Pe Grade 5 Notes
Pe Grade 5 Notes
Page 1 of 32
Elongated start in races.
How to perform an elongated start.
Page 2 of 32
Safety measures observed while improvising Relay Baton.
▪ Paint and allow it to dry.
▪ Clean the working area.
▪ Burn or throw to the dustbin the waste products.
▪ Wash your hands.
Visual Baton Change.
When performing visual baton change technique;
a) Runners changing the relay baton must be in high speed.
b) The visual baton change should be done smoothly without dropping the
baton.
c) The runner receiving the baton should stretch his or her arm with thehand
being open and look at the runner bringing the baton.
● Positioning of the hand of the runner receiving the baton:
✔ Stretched out and behind.
✔ Open and facing up.
● How the runners changing the baton position themselves:
✔ Running in motion.
✔ Legs apart at high speed.
HURDLES (approach, take off, flight, hurdle clearance and landing.)
These include running and going over an obstacle at a speed.
Stages in hurdling.
a) You are required to go over barriers called hurdles when in high speed.
b) The following are the five stages in hurdling
i. Approach – runner sprints towards the first hurdle after the start
command.
ii. Take off – runner places the take-off foot about 20-35 cm from the topof the
hurdle and quickly lifts the thigh of the leading leg to the chest and to go over
edge appropriate hurdle.
iii. Flight – the body should be streamlined and take the shortest time
possible.
iv. Hurdle clearance – runner goes over the hurdle with the toe of the leading foot
pointing up and the foot of the leg behind being flat with toepointing out.
v. Landing- leading leg touches the ground with the back of the foot
followed by the back leg.
Page 3 of 32
FIELD EVENTS.
a) Long Jump – it is used by athletes as a field event.
Athletes combine speed, strength and ability to jump as far as possible from atake-off
point.
The following are the sections of the long jump facility.
i. Runway – this is the sprinting or approach area.
ii. Take-off board – this is the point you jump from.
iii. Landing pit – this is a sand filled pit for safe landing.The
equipment found in the long jump facility include;
i. A 50 metre measuring tape.
ii. A rake for leveling the sand pit.
Long Jump Technique.
Stages in Long Jump.
a. Approach – the athlete runs along the runway using quick long strides.
b. Take-off – placing one foot next to the take-off board or line and thenlift the
body off the ground.
c. Flight – cycling action of the legs in the air to move the body.
d. Landing – contacting or touching down on the landing pit area with bothfeet
and knees bent.
● The following are the important rules to be followed for a good long jump;
a. Takeoff foot must not cross the takeoff board or line.
b. Use quick long strides, when running along the runway during approach.
c. Land on the pit with knees bent and the head leaning forward with thehands
in front.
Standing Discus.
A discus is an equipment used for throwing in athletics field events.
A discus facility has a throwing sector with a diameter of 2.5 metres and alanding sector.
There are different weights for discus. Boys under 13 years throw discusweighing 1
kilogram, while for girls it is 0.75 kilograms.
Other equipment found in the discus facility include:
i. Marking flags or pegs – used to mark several throws made by players.
ii. Measuring tape – it is used for measuring length of the throws made by
players.
iii. Score cards – they are used by the teacher to record the scores andother
details of the players.
Page 4 of 32
Stages or phases of performing standing discus technique.
i. Stance;
▪ Stand with the feet shoulder width apart.
▪ The left or right shoulder should point to the direction of throw.
ii. Grip;
▪ The discus sits flat against the palm of the throwing hand.
▪ The fingers hold the edge of the discus.
▪ The thumb rests on the back of the discus. The discus is held in loosegrip.
iii. Swing;
▪ The non-throwing arm is extended towards the throwing direction.
▪ The throwing arm is extended back.
▪ Swing the discus and bring it on top of the palm of the non-throwing arm.
▪ Swing the hip, torso and shoulder while pivoting the back foot to thefront.
iv. Release and recovery;
▪ Continue to hold the correct grip.
▪ Step forward with the opposite foot to the throwing hand before
releasing the discus.
▪ Release the discus from a comfortable height, not too high.
▪ As the discus is released, the non-throwing arm swings back for recovery.
Page 5 of 32
ROPE WORK.
STRADDLE AND STRADDLE CROSS.
These are techniques in rope skipping.
Rope work involves skipping or jumping in different styles using a rope.
How to perform straddle and straddle cross rope skipping.
a) Stand with knees slightly bent, feet shoulder width apart and arms extended
sideways.
b) With the body weight well balanced on the balls of the feet, swing the ropefrom
behind the feet and jump up and down over the rope.
c) As you continue jumping, begin to tap the ground with the heel of one foot andthen
keep alternating the feet.
Page 6 of 32
BATTING GAMES.
SOFTBALL; Field, Equipment And Choosing Bat.
Softball is one of the batting games which is played between two teams on alarge field,
with nine players from each team.
The aim of the game is for a team to score more runs (points) than the other team by
batting (hitting) a ball into play and running around the bases, touchingeach one in
succession. The defending team is referred to as fielding team.
Parts of the field.
a) Bases – these include 1st , 2nd , 3rd and home plate. The bases are made ofrubber
material and are square shaped while the home plate is 5 sided.
b) Infield – this is the area around the four bases and the surface is
generally grass.
c) Outfield – this is the area outside the infield. It consists of left fielder,centre
fielder and right fielder.
d) Foul lines – two straight lines extending from the 1st and 3rd base linesthat
mark fair territory.
e) Pitcher’s plate is placed at the middle of the diamond from which thepitcher
throws the ball.
f) Batter’s box – two long rectangular boxes marked near the home platewhere
a batter player must stay while batting.
Softball equipment include:
i. Batting helmet.
ii. Softball balls.
iii. Fielding gloves.
iv. Catcher’s mitts.
v. Bats.
vi. Chest protector.
vii. Sliding shorts.
viii. Leg guard.
ix. Uniform.
The positions of the players at the start of the softball game are:
i. Pitcher – position 1.
ii. Catcher – position 2.
iii. 1st base fielder – position 3.
iv. 2nd base fielder – position 4.
v. 3rd base fielder – position 5.
vi. Shortstop – position 6.
vii. Left fielder – position 7.
viii. Centre fielder – position 8.
ix. Right fielder – position 9.
Note For the batting team, nine batters line up near the batting box ready to get intobatters’
box in turns for batting. They must follow this order all through.
Page 7 of 32
Responsibilities of infield players.
❖ Catching or collecting ground balls.
❖ Catching high balls.
❖ Throwing caught balls to various bases.
❖ Helping to cover the bases.
❖ Assisting each other (backing up).
❖ Tagging (touching using the hand holding the ball) the running batter.
FIELDING:
Ready Position and Footwork.
Ready position is when the fielder player positions the body in a way that he orshe is
ready to move to any direction when the ball is released.
How to perform ready position and footwork in fielding.
a) Stand with legs apart and get the body low to the ground by squatting.
b) Balance the body weight by using the balls of your feet.
c) Wear a glove on the left hand. Stretch the gloved hand further towards theball.
d) Bending low to the ground with the back straight and head up, face the batter,stay
alert and focused,
e) In that position move your feet forward, backward and side to side.
Page 8 of 32
THROWING: Overhand throw.
Page 9 of 32
The Swing Technique.
When performing the swing technique:
a. Stand with your feet apart. Knees bent and toes facing the home plate.
b. Stretch your arms with elbows out and use the correct grip on the handle ofthe bat.
c. Bend the upper part of the body slightly forward.
d. With hands firmly gripping the bat by the handle, move the bat up and abovethe
shoulder.
e. Swing the bat to hit the ball by the middle part of the barrel of the bat withenough
force.
f. Ensure the ball is hit towards the fair territory of the softball field.
g. Make the follow through by moving one step forward.
Base Running And Sliding.
Base running.
a. Take quick strides as you run to the next nearest base.
b. Use strong arm action as you run in order to have maximum speed.
c. Run straight to the base and then round it.
d. As you run around it, step on the inside corner of the base.
e. Run as close to the base line as possible.
Base running and sliding skill.
a) Run at full speed to the next base, when you are 4 to 5 steps away from the base, bend
your knees. Shift your weight to the left side of your body and getlow to the ground.
As you get low to the ground, fold your left leg under your right leg to form shape 4 as
you slide on the ground.
NOTE: The thigh and shin of the left leg are the parts of the body used insliding.
b) Lift up your hands past the head with arms stretched out to balance the bodywhile
sliding. This will also help to prevent the defender from easily tagging your hands.
c) Tuck your chin in your chest to prevent your head from flopping backward andhit the
ground.
Importance of sliding in softball.
▪ To prevent injury – players can slide to avoid collision with whoever is making atag at
1st , 2nd or 3rd base.
▪ Sliding is the quickest way to the base – running to the base might be slow;so
sliding will help the player get to the base faster.
▪ To avoid a tag – a player can slide away from the person tagging.
▪ To make a diversion – if a player wants to make a change of direction aroundthe
base.
Page 10 of 32
ROUNDERS:
fielding, Throwing, Catching and Stamping.
The Rounders game is played by players referred to as fielders and batters. The
fielders try to put out the batters by stamping the post they are runningto.
The game should be played between two teams with a maximum of 15 players.
Throwing the ball in rounders.
There are two throwing skills in rounders. They include:
a. Over arm throwing – it is mostly used by the fielders to pass long balls to other
team members. The ball is passed to a teammate who is near the basewhich is in
front of the leading batter. It is mostly used for the balls whichhave been hit far
from the post.
i. While using the over arm throw, grip the ball in a way that your first andsecond
fingers are over the two seams.
ii. Direct your shoulder towards the teammates you are passing the ball toand
release the ball.
b. Under arm throwing – it is mostly used by the fielders when making short passes to
the teammate in order to stamp opponents. Grip the ball as it is done in an over arm
throw between the fingers and the thumb. The player swings thearm forward as he or
she steps in front to release the ball with a flick of the wrist.
Catching the ball in rounders.
Catching is done by the fielders when receiving a thrown ball in order to stampthe post
and put the batter out.
The golden rule of catching is to keep the eyes on the ball from the moment it leaves
the pitcher’s hands and follow it all over.
When catching the ball, stretch out your arms in front of the chest. Thumbs should
point each other. When the ball gets in your palms, close your fingers over it to
prevent it from bouncing out.
Stamping in rounders.
a) Stamping is touching a post by the fielder using the hand with the ball.
b) Fielders stamp the nearest post that the batter is approaching so as to stamphim or
her out.
c) Once a batter is stamped out, he or she is out of the game.
Technical, tactical approaches and rules of the game.
Technical approaches are skills that the players apply to ensure they win thegame. These
skills include; catching, throwing and stamping the post.
Tactical approaches are methods that are planned and used to achieve aparticular
goal.
Examples of tactical approaches are; Spread all over the field of play, Communicate
with your teammates loudly and clear, Work as a team, Be quickand alert.
Page 11 of 32
Rules of the rounders’ game.
a) It is played between two teams. One team bats while the other team fields andbowls.
b) The game starts when the bowler bowls the ball to the batter who hits the ballforward
on the rounder’s pitch. The batter runs around tapping every post before the fielders
can stamp the nearest post.
c) If the batter reaches 2nd or 3rd post in one hit. The team scores half a rounder.If the
batter reaches the 4th post in one hit. The batter scores full rounder.
d) A batter is put out when he or she leaves the nearest post and run to the nextpost and
it is stamped before he or she gets there.
SOCCER PASSES.
1. Push pass.
When passing the ball in soccer using push pass;
● Use a flat ground which is free from dangerous objects.
● Wear a suitable sports kit.
● Perform enough warm up and cool down activities before and after thegame.
● Follow your teachers’ instructions correctly.
2. Wall pass.
When playing wall pass skill;
● Communicate loud and clear ‘’wall pass’’ among your teammates involved inthe
pass.
● A minimum of two teammates should be involved in the passing in order tomove
the ball past an opponent player.
● One player makes a good pass and sprints into the open space in order to
receive the ball from the second teammate.
● The player who receives the pass should sprint behind the defender. The
teammate should then pass the ball in the space in front of him or her.
3. Outside of the foot pass.
When passing the ball using outside of the foot;
● Approach the ball with the upper body slightly bent.
● Bring the non-kicking leg to the same level with the ball but slightly awayfrom
the kicking foot.
● Shift the body weight to the supporting leg and slightly bend it.
● Turn the toes of the kicking foot inwards to face the non kicking leg.
● Swing the kicking leg and strike the ball with the middle of outside foot.
● Ensure the pass is directed at the intended target or teammate.
VOLLEYBALL.
Facility, equipment and positioning.
A volleyball court is rectangular in shape.It
measures 18m long and 9m wide.
It is divided into two halves by a centerline.
A net is placed at the center; each court is divided into two by an attack linewhich is 3m
from the center line and 6m from thePageback
12 court.
of 32
Basic equipment used in playing volleyball games are; net, ball and two posts tosupport
the net.
Each team must have 6 members playing at the start of the game.
a) Cut long wood from any tree available. Make sure it is smooth and about 1.93metres
long. Metal material can also be used as posts.
b) Make holes on the ground to support the posts.
c) Insert the posts in the holes and make sure they are firm.
a) Materials such as; nylon ropes, sisal fibre and old clothes cut into long and thinpieces
can be used to improvise a volleyball net.
b) Volleyball nets can be twined using sisal fibre or old pieces of clothes that arecut into
thin pieces.
Underarm serve.
✔ This is a type of service in volleyball where the player serving the ball holds itabout
waist high.
✔ The player slightly tosses the ball up and hits it with the opposite hand using an under
hand motion.
✔ The hand hits the ball at the bottom with a closed fist.
✔ Tossing is throwing the ball upward above the waist before striking it.
Page 13 of 32
How to perform the dig pass;
a) Stand with your feet shoulder width apart for balance.
b) Put arms together and join the hands, locking the wrist and elbow joints.
c) Contact the ball with the part of the arms just above the hands.
d) Move the hands upward and forward to give the ball an upward motion.
The volley.
✔ This is a way of passing a ball that has been received at the full hand level.
✔ It is used to keep the ball in play, set the ball for an attack and for passing the ball over
the net.
KABADDI GAME.
Facility and Position of Players.
Kabaddi is also called a game of struggle because it is one player against 7players.
The aim of the game is to score points by raiding into the opponent court touching as
many defensive players as possible without being caught by any ofthe opponents.
Defensive players are called antis while attacking players are raiders.
The Kabaddi field of play measures 8 metres by 11 metres for junior boys andgirls.
Each team has seven players at the start of the game.
Each team selects a raider who runs across the centre line to the other team’scourt.
As the raider enters the opponent’s court, he or she chants ‘Kabaddi’, ‘Kabaddi’,‘Kabaddi’
and tries to tag any member of the opposing team.
Once the raider tags a member or members of the opponent team, he or sheruns back
to their court. A point is awarded.
Entry.
● This involves getting into the opponent’s court chanting ‘Kabaddi, Kabaddi,
Kabaddi’ and trying to step or touch the opponent player.
● The raider tries to touch an opponent player while the opponent player putseffort
to prevent the raider from touching them.
● The raider should be done with tagging a member from the opponent teamwithin
30 seconds.
Foot work.
● This is the movement made by the raider with his or her feet during the courseof the
raid.
Page 14 of 32
● It is guided by the stance, body position, speed and the ability to bend in any
direction.
a) Each team should take turns to run across the centre line.
b) Tag a member of the other team.
c) Run back to your half court.
Legal Touches.
In Kabaddi, legal touch means a raider touching any member of the defending team
by any part of their body including clothes, shoes and any other part ofthe body.
i. Toe touch – it is when the raider touches the opponent’s foot using the toes andgets a
point.
ii. Running hand touch – it is when the raider requires to move fast and stretchhands
to touch the opponent before moving back.
iii. Frog jump – it is when the raider jumps above the opponent and tries to touchhim or
her.
iv. Scorpion kick – it is when the raider faces away from the opponent, he or shequickly
curls the leg to touch the opponent.
v. Dubki – raider escapes from the opponent by squatting below him or her to avoid
being tapped before reaching the half way line.
Cant.
Cant is the chanting of “Kabadii” continuously once a raider is in the opponent’s
part of the field. If a raider stops chanting, he or she is out.
Cant is also the capacity of the lungs to hold the breath which is required to
maintain raid for a longtime.
Page 15 of 32
Raiding.
✔ This is the taking of turns in sending a player into the opponents’ court to try tagging
them and win a point.
✔ It is also a repeated clear sound of the word “Kabadii” in one single breath during raid
by the raider.
Roles of Raiders.
a) Try and touch as many players in the opponent team as possible in order toscore,
tap them out and score points.
b) He or she must say “Kabadii” several times until a tag is made or he has faulted.
a. The ball can only be passed sideways or backwards through the air. It cannotbe
handed over to another player or teammate.
b. The ball cannot be snatched from the carrier, it can only be intercepted.
Ball carriage.
a. Carriage is holding the ball under the armpit firmly and moving with it. It isdone to
avoid losing the ball to the opponents.
b. Lateral pass is when the player collects the ball from a tap or roll ball andpasses
it to teammates on either side.
c. Hold the ball with both hands, turn to the receiver and swing the ball across thefront of
your body.
d. Direct the ball to the chest level of the receiver.
e. Release the ball as the upper body turns and the arms extend.
Page 16 of 32
Running.
This is moving with the ball in your hands away from the opponent.
In Tag Rugby, players run sideways more since most of the opponents are focusingahead. This
helps them to avoid being tagged.
Tagging and Offside rule.
▪ Tagging is pulling out one of the two tags or ribbons attached to the ball
carrier's waist or belt.
▪ Only the player with the ball can be tagged.
▪ The opponent should hold the tag above their head and shout “tag” after removing
it from the ball carrier’s waist. Then the referee shouts ”pass” toconfirm the tag.
▪ The ball carrier cannot defend the tags from being taken using hands, they canonly
doge taggers.
▪ When the ball carrier is tagged, they have to pass the ball to the teammatewithin
three seconds.
▪ If tagged near the try line, they are allowed one step to score a try.
▪ When a ball carrier is tagged and passes the ball, he or she must take the tagand put it
back. No play without a tag.
▪ Offside is when a player is in a prohibited area during the game.
▪ The offside rule occurs immediately when a tag has been made.
▪ All defenders must go back to their side.
▪ A defender should not knowingly wait to block or intercept a pass from the
attacking team after a tag.
Scoring.
Page 17 of 32
OPTIONAL GAMES AND SPORTS.
1) FRISBEE.
Cutting in Frisbee.
❖ Cutting is a technique used to confuse defenders or opponents.
❖ It involves running and changing direction so that you throw the disc safely toyour
partner.
Marking in Frisbee.
Marking is a technique used to control the ball carrier and limiting them fromthrowing
the disc.
Page 18 of 32
Pivoting in Frisbee.
Pivoting is done with one foot maintaining contact on the ground while turningand
stepping with the other foot.
Pivoting is done to give the player a better chance of passing the disc to theteammates.
a) Stand with legs apart and firmly place one foot on the ground.
b) The other leg is lifted from the ground.
c) Turn and move to any direction with the leg which is lifted.
d) Step on the ground with the moving leg.
e) Do not move the leg which is firmly placed on the ground.
Note; Through “spirit of the game”, moral lessons like honesty, fairness, politeness,
teamwork among others are taught.
Page 19 of 32
2) SWIMMING.
A) Breaststroke.
Breaststroke is a swimming style that is performed with the body facing downin a
streamlined position.
The arms perform semi circular movements and the legs perform a frog likekick, the
head bobs in and out of water.
a) For the body to be streamlined, place yourself horizontally in water. Let yourtoes
point to the wall behind you. Stretch your arms out in front of you. The fingers
should point towards the wall ahead.
b) Keep the head facing down towards the bottom of the pool.
c) Stay in that position for a few seconds to help your body get used to the water.
Arm Action.
a) for arm action, start from the streamlined position. Turn both palms outwardwithout
bending the elbows. Then push them out and slightly down.
b) When your arms form a “Y” shape with your body, bend elbows and bring handsdown
and back towards your face.
Leg action.
a) For the leg action, begin by pointing the feet outwards from the body by rotating the
ankle. Bring the heels towards your bottom as you bend hands downand back towards
the shin.
b) Extend your knees slightly past the width of your shoulders. Push your legs
straight back behind you and bring them back together.
d) Backstroke.
It is a swimming style performed with the body lying on the back andstreamlined.
The head is submerged above half level of the ears and the face is left off thewater surface
at all times.
Body positioning.
e) Lie with your back on the water and streamline your body.
f) Put your head half way into the water.
g) Lower your legs and hips slightly.
h) Put your legs together and straighten them.
Leg action.
a) Sidestroke.
Sidestroke is a swimming style where the swimmer lies on the side in the water.It is used
for life saving , leisure and for swimming long distances.
Body position.
Head positioning.
Arm action.
a) Extend the leading arm forward with the palm facing downwards. Place your armon
your side.
b) Palm of the leading arm pushes water backwards and downwards. The hand then
moves upwards and inwards.
c) Your other arm moves forward, bending at the elbow.
d) Your leading hand moves forward in a straight line with palms rotating from
upward to a downward facing position.
e) Your other hand performs a semi-circular backward sweep.
Leg action.
a) Bend your lower leg and move the foot towards your back. At the same time,
straighten the upper leg.
b) Make “scissors kicks” with your legs to move the body forward.
Page 21 of 32
GYMNASTICS
Individual balances.
● Gymnastics include general categories of movement such as travel, weight
transfer, balance, jumping, flight or landing.
● These skills can be developed with integration of other body aspects and
movement elements. For example locomotor and non-locomotor movements,
space and effort aspects.
▪ Hand balance into splits and hand walk is standing upright with the support ofthe
hands with toes pointing up, splitting the legs sideways and making few steps.
▪ It helps in developing; balance, coordination, reaction time, flexibility and many
more.
a) Get into a squat position and place hands on the ground in front of the feet,next to
the toes.
b) Move the knees so that they rest against the bent elbows for support. Withyour
knees in this position, they will help carry some of your body weight to make the
hold possible.
c) Lean forward into the hold taking weight onto the hands so that the feet areraised
completely from the floor.
d) Hold the position for 30 seconds.
a) Once you are stable on your hand balance position, try to move one hand forward.
Make short steps as you lean the body slightly in the direction you aremoving to. Move
the other hand.
b) Once you have made several steps or you are tired, lower your body by bendingthe
knees. Land with your feet on the ground.
Hand balance into splits and hand walk helps us to develop the following physicalfitness
components:
a) Balance – the body is able to stay upright and in control of movement.
b) Coordinating – ability to move two or more body parts under control.
c) Reaction time – ability to respond quickly to a command or stimulus.
d) Flexibility – ability to move the joints easily without getting injuries.
Page 22 of 32
2. Shoulder roll.
This is a kind of roll that is performed over one shoulder.
It prevents you from hurting your head, hands or knees if you fall on theground.
4. Side vault.
It involves jumping over an obstacle or object with the hands placed on the object and
the legs being moved away on the side of the obstacle while jumping.
Page 23 of 32
5. Cartwheel.
It is a sideways circle movement of the body.
It is performed by bringing the hands to the ground one at a time while thebody
inverts.
a) Place your dominant leg in front and bend it slightly as the other leg remains
straight. Arms should be straight above the head.
b) Place your hands on the ground with fingers well spread out.
c) Push your feet over your head one at a time. The foot that takes off firstshould
land first.
d) Land in such a way that you are facing the opposite direction. Your arms shouldbe over
your head near your ears. Your front leg should be slightly bent and your back leg
straight.
6. Round off.
This is a movement of turning the body parts from one point to another in theair.
The take off can either be off hands or off feet.
a) Start in an upright standing position with one leg forward and arms lifted
straight above your head with palms facing forward.
b) Bend your body trunk forward and lift up the back leg.
c) With palms placed firmly on the ground, rotate the hands towards each other.
d) Put legs together at the top and push them through so that you land facing thedirection
you started from.
Page 24 of 32
HEALTH AND FITNESS.
Skill related fitness.
1) Balance.
Balance is the ability to control or stabilize the body when a person isstanding still
or moving.
Fitness is a condition in which an individual has enough energy to perform atask
without getting tired.
These are some of the skills that can be done to develop balance;
a) T balance.
b) V balance.
c) Hand balance.
d) Crab walk.
e) Wheelbarrow walk.
f) Crouch balance.
Balance helps us to perform activities without falling and injuring ourselves.
2) Agility.
Agility is the ability to change and control the direction and position of thebody while
maintaining a constant rapid motion.
Some of the activities that are performed to develop agility are;
a) Forward running.
b) High knee running.
c) Lateral running.
d) Shuttle running.
e) Pivoting.
f) Reaction time.
Reaction time is the ability to reach or respond quickly to what you hear,see or
feel.
Good reaction requires one to;
i. Be alert and attentive.
ii. Respond quickly without delaying.
It is important in daily life because it enables us to perform activities likerunning,
walking and playing quickly when given command or signal.
Some of the activities that improve reaction time are; sitting and standing, ‘on
to your marks', 'Set and Go’ command, run and stop. Reaction time is very
important when driving, playing sports and runningaway from dangerous
situations.
3) Sit and reach.
Sit and reach test is a simple measurement of lower back and arm stringflexibility.
Flexibility is the ability to bend without breaking.To
measure the sit and reach test you require;
a. Sit and reach the test box.
b. Metre ruler or tape measure.
How to perform sit and reach test;
Page 25 of 32
a) Sit on the floor with legs fully extended.
b) Place one hand on top of the other, slowly bend forward and reachas far
as possible holding the stretch for two seconds.
c) Record the distance that you were able to reach in centimeters. Dothis
three times.
d) Calculate the average of the three distances to tell your flexibility.
▪ These are injuries that occur during sports, athletic activities or exercising.
a) Closed wound.
This is an injury on the body where no bleeding takes place on the skin.Tissue
damage and bleeding occur under the skin surface.
Closed wound occurs when you are hit or bumped. A bruise is an exampleof a
closed wound.
Page 26 of 32
Management of sprain injury.
i. Rest, ice application, compression and elevation.
ii. Avoid vigorous activities until the sprain heals.
iii. For wrist, thumb, knees and ankle sprains, compress the area with an elastic
wrap or bandage. Crutches can also be used to give support for ankle and knee
sprains.
iv. If the sprain is serious, medical and surgical treatment may be required.
c) Strain.
A strain is an overstretched, torn or twisted tendon or muscle.
Strain mostly affects the lower leg muscles, thigh muscles, feet muscles,arm
muscles and back muscles.
Page 27 of 32
OUTDOOR AND RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES.
Outdoor activities are done outside class. They enhance learning throughnature.
Suitable sites for these activities are mountain sides, rocky areas, near waterbodies like
rivers.
Planning.
● While choosing suitable places for outdoor activities, you should consider;
i. Accessibility for learners with varied needs.
ii. Services and amenities (toilets, water e.t.c).
iii. Cost.
iv. Security.
v. Weather (rainy or sunny season).
vi. Mode of transport.
vii. Location (convenience).
● Outdoor activities help us to find peace in nature, have fun, learn and relax.
● An outdoor activity should include all the activities from departure to comingback.
● The following is a two days sample of outdoor activity programme;
Days time programme
Day 1 8 am – 11 am Travelling to Masai Mara Park.
11 am – 12 noon Arrival and setting up tents.
1 pm – 4 pm Game drive
4 pm – 6 pm Visiting Masai Mara market.
6 pm – 8 pm Dinner.
8 pm – 9 pm A recap of the day.
9 pm – 6 am Sleeping and waking up time.
Day 2 6 am – 7 am Morning workout (aerobics).
7 am – 9 am Take bath and breakfast.
9 am – 12 noon Hiking and team building activities.
Lunch.
12 noon – 1 pm Travelling back.
1 pm – 4 pm
Tracking signs.
● These are objects or markers used to help a group move without getting lostduring
outdoor activity.
● It is a method of communication between different groups by giving directionsin an
outdoor activity.
● The signs are made from small rocks, stones, wood and sticks.
Page 29 of 32
Roles and responsibilities.
These are duties or work each member does when in an outdoor activity.It is
important to be in groups with group leaders assigned.
Each member has a role to play in the group.
Conflict Resolution.
Conflict Resolution are ways a group settles their quarrels and disagreementsduring
outdoor activity.
People have different views about issues and all are entitled to be considered.Conflicts
should be settled in a friendly manner.
Page 30 of 32
Causes of conflicts in a group.
a) Poor communication.
b) Unfriendly relationships.
c) Lack of enough space for all team members.
d) Disagreements in power.
e) Unwillingness to share resources.
f) Lack of planning.
g) Poor selection of a leader.
h) Favoring some group members.
Food preservation.
Food preservation refers to how food is either treated or handled to ensure itstops or
Page 31 of 32
Methods of preserving food;
● Drying.
● Canning.
● Heating.
● Boiling.
● Bottling.
● Salting.
● Smoking.
● Fermentation.
● Sugaring.
● Freezing.
Different foods use different methods of preservation. During an outdoor activity, you
should use the correct method of food preservation depending onthe food you have
carried.
Page 32 of 32