would reinforce accountability of government to public. It means liability of the

I A
government to answer the questions about its actions and decisions.

• If there is free flow of information from government to the public, then everyone

T
will have an equal opportunity to receive the public service.

E X
• Eg. Reserved seats for economically and weaker sections children in private
schools: if such a notification is available to public then will provide equal

N
opportunity to receive public service.

22
Checks on information sharing and

S
transparency

I A
• Some checks on information sharing and transparency in governance

T
are required to promote probity. These are:

X
A. Security

N E
B. Privacy

23
SECURITY

A S
• Information that harms any individual should not be disclosed.

I
• Information that harms the law and order should not be disclosed.

T
• Information that disturbs the security should not be disclosed.

X
• E.g.

E
a) CBI investigating high profile murder case, name of the witness should not be revealed

N
as this may lead to his life in danger(witness protection).
b) Whistle blower protection.
c) If enemy countries/ anti- social elements grab the information of strategic ammunitions,
they can misuse it.

24
 S
Privacy

I A
• It refers to guarding one’s personal life from others. Some rules of observing

T
privacy in information sharing are as follows:

X
a) Information that is not relevant w.r.t. public interest should not be disclosed.

E
b) Information that cause embarrassment in public should not be disclosed.

N
c) Information that hurts one’s dignity should not be disclosed.

25
 S
a) Eg.

A
• A women being molested and complained to the police. Her credentials should not

I
be disclosed in the name of transparency.
• Even section 8(1) of RTI states that- “notwithstanding anything in this act, there

T
shall be no obligation to give any citizen

X
(j) information which relates to personal information, the disclosure of which has no

E
relationship to any public interest or which cause unwarranted invasion of privacy of an

N
individual, unless CPIO or SPIO is satisfied that larger public interest justifies disclosure.

• Section 11 of RTI act 2005: “Information involving third party- CPIO invite third
party to make a submission in writing/orally, whether information should be
disclosed.”

26
 S
Some salient features of RTI Act, 2005

I A
• RTI means right to :
1. access information held by public authority;

T
2. inspect government records;

X
3. take copies of government record;
4. take sample of any material with public authority.

E
• Every government document should be properly indexed/catalogued which

N
makes it easy for retrieval.
• As much information as possible should be proactively disclosed to public.
• Designate an officer as Public Information Officer (PIO).

27
 S
• Person seeking information need not to give reason.

I A
• Information sought o be provided with in 30 days from date of receipt of application. (if it
pertains to life and liberty, then should be provided within 48 hours).

T
• Information can be rejected by giving proper reason and reason must be related to

X
security of nation and individual and privacy.

E
• If applicant not satisfied, he can appeal to officer senior to PIO. Second appeal also lie to

N
Central Public Information Commission or State Information Commission.

28
 S
Benefits of RTI

I A
• Transparency: It ensures the right of the citizens to acquire as much
information they want regarding the governmental activities, rules

T
and regulations, etc.

X
• This creates a room for better communication between the public

E
authorities and the citizens.
• Citizen-centric approach: Due to the enforcement of this Act, the

N
authorities are sure to let out information as asked for by the
citizens and this made the authorities to think more before taking
any random step.

29
 S
• Availability of Information: RTI created an easy form of letting out information

I A
to the person concerned thus resulting in accessibility of information relating to
governmental activity to the person who seeks for such information.

T
• Reduction in Corruption: As all the information is accessible, the graph to that

X
of corruption has taken a down-curve.

E
• Government-public relation: The Act also ensures the strengthening of

N
government-public relation due to the increase in communication.

• Greater Accountability.

30
 S
Success stories of RTI

I A
• Adarsh Society Scam: The applications filed by RTI activists like Yogacharya
Anandji and Simpreet Singh in 2008 were instrumental in bringing to light links

T
between politicians and military officials, among others. The 31-storey
building, which had permission for six floors only, was originally meant to

X
house war widows and veterans. Instead, the flats went to several politicians,

E
bureaucrats and their relatives.
• Public Distribution Scam in Assam: In 2007, members of an anti-corruption

N
non-governmental organization based in Assam, the Krishak Mukti Sangram
Samiti, filed an RTI request that revealed irregularities in the distribution of
food meant for people below the poverty line. The allegations of corruption
were probed and several government officials arrested.

31
 S
• Appropriation of Relief Funds: Information obtained through an RTI application by an NGO

A
based in Punjab, in 2008 revealed that bureaucrats heading local branches of the Indian Red

I
Cross Society used money intended for victims of the Kargil war and natural disasters to buy
cars, air-conditioners and pay for hotel bills — among other things. Local courts charged the

T
officials found responsible with fraud and the funds were transferred to the Prime Minister’s
Relief Fund.

X
• IIM’s Admission Criteria: Vaishnavi Kasturi a visually-impaired student, in 2007 was denied a

E
seat in the Indian Institute of Management in Bangalore, despite her impressive score at the
entrance examination. She filed an RTI application to request the institute to disclose their

N
selection process. Although she failed to gain admission to the institute, her RTI application
meant that IIM had to make its admission criteria public. It emerged that the entrance exam,
the Common Admission Test, actually mattered little compared to Class 10 and 12 results.

32
 S
Challenges in implementing RTI

A
• Issues faced on the demand side ( challenges faced by the

I
public in filing):

T
• Low public awareness .
• Inconvenient payment channels for submission of application fees

X
• Lack of assistance in filing the application.

E
• Non-friendly attitude of the PIOs.

N
• Poor quality of information provided.
• Constraints faced in inspection of records.

33
Challenges in implementing RTI

I A S
• Issues faced on the supply side ( challenges faced by the government in
supplying information):

T
• The current record management guidelines at Centre and in most states are not

X
geared to meet the requirements specified under the RTI Act .

E
• There is lack of any electronic document management system in any of the

N
Departments .
• Inadequate trained PIOs and First Appellate Authorities .
• Attitude of government staff to withhold information.
• Lack of motivation among PIOs.

34
 S
Challenges in implementing RTI

I A
• Issues faced at Information Commissions:

T
• Perception of being “lenient” towards PIOs .

X
• Lack of Monitoring and Review mechanism.

E
• High level of pendency .

N
• Variation in assumption of role by SIC and State Governments.

35
 S
Steps by a civil servant

I A
1. Proactive Information disclosure.

T
2. Public access to files

X
3. Information day

E
4. Public Awareness

N
5. Dedicated RTI Section
6. E-RTI

36
Misuses of RTI

A S
1. Sensitive Personal information about a third party is often sought for

I
harassing or embarrassing third party.
2. Sometimes, information sought is not readily available at a government office

T
3. Sometimes information is sought just to embarrass the government.

X
4. Repeated RTI request sometimes makes public servants hesitate to take any
risky decision.

E
5. RTI is also used as a pressure tactic to force government employees to do a

N
few things favoring RTI Applicant.

37
 S
PRACTICE CASE STUDY

I A
• A Public Information Officer has received an application under RTI Act. Having
gathered the information, the PIO discovers that the information pertains to

T
some of the decisions taken by him, which were found to be not altogether right.

X
There were other employees also who were party to these decisions.

E
• Disclosure of the information is likely to lead to disciplinary action with possibility

N
of punishment against him as well as some of his collegues.

38
 S
• Non disclosure or part disclosure or camouflaged disclosure of information will

I A
result in to lesser punishment or no punishment.

• The PIO is otherwise an hones and conscientious person but this particular

X T
decision, on which the RTI application has been filed, turned out to be wrong.
He comes to you for advice.

E
• The following are some suggested options. Please evaluate the merits and

N
demerits of each of the options:

39
 S
• (i) The PIO could refer the matter to his superior officer and seek his advice and

A
act strictly in accordance with the advice, even though he is not completely in

I
agreement with the advice of the superior.

T
• (ii)The PIO could proceed on leave and leave the matter to be dealt by his

X
successor in office or request for transfer of the application to another PIO.

E
• (iii) The PIO could weigh the consequences of disclosing the information

N
truthfully, including the effect on his career, and reply in a manner that would
not place him or his career in jeopardy, but at the same time a little
compromise can be made on the contents of the information.

40
 S
• (iv) The PIO could consult his other colleagues who are party to the decision and

I A
take action as per their advice.

• Also please indicate (without necessarily restricting to the above options) what

T
you would like to advise, giving proper reasons.

E X
N 41
• SOLUTION

S
• (i) The PIO could refer the matter to his superior officer and seek his advice and

A
act strictly in accordance with the advice, even though he is not completely in

I
agreement with the advice of the superior.

T
MERIT- As the PIO is an honest man but due to negligence, he made that wrong

X
decision. So he should consult his senior in this case because senior’s experience
and professional knowledge might save him from any wrongdoing.

N E
DEMERIT- It might be possible that after PIO’s request, the senior might order
for the inspection of the case by the concerned authorities and might suspend
PIO from doing the work till the investigation carries on.

42
 S
• (ii)The PIO could proceed on leave and leave the matter to be dealt by his

A
successor in office or request for transfer of the application to another PIO.

T I
• MERIT- This action will show that even PIO Wants that the case should be

X
investigated naturally and relieve him from mental stress that he is facing.

E
• DEMERIT- This action will show that PIO is running away from his responsibility

N
and there by showing his inability to take ethical decisions.

43
 S
• (iii) The PIO could weigh the consequences of disclosing the information
truthfully, including the effect on his career, and reply in a manner that would

I A
not place him or his career in jeopardy, but at the same time a little
compromise can be made on the contents of the information.

T
• MERIT- By doing this, he will protect himself and his colleagues from facing any

X
disciplinary action.

E
• DEMERIT- Since tampering of official documents for personal use is a serious

N
crime, so it will pose a question of PIO’s honesty, integrity and accountability to
his work.

44
 S
• (iv) The PIO could consult his other colleagues who are party to the decision
and take action as per their advice.

I A
• MERIT- As the original decision was taken by the group collectively, so PIO
should consult his subordinates before arriving at any decision as well of them

T
are collectively responsible for the wrong doing.

X
• DEMERIT- He is avoiding personal culpability behind the shields of collective

E
responsibility. The colleagues might also influence him to take decision in their
favour.

N 45
 S
• According to RTI Act, it is PIO’s duty to disclose the information asked by the

I A
information seeker , so he should perform his duty with honesty and integrity.

• He should take the moral responsibility of the act and send an apology letter to

T
the senior and leaves the matter on his discretion.

E X
N 46
 I A S
T
Work Culture
X
NE
47
 S
Definition

I A
• Every organization have certain ways of interaction , behavior and functioning.

T
• This is instilled and sometimes imposed on members of organization.
• These interactions, behavior collectively represent Work Culture of that

X
organization.

N E
48
 S
Constituents of Work Culture

I A
• O’ Reilly, J. Chatman and DF Caldwell laid down seven items that
constitutes work culture:

T
• Innovation and Risk taking: Whether organization encourage new ideas,

X
tolerate the failures etc.
•

E
Attention to detail: Whether members should be specific for every
minute thing.

N
• Outcome orientation: Whether concerned about results or about
methods involved in getting results.
• People orientation: Organization worries about impact of its decisions on
members of organization.

49
• Team Orientation

I A S
T
• Aggressiveness: Whether members are competitive.
• Stability: Whether organization believes in status quo or in growth.

E X
If all the members share same opinion about organization and its principles ,
then strong Work Culture.

N 50
 S
Hallmarks of an Ethical Workplace

I A
• Employees feel genuinely cared for and respected.

T
• Employees, regardless of rank or role, put the work at hand and the interests of
others above themselves.

X
• Leaders live by clear standards and self-transcending principles when conducting

E
the organization’s business, modeling a drive for excellence both in what they do
and in how they do it.

N
• Employees feel empowered and energized to reach for ethical and technical
excellence in serving customers, clients and each other.

51
 S
• Employees hold themselves and their managers accountable to uncompromising

A
standards of conduct.

I
• People at all levels move toward, not away from, ethical dilemmas and conflicts

T
to address and resolve them in light of self-transcending ideals.
• The ethical lessons learned during conflicts alter the organization’s practices,

X
setting in motion a virtuous cycle of improvement.

N E
52
 S
Merits of work culture

I A
• Distinguish one organization from other.

T
• Gives an identity to an organization.

X
• Motivates employees to go beyond self – interest and work for
organizational development.

E
• Predicts attitude and behavior of members.

N 53
 S
De-merits of Work Culture

I A
• If work culture becomes deep rooted, then employees become rule

T
bound and follow procedures even when they are irrelevant.
• It act as a barrier to change.

X
• It discourages hiring members who do not fit in existing work culture

E
principles, prevent innovation.

N 54
How Work Culture gets created

I A S
• Seeds are sown by the founders e.g. Vikram Sarabhai built up the work culture
of ISRO.

T
• Founders indoctrinate employees to their way of thinking.

X
• Founders act as role models.
• Rewards the behavior which is in tune with work culture.

E
• Hires the one’s who share value consistent with that of the organization.

N
• Through induction, training , socialization techniques can instill values of work
culture.

55
 S
How to impart Work Culture

I A
• Induction Training where vision, mission and values are being taught.

T
• Role Model which employees try to imitate.
• Posters and slogans at places remind employees often and then to inculcate

X
organizational values in their behavior.

E
• Rewards/ incentives aimed at positive reinforcement of organizational values e.g.

N
Award for innovation etc.
• Punishment to discourage undesirable behavior.

56
Action points by a civil servant to build an ideal

S
work culture

I A
• Modifying interiors of an office so as to make it pleasant. It impact the morale of
the employees.

T
• Periodical meeting with the staff to understand their attitude and clarify doubts.

X
• Congratulate and appreciate performers. E.g. “employee of the month” award

E
• Place an “opinion box” /”suggestion box” in office.

N 57
 S
• Periodic assessment of skill sets and providing training.

I A
• “Quote of the day”, “Joke of the day” can be put up on the board.
• Enlist birthdays of employees.

T
• Informal bonding amongst family of employees: get- together parties; felicitation

X
program; outdoor tours.

N E
58
 S
WORK CULTURE AT GOOGLE

I A
• Google is an American multinational technology company specializing in Internet-
related services and products.

T
• These include online advertising technologies, search, cloud computing,

X
software, and hardware.

E
• Google was founded in 1996 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph.D.
students at Stanford University, in California.

N
• It is Headquartered at Googleplex, Mountain View, California, U.S

59
 S
• Google had an informal work culture

A
• The founder’s wanted to make Google a fun place to work

I
• Google has a flat structure, which means they have minimal middle and upper-

T
level management.
• This structure allows for more creativity. Innovation and problem- solving skills

X
are encouraged.

E
• Employees have the ability to make more decisions on projects.

N 60
 S
UNIQUE ASPECTS

I A
• Google showers its employees with various perks.

T
• Free breakfast, lunch, and dinner. The organic food is chef-prepared

X
•
• Google believes that its employees should not have to go more than 150 feet for

E
food. Therefore, it has food stations placed everywhere within the 150 feet for

N
the employees.
• Google has a real job profile named “Chief Cultural Officer” who is responsible to
retain Google’s cultures

61
Fun Work Environment

I A S
X T
N E
62
 S
Encourage Creativity

I A
X T
N E
63
 S
• Google encourages its engineers to spend 20% of their time on ideas of their

A
own. Google has many products that came out of this 20% idea.

I
• Googlers can ride company provided bicycles around the Googleplex.

T
• Google provides its employees with comprehensive health coverage that also
covers their families’ health care requirements.

X
• Google employee can request to work anywhere for a change of mood. They do

E
not have to go and sit in their cubicles every day.

N 64
 S
Gandhi’s Seven Social Sin

I A
1. Politics without Principles. Eg Political Defections

T
2. Wealth without Work. Eg Crony capitalism

X
3. Pleasure without Conscience. Eg Intoxicants
4. Knowledge without Character. Eg Violation of IPR

E
5. Commerce without Morality. Eg Adulteration, Hoarding

N
6. Science without Humanity. Eg Weapons of Mass destruction.
7. Worship without Sacrifice. Eg Sacrifice of Ego, anger, greed.

65
 S
PRACTICE CASE STUDY

I A
• Recently women officer joined a PSU. After sometimes, she came to know that
women employee is not taken seriously and often not given responsibility of any

T
major project. You being male officer in the PSU also observe the problem faced

X
by women officers to adept to this male dominant work culture. Discuss the
course of action, PSU or Organization should take to change this work culture and

E
also suggest need for reform.

N 66
 S
• Given that

I A
(a) PSU where I worked is a male dominant Organization.
(b) Women officer who recently joined and faces difficulty to adjust in male

T
dominant work culture.

X
• Stakeholders involve

E
(a) Women employee.

N
(b) All employee of PSU/Organization.
(c) Society at large.

67
 S
• Ethical Issue or concern

I A
(a) Gender equality
(b) Work culture ethics

T
(c) Human dignity

X
(d) Neutrality, non-biasness

N E
68
 S
• Possible course of action

A
• Maintain status quo by taking no action.

I
• Merit- It will ensure no disturbance in existing framework of work culture.
• Demerit- Women employee would feel suffocated and sidelined affecting

T
overall organizational efficiency.

X
• Organize a meeting and talk to management about such practices which are
against organizational code of conduct which involve equality and non-

E
discrimination.

N
• Merit- Management might notice and take initiative to remove such work
culture.
• Demerit- Might be taken otherwise by management considering as undue
disturbance/ encroachment in domain of work.

69
 S
• Suggest an informal get together where every one shares their vision and
suggestion for organizational improvement.

I A
• Merit- It could indirectly help in generating awareness among male officer
about contribution of women.

T
• Demerit- Many might not take such initiative seriously.

X
• Try to promote gender sensitiveness and acceptability of merit among own

E
team and colleague.

N
• Merit- It will impact on other to follow suit and in this way, I will be leading by
an example.
• Demerit- It might not like by my own team member.

70
 S
• Work culture of an organization is also reflection of mindset of people working

I A
in it. If it is not progressive, merit oriented and sensitive toward gender, it might
impact overall work efficiency of organization. Hence it is in long term interest

T
of organization to take up the issue of gender sensitization for its own goods.
• In the above course of action, the 4th course of action is most appropriate as it

X
is in tune with Gandhian idea of “Be the change you wish to see in the world”

E
and also reflect leading by example.

N 71
 I
THANK YOU! A S
X T
N E
72
 I A
Ethics, Integrity
S
&

X T
Aptitude
E
General studies 4

N BY RAJKUMAR RAI

1
 S
Gandhi’s Seven Social Sin

I A
1. Politics without Principles. Eg Political Defections

T
2. Wealth without Work. Eg Crony capitalism

X
3. Pleasure without Conscience. Eg Intoxicants
4. Knowledge without Character. Eg Violation of IPR

E
5. Commerce without Morality. Eg Adulteration, Hoarding

N
6. Science without Humanity. Eg Weapons of Mass destruction.
7. Worship without Sacrifice. Eg Sacrifice of Ego, anger, greed.

2
 S
• PRACTICE CASE STUDY

I A
• A fresh engineering graduate gets a job in a prestigious chemical industry. She
likes the work. The salary is also good.

T
• However, after a few months she accidentally discovers that a highly toxic

X
waste is being secretly discharged into a river nearby.

E
• This is causing health problems to the villagers downstream who depend on
the river for their water needs.

N
• She is perturbed and mentions her concern to her colleagues who have been
with the company for longer periods.

3
 S
• They advise her to keep quite as anyone who mentions the topic is summarily

A
dismissed.

I
• She cannot risk losing her job as she is the sole bread-winner for her family

T
and has to support her ailing parents and siblings.

• At first, she thinks that if her seniors are keeping quiet, why should she stick

X
out her neck. But her conscience pricks her to do something to save the river

E
and the people who depend upon it.

N
• At heart she feels that the advice of silence given by her friends is not correct
though she cannot give reasons for it. She thinks you are a wise person and
seeks your advice. (2016)

4
 I A S
• (a) What arguments can you advance to show her that keeping quiet is not
morally right?

T
• (b) What course of action would you advice her to adopt and why?

E X
N 5
 S
• SOLUTION

I A
• The ultimate tragedy is not the oppression and cruelty by the bad people but
the silence over that by the good people. -Martin Luther King, Jr.

T
• Given that -

X
• Stakeholders
• Newly joined engineering graduate and her family

E
• Villagers

N
• Company officials of company
• Company
• Society at large

6
 S
• Ethical issues involve

I A
1. Environmental ethics Vs Cost to company
2. Health of villagers Vs Personal interest (CAREER)

T
3. Organizational Ethics Vs Personal Conscience

X
4. Work Culture within the company

E
5. Company’s Social Responsibility

N 7
• (a) Arguments about Keeping quiet is not morally right-

S
(i) ‘Business without morality’ as one social sin suggested by Gandhiji is applied

A
here, which company must stop.

I
(ii) Her Silence affect the life of villagers and put it at risk

T
(iii) Future aspects of company is under threat as it might come under scrutiny of
Environment agencies in future.

X
(iv) It’s the concern of integrity and as a Ethical person, she must speak up

E
against the company’s environmental hazardous and unethical practice.

N
(v) Profit maximization at the cost of health of people and environment is
unacceptable legally as well morally. By speaking up, she will listen to her
conscience otherwise she will always remain in guilt throughout her life.

8
 S
• (b) Course of action that can be advised to her is as follows:

A
1) She should collect the factual evidence related to highly toxic waste is being

I
secretly discharged into a river nearby and its possible outcome on human
health.

T
2) She should bring it to notice of Company official and seniors with conclusive

X
report and research about its impact on health of people, which is not in long
term interest of Company functioning and try to use Moral Persuasion, so

E
that company abandon such practice.

N
3) Villagers need to be informed and taken into confidence to take pressurize
company to give up such actions.

9
 S
4)She can take the assistance of the local NGO, voluntary organization as well as

A
media to create pressure on the company as well other big industries working on

I
similar lines.

T
5) Whistle Blowing to the regulators (Pollution control Board etc) and
government authorities about Company’s actions. She will also get protection

X
under whistle-blower act.

E
Lastly, she must be prepared and ready to face the consequence ie loosing of job.
So simultaneously, she should start seeking other opportunities.

N 10
 I A S
X T
Utilization of public funds

N E
11
 S
Public funds

I A
• Public funds are funds mobilized by the government for various public

T
purposes.
• It includes: tax receipts; non-tax receipts (license fee, royalty, interest,

X
profit on investment); grant-in-aid from international institutions;

E
loans.

N 12
Principles of utilization of funds:

I A S
• Transparency: implies sharing the information related to all expenditure/works

T
conducted, freely and openly with the public also proactively disclosing
information.

E X
• Accountability: implies there should be a mechanism to question the agency

N
about prudence of fund utilization. It can be done through an audit by the third
party , even RTI has also brought it.

13
 S
• Efficiency: it is output to input ratio. Efficiency is when more output from same

A
or less input or same output from less input.

I
• public services like transport, metro rail etc. should make profit to keep
them afloat.

T
• Method of expenditure should also be considered.

X
• Awarding contracts to one who quotes lower price for same work. E.g. now
government has launched GeM which is Amazon equivalent for

E
government procurement ensuring transparency through online bids.

N 14
 A S
4. Equitability: it implies preferential treatment to weaker section . This could be

I
in the form of preferring MSME sectors, SC/ST entrepreneurs etc. in
procurement of government. Or in terms of beneficiaries- allocating more

T
funds to SC,ST etc.
5. Outcome evaluation: outcome indicate the qualitative benefits emerging out

X
of the expenditure, even though material return is zero. E.g. even if one voter is
in an electoral area, booth will be setup and officers will be sent.

N E
15
How should a public servant utilize public

S
funds:

I A
• Ensuring that he/she is competent authority for spending.

T
• Funds spent for the purpose for which allocated.
• Fair and equal opportunity to all interested contractors/vendors.

X
• Wide publicity to tender notifications.

N E
16
 S
• To prevent cartelization, a market survey could be done beforehand and if found

I A
high price then tender may be cancelled and a fresh tender may be notified.
• Submission of proper bills/vouchers.

T
• Audit by an honest officer from other department.

E X
N 17
 S
• Practice Case Study

I A
• You are heading the rescue operations in an area affected by severe natural
calamity. Thousands of people are rendered homeless and deprived of food,

T
drinking water and other basic amenities.

X
• Rescue work has been disrupted by heavy rainfall and damage to supply
routes. The local people are seething with anger against the delayed limited

E
rescue operations.

N
• When your team reaches the affected area, the people there heckle and even
assault some of the team members.

18
 S
• One of your team member is even severely injured. Faced with this crisis some

A
team member plead with you to call off the operations freeing threats to their

I
life.
• In such trying circumstances, what will be your response?

T
• Examine the qualities of a public servant which will be required to manage the

X
situations.

N E
19
 S
• Solution

A
• When Mahatma Gandhi was marching barefoot in riot hit areas of Noakhali, his

I
path was strewn with pieces of glass and animal excreta by the riot-affected
people.

T
• Later, His unflinching courage and love for humanity created a miracle, when

X
people themselves promised not to retaliate.
• Similarly, an Emotionally intelligent Public officer understand the emotion of

E
people ie anger which may be due calamity induced homelessness and food
deprivation.

N 20
 S
• My response in such situation:-

I A
1) The situation demands Calmness and Humane approach. Leaving thousands
unattended, when they are completely dependent on government help,

T
would be an act of timidity and self preservation which is unbecoming of a
public servant.

X
2) Hence, As the head of the rescue mission, it is my duty to reorient the focus

E
of the my group towards our real objectives.
3) Since some of them are requesting to call off the mission, I will also appeal to

N
tell them to ignore such troubles caused by people and focus on duty/work.

21
 S
4) Simultaneously, I would try to persuade people by taking help from those who

A
are willing to cooperate, in such an exercise local leaders can also help.

T I
5) Lastly, the security of personnel of my team is utmost priority. I will try to get
cooperation from government by ensuring extra security personnel attach with my

X
team during their rescue work.

N E
22
 S
• Qualities of a public servant which will be required to manage the situations
:-

I A
• Empathy and Compassion
• Spirit of service.

T
• Leadership

X
• Emotional Intelligence.

E
• Power of persuasion.

N
• Patience and Presence of mind.
• Thus, following above qualities, the situation can be managed in better
manner.

23
 A S
Quality of ServiceIDelivery
X T
N E
24
 S
Definition of Quality

I A
• Quality means difference between standard and reality. If they are

T
close then it is called high quality.
• Assessing quality involve following points:

X
• Find out parameters that constitute quality.

E
• Set up standard performance metric for each parameter.

N 25
 A S
• Measure actual performance.

I
• Comparing actual with the standard performance to find out variation. Less
the variation, better the quality.

X T
When we apply these points to service delivery we get quality of service
delivery.

N E
26
Quality of service delivery involve following

S
points:

I A
• Determining parameters constituting quality: These parameters are- time taken
for delivery; number of times a citizen has to follow up for a service; number of

T
alerts sent to citizens; metric to compensate deviation from standards.

X
• Set up standard performance:

E
• Set a realistic standard time for delivery of service.
• Fix standard number of times a citizen has to personally take interest.

N
• Set the standard time, alerts sent to service keeper.

27
 S
• Standard metric to compensate: E.g. government has set 20 rupees per day for

I A
delay in caste certificate and it can be deducted from the salary of the employee.
• Measuring actual performance of these parameters. It can be made easy by e-

T
governance.
• Finding variations and if variation is less then good quality.

E X
N 28
 S
Sevottam model

A
• The Sevottam model has been developed with the overarching

I
objective of improving the quality of public service delivery in the

T
country. It is a combination of two words Seva (service), Uttam
(excellence).

X
• It provides a framework for organizations to asses and improve the

E
quality of service delivery to citizens.

N
• The model was suggested by 2nd ARC in its 12th report Citizen
centric administration.

29
 S
Components of Sevottam model

I A
Citizen
Charter

X T
E
Sevottam

N
Model

Public Service
Grievance
Redress Delivery
mechanism Capability

30
 S
The Sevottam model prescribes seven steps:

I A
1. Define services and identify clients.

T
2. Set standards and norms for each service.

X
3. Develop capability to meet the set standards.
4. Perform to achieve the standards.

E
5. Monitor performance against the set standards.

N
6. Evaluate impact through an independent mechanism.
7. Continuous improvement based on monitoring and evaluation.

31
 S
Intended Outcomes of Implementing Sevottam

I A
X T
N E
32
Steps by a public servant to improve quality of

S
service delivery:

I A
• Automate processes involved in service delivery. E.g. submitting documents
online for admission reduce delay.

T
• Reengineer process and remove steps that are redundant and irrelevant.

X
• Training to staff and upgrade their skills.

E
• Robust monitoring mechanism, which will make employee involved in service

N
delivery more responsible.
• Linking compensation for inferior quality to the salary of concerned employee.

33
 I A S
T
Code of conduct
X
N E
34
 S
Definition and purpose

I A
• It implies systematic documentation of acceptable and unacceptable
behavior (or set of DO’s and DONT’s).

X T
• It serves following purposes:

E
• Act as a guiding light whenever a person is in a dilemma as to what

N
behavior to choose.

• Since Code of Conduct is same for all members, it promotes uniformity of

behavior and thus promotes discipline.

35
 S
• Code of Conduct customizes moral principles for benefit of

I A
members.
• Promote privacy of clients who deal with members upon whom

T
Code of Conduct applies.
• Code of Conduct prescribes the members to deliver service

X
compulsorily in event of emergency. E.g. doctor bound to treat

E
each and every person in case of an emergency.

N
• It intends to promote societal good.

36
 S
Code of Conduct for ministers:
• Disclose assets and liabilities.

I A
T
• No interest in any business.

X
• Not receive any contribution from anyone.
• Not raise funds except for a registered society or a political party.

E
• Not receive valuable gifts.

N
• Seek permission from PM before receiving award from foreign agencies.

37
 S
Code of Conduct for All India Service officers

I A
• Code of Conduct for All India Service officers codified in AIS(Conduct) rules, 1969
prescribe:

T
• To ensure highest standards of integrity and devotion towards duty.

X
• To participate in media only after clarifying that views expressed are his/her own and not of
government.

E
• Shall not associate with any political party.
• Shall not criticize government action.

N
• Shall not accept lavish hospitability from person having official dealing with the government.
• Shall not give or take or abet giving or taking of dowry.
• Shall not sublet or lease of government accommodation allotted to him.

38
 S
Code of Conduct for Judges

I A
• Judge must not contest election to any office, society, club.

T
• Judge must not maintain close association with bar members.
• Judge must not hear cases involving family.

X
• Judge must not accept gifts from all except family.

E
• Judge must not use official residence for work of family.

N 39
 I A S
T
Code of Ethics
X
N E
40
 S
Code of Ethics

I A
• Code of ethics is a broad framework of principles and standards acceptable to
society.

T
• Principles enunciated in C.O.E. guide the actions in C.O.C.

X
• Many such code of ethics prescribed for public servants and ministers exist.

E
• One very famous codification is done by Nolan Committee.

N 41
 S
Nolan Principles

I A
X T
N E
42
 S
The Seven Principles of Public Life

I A
• Selflessness: Holders of public office should take decisions solely in terms
of the public interest. They should not do so in order to gain financial or

T
other material benefits for themselves, their family, or their friends.
• Integrity: Holders of public office should not place themselves under any

X
financial or other obligation to outside individuals or organizations that

E
might influence them in the performance of their official duties.

N 43
 S
The Seven Principles of Public Life

I A
• Objectivity: In carrying out public business, including making public
appointments, awarding contracts, or recommending individuals for rewards and

T
benefits, holders of public office should make choices on merit.

X
• Accountability: Holders of public office are accountable for their decisions and
actions to the public and must submit themselves to whatever scrutiny is

E
appropriate to their office.

N 44
 S
The Seven Principles of Public Life

I A
• Openness: Holders of public office should be as open as possible about all the
decisions and actions that they take. They should give reasons for their decisions

T
and restrict information only when the wider public interest clearly demands.
• Honesty: Holders of public office have a duty to declare any private interests

X
relating to their public duties and to take steps to resolve any conflicts arising in a

E
way that protects the public interest.
• Leadership: Holders of public office should promote and support these principles

N
by leadership and example.

45
Ethics codified in Buddhism
• Abstaining from killing.
• Abstaining from stealing.

I A S
T
• Abstaining from sexual activity.

X
• Abstaining from telling lies.

E
• Abstaining from intoxicating drinks and drugs.
• Abstaining from eating after noon.

N
• Abstaining from entertainment and beautifying the body.
• Abstaining from using luxurious furniture.

46
The Ten Commandments
1.
2.
You shall have no other Gods but me.

I A S
You shall not make for yourself any idol, nor bow down to it or worship it.

T
3. You shall not misuse the name of the Lord your God.
4. You shall remember and keep the Sabbath day holy.

X
5. Respect your father and mother.

E
6. You must not commit murder.
7. You must not commit adultery.

N
8. You must not steal.
9. You must not give false evidence against your neighbor.
10. You must not be envious of your neighbor's goods. You shall not be envious of his house
nor his wife, nor anything that belongs to your neighbor.

47
 S
Quran : some moral stipulations

I A
• Be kind, humble and honorable to one’s parents.

T
• Do not engage in ‘mercy killings’.
• Do not commit adultery.

X
• Do not kill unjustly.

E
• Care for orphaned children.

N
• Keep one’s promises etc.

48
 S
Ethics codified in other religious texts

I A
• Judaism: seven laws of Noah.

T
• Taoism: ten precepts of ethical conduct.
• Lord Krishna in Bhagavata Gita: He outline 26 qualities of a gentleman like - clean,

X
simple, sober, respectful, humble, compassionate, merciful, obedient etc.

N E
49
 S
Some values simplified are as under:

I A
• Allegiance to constitution and laws.

T
• Apolitical functioning.
• Impartiality, fairness, equitability, objectivity, diligence.

X
• Integrity, courteousness, transparency.

E
• Accountability.

N 50
 S
• Effectiveness.

A
• No misuse of official position.

I
• No breach of trust.

T
• Utmost care in use of public money. No discrimination in work place.
• Promote communication, cooperation.

E X
N 51
 S
Code of Ethics Vs Code of Conduct

I A
X T
N E
52
 I A S
T
Challenges of corruption
X
N E
53
Definition of corruption

A S
• Corruption implies using public office for private gain.

I
• CVC list out certain activities, which can be understood as acts of
corruption. These are:

T
 Accepting / demanding gratification other than legal remuneration in

X
an official act.
 Obtaining valuable thing without consideration from a person with

E
whom likely to have office dealings.

N
 Obtaining valuable thing for oneself by illegal means or abusing his
position.
 Possess assets disproportionate to income.
 Cases of misappropriation , forgery, cheating, similar criminal
offence etc.
54
 S
Example of corruption

I A
• Mr A approached by a trader to settle his sales tax case favorably. Mr A told him
that case is being handled by Mr B, another officer. The trader refers to Mr A’s

T
friendship with Mr B and ask Mr A to intercede with Mr B , finally matter got

X
settled.
• Though Mr A directly didn’t helped the trader but used his influence. This is

E
“influence peddling”.

N
• So guilty of a corrupt practice.

55
 S
Systemic Challenges of corruption

I A
• Systemic challenges: Obstacles within the government machinery that poses
challenge to prevent corruption. These are:

T
• Lack of transparency: though RTI has been enacted , it is a reactive

X
mechanism to bring transparency. Proactive disclosure is still not universal.

E
• Monopoly: no competition in many services provided by the government,

N
thus leaving no alternative to citizens and thus creates scope for demanding
bribe.

56
•

I A S
Complex processes: this complexity forces citizens to be dependent on
government servant for availing services. Example: earlier in filing of IT

T
returns, complexity was involved so dependency on IT officials. But now
due to simplification of return filing process, scope of corruption reduced.

E X
N 57
 S
• Weak institutions: anti-corruption ombudsman Lokpal at Centre not yet

I A
been setup. All states do not have Lokayukta and even where it exist,
appointments of lokayukta not made regularly. Neither they are provided

T
with forensic expert or evidence gathering tools.

X
• Poor prosecution: prolong prosecution due to loopholes in system

E
encourage corrupt practices and probability of punishment is also less.

N 58
 S
Non- systemic Challenges of corruption

I A
• Non- systemic means outside the government. These are:

T
1. Displacement of values like honesty, integrity, selflessness. Now money has
become predominant value.

X
2. Political-businessman nexus (crony capitalism)

E
3. Cash transaction flourish corruption, since leaves no footprint.

N 59
 S
• Meek protection to whistleblowers: though Whistle blower protection

I A
Act came in 2014, an amendment proposed in 2015 created some gaps
and faced criticism from RTI activists and anti-corruption crusaders like-

T
• unless the complainant discloses his identity, then no action will be

X
taken against any public interest disclosure by competent authority.

E
• no penalty against public servant who may be victimizing the

N
complainant.

60
 A S
• no witness protection during investigation and trial.

I
• private sector not covered.

T
• no time limit prescribed for discreet enquiry.

X
• whistleblowers would be entitled to official protection only if

E
certain conditions are met.

N 61
 S
Examples of whistleblowers

I A
• Satyendra Dubey(engineer in NHAI) highlighted corrupt practices in highway
project and was hot dead in 2003.

T
• Karnataka cadre IAS Anurag Tiwari exposed the scam in food and supplies.

X
• RTI activist Satish Shetty, against grabbing a huge land by a real estate firm.

E
Thus, there is a need to strengthen the Whistleblower protection act.

N 62
Measures to curb corruption:

A S
• Systemic reforms like use of ICT, simplification of procedures.
• Strengthening of institutions.

I
T
• To speed up departmental proceedings. 2nd ARC recommended: simplify
procedures; rely on documentary evidence mainly; create an appellate

X
mechanism with in the department.

E
• Delay in giving sanctions fro prosecuting government servant should be
minimized.

N 63
 S
• Speeding up trials under Prevention of Corruption Act: special judge can try
the cases and in day-to-day basis. 2nd ARC recommended: time limits for trials

I A
to be fixed at various stages; special judges which are not loaded with another
work; Supreme Court and High Court lay down guidelines to preclude

T
unwarranted adjournments.

X
• Confiscation of properties illegally acquired by corrupt mean: Though

E
provision exist in Prevention of Corruption Act, but it had no impact because :-
• Can forfeit only after conviction;

N
• procedure for attachment can start only after court has taken
cognizance of the offense;
• state or union government has to authorize filing of request seeking
attachment.

64
 S
Measures to curb corruption:

I A
• Benami Transaction(prohibition) amendment act,2016: special court should

T
conclude trial within 6 months; imprisonment of 1-7 years; appellate tribunal.

X
• Protection to whistleblowers.

E
• 2nd ARC recommended that article 311(provides for procedural safeguards to

N
government servant against arbitrary dismissal/removal) and article 310 should
be repealed.

• Civil society activism: they can mobilize people against corruption.

65
 S
• Citizen Charter o be properly implemented.

A
• 2nd ARC recommended a law on model of US False Claims act ( it empower

I
any person having knowledge of a fraud to file a law suit on behalf of federal
government, if fraud is established then person committing fraud is penalized)

T
to be passed.

X
• Social Audit: it is through people’s participation, to ascertain true state of
affairs of welfare program/scheme.

E
• Strict code of conduct implementation and prescribe high ethical values for

N
moral guidance( training programs).
• Monopoly + Discretion – Accountability = Corruption.

66
 S
Measures to curb corruption:

I A
• Induce competition by allowing private agencies as service providers. To

T
strengthen regulatory bodies, e.g. TRAI,SEBI to check malpractices.

X
• Streamlining procedures:

E
• one stop service center e.g. E- seva model of Andhra Pradesh which

N
offers payment of bills, death and birth certificate, property tax, train and
bus reservation, passport application etc.

67
 S
• Using ICT e.g. Gyandoot project of Madhya Pradesh is a local youth run kiosk

I A
which provide services such as agricultural produce auction center rates, copy
of land records, online public grievance redressal.

T
• Integrity Pacts: It is an agreement between bidders/vendors and government

X
procuring agency committing person/officials of both sides not to resort to any

E
corrupt practice in any aspect of contract at any stage. They can be induced in

N
public contracts to reduce corruption.

• Reducing discretion of government , specially at lower levels.

68
• Effective Grievance Redressal Mechanism:

S
• Government established CPGRAMS (Centralized Public Grievance Redress

A
and Monitoring System).

I
• PRAGATI (Pro Active Governance and Timely Implementation) platform.
• E- Nivaran launched by Central Board of Direct Taxes for online redressal of

T
tax payers.
• Nivaran by Railways.

X
• Public Service Delivery Act should be passed.(lapsed in Lok Sabha).

E
• Criminalization of politics should be reduced: cleansing elections; reforms in

N
political funding; publication of accounts by political parties etc.

69
 S
• Practice Case Study
• A poor patient without government health insurance card visit private hospital.

I A
Under government health insurance scheme, he is eligible for cashless service
and for that hospital will be reimbursed the amount by the government.

T
• In order to get large amount, private hospital management told doctor to
conduct/prescribe various unnecessary tests and admit the patient for more

X
days.

E
• Such practice is rampant in hospitals. Suppose you are a doctor, who wishes to
continue in the hospital, but observing this incident, you are in a dilemma.

N 70
 S
• What are the options available to you?

I A
• Evaluate each of these options and choose the option you would adopt giving
reason.

X T
N E
71
 S
• Given that

I A
(a)I am a doctor in a private hospital.
(b)Rampant unethical practice for extracting money from government under

T
health insurance scheme by unnecessary treatment of poor people.

X
• Stakeholders involve

E
(a)I as a doctor

N
(b)Hospital administration
(c)Poor People.
(d)Society at large.

72
 S
• Ethical concern and dilemmas

I A
(a)Health of Poor Vs Government Welfare Policy.
(b)Medical ethics Vs Profit

T
(c)Personal Vs Public interest

X
(d)Efficient Fund Utilization Vs Welfare towards Poors

E
(e)Professional code of conduct Vs Superiors directive.

N 73
 S
• Course of Action

I A
1. Continue doing as per management instruction as it is for profit of hospital.
• Merit- Hospital continue to get profit

T
• Demerit- Compromise on health of Poor people and promote corruption.

E X
N 74
 S
2. Suggest poor person to himself opt out treatment.

A
• Merit-(A) No one can blame me for not keeping patient unnecessary at

I
hospital.
• (B) Save patient from undue medication.

T
• Demerit- Hospital might not claim insurance from government for Patient.

E X
N 75
 S
3. Approach Management and convince them that this malpractice might create

I A
bad image of hospital in long run.

• Merit- (A) Management will be informed for long term gain.

X T
• (B) Medical ethics maintained.

E
• Demerit- Management might me angry with me and opt my removal.

N 76
 S
4. Act as whistle blower and inform government agencies about such malpractice

I A
and convince them to take strong action.

• Merit - Work as per medical ethics and compassion towards poor.

T
• Demerit- Government/ MCI might cancel license of hospital and people trust on

X
me as doctor might be lost.

N E
77
 S
• The government came up with Health insurance to protect the life of poor

I A
people. It is everyone’s responsibility (including hospitals, doctors, poor patient)
to not misuse it leading to loss of government money.

T
• Also such malpractice leads to erosion of trust on doctors and hospitals and

X
compromise on health of Poor.

E
• Hence 4th course of action is most appropriate that will deter other hospital to

N
not continue such practice.

78
 I A S
THANK YOU!
X T
N E
79