ME 553: Mechanical Vibrations: Dr. Abdelaziz Bazoune Mechanical Engineering Department
ME 553: Mechanical Vibrations: Dr. Abdelaziz Bazoune Mechanical Engineering Department
Mechanical Vibrations
Thus, the period of the Earth’s orbit is one year, and its frequency is one orbit per
year. A tuning fork might have a frequency of 1,000 cycles per second and a period
of 1 millisecond (1 thousandth of a second).
x t x t nT , n 1, 2, 3,...
f = 1/T = v/λ.
x A sin A sin t
Velocity:
dx
A cos t
dt
Acceleration:
d 2x
2
2
A sin t 2
x Scotch yoke mechanism:
dt The similarity between cyclic
(harmonic) and sinusoidal
d 2x motion.
2
2
x0
dt
A second order ordinary differential equation with
natural frequency ω
y A sin t
and its projection on the horizontal axis is
given by
x A cos t
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real imaginary
Polar Form z z
j
z ze
z z a b ,
2 2
tan
1
b a
To convert complex numbers from polar to rectangular form, we use
a z cos , b z sin
i i
2 4
2 4
cos 1 1
2! 4! 2! 4!
i i
3 5
3 5
and
i sin i i
3! 5! 3! 5!
i i i
2 3 4
i
cos i sin 1 i e
2! 3! 4!
i i i
2 3 4
i
cos i sin 1 i e
2! 3! 4!
i i
e e
cos
2
Subtracting the second expression above from the first one, we obtain
ei e i
sin
2i
bj
Aj a 2j b 2j ; j 1, 2 j tan
1
; j 1, 2
aj
Rotating Vector Z Ae it
A cos t i sin t Re Ae it
i Im Ae it
Velocity dZ d
dt
dt
it
it
Ae i Ae i Z
2
Acceleration
d Z d
dt 2
dt
it 2
it
i Ae Ae Z
2
Real Imaginary
A A1 A2 cos A2 sin
2 2
A2 sin
tan 1
A1 A2 cos
Alternative notation
cos t Re ei t
1
sin t Im ei t Re ei t Re i ei t
i
A cos t Re Ae
i t
A i t A i t i A i i t
A sin t Im Ae
i t
Re i e Re i e e Re i e e
2 i t
2
i 400 t 2
i i 400 t
H 30sin 400t Im A e Im 30 e 3
Im 30e 3
e
3
2
i
Amplitude A 30e 3
15.0000 25.9808i
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune ME 553 ADVANCED VIBRATIONS LEC 03, Slide 20
Find the sum of the two harmonic motions
x1 (t ) 10cos t and x2 (t ) 15cos(t 2).
Solution:
Method 1: By using trigonometric relations:
Since the circular frequency is the same for both x1(t) and x2(t), we express the sum as
x(t ) A cos(t ) x1 (t ) x2 (t )
That is
A cos t cos sin t sin 10cos t 15cos(t 2)
10cos t 15(cos t cos 2 sin t sin 2)
or ( A cos ) cos t ( A sin ) sin t (10 15cos 2) cos t (15 sin 2) sin t
By equating the corresponding coefficients of cosωt and sinωt on both sides, we obtain
14.1477
A cos 10 15cos 2
15sin 2
A sin 15sin 2 tan 1 74.5963
10 15cos 2
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune ME 553 ADVANCED VIBRATIONS LEC 03, Slide 21
Method 2: By using Vectors: x2 (t ) 15cos(t 2).
For an arbitrary value of ωt, the
harmonic motions x1(t) and x2(t)
can be denoted graphically as
shown in the figure below. By
x1 (t ) 10cos t
adding them vectorially, the
resultant vector x(t) can be found
to be
x1 (t ) Re A1eit Re 10eit
x2 (t ) Re A2ei (t 2) Re 15ei (t 2)
The sum of x1(t) and x2(t) can be expressed as
A A A 10 15sin 2 14.1477
2 2 2 2
1 2
Solution
Now replace all polar forms of a complex quantity with their equivalent rectangular forms and
combine real and imaginary parts, such that
Amplitude (A):
Maximum displacement of a
vibrating body from its equilibrium
position.
Period of oscillation (): Time
taken to complete one cycle of
motion
2
[sec]
Frequency of oscillation (f):
Number of cycles per unit time
1 is called the circular frequency [rad/sec]
f [1/sec] or [Hz]
T 2
1
period sec f
1 cycles
or (Hz) 2 f
rad
sec
f sec
A amplitude
App peak to peak amplitude
1/2
1 T 2 2 2
Arms A sin (2 ft )dt A 0.707 A
T 0 2
phase 2 f
1 1 cycles rad
period sec f
sec or (Hz) 2 f sec
f
a b
a cos t bsin t a2 b2 cos t sin t
2
a b2 a
2
b2
cos
sin
a
Define such that
a
cos
a 2 b2 A 1 b
tan
b b a
sin
Therefore a 2 b2 A
A a 2 b2
x t A cos cos t sin sin t
b
Using the identity cos t cos t cos sin t sin tan 1
a
Therefore
a b
a cos t b sin t a b
2 2
cos t sin t
2
a b
2 2
b
a
2
cos
sin
Define
a a
such that sin
a 2 b2 A 1 a
tan
b b b
cos
Therefore a 2 b2 A
A a 2 b2
x t A sin cos t cos sin t
a
tan 1
Using the identity sin t sin t cos cos t sin
b
Therefore
x2 A2 sin t
Phase Angle:
Phase angle () is the angular difference between two synchronous harmonic
motions.
Natural Frequency:
Natural frequency is the frequency for which a system oscillates without external
forces.
Phase Angle: Phase angle () is the angular difference between two synchronous
harmonic motions.
x1 A1 sin t
x2 A2 sin t
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We obtain The motion represents a cosine wave with a
t
x t 2 X cos cos t frequency (ω+δ/2) which is approximately
2 2 equal to ω and with a varying amplitude of
2X cos (δt/2)
Amplitude frequency
t
x t 2 X cos sin t
2 2
Beat Period
2
b s
Frequency of beat
A common example of beating vibration occurs in a twin engine
cycles aircraft. Whenever the speed of one engine varies slightly from
fb or (Hz) the other, a person can easily feel the beating in the aircraft’s
2 sec structure, and hear the vibration acoustically.
The decibel (dB) is a logarithmic unit of measurement that expresses the magnitude of a
physical quantity (usually power or intensity) relative to a specified or implied reference
level. Since it expresses a ratio of two quantities with the same unit, it is a dimensionless
unit. A decibel is one tenth of a bel (B).
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