2000 Yds Sorusu Testler

VOCABULARY REVIEW TESTS 2000 YDS SORUSU
VOCABULARY REVIEW TEST - 1
1. Gold prices ---- to a record high as concerns grow 6. The electronic microscope, by which scientists are
about a resurgence in the coronavirus because able to conduct precise screening, has been ---- in
more people want to invest in it in such global crisis the field of bacteriology research since the 1700s.
times.
A) vulnerable B) controversial
A) declined B) matured C) indistinguishable D) ambiguous
C) intensified D) soared E) invaluable
E) scrutinized
2. For the new emerging powers, international 7. Pasteur devoted his whole life to research and
cooperation, as well as free trade, is -----. discovered not only bacteria, which cause many
illnesses, but also the ---- of fighting them.
A) futile B) indispensable
A) preventions B) convictions
C) redundant D) legible
C) consistencies D) means
E) ordinary
E) alterations
3. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in over 4.3 million

8. In the ancient world, it was in the Roman Empire
confirmed cases globally and ---- considerable
where arts and architecture had a/n ----- role in all
concern all over the world.
areas of living.
A) sparked B) alleged
A) illusive B) prominent
C) enacted D) maintained
C) doubtful D) instinctive
E) assigned E) arrogant
9. The ---- of the swine flu is believed to have started

4. Until Hurricane Irene hit last year and Hurricane in March 2009 and was classified as meeting the
Sandy arrived last week, most New Yorkers had criteria for the World Health Organization
probably never thought about how well their city pandemic Phase 5 status on 29 April.
was fortified to ---- a monster storm. A) prevention B) collision
A) put in B) show off C) outbreak D) failure
C) deal with D) put out E) slaughter
E) cut back
5. Immigration can have positive and negative ---- on 10. The business model topic is very popular among
both the recipient country and the original country. business people today because in various industries
we can see a/n ---- of new and innovative business
A) obstacles B) concerns models.
C) impacts D) tracks A) proliferation B) demonstration
E) loans C) sequence D) cultivation
1
E) alternation E) instruction
11. Psychopathology is a term that refers to either the 15. Positivistic approaches are founded on the belief
study of mental illnesses or the manifestation of that the study of human behavior should be ---- in
behaviors and experiences which may be indicative the same way as studies are carried out in the
of a psychological ----. natural sciences.
A) composition B) impairment A) ordered B) published
C) extraction D) discrimination C) submitted D) utilized
E) competence E) conducted
12. English is being introduced to ever more and ever 16. The NSA, CIA, and FBI are agencies of the American
younger children and in many countries around the government that are concerned with security,
world it is now ---- in primary education. intelligence, and law ---- respectively.
A) irreversible B) impeccable A) assessment B) enforcement
C) compulsory D) profound C) distribution D) urgency
E) pertinent E) undertaking
17. We used to think that agriculture gave rise to cities

and later to writing, art, and religion, but now new
13. Changing people's health behavior is a major
---- suggests that the urge to worship sparked
challenge for public health workers, particularly
civilization.
when such ---- focus on people whose social or
economic circumstances are weak. A) substructure B) separation
A) transmissions B) propositions C) challenge D) insight
C) deficiencies D) candidates E) instance
E) interventions
14. Cultural tourism has been defined as the 18. Much of the best agricultural land in the world is
movement of persons to cultural attractions away used to growing commodities such as cotton,
from their normal place of residence, with the ---- cacao, tea, and sugar cane, which are non-food
to gather new information and experiences to products or are ---- nutritious.
satisfy their cultural needs. A) insufficiently B) chiefly
A) intention B) compassion C) essentially D) ironically
C) provision D) resignation
E) consistently
19. Sadly but explicitly, Yasuní National Park in Ecuador

is a rain forest ----- radical change, which seems to
get worse each day.
A) undergoing B) defending
23. With the discovery of DNA and the power it has in
C) diminishing D) reducing
proving theories of crime, the use of forensics has
E) altering now become ----- in almost all criminal cases.
A) redundant B) fragmented
C) coherent D) prevalent
E) urgent
20. A lot of new states became independent in 1991 24. When we come across the term 'human trafficking,
after the ---- of the Soviet Union. we most often take into consideration
impoverished people, ---- women and children.
A) upsurge B) redefinition
A) eventually B) particularly
C) divergence D) collapse
C) unconsciously D) finally
E) reunion
E) allegedly
21. The dry season is ---- by its low humidity and high
temperatures.
A) deterred B) clarified
C) characterized D) named
E) suggested
25. COVID-19 produces signs and symptoms that are

similar to influenza, which makes it difficult to ----
between the two.
A) detect B) contain
C) overlap D) distinguish
22. The evidence presented at the trial was not
E) confuse
adequate enough to ---- the suspect.
A) deliver B) decide
C) convict D) entail
E) persuade
3
VOCABULARY REVIEW TEST 02
1. In the past few weeks, there have been several 6. European leaders were ----- about Greece's ability
articles criticizing foreign soap operas for being too to implement spending cuts, so in the latest round,
explicit and for ---- local values and traditions. they demanded measures that could be
implemented quickly and simply.
A) commencing B) preceding
A) amiable B) skeptical
C) requiring D) adapting
C) legible D) deficient
E) undermining
E) haphazard
2. Babur, a descendant of Genghis Khan and founder

of a culturally rich empire across South and Central 7. According to economists, although there are
Asia, is ---- in readings and poetic festivals every similarities with the U.S. financial crisis, the issues
year. in Europe are more complex and will take years to
----.
A) alienated B) commemorated
A) consume B) inhibit
C) annihil ated D) curtailed
C) possess D) resolve
E) distracted
E) compile
8. Although the number of people being infected with

3. Scientists have raised hope that stem cell therapy
malaria has been going down thanks to better
could provide significant ---- for patients disabled
----- and treatment, there are still more than 5
by untreatable ailments.
million new cases recorded in recent years.
A) abolition B) confession
A) symptom B) addiction
C) relief D) prosperity
C) depletion D) diagnosis
E) vulnerability
E) surge
4. According to the research by the UK-based New

9. The language of the Hattusa tablets was ------
Economics Foundation, a third of Britain's fish ----
eventually by a Czech linguist, Bedrich Grozny, who
could be met if stocks were allowed to recover.
announced his results in a lecture in Berlin.
A) invasion B) justification
A) deciphered B) employed
C) decay D) range
C) concealed D) hindered
E) consumption
D) challenged
5. India and Japan are ---- in some obvious ways: India

10. The fall of the Hittite empire was sudden and
is an emerging economy with a huge cheap
maybe ---- to large-scale migration wave that
producer commodity, and Japan is a giant buyer of
included the sea people.
these commodities.
A) attributed B) reacted
A) ridiculous B) susceptible
C) devoted D) submitted
C) adverse D) complementary
E) endorsed
E) obscure
11. The twentieth-century English novel encompasses a 15. Vygotsky, like many other theorists and
vast body of work, and it is one of the most philosophers of his time, tried to ---- the
important and most widely read ---- of literature. development of higher mental processes from a
constructivist viewpoint
A) citizens B) representations
A) comply with B) depend on
C) concepts D) theories
C) abstain from D) account for
E) genres
E) distinguish from
12. In the United States, the inflation rate is most

commonly ---- by the percentage rise in the 16. Understanding the level of viral immunity in
Consumer Price Index, which is reported monthly survivors of Covid-19 proved key in making
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. decisions about how and when to ---- restrictions.
A) enhanced B) measured A) lift B) unite
C) facilitated D) promoted C) impress D) dominate
E) disrupted E) refrain
13. A large body of economic research over the past 17. The term melodrama refers to dramatic works that
several decades has focused on regulation, and a exaggerate plot and characters in order to ---- to
surprising degree of ---- has emerged on several the one's emotions.
issues.
A) install B) launch
A) assistance B) preference
C) resort D) sustain
C) endurance D) maintanence
E) appeal
E) consensus
18. A major policy document issued by the State

14. Facial features in the medieval skulls were more Council in May 2001 ---- that local governments
----, which may be the result of dietary changes should provide nine years of compulsory education
from softer to harder foods that require more to migrant children through the public school
chewing. system.
A) cautious B) prominent A) depicted B) proved
C) deficient D) absolute C) stipulated D) afforded
E) primitive E) promised
19. Since the fall of the British Empire, numerous
23. The ---- of Mediterranean cuisine are to some
people from former colonies have ---- to Britain
extent different from those of the cuisine of
including the Indian sub-continent and the British
Northern Europe, with olive oil instead of butter,
Caribbean.
wine instead of beer.
A) accommodated B) converted
A) commodities B) obsessions
C) struggled D) confirmed
C) withdrawals D) connections
E) migrated
E) ingredients
20. A team of scientists from Canada and Australia has

24. Henrik Ibsen is one of the greatest Norwegian
discovered that a decline in shark populations is ----
authors and considered ---- responsible for the rise
to coral reefs.
of modern realistic drama.
A) detrimental B) confidential
A) desperately B) relatively
C) influenced D) deliberate
C) fairly D) eventually
E) reliant
E) largely
21. Economists say that Turkey needs to increase its 25. Key ---- of the green economy include policies
exports to China immediately to ---- both countries undertaken at national, EU and global levels, and
to enjoy closer trade and economic relations. the emergence of new or more affordable
A) counteract B) partake technological innovations
C) designate D) enable A) drivers B) segments
E) amend C) insights D) adaptations
E) defects
22. The researchers passionately believe that the best

way to ----- the threat of a pandemic is to
understand how the virus can mutate.
A) precede B) tackle
C) convert D) proclaim
E) employ
1. The Nazi party is one of the most ----- political 6. Though Washington was the first president of an
systems in the history of the Earth, made famous independent United States of America, he was
by their severe acts of cruelty and completely ---- the seventeenth head of the local governing
inhuman behavior. body of the nation.
A) prudent B) notorious A) inquisitively B) severely
C) constructive D) obsolete C) incidentally D) ultimately
E) gigantic E) actually
2. Although several other German engineers were 7. Pollution and ---- of the environment is one of the
working on an automobile, Karl Benz is generally most prominent challenges of urbanization.
---- as the inventor of the modern automobile.
A) alteration B) emission
A) acknowledged B) derived
C) degradation D) controversy
C) enacted D) prompted
E) relief
E) surrendered
3. In developing countries, urbanization usually occurs

8. By the seventeenth century, the potato was ---- as
when people move from villages to settle in cities
an agricultural crop, especially as a substitute for
in hope of ---- better living standards.
rye.
A) relieving B) conforming
A) cultivated B) eradicated
C) increasing D) valuing
C) submitted D) admitted
E) gaining
E) restricted
4. Surveys about people’s eating habits are often

9. At the end of the 19th century, a major advance in
---- because people may lie, and there is no way to
physics occurred, which ---- proved key to
corroborate what they say.
establishing the age of the earth.
A) relevant B) distinct
A) externally B) exclusively
C) stable D) exceptional
C) diligently D) doubtfully
E) inaccurate
E) subsequently
5. It is widely believed that Columbus sailed

10. Although women generally smoke fewer cigarettes
westward to ---- the theory that the world is round.
in a day than men, they appear to be ---- more at
A) validate B) predict risk of getting heart disease.
C) distinguish D) deserve A) substantially B) deliberately
E) suspect C) dubiously D) impatiently
E) recurrently 15. Based on the findings of modern archeologists, we
know that Celtic civilization ---- from the Atlantic
11. John Donne's love poetry was written nearly four
Coast of the British Isles and northern Spain to as
hundred years ago; yet, one reason for its ---- is
far east as Transylvania and the Black Sea.
that it speaks to us as directly and expresses
feelings highly vividly. A) allocated B) prevented
A) attribute B) consistency C) emerged D) stretched
C) rate D) profit E) declared
E) appeal
16. The humanistic approach in psychology developed

in the 1960s and 70s in the United States as a -----
12. Tone is a literary technique that is a part of the
to the continual struggle between behavioral
composition, which ---- the attitudes toward the
theorists and cognitive psychologists.
subject and the audience implied in a literary work.
A) contribution B) discrepancy
A) promotes B) encompasses
C) response D) preservation
C) restricts C) instructs
E) speculation
E) evolves
17. Interpersonal communication theories are

13. Scientists have suggested that good manners not
grounded in the fundamental ---- that relationships
only ---- humans ---- the rest of the animal
between people are at the heart of identity and
kingdom, they also help the co-operation that helps
behavior.
the world go round.
A) assumption B) contribution
A) conform / to B) distinguish / from
C) incentive D) conversion
C) abide / by D) convert / into
E) fallacy
E) resort / to
18. Racism is the belief that characteristics and abilities

14. Over recent decades, the ---- growth of
can be attributed to people simply on the basis of
globalization and regional integration are among
their race and that some racial groups are ----- to
the important issues that have fueled parallel
others.
growth in multi-lingual conferences.
A) abundant B) various
A) contagious B) alluring
C) committed D) vulnerable
C) compelling D) coherent
E) superior
E) explosive
19. Given the heated controversy surrounding the 23. Historical records are full of praises for the Mayan
expansion of public ----, the government must pay history and civilization, ---- for the amount of
utmost attention to resource provision and prudent knowledge about astronomy that the Mayans had.
spending.
A) particularly B) unconsciously
A) resentment B) humiliation
C) mutually D) weirdly
C) assessment D) treatment
E) lately
E) expenditure
24. Notwithstanding rising facilities on multiple fronts,

many countries continue to face ---- domestic
structural issues that are hindering their
20. Production in Africa in the past few decades has
sustainable development prospects.
been low and unstable, not only as a result of wars
and civil strife but also ---- in international prices of A) viable B) obsolete
primary commodities.
C) deliberate D) eligible
A) fluctuations B) advances
E) persistent
C) supervisions D) assumptions
E) implications
21. With the exception of a few ecosystems such as

hydrothermal vents, energy enters ecosystems as
sunlight energy, some of which plants ---- during
photosynthesis.
A) respire B) obstruct
C) trap D) harvest
25. Global digital platforms have taken steps to ----
E) generate their competitive positions, which include pursuing
more effective policies and taking more part in
international platforms.
A) contemplate B) consolidate
22. The Hundred Years' War was a series of separate
C) interpret D) innovate
wars ----- from 1337 to 1453 between two royal
houses for the French throne. E) offend
A) resulting B) revealing
C) emerging D) lasting
E) ceasing
1. Although in the 21st century it stays partially ruined, 6. Obesity, resulting from over-eating and lack of
the Colosseum is an iconic ---- of the Roman enough exercise, is growing global health ------ in
Empire. prosperous countries.
A) remnant B) prophecy A) progress B) asset
C) anomaly D) hallmark C) recovery D) treatment
E) impact E) concern
2. During the 1350s, the Black Death slowly 7. Russians have granted President Vladimir Putin the
diminished, but smaller epidemics of plague right to stay in power until 2036 by voting ---- for
continued to ---- both in Europe and the world. constitutional changes that will allow him to run
again for president twice.
A) plummet B) recur
A) overwhelmingly B) mutually
C) establish D) capture
C) randomly D) mysteriously
E) recede
E) virtually
8. Since 1959, meteorological satellites have provided

3. Sir David Attenborough, who is probably the best
an overview of the atmosphere and they serve as
known and most respected English wildlife
an early warning and ---- system for imminent
reporter, is ---- filming a series entitled 'The Life of
hurricanes and typhoons.
Birds' in the Venezuelan rain forest.
A) justification B) exploitation
A) wholly B) randomly
C) enhancement D) detection
C) eventually D) currently
E) clarification
E) substantially
9. The central Anatolian site of Gordion was first --- by

4. Swiss biologist and psychologist Jean Piaget is ----
Gustav and Alfred Körte in 1900 and then by
for constructing a highly influential model of child
Professor Rodney S. Young in a major campaign
development and learning.
between 1950 and 1973.
A) renowned B) respective
A) viewed B) nominated
C) prospective D) inevitable
C) excavated D) intended
E) incidental
E) validated
5. Russia ---- among the wealthiest emerging-market

10. Defoe is notable for being one of the earliest ---- of
countries, and the Russian market will only grow
the novel and he helped to popularize the form in
larger in the future, a fact that US firms cannot
Britain along with others such as Richardson.
ignore.
A) proponents B) convictions
A) occupies B) assesses
C) warriors D) assets
C) attempts D) expands
E) artifacts
E) ranks
11. East Asia dramatically raised its average income in 15. To ---- the process of hunger elimination, economic
relation to the West’s, while all other developing growth needs to be accompanied by purposeful
regions either fell or remained ----. and decisive public action.
A) lucrative B) mysterious A) reveal B) accelerate
C) elaborate D) fragile C) broadcast D) delete
E) secure E) rank
12 In this part of the country, the majority of the 16. Until the end of the 19th century, most people ----
population is ---- in the coal mining industry. the largest share of their income to necessities, but
today people spare a huge amount for luxuries as
A) achieved B) responded
well.
C) employed D) obtained
A) altered B) allocated
E) insisted
C) effected D) measured
E) revealed
13. With the increasing power of Germany and the

17. A major global women’s rights treaty was ---- by
rivalry among the major forces of the world, a
the majority of the world’s nations a few decades
world war seemed ---- to many politicians.
ago.
A) imminent B) hindering
A) removed B) resigned
C) reluctant D) lucrative
C) banned D) ratified
E) violating
E) transformed
14. In 1955, the former USSR and the collaborating 18. The Warsaw Pact was a/an ---- defense agreement
countries formed an ----, which was called “The signed in Warsaw, Poland, in 1955 by Albania,
Warsaw Pact”, and which would last until the Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary,
1990s. Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union.
A) antagonism B) estimation A) corresponding B) mutual
C) alliance D) outlook C) imminent D) obsessive
E) enforcement E) malignant
19. At the beginning of the 2000s, the prevailing view 23. The Renaissance period was a time of great cultural
was that China might ---- the US very soon, but still upheaval which had a/an ----- effect on European
the US economy stands as the largest. intellectual development.
A) pursue B) charge A) slight B) sensible
C) overtake D) reject C) remarkable D) imprecise
E) underestimate E) obsolete
20. After tobacco and coffee, tea ---- as one of the most
widely commercially produced products in the
24. The ---- of human genes and their regulatory
world.
regions provides the essential framework for
A) ranks B) hinders understanding the molecular basis of diseases.
C) gathers D) raises A) promotion B) collaboration
E) conceals C) identification D) consolidation
E) attainment
21. As the war-torn nations of Europe ----- famine and
economic crises after World War II, the United
States proposed to rebuild the continent for the
sake of political stability and a healthy world
economy.
A) resisted B) enhanced
C) faced D) ratified
25. It is very unfortunate that the progress on the
E) appreciated building of the road was ---- by a falling rock; so it
cannot be finished at the planned time now.
A) assessed B) impeded
C) affected D) expelled
22. Various thinkers have defined democracy ---- and
hence there is no one universally accepted E) accused
definition of democracy.
A) dramatically B) accurately
C) voluntarily D) abruptly
E) differently
1. Modern China is heir to a remarkably inventive 6. Many lakes and rivers in Turkey have ----
civilization that ---- in the development of the considerably over recent years mainly due to
abacus, paper, printing by movable type, increasing drought and increased ground-water
gunpowder, the magnetic compass. withdrawals.
A) contributed B) proliferated A) endured B) resurrected
C) pioneered D) regulated C) enlarged D) elavated
E) confined E) shrunk
2. For more than a century archaeologists, 7. Throughout his career, Ernest Hemingway was
anthropologists, linguists, and more recently, famous for the simplicity of his literary ----.
geneticists have argued about who the ---- of
A) style B) resistance
Europeans living today were.
C) allocation D) cultivation
A) ancestors B) occupants
E) genre
C) protagonists D) occurrences
E) fragments
8. The ---- of the developing world's population living

3. Achieving the goal of eradicating poverty by 2030
in extreme economic poverty fell from 28 percent
will ---- a combination of strong and sustained
in 1999 to 21 percent in 2011.
growth in average incomes and significant
reductions in inequality. A) contribution B) reduction
A) allocate B) deserve C) occupation D) distinction
C) validate D) complain E) proportion
E) require
4. The Maya developed their unique culture in one of 9. The unemployment rate in France is ---- 6
the most ---- places on earth, which is extremely percentage points higher for African immigrants
hot and humid, full of jungles with an annual than for natives.
average rainfall of 120 inches, highly unfavorable
A) roughly B) bitterly
conditions.
C) fairly D) formerly
A) abundant B) fertile
E) rapidly
C) indigenous D) uninhabitable
E) futile
5. Since the invention of the smallpox vaccine,

vaccines have greatly reduced the ---- of diseases 10. In almost every part of human life, plastic is a/n ----
everywhere in the world. material because it is water-resistant, cheap,
simple to utilize, and versatile.
A) significance B) availability
A) lightweight B) indispensable
C) administration D) deprivation
C) profound D) detrimental
E) prevalence
E) redundant 15. Romanticism is a movement that emerged as a -----
to Neoclassicism, the age preceding the Romantic
11. As technology ---- and signals started to be
movement.
broadcast digitally, plasma and LCD, liquid crystal
display televisions were created. A) charge B) doubt
A) advanced B) accepted C) virtue D) skepticism
C) integrated D) emphasized E) response
E) represented
16. Understanding the proper functioning and

malfunctioning of memory retrieval holds clues for
12. Manufactured tobacco is another product where
how to ---- memory disorders and learning
China is a global leader, ---- 39% of global
disabilities.
production.
A) abide by B) conform to
A) restricting to B) resembling with
C) charge with D) deal with
C) accounting for D) declining to
E) yearn for
E) longing for
17. Proteins are extremely important because they ----

much of the structural tissue in your body, such as
13. French physician Antoine Parmentier studied the bone and connective tissues that your cells are
potato intensely and in 1774 showed its enormous attached.
---- value. A) enact B) decline
A) lucrative B) malignant C) constitute D) raise
C) deficient D) nutritional E) cultivate
E) imminent
18. Oceans around the world have been severely

14. A new era of human spaceflight began as America affected by climate change, and therefore
once again ---- an American rocket heading to the oceanographers are trying to find ways to ----- the
International Space Station as part of NASA’s damage as possible as they can.
Commercial Crew Program on 27 May 2020. A) decrease B) accelerate
A) confined B) inquired C) conceal D) omit
C) launched D) praised E) advocate
E) imitated
19. As expected, US trade ---- has reached such a point E) publication
that it has aroused a lot of concern in the country.
23. Recent findings in fields such as human genomics,
A) profit B) deficit cognitive and information sciences have ---- new
light and improved our understanding of the ways.
C) interest D) enlargement
A) promoted B) altered
E) assessment
C) shed D) provoked
E) frustrated
20. Addiction is a chronic ---- proposed to be
precipitated by a combination of genetic,
biological, and social factors.
A) controversy B) dilemma
24. Among the earliest civilizations were the ----
C) disruption D) scrutiny people living in the fertile valleys lying between the
Tigris and Euphrates valley, or Mesopotamia.
E) disorder
A) prolific B) indigenous
C) inhospitable D) eligible
21. Titan, which is one of the moons of Saturn, is
known to possess an atmosphere, though this E) vulnerable
planetary body is not ---- for humans to survive.
A) fertile B) volatile
C) lucrative D) hospitable
E) delicate 25. Airlines endured significant losses from the Covid-

19 pandemic, despite the availability of cheaper jet
fuel after oil prices ---- in the first quarter of 2020.
22. Best known for his tales of mystery, Edgar Alan Poe
was one of the earliest American practitioners of A) gathered B) skyrocketed
the short story and is considered the inventor of C) corrupted D) overwhelmed
the detective-fiction ----.
E) plunged
A) devotion B) convention
C) genre D) collection
1. Until the end of the First World War, resorting to E) reluctant to

armed force was ---- not as an illegal act but as an
6. Pharmacological manufacturer must ----
acceptable way of settling disputes.
responsibility for the quality of their products to
A) convinced B) converted ensure that they are fit for their intended use and
the international requirements.
C) regarded D) assured
A) assume B) illustrate
E) declined
C) charge D) wipe
E) adapt
2. In ancient times, only the Sun and the Moon, a few

hundred stars and the most easily ---- planets had 7. Initially, the Persians were a various group of Indo-
names. European tribes, some ----, while others settled,
which were developing their own culture and
A) visible B) accessible
religion.
C) enormous D) fragile
A) formidable B) challenging
E) enforced
C) confidential D) nomadic
E) controversial
3. Thermoregulation is a neural process whereby

8. The diseases that affect people quite rarely are
living creatures ---- a more or less stable internal
termed as uncommon diseases that affect ---- a
environment by using information from the
minor part of the population.
external environment.
A) imminently B) inevitably
A) treat B) ignore
C) dramatically D) subsequently
C) release D) restrict
E) merely
E) maintain
9. The G7 countries are known to be members of the

economic and political group of seven high ranking
4. As the governmental forces ---- targeted civilians, economies with ---- political power on world affairs.
the opposition appealed to the international
A) immense B) fertile
community for urgent help and protection.
C) obscure D) volatile
A) deliberately B) distinctly
E) plausible
C) commercially D) presumably
E) favorably
10. Iceland ---- diplomatic and commercial relations
with practically all nations, but its ties with the
5. With its huge consumption of fuel, America is Nordic countries, Germany, the United States,
certainly ---- oil, which is often imported from Canada, and the other NATO nations are
unstable parts of the world. particularly close.
A) opposed to B) in favor of A) tackles B) constitutes
C) reliant on D) in charge of C) maintains D) substitutes

E) endures E) cut down on
11. The number of large emerging market companies 15. Since the 17th-century scientific revolution, the role
will ---- in the coming years and they will become of theory in science has been the principal ---- of
not only competitors but also customers for rich- the philosophy of science.
country firms.
A) preference B) assistance
A) convert B) surge
C) correlation D) preoccupation
C) attribute D) illuminate
E) maintenance
E) cease
16. Hundreds of people have been killed and

12. The first widespread use of high-level languages in thousands left homeless following a/n ----
the early 1960s ---- programming into something earthquake in southwestern Pakistan.
quite different from what it had been before.
A) rare B) radical
A) conserved B) coincided
C) potential D) massive
C) initiated D) transformed
E) emergent
E) traced
17. The COVID-19 pandemic ---- daily life, caused

13. An international ----- is needed to provide widespread sickness and fatalities, and led to
information about how the Earth’s climate will widespread economic depression.
affect everything from health to disaster planning.
A) disrupted B) reflected
A) benchmark B) loan
C) stabilized D) accorded
C) challenge D) framework
E) justified
E) dispute
18. While the exact number of the books Daniel Defoe

14. Most major scientific advances are made by
wrote is impossible to determine, scholars ---- as
creative people who ---- new and better ways to
many as 545 works to Defoe, including scores of
help us understand how the natural world works.
essays and political pamphlets.
A) make up for B) fade away from
A) multiplied B) accumulated
C) come up with D) do away with
C) constructed D) attributed
E) fluctuated E) regulated
19. Learning ---- involves the use of numerous self- 23. Well-planned, rapid urbanization can be an
regulatory processes such as planning, knowledge encouraging trend, as it provides employment and
activation, metacognitive monitoring and reduces ---- between advantaged and
regulation, and reflection disadvantaged social groups.
A) abruptly B) currently A) discrimination B) cultivation
C) casually D) plainly C) prevention D) accumulation
E) frequently E) intervention
20. North America ---- the northern portion of the 24. The ---- of foods and nutrients requires secretions
landmass generally referred to as the New World, from five different organs: the salivary glands, the
the Western Hemisphere, or simply the Americas. stomach, the pancreas, the liver, and the small
intestine.
A) deters B) shifts
A) arrangement B) consolidation
C) occupies D) imposes
C) cultivation D) acceleration
E) delineates
E) breakdown
21. He has ---- experience in working with troubled

teenagers, and this will be a great help in our
project to help street kids get back on the right
track.
A) notorious B) successive
C) demanding D) extensive
E) prolific
25. It was first considered that the social unrest in Libya

was temporary, but it was soon understood that
22. The Great Depression was a worldwide economic
the situation seemed much more ----- than
crisis ---- by widespread unemployment and
expected.
stagnation in industrial production.
A) consistent B) mindful
A) marked B) perceived
C) persistent D) innocent
C) altered D) divided
E) miscellaneous
1. The rise of emerging powers like China, Brazil, 6. Thousands of years ago, when humans roamed the
Turkey and India will bring an eventual end to the earth gathering and hunting, potassium was
era of Western ----, say most economic analysts. abundant, while sodium was ----.
A) relocation B) stagnation A) sizeable B) scarce
C) dominance D) coexistence C) plausible D) visible
E) fragmentation E) lucrative
2. The growth rate of the global population increased 7. Verkhoyansk, home to about 1,300 people, is
slowly during 1700–1950 and then ---- rapidly until located just inside the Arctic Circle, in remote
the mid-1960s, peaking at just over 2% per year Siberia, has an extreme climate with temperatures
before descending to 1.1% per year in 2017. ---- in January to -50C.
A) initiated B) plummeted A) exploding B) corrupting
C) retrieved D) accelerated C) elavating D) stagnating
E) persisted E) plunging
3. By the time of his death in 1977, Vladimir Nabokov 8. Researchers studying Oetzi, a 5,300-year-old body
was already recognized as one of the major found frozen in the Italian Alps in 1991, have found
American writers of the twentieth century, and his well ---- red blood cells around his wounds.
---- has continued to grow since then.
A) preserved B) curbed
A) contradition B) diffusion
C) detailed D) enlarged
C) reservation D) reputation
E) detected
E) conception
9. The influence of media on youth may sometimes be

4. Recent research has shown that food ---- such as ----; it is not easy to rewind the changes brought by
zinc, magnesium, omega 3, and vitamins B and D3 it.
can help improve people’s mood and relieve
A) irresistible B) indispensable
anxiety and depression.
C) unreliable D) impractical
A) segments B) commercials
E) irreversible
C) assets D) adoptions
E) supplements
5. Soil pollution is closely ------ water pollution and in

conjunction, they form a deadly combination for 10. Reducing tea and coffee intake can ----- produce
the ecosystem. undesirable side effects such as headaches, but
later they fade away in a short time.
A) associated with B) capable of
A) fundamentally B) entirely
C) eligible for D) grateful to
C) subsequently D) initially
E) suitable for
E) nearly E) result
11. Dementia is usually of a chronic or progressive 15. Archaeologists believe that Egypt’s large pyramids
nature, in which there is ---- of multiple higher are the work of the Old Kingdom society that rose
cortical functions, including memory, thinking, to ---- in the Nile Valley after 3000 B.C.
orientation, and judgment
A) prominence B) association
A) identification B) disturbance
C) regulation D) competition
C) condemnation D) requirement
E) relevance
E) prominence
12. Personality ---- a considerable amount of success in 16. General anxiety disorder is a psychological disorder
one’s life; in fact, it determines many of the things characterized by ---- and uncontrollable worry
that make up a human. about everyday things.
A) figures out B) accounts for A) prudent B) excessive
C) depends on D) changes over C) futile D) deficient
E) revolves around E) compulsory
13. Studying climate change and its possible ---- is a 17. A study published today in Nature reports that a
field the findings of which are of crucial natural protein can activate stem cells in mouse
importance. hearts to ---- damaged tissue with new muscle cells.
A) descriptions B) arguments A) replace B) demolish
C) achievements D) implications C) cultivate D) retail
E) expenses E) proliferate
14. Several countries, like Spain, Italy, or Denmark, 18. Malaria and yellow fever are ----- in the sense that
which previously imposed restrictions, are they are both diseases carried by mosquitoes and
beginning to ---- lockdown measures as the number they are both dangerous conditions.
of new coronavirus cases fall continuously.
A) distinct B) immense
A) announce B) exhibit
C) imminent D) ridiculous
C) pursue D) lift
E) similar
C) dive into D) put off
19. The adoption of a citizen-centric worldview in E) profit from
policymaking and service design is a/n ---- of the
23. It is difficult to determine the ---- impact of migrant
attention paid to the will of citizens’ participation
labor in Southern Africa in the 20th century.
in governance.
A) favorable B) constant
A) manifestation B) provisional
C) precise D) adequate
C) credibility D) depletion
E) constructive
E) assessment
20. China's economy has developed ---- in the last

three decades, lifting millions of people out of
poverty and improving their health.
A) remarkably B) implicitly
C) redundantly D) partially
24. Bernard Shaw is regarded as the greatest English
E) subsequently dramatist of the modern age, and his ---- to British
theater is thought second to that of William
Shakespeare.
A) promotion B) participation
C) confirmation D) invention
21. From a business perspective, working under
E) contribution
government contracts can be a very ------
investment as governments always pay the fees.
A) fluent B) detrimental
C) comparative D) fragile
E) rewarding 25. Car theft values reduced ---- in recent times due to
the fact that models are equipped with the gadgets
against thieves.
A) necessarily B) reluctantly
C) formerly D) dramatically
22. Political scientists and others in the science of
politics could --- new strategies and techniques E) currently
developed recently in international politics.
A) pertain to B) abound in
1. Scientists who have ---- immune responses to E) take away

coronavirus saw encouraging signs of strong,
6. The most important part of the bicycle is the frame,
lasting immunity, even in people who developed
which links the different ---- of a bicycle together in
only mild symptoms of Covid-19.
the proper geometric order.
A) distorted B) declared
A) situations B) aspects
C) refuted D) inserted
C) applications D) talents
E) monitored
E) components
2. The social learning theory of Bandura ---- the

7. Tobacco was first used by Native Americans and
importance of observing and modeling the
began to be ---- about eight thousand years ago in
behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of
South America.
others.
A) cultivated B) reduced
A) interprets B) emphasizes
C) implemented D) discussed
C) adapts D) points
E) irrigated
E) satirizes
3. Climate change is increasing the ---- of extreme

weather events, and it is almost certain that the
frequency and severity of warm temperatures will
8. The efficient printing methods led to a ---- growth
have adverse effects on agriculture production.
of newspapers in the U.S. during the 19th century.
A) appreciation B) engagement
A) dense B) current
C) magnitude D) elucidation
C) loyal D) rapid
E) accessibility
E) basic
4. Egypt’s biological richness and unique seed

heritage are ---- at risk, as the country is
experiencing a sharp decline in its crop biodiversity 9. Air conditioning systems vary ---- in size and derive
due to drought and outdated developmental their energy from many different sources.
policies.
A) formerly B) possibly
A) abruptly B) favorably
C) considerably D) nearly
C) currently D) primarily
E) closely
E) previously
5. As living conditions are becoming more and more

10. You should ---- the amount of tea and coffee if you
difficult every day, people with low income find it
do not want to suffer from insomnia.
difficult to ---- on their salaries.
A) catch up with B) cut down on
A) get by B) turn up
C) run out of D) come up with
C) wear out D) run over
E) keep up with E) gave rise to
11. Within the history of ideas, some figures have 15. Sustainable economic advancement can be ----
become controversial due to their ----- with through effective manufacturing, which can be
systems of thought or political movements that are achieved by effective and continuous production
now thought to be outdated or morally wrong. capacity and planning.
A) corruptions B) alterations A) perceived B) ruined
C) associations D) withdrawals C) devoted D) overtaken
E) contributions E) attained
12. The plays of Plautus, as was the custom, used 16. Given the high volatility of commodity prices,
Greek characters, Greek names, and Greek scenery, commodity-dependent countries should adopt
yet the manners and flavor were ---- Roman. financial strategies to build ---- against price shocks.
A) doubtfully B) externally A) ratification B) supervision
C) distinctly D) roughly C) resilience D) obligation
E) sensitively E) disparity
13. Photosynthetic organisms universally ---- antennae 17. All children eventually learn to read when exposed
systems to absorb light and funnel the excitation to sufficient learning material, although each has
energy to the tissues where the charge separation a/an ---- pace of learning.
occurs.
A) distinct B) challenging
A) charge B) exploit
C) extravagant D) common
C) release D) capture
E) striking
E) deliver
14. Brought to Europe from the New World by Spanish 18. Poverty only leads to greater instability and
explorers, the potato ----- the development of enormous suffering, two basic factors that ----
modern industrial agriculture. crime.
A) made up for B) came down with A) prevent B) promote
C) got away with D) got along with C) curtail D) expand
E) commit
19. People inhabit different parts of the world and they 23. A future in which human workers are replaced by
naturally ---- different types of lives. machines is about to become a reality at an
insurance firm in Japan, where more than 30
A) lead B) suffer
employees have been ---- and replaced with an
C) overcome D) undergo artificial intelligence system.
E) persuade A) cared for B) taken in
C) called in D) laid off
E) longed for
20. In today's global business environments, ----
organizational communication has a significant
24. Evolutionary psychology is an approach in the
impact on an organization's success.
social and natural sciences that examines
A) futile B) joyful psychological traits such as memory, perception,
C) inferior D) efficient and language from a modern evolutionary ----.
E) deliberate A) perspective B) forgery
C) explanation D) nomination
E) subsidy
21. For decades, the U.S. education system was ---- for
its a high number of college graduates, which 25. The earth’s rising average temperatures alter ocean
helped fuel the country's post-WWII economic currents, which may have significant ---- effects on
success. the productivity of the ocean by making habitats
A) responsible B) adopted unsuitable to species adapted to previous
conditions.
C) noted D) pursued
A) detrimental B) negligible
E) released
C) irrelevant D) gentle
E) joint
22. Most of today's armed conflicts and natural
disasters are concentrated in regions ---- dependent
on agriculture and in countries with a high
proportion of food-insecure households.
A) subsequently B) recurrently
C) offensively D) heavily
E) doubtfully
1. Some of the food samples were positive for ----, E) decline

which can cause foodborne illness such as
6. The most ---- criticisms to Freudian personality
Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus.
point out that this theory is created upon a lack of
A) cures B) germs scientific data.
C) remedies D) behaviors A) supportive B) widespread
E) diagnoses C) complicated D) diligent
E) obscure
2. Tuberculosis is a/n ----- disease caused by the

tubercle bacillus and it passes to others when the
7. During early and middle adolescent years, there is
infected person coughs, sneezes, or exhales.
usually more frequent ----- between teens and their
A) curative B) obscure parents.
C) superficial D) contagious A) esteem B) acquaintanceship
E) selective C) intimacy D) consciousness
E) conflict
st
3. China's rapid economic growth in the early 21
century was actually aided by its massive
8. Adolf Hitler created a government that
investments in ----.
disseminated ---- propaganda through movies, art,
A) allocation B) turmoil the radio, newspapers, schools, and other cultural
and political outlets.
C) infrastructure D) antagonism
A) vivid B) affluent
E) confidence
C) strict D) prosperous
E) paramount
4. Because acceptance by a peer group becomes so

important, teens may ----- their speech, dress, 9. Plastic waste as a whole, and plastic bags, in
behavior, choices, and activities according to group particular, have ---- the attention of the media and
dynamics. the public in New Zealand over recent years
A) prevent B) augment A) formed B) reconciled
C) pretend D) foresee C) applied D) captured
E) adjust E) reversed
5. The emission of exhaust fumes is concentrated in

the southern Baltic Region, where industries,
10. Violence in Cairo's Tahrir square increased as
traffic, and population ---- is highest.
security forces ----- with protesters accusing the
A) density B) heredity military of trying to keep their grip on power.
C) disposition D) corruption A) allied B) hampered

C) clashed D) debated C) identifying D) attracting
E) disguised E) hindering
11. The cardiovascular system is designed to ---- the 15. Low reproductive capacity and high commercial
survival of all cells of the body and it does this by value make porbeagle sharks ---- to
maintaining the immediate chemical environment overexploitation and population depletion.
of each cell in the body.
A) vulnerable B) thankful
A) surpass B) stretch
C) defective D) related
C) initiate D) obtain
E) dedicated
E) ensure
16. One of the most visible consequences of a warming

12. Since surveys in 2015 showed that the ---- of suicide world is an increase in the ---- and frequency of
in school children in Indonesia amounted to 7.3%, extreme weather events.
authorities started to take action.
A) appreciation B) intensity
A) tolerance B) ignorance
C) exploitation D) association
C) intimacy D) prevalence
E) rotation
E) familiarity
13. Despite all the efforts exerted worldwide to contain 17. The Nazis believed in the ---- of the Aryan race, and
the coronavirus, the number of cases is, they claimed other nations were inferior to the
unfortunately ----. Germans.
A) fading B) escalating A) supremacy B) massacre
C) mitigating D) recovering C) vengeance D) battle
E) hampering E) assault
14. Scientific and technological progress is of great

18. As the COVID-19 Pandemic runs its course, many
importance in ---- the social and economic
governments are implementing measures that limit
development of developing countries.
the number of people ---- in public places.
A) adjusting B) accelerating
A) abandoning B) dominating
C) congregating D) participating
E) intervening 23. Most theories of human development focus on a

specific ---- such as cognition, learning, social
19. The most populous country in Africa and home to
relationships, or the expression and management
twenty percent of the world’s black population,
of emotions.
Nigeria’s ---- 150 million people speak a variety of
languages. A) content B) cluster
A) merely B) utterly C) restrain D) inception
C) eventually D) exceedingly E) malady
E) roughly
24. Belgium's prime minister on Monday ---- a set of

drastic social distancing measures aimed at
20. Several child health services are provided in
avoiding a new general lockdown amid a surge of
Australia, with the aim of supporting mothers and
COVID-19 infections.
preventing conditions that might ---- healthy child
development. A) ceased B) classified
A) capture B) satisfy C) presumed D) interpreted
C) undermine D) allure E) unveiled
E) embrace
25. In order to overcome the negative consequences of

the Covid – 19 pandemics, many countries ---- total
21. The chemical ----- of the earth is quite different
or partial lockdowns.
from that of the universe due to the most
abundant element: oxygen. A) enforced B) treated
A) hazard B) abundance C) objected D) obscured
C) fertility D) composition E) released
E) interaction
22. Recent years have witnessed increasing importance

on corporate social responsibility,----- as concerns
about climate change are becoming mainstream.
A) especially B) spontaneously
C) literally D) ostentatiously
E) adequately
1. Aside from being a topic of interest for people who 6. Because of the expected habitat loss caused by
like looking at the starts, meteoroids are also ---- climate change, the polar bear is classified as a ----
for scientists. species.
A) valuable B) consistent A) mature B) bold
C) prominent D) sensitive C) separate D) feasible
E) undeniable E) vulnerable
2. Ancient civilizations ---- in regions of the Eastern

Mediterranean such as Greece, Syria, and
7. An academic study can be ---- using surveys,
neighboring areas, but suffered severe crises that
reports, observation, questionnaires, focus groups,
led to their collapse during the late Bronze Age.
historical accounts, personal diaries, and census
A) abandoned B) flourished statistics.
C) accelerated D) constituted A) conducted B) imprinted
E) exerted C) excluded D) sustained
E) visualized
3. Journalists may be exposed to danger, ---- when

reporting in areas of armed conflict or in states that
8. Most plant and animal cells are between 1 and 100
do not respect the freedom of the press.
micrometers and therefore are ---- only under the
A) currently B) solely microscope.
C) temporarily D) seemingly A) dreadful B) visible
E) particularly C) appealing D) sizeable
E) profitable
4. On the International Day for the Elimination of

Violence against Women, the Turkish Family and
9. Gustav Klimt was an Austrian symbolist painter and
Social Policies Minister said they considered
one of the most ---- members of the Vienna
violence a/an ---- of basic human rights.
Secession movement with his imaginative
A) violation B) destruction paintings.
C) delineation C) expression A) convincing B) inevitable
E) protection C) deficient D) prominent
E) abundant
5. There are many causes for inflation, ---- a number 10. The Patriot system launched by Turkey last week in
of factors, such as social, economic, and political an attempt to ---- security along its border with
occurrences in a country. Syria which will remain in place long term due to
continuing tension between Israel and Iran.
A) persisting in B) abiding by
A) construct B) inflict
C) depending on D) leading to
C) bolster D) deport
E) shrinking from
E) interfere E) in the event of
11. Firefighters ---- for several hours to contain the 15. Two possible ways to forget unwanted memories
blaze, which broke out on the ground floor of the are to suppress them or to ---- them with more
nine-story shopping mall. desirable ones.
A) struggled B) despaired A) retain B) suspend
C) assembled C) excavated C) substitute D) provide
E) destructed E) associate
12. Many employers are adopting flexible working 16. Stone statues and buildings that have stood in
conditions to ---- the pressure on their employees place for long periods have ---- years of wind and
in an attempt to increase productivity. weather, the effects of which are clearly visible in
their outward appearances.
A) surpass B) initiate
A) articulated B) augmented
C) contradict D) alleviate
C) descended C) endured
E) endorse
E) prevented
17. Natural disasters are a dramatic example of people

13. The human brain is exquisitely ---- linking living in conflict with the environment and early
seemingly random details into a cohesive memory warning systems are essential for the reduction of
that can trigger millions of associations. ---- damage and loss of life.
A) resistant to B) composed of A) security B) incentive
C) adept at D) distinct from C) survivor D) asset
E) proportioned to E) property
18. Ecuador was the first country in Latin America to

begin the transition to democracy, and one of the
first countries to ---- macroeconomic equilibrium
14. Governments generally attempt to organize social and recover growth in the last part of the 20th
change ---- policies, laws, incentives, or coercion. century.
A) on behalf of B) in the course of A) account B) deter
C) as opposed to D) by means of C) restore D) refute
E) favor E) consolidate
19. The natural sciences are those branches of science 23. The first officially recorded ---- in the history of
that seek to ---- the rules that govern the natural AIDS dates back to the year 1981, when the Center
world through scientific methods. Disease Control of the US came across five cases of
the disease in Los Angeles.
A) generate B) fulfill
A) emission B) allocation
C) hamper D) elucidate
C) instance D) withdrawal
E) incorporate
E) devastation
24. A/n ---- criticism is that advanced economies have

often moved their more dirty industries to other
20. The idea behind extensive reading is that a lot of parts of the world where there are less strict
reading of interesting material that is slightly above environmental and social standards.
the comprehension level of the reader will ---- the
acquisition of language skills. A) supportive B) hazardous
A) enlighten B) acquire C) mainstream D) accessible
C) foster D) instruct E) random
E) illuminate
25. Unfortunately, in the real world, many companies,

larger ones in -----, are often involved in
exploitative practices of some sort.
21. When Zola came on the scene with his racy, sordid
A) favor B) impact
novels, the ---- literary movement was realism and
it had already reached a zenith in France. C) danger D) particular
A) visible B) imminent E) range
C) legible D) competetive
E) prevailing
22. You should not believe everything you read on

tabloid newspapers because they often ---- the
news by reporting rumors as if they were true.
A) distort B) diffuse
C) contain D) concur
1. In nuclear physics, a nuclear reaction is the ---- by 6. In order to explain the phenomena, reliable
which two nuclei or nuclear particles collide to scientific theories must be based upon careful
produce products different from the initial work, ---- research, and experimentation.
particles.
A) straightforward B) deliberate
A) treatment B) scrutiny
C) decisive D) meticulous
C) process D) determination
E) imminent
E) duration
7. After the Civil War, trolleys and streetcars greatly

2. The EU has developed a single market through a ---- workers’ mobility, permitting them to move
standardized system of laws that applies in all beyond walking distance from factories.
member states, aiming to ---- the freedom of
A) demanded B) limited
movement of people, goods, services, and capital.
C) expanded D) influenced
A) ensure B) alter
E) exalted
C) consume D) foretell
E) ruin
8. Until they become teenagers, young children

3. The Cold War was a period of East-West
believe that their parents are never ----; that is to
competition, tension, and ---- characterized by
say, they think that they never make mistakes.
mutual perceptions of hostile intention between
military-political alliances or blocs. A) valuable B) creative
A) alliance B) complaint C) reluctant D) agreeable
C) investment D) conflict E) fallible
E) inhibition
4. Rapid economic growth places serious pressures on 9. In economics, Robinson Crusoe is regularly used to
the environment and ---- food security. ---- the theory of production and choice in the
absence of trade, money, and prices.
A) assures B) reveals
A) continue B) benefit
C) provides D) threatens
C) inspire D) illustrate
E) prevails
E) communicate
10. To be a historian is to develop and test hypotheses,

5. When ---- from the locus coerules, norepinephrine
---- applicable data, and publish subsequent
has an anti-inflammatory effect on the brain.
research.
A) released B) conducted
A) justify B) determine
C) reduced D) exploded
C) gather D) conduct
E) restricted
E) predicate
11. When a person becomes infected by a virus, he 15 Checkpoint Charlie, the nickname given to a border
becomes ---- to other diseases since the immune crossing between West Berlin and East Berlin, was
system is busy with fighting the virus. long a powerful ------ of the Cold War.
A) peculiar B) prone A) hallmark B) union
C) bitter D) sound C) gap D) lease
E) swift E) start
12. It has become apparent that ----- consumption of 16. There are many reasons or purposes behind ----
coffee does not pose any health hazard for the higher education, but these may change depending
body. on each student.
A) futile B) prolific A) purchasing B) acknowledging
C) amazing D) inconvenient C) allocating D) revealing
E) moderate E) pursuing
13. One of the challenges that educators face at 17. A modified pseudo catalase, a new compound that
present is about how to ----- the students’ diverse ---- oxidative stress, may provide a cure for loss of
expectations in the classroom. skin or hair color, i.e. gray hair or vitiligo.
A) exceed B) qualify A) gathers B) ascends
C) address D) consent C) sustains D) reduces
E) regard E) perishes
18. As a political movement, socialism includes a

14. The world's least developed countries including diverse array of political philosophies, ----
Laos are the most heavily affected by the global reformism to revolutionary socialism.
economic crisis and ---- food prices.
A) emerging from B) conforming to
A) emitting B) generating
C) lacking of D) ranging from
C) hindering D) denying
E) accounting for
E) soaring
19. Voltaire was a/n ---- writer, producing works in E) advocate
almost every literary form including plays, poetry,
23. The Canadian federal and provincial governments
novels, essays, and historical and scientific works.
are constantly updating their programs to ---- that
A) prolific B) malignant Canadian immigration is successful both for
newcomers and for Canada.
C) compatible D) prudent
A) attain B) distribute
E) opposing
C) ensure D) propose
E) reckon
20. According to data from the National Institute of

Statistics, foreign residents in Malaga ---- 61 24. Gold, whose chemical symbol is Au, is malleable,
percent of the total population. ductile, and sectile, and its high thermal and
A) yearn for B) conform to electrical conductivity, as well as its ---- to
oxidation, make its uses innumerable.
C) abide by D) account for
A) exhibition B) transformation
E) devote to
C) consumption D) resistance
E) deficiency
21. At least 40 percent of the world’s economy and 80

percent of the needs of the poor are ---- natural 25. The moment magnitude scale was introduced in
resources. 1979 as a successor to the Richter scale and is used
by seismologists to compare the energy ---- by
A) avoided from B) dealt with earthquakes.
C) derived from D) resorted to A) reversed B) removed
E) bailed out C) exceeded D) displayed
E) released
22. Scientists around the world have been working on

ways to ----- the damage inflicted by climate
change.
A) diminish B) accelerate
C) conceal D) omit
1. Disasters or other unwanted events have ---- 6. The ---- of feudalism was the antagonistic
humans since the dawn of man, causing both relationship between a ruling class of noble
material and spiritual losses. landlords who controlled access to land and a
dominated class of subservient peasant farmers.
A) ceased B) avoided
A) corruption B) adjustment
C) surrendered D) allured
C) stability D) task
E) plagued
E) essence
7. Phosphate is one of three proteins that make up

2. The ---- of slavery in the British Empire was
the ---- structure of the mechanisms needed to
followed by the movement of indentured labor
guide the joining of RNAs.
which was yet another form of servitude.
A) obscure B) severe
A) abolition B) supervision
C) core D) elegant
C) intrusion D) duration
E) fragrant
E) resistance
8. Initially, the innovative ideas of Einstein had been

3. The internationally acclaimed photographer, one of
----- on the basis that they were far from the
whose achievements is the Bridal Photograph of
existing scientific facts, but soon they were
the Year Award, will be ---- a seminar on
appreciated.
photographic techniques this weekend.
A) regarded B) depicted
A) holding B) employing
C) deleted D) discredited
C) measuring D) unearthing
E) broadened
E) deploying
4. Epidemiology is the study of the distribution of

diseases and other health-related conditions in 9. French writer Cyrano de Bergerac’s adventures
populations, and the ---- of this to control health gained him a ---- as a romantic hero, which led him
problems. to be highly remarkable.
A) expression B) proliferation A) notion B) criticism
C) progression D) intervention C) reputation D) turmoil
E) application E) notoriety
5. Italian botanist, Andrea Caesalpino, was different

from other botanists of the 16th century in that he
---- plants not according to medicinal use, but by
the structure of their fruit and seeds. 10. The unfavorable effects of cigarette smoking on the
heart have frequently been described, but the
A) exploded B) preserved
----- basis for these effects has not been clarified.
C) disseminated D) attributed
A) actual B) fragile
E) classified
C) enormous D) ample
E) compulsory
11. In Hard Times, Charles Dickens ----- the harsh
regime and mechanical routine forced upon the
15. Polio, which causes spinal and respiratory paralysis,
laborers.
remained ---- for some time, but vaccines assist in
A) counts B) reckons its almost total eradication today.
C) refutes D) interests A) prosperous B) superficial
E) covers C) gradual D) priceless

E) incurable
12. The term "butterfly effect" is attributed to Edward

Norton Lorenz, a mathematician and 16. Luther’s beliefs spread quickly due to the printing
meteorologist, who was one of the first ---- of press and the translation of the Bible into local
Chaos Theory. vernacular, which ---- people no longer needing a
priest as an intermediary and translator of the
A) occupants B) applicants scriptures.
C) benchmarks D) conductors A) stemmed from B) accounted for
E) proponents C) conformed to D) resulted in
E) ruled out
13. Like Sumer and its ---- civilizations in the Middle

East, Harappan civilization was unable to survive 17. Due to its landlocked location and historical
natural catastrophes and nomadic invasions. invasions, Nepalese culture and customs have been
A) inevitable B) ignorant ---- by Indian and Chinese cultures.
A) demolished B) related
C) innovative D) malignant
C) influenced D) confirmed
E) successor
E) retarded
14. Chinese civilization ----- gradually out of Neolithic

farming and pottery-making cultures that had long
18. Hittite cuneiform tablets discovered at Bogazköy
been present in the Yellow River region of East
have ---- important information about their political
Asia.
organization, social structure, economy, and
A) emerged B) revolted religion.
C) defeated D) contributed A) exploited B) violated
E) inhabited C) yielded D) eliminated
E) retrieved 23. The history of the discovery and use of the
elements began with primitive human societies
19. Massive public efforts to ---- the U.S. obesity
who were able to ---- elements like copper, gold,
epidemic are falling tragically short, with
iron and a few other metals from their ores.
populations in most states becoming more obese
each passing year. A) prevent B) proclaim
A) ratify B) expel C) benefit D) extract
C) ascend D) curb E) abstain
E) enhance
24. The term “American Dream” is used in a number of

20. Many respective indigenous individuals have ---- ways, but ---- it is an idea that suggests that all
dominant European cultures and continue to fight people can succeed through hard work.
outright for a restoration of their lost languages A) promptly B) identically
and traditional values.
C) inevitably D) initially
A) denounced B) encountered
E) essentially
C) accomplished D) excelled
E) utilized
21. Successive austerity ---- demanded by the EU, the

IMF and the European Central Bank have failed to
restore growth and have provoked clashes
between protesters and police.
A) commodities B) outbreaks
C) pursuits D) discrepancies
E) measures
25. Over the last decade, the Australian economy has
experienced a/an ----- due to the rise of Asia and
22. No two emerging economies are as important as demand for Australian commodities.
China and India, which together ---- nearly 40% of A) frustration B) boom
the world's population.
C) peculiarity D) obstacle
A) yearn for B) conform to
E) recession
C) break down D) account for
E) devote to
1. The ---- of COVID-19 cases in some countries E) assessment

following the lifting of stay-at-home restrictions
6. Of the country’s seven geographical regions, the
demonstrates the importance of the measures
Mediterranean Region ---- the highest number of
taken.
endemic species confined to a single region.
A) resurgence B) resemblnce
A) boasts B) worsens
C) paucity D) recovery
C) impairs D) renews
E) exploitation
E) varies
2. Technology and intelligence have become 7. There are various dialects of Mandarin spoken
----- for governments to cope with the growing throughout China, but the most ---- differences
threat of terrorism. exist between the ones in the north and south.
A) frustrating B) futile A) unprecedented B) noticeable
C) controversial D) upsetting C) holistic D) convenient
E) inevitable E) enthusiastic
3. The United States is relatively young by civilization 8. Urban planning is a/n ---- new profession that has
standards, being ----- more than 200 years old. arisen from concerns for health and maintaining
A) exceedingly B) definitely wellbeing through averting illnesses associated
with overcrowding or exposure to environmental
C) currently D) merely
pollution.
E) rarely
A) alternatively B) relatively
C) severely D) profoundly
E) solely
4. One of the biggest ---- of green buildings is that you
would need to shell out a lot more money initially
than you would for a regular building.
A) advantages B) visions 9. The ability of plants to ---- metals from soil and
redeposit them as nanoparticles in cells is
C) disputes D) drawbacks
remarkable.
E) revenues
A) reveal B) deter
C) validate D) extract
5. Amid the increasing budget pressures, the debate
E) expel
in the United States over where to find savings to
reduce the country’s ---- is turning to decrease
defense spending.
A) profit B) deficit 10. ---- grain production in the world is on the decrease
C) interest D) enlargement and it’s substantially more when you take account
of a growing world population.
A) Overall B) Formidable 14. China needs to take additional steps to ensure that
its poor and elderly citizens have the same ---- to
C) Susceptible D) Redundant
services as its affluent urban residents.
E) Retrospective
A) proportion B) inclination
C) access D) propensity
11. Unfortunately, the recent coronavirus outbreak
E) succession
caused most factories to close, reduced the goods
available on the market, and thus ---- prices for 15. The fish off Fukushima ----- radioactive more than a
most goods. year after the earthquake and subsequent tsunami
triggered three meltdowns at the Daiichi nuclear
A) cut back B) eased off
power plant.
C) ended up D) put out
A) remained B) claimed
E) driven up
C) assembled D) offered
E) pledged
12. During the last two centuries, the rapid

development of technology, along with ---- human
population growth, has increased the rate of our 16. The private sector needs to promote a multicultural
global environmental impact. and diverse workforce with an open, fair, and
friendly ---- towards customers
A) identical B) dramatic
A) efficacy B) attitude
C) flexible D) external
C) willingness D) expression
E) desperate
E) implication
13. Cuneiform is the first known form of written

language, but spoken language ---- writing by at 17. Perhaps the most important ---- from the spread of
least thousands of years. COVID-19 is that to successfully slow transmission
and protect health systems, it is essential to
A) exhibits B) falsifies
accurately diagnose and effectively isolate patients.
C) ratifies D) predates
A) insight B) facility
E) illuminates
C) agreement D) proportion
E) quality
18. Although great ---- have been made in integrating C) prolonging D) diminishing
the disadvantaged into mainstream education,
E) hindering
there are still a lot of students who cannot access
efficient education.
A) suggestions B) impacts
C) accounts D) priorities 23. Between the ages of 9 and 15, almost all young
people ---- a rapid series of physiological changes,
E) strides
known as the adolescent growth spurt.
19. Most firms are ---- innovations in the field of
A) undergo B) purchase
technology, including new applications and
materials in the defense, green energy, and medical C) complain D) transform
realms.
E) sustain
A) accounting for B) searching for
C) cutting off D) dropping out
E) turning down
24. A metabolic ---- occurs when the metabolism

process fails and causes the body to have either too
much or too little of the essential substances
needed to stay healthy.
20. The development of cheaper and faster modes of
A) option B) inclination
travel has brought previously ---- parts of the world
within reach of ordinary people. C) heredity D) treatment
A) ambigious B) inaccessible E) disorder
C) obsolete D) complicated
E) incessant
25. Today in the United States, a free market system or
capitalism is the ---- economic system.
A) disguised B) intimate
C) renewed D) restricted
21. Euthanasia is an extremely complex and highly ----
public issue that received much attention from the E) mainstream
American social and political arena in the late
twentieth century.
A) underestimated B) threatened
C) funded D) debated
E) enforced
22. Ethics can be defined as a process of ----- actions

according to moral principal of values.
A) altering B) evaluating
1. The American Heritage Science Dictionary defines a E) proceed

chemical as a substance having a specific molecular
6. Hyperthermia, also known as overheating, is a
----, obtained by or used in a chemical process.
condition where an individual's body temperature
A) altitude B) composition is ---- beyond the normal level due to failed
thermoregulation.
C) remnant D) collision
A) perceived B) elavated
E) territory
C) intoxicated D) impoverished
E) assorted
2. As early as 12,000 years ago, humans began to
practice ---- agriculture, domesticating plants and
animals which allowed for the growth of
7. A/an --- dispute arose between the UK and
civilization.
Germany over the causes of the currency
A) nomadic B) mobile management catastrophe.
C) generous D) sedentary A) coherent B) mutual
E) bizarre C) liable D) bitter
E) adverse
3. Compared to the pre-war period, one of the ----

characteristics of the international economic order
8. Current drug treatments for HIV work well to keep
since 1950 has been the fact that financial flows
patients from developing AIDS, but no one has
have changed their direction.
found a way to ---- eliminate the virus from the
A) coincidental B) inarticulate human body.
C) salient D) conventional A) immensely B) properly
E) lucrative C) vigorously D) randomly
E) entirely
4. Water is the main ---- of blood and is essential for
carrying nutrients to the cells and taking away
9. Overfishing has made the fishing industry
waste products.
economically ---- and caused coastal communities
A) nutrient B) proportion to crumble.
C) component D) hallmark A) illiterate B) imminent
E) domain C) flexible D) vivid
E) vulnerable
5. An anti-cancer drug may ---- memory problems in
an Alzheimer's Disease case, according to new
research carried out at the University of Pittsburgh
Graduate School of Public Health. 10. Large scale migrations from Northern India, Tibet,
and China has produced a/an ----- ethnic, linguistic
A) obscure B) pursue
pattern in Nepal.
C) reverse D) unveil
A) inadequate B) vain
C) diverse D) obsolete C) provokingly D) distinctly
E) barren E) abruptly
11. As a result of the Covid – 19 pandemic and 15. The mass media not only report the results of
subsequent travel restrictions, customer demand public opinion surveys ---- by outside organizations
for flight ---- in the first week of April 2020. but also increasingly incorporate their own polls
into their news coverage.
A) conformed B) diversified
A) scrutinized B) expanded
C) plummeted D) exploded
C) conducted D) invested
E) skyrocketed
E) generated
16. Unfortunately, the environmental community has

12. Liberalization was ---- by the emergence of
focused its efforts almost ---- on abating carbon
nationalist movements and ethnic disputes within
dioxide (CO2) emissions.
the diverse republics of the Soviet Union.
A) artificially B) consecutively
A) impressed B) targeted
C) invariably D) exclusively
C) sealed D) triggered
E) respectively
E) measured
17. The rich industrial nations of the world developed

13. Australia has traditionally been ---- Britain and
----- technology and used it in ways in the WW2
other Commonwealth Nations, but now she has a
that came close to destroying the earth.
new partner; the US.
A) fruitful B) fertile
A) charged with B) at odds with
C) current D) destructive
C) aligned with D) on the brink of
E) primitive
E) assigned for
18. In Japan, each person is expected to ---- societal

ways and norms, though there are exceptions with
14. Evolutionary psychologists hold that behaviors or much of the radical younger generation and a few
traits that occur ---- in all cultures are good individuals that intentionally mock conformity.
candidates for evolutionary adaptations.
A) catch on B) drop out
A) universally B) uniquely
C) run out D) turn down C) recovery D) vision
E) conform to E) benefit
19. Environmental campaigners have ---- the 23. The Soviet War in Afghanistan was a nine-year ----
government to invest in protecting water supplies involving the Soviet Union, supporting the Marxist-
in the South East, even if it costs consumers more. Leninist government of the Democratic Republic of
Afghanistan against the indigenous Afghans.
A) wear out B) called on
A) alliance B) termination
C) set off D) turned down
C) determination D) conflict
E) figured out
E) evacuation
24. As far as climatologists are concerned, regions that

20. To achieve best results in ---- nutrition-related
are close to the equator will become ---- in the
chronic diseases, strategies and policies should fully
future due to the rising temperatures.
recognize the essential role of both diet and
physical activity. A) inhospitable B) favorable
A) causing B) concluding C) fertile D) detrimental
C) maintaining D) preventing E) redundant
E) benefitting
21. Cardiovascular diseases are the major contributor 25. Sharing food, caring for infants, and building social
to the global ---- on health care systems in terms of networks helped our ancestors ---- the daily
non-communicable diseases. challenges of their environments.
A) custom B) commodity A) curb B) reverse
C) shift D) demand C) alter D) adjust
E) burden E) overcome
22. The control of migration, its timing and response

are genetically controlled and appear to be a
primitive ---- that is present even in non-migratory
species of birds.
A) trait B) concern
VOCABULARY REVIEW 15
1. The fact that almost all people choose products ---- E) commenced
their color is known by many businessmen.
6. Falsification is the view, associated with
A) by means of B) in charge of philosopher Karl Popper, that evidence can only be
used to ---- ideas, not to support them.
C) based on D) relative to
A) hand down B) take up
E) by chance
C) rule out D) count on
E) resort to
2. Expectancy theory ---- that a person will decide to

behave or act in a certain way because they are 7. In the Middle Ages, Western Europe saw the ---- of
motivated to select a specific behavior over others. new methods of farming and manufacture, many of
which were in fact imported from China, India, and
A) attracts B) benefits
the Middle East.
C) forces D) completes
A) adoption B) aspiration
E) proposes
C) impression D) instruction
E) paucity
3. The connection between democratic political

institutions and capitalist economic institutions is
troubling and complex and has ---- both a huge 8. The invention of banking ---- that of coinage; that
literature and complex policy change. is, banking originated in Ancient Mesopotamia and
it was much later that coinage was invented.
A) addressed B) generated
A) appealed B) preceded
C) resembled D) detected
C) attracted D) pursued
E) simplified
E) declined
4. The World Tourism Organization plays a role in -----

9. Albert Einstein was a theoretical physicist widely
the development of sustainable and universally
---- as the most important scientist of the twentieth
accessible tourism.
century.
A) promoting B) enriching
A) inspired B) regarded
C) declining D) hindering
C) associated D) criticized
E) appealing
E) conducted
5. In the early 1900s, the role of the imperial powers

----, and individual trading countries took the
initiative to define the trade systems and thus 10. The ---- of ozone in dental clinic set-ups eradicates
assumed more importance. the feeling of pain during dental treatment and
reduces the treatment time significantly.
A) diminished B) fainted
A) correction B) deprivation
C) loosened D) multiplied
C) regulatation D) incorporation C) expected D) appeared
E) consistency E) weakened
11. In the second quarter of the 18th century, some 15. In the past few years, cell biologists have ---- a
regions of Russia experienced --- increases in more holistic approach called systems biology to
population as a result of migration. understand how the complex properties of cells
interact with other individual parts.
A) substantial B) current
A) embraced B) addressed
C) contemporary D) extravagant
C) impaired D) regulated
E) innovative
E) retrieved
16. The government is trying to encourage ---- in the

12. Computers can be used to ---- the living conditions
workplace and passed laws that allow companies
of ancient communities by 3-D programs and to see
to hire as many employees as they want.
how it would have reacted to various scenarios.
A) exaggration B) stimulation
A) decline B) recreate
C) dependence D) flexibility
C) appeal D) collapse
E) occurence
E) conduct
17. During a visit to Paris, China’s prime minister, Li

13. Today, San Francisco is one of the top tourist --- in
Keqiang, pledged that his country would ---- its
the world, ranking 35th out of the 100 most visited
carbon emissions by around 2030.
cities worldwide.
A) nullify B) curb
A) participants B) constitutions
C) order D) ignore
C) investments D) destinations
E) permit
E) competitions
18. Although we tried hard to change his mind about

14. Surnames ----- in cultures with large, concentrated
the issue, he was ---- to our efforts.
populations where single, personal names for
individuals became insufficient to identify them A) impractical B) impervious
clearly. C) illegal D) irrelevant
A) followed B) established E) indispensable
E) proportions
23. There is a general ---- that micro, small and

medium-sized enterprises play a critical role in
19. Drawing tree diagrams is a technique that is ---- to
countries’ economies, offering employment to
sketch out the syntactic units of sentences in a
significant numbers of people.
language.
A) community B) achievement
A) represented B) regained
C) requirement D) experience
C) instigated D) employed
E) consensus
E) limited
24. In the international wheat market, the U.S. wheat

producers are ---- as the most innovative and
20. Archaeological findings indicate that the area productive ones.
currently ---- Norway has been inhabited since the
10th century BC. A) viewed B) suspended
A) compromising B) constituting C) volunteered D) prompted
C) implying D) demonstrating E) persuaded
E) realizing
25. Advertising is the business of drawing public ---- to

goods and services, and is performed through a
variety of media.
A) agreement B) observation
21. In order to ---- spams and unwanted e-mails,
effectively, it is necessary to define what exactly C) attention D) consumption
they are. E) health
A) intrude B) release
C) legalize D) combat
E) assume
22. Travel and trade between countries has increased

considerably in recent years as a result of the
introduction of the Internet and high-speed
transportation ----.
A) recommendations B) restrictions
C) facilities D) intricacies
1. The birth of the novel as a literary genre can be 6. Social anthropology is ---- with the social
considered a / n ---- in the history of literary genres organization and culture of the various societies of
and it became highly prominent in the following humankind.
centuries.
A) concerned B) depicted
A) realization B) perception
C) determined D) supported
C) milestone D) challenge
E) evaluated
E) diversity
2. Parental income has a very small overall ---- on

7. The COVID-19 pandemic continued to have a
children’s birth weight, nutritional status and other
severe impact on air travel, as border controls and
measures of health in existing research.
travel ---- remained in place around the world.
A) feature B) impression
A) locations B) capacities
C) decision D) effect
C) occupations D) challenges
E) failure
E) restrictions
3. Economists have made a lot of ---- to our

8. Originally, the Ottoman Empire used the 'akce' and
understanding of how to design working public
later it was ---- by the 'kurus'.
policies.
A) reflected B) claimed
A) expeditions B) contributions
C) justified D) eliminated
C) revolutions D) rejections
E) replaced
E) generations
9. Geography as a discipline can be split ---- into two

4. Haiti has taken ---- strides towards economic
main subsidiary fields: human geography and
recovery and political stability since democratic
physical geography.
elections were held in 2006.
A) similarly B) considerably
A) considerable B) traditional
C) broadly D) initially
C) controversial D) evident
E) weirdly
E) competent
5. Because its climate and field structure ---- greatly,

Turkey can produce a wide range of commodities 10. Hong Kong ---- social-distancing measures again as
from many sizes and types. the number of locally infected Covid-19 cases rose
in the past few days.
A) direct B) vary
A) segregated B) tightened
C) endure D) harvest
C) dropped D) abolished
E) progress
E) calculated
11. Although mega-cities have ---- a lot of attention, E) interruption
conditions in smaller urban areas call for greater
15. Knowing the populations within the community is a
consideration.
fundamental ---- to provide efficient public health.
A) consulted B) divided
A) settlement B) definition
C) composed D) received
C) requirement D) punishment
E) devised
E) intervention
12. The history of Mexican cinema --- to the beginning

of the 20th century, when several enthusiasts
started to shoot historical films. 16. It is expected that laboratory experiences will
provide a/an --- for students to develop scientific
A) keeps B) covers
inquiry techniques.
C) faces D) dates
A) choice B) progress
E) triggers
C) innovation D) exploration
E) opportunity
13. The seventeenth century in England was a/an ----

active and exciting period in terms of literary and 17. The history of Scotland began in prehistoric times
cultural developments. when modern humans first began to ----- this land
after the end of the last ice age.
A) exactly B) previously
A) perceive B) stimulate
C) extremely D) currently
C) overtake D) inhabit
E) ultimately
E) infer
18. Translation plays an important role in increasing

14. Many specific phobias can be traced back to a
awareness and understanding among ---- cultures
specific triggering event, usually a traumatic --- at
and nations.
an early age.
A) beneficial B) legal
A) feature B) experience
C) common D) diverse
C) preparation D) limitation
E) native C) restriction D) obligation
19. Changes in temperatures and extreme weather E) civilization

conditions are expected to ---- in crop and livestock
23. In the present day, laws governing the distribution
production shortfalls and other losses.
of an estate ---- widely from nation to nation and
A) cease B) result sometimes by local regions such as states or
provinces.
C) widen D) respond
A) transform B) vary
E) contribute
C) multiply D) evolve
E) expire
20. One of the most important advantages of studying

at Cambridge is the level of individual support you 24. The interest rate of a loan is usually calculated as
will ---- from an expert in your field. a/n ---- figure, that is to say, the calculated number
A) focus B) accept shows the yearly figure.
C) measure D) receive A) pure B) sensitive
E) agree C) rapid D) annual
E) beneficial
21. As the overall thickness of a glacier decreases, its 25. In ever-changing markets, market value can
grip on the land weakens and this ---- its movement fluctuate ----, this means that prices fall or go up
toward the sea. sharply.
A) converts B) observes A) evenly B) independently
C) adjusts D) provides C) dramatically D) mutually
E) accelerates E) unwillingly
22. To categorize people by their -----, psychologists

have long relied on questionnaires, which give clear
ideas about personality.
A) disposition B) precaution
1. The Internet has developed so ---- that some 6. The most ---- changes that took place in the
nations were not able to keep up with the pace and Egyptian economy during the nineteenth century
failed to pass required regulations about Internet were connected to the production of cotton.
use.
A) unreliable B) mutual
A) typically B) rapidly
C) notable D) literary
C) completely D) virtually
E) deniable
E) dominantly
7. For much of the U.S. and southern Canada, the

2. Many activists claim that drug trials should not be most ---- droughts in the record occurred in the
carried out without taking the prior ---- of the 1930s.
participating people.
A) severe B) dependent
A) consent B) precaution
C) desperate D) apparent
C) intimacy D) perception
E) urban
E) arrival
3. Support for capital punishment ---- largely passive,

8. Although there is a general energy expansion in the
but it occasionally surges after horrifying crimes,
energy sector in the developing economies, the
particularly when children are involved.
trend for many high-income countries is a notable
A) violates B) preserves ----.
C) remains D) assists A) agreement B) favour
E) opposes C) notion D) obstruction
E) decline
4. Indian authorities plan to tighten --- on medical

trials in the country and address some of the
9. The growing pervasiveness of the Internet means
concerns highlighted by experts and ordinary
that personal and professional activities are
people.
increasingly ---- online.
A) opinions B) regulations
A) highlighted B) opposed
C) consequences D) assistances
C) conducted D) impaired
E) declarations
E) exploited
5. As you exercise your critical thinking and decision

10. In light of growing concerns over environmental
making skills, you can apply what you are learning
problems, China pursued policies and programs
to your current situation, and this leads to
aimed at ---- a harmonious relationship between
immediate workplace and career ----.
human activities and nature
A) drawbacks B) qualities
A) extracting B) establishing
C) issues D) benefits
C) admitting D) eradicating
E) spheres
E) preventing
E) brightly
11. When the German Army ---- the Soviet Union in 15. Climate changes and overgrazing around 8000 B.C.
June 1941, the forces took advantage of a new began to deteriorate the pastoral lands of Egypt,
front and decided to help the Soviet Union. ---- forming the Sahara Desert.
A) engaged B) declared A) temporarily B) currently
C) sustained D) invaded C) predominantly D) eventually
E) disagreed E) likely
12. Regardless of whether you think the Earth will 16. The radiation that Penzias and Wilson discovered,
suffer some catastrophe or not, most individuals called the Cosmic Microwave Background
believe that humanity will ---- have to live on Radiation, ---- most astronomers that the Big Bang
another planet. theory was correct.
A) anxiously B) astonishingly A) promised B) asserted
C) thoroughly D) consistently C) stated D) appealed
E) eventually E) convinced
17. Under the “Education For All programs Project”

directed by UNESCO, most countries are ---- to
13. The United Nations is an international organization
achieving universal enrollment in primary
that is ----- to maintaining international peace and
education by 2025.
security, developing friendly relations among
nations and promoting social progress. A) confined B) accustomed
A) converted B) conceived C) committed D) related
C) nominated D) committed E) concerned
E) allocated
14. Human brain is composed of ---- interconnected 18. Poetry can be differentiated from prose, which
neurons that are constantly changing their means to ---- meaning in a more expansive and less
connectivity and sensitivity. condensed way.
A) accordingly B) formerly A) propose B) convey
C) vastly D) rapidly C) vary D) contrast

E) define
19. The identification of a condition as a disease, rather 23. Lipid membranes ---- the flow of nutrients and
than as simply a variation of human structure or communication signaling between cells and protect
function, can have significant social or economic ---. the sub-cellular structures.
A) interpretations B) acquisitions A) cope B) regulate
C) promotions D) implications C) compose D) react
E) admissions E) access
24. Perhaps the most common ---- which people hold

toward nuclear war is that such a power would be
20. The ethnic composition of Hungary fundamentally
simply the end of the world in some sense or other.
changed as a ---- of the prolonged war period,
which lasted nearly 15 years. A) peculiarity B) inclusion
A) commodity B) consequence C) attitude D) fiction
C) reflection D) denial E) demonstration
E) failure
25. The geographical ---- of the population has

undergone major changes in the past fifty years
and will continue to experience significant
transformations during the coming decades.
21. Although body size is largely determined by genes, A) expression B) expectation
it is also ---- influenced by environmental factors
C) correlation D) distribution
such as diet and exercise.
E) opportunity
A) voluntarily B) selectively
C) confidentially D) faultlessly
E) substantially
22. In the 1980s, the reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev and

the solidarity movement in Poland accelerated the
---- of the Eastern Block and the end of the Cold
War.
A) burden B) resistance
C) incident D) collapse
E) zenith
1. He believes that the best way for a small company E) incline

to succeed is to concentrate on one or two major
6. Genetic epidemiology, including twin studies,
---- at a time.
provides robust evidence that genetic variation in
A) measures B) rates human populations contributes to ---- to infectious
disease.
C) goals D) increases
A) correspondence B) stability
E) affairs
C) responsibility D) distinction
E) susceptibility
2. In humans, eye color is a/n --- characteristic and an

individual might get the "brown-eye trait" from 7. In the last few years, some countries around the
one of the parents. world have been more successful than others in
reducing the number and ---- of slum dwellers.
A) inherited B) devised
A) contradiction B) proportion
C) corrupted D) recovered
C) aspiration D) contamination
E) rejected
E) culmination
3. Art deco experienced a ---- in popularity during the

late 1930s and early 1940s but had a resurgence 8. Despite the World Health Organization warning
during the 1960s. that there can be a second wave of the coronavirus
pandemic, many countries have begun easing their
A) survival B) fraction
lockdown ----.
C) decline D) diversion
A) pathogens B) restrictions
E) value
C) infections D) challenges
E) benefits
4. Triggering a global economic crisis, the coronavirus

9. During the Pax Romana, the Roman Empire ---- to
(COVID-19) pandemic had ---- impacts on the
encompass the entire Mediterranean Basin and
tourism sector along with other sectors.
much of Europe.
A) tangible B) exquisite
A) expanded B) stabilized
C) retrospective D) equivalent
C) retrieved D) recurred
E) contemporary
E) collapsed
10. Economic ----, caused in part by debts incurred in

5. In an increasingly urban world, the proper the First World War and 'loans' to Germany, played
management of cities is essential to ---- poverty an important role in Europe in the late 1920s and
and to achieve all other development goals. 1930s.
A) prompt B) foster A) resistance B) residence
C) grow D) eradicate C) correspondence D) struggle

E) instability E) deterioration
11. Humans are inherently social animals, like most 15. Studies have shown that emotional tears contain
primates, but are particularly ---- at utilizing manganese, an element that affects temperament,
systems of communication for self-expression, the and prolactin, a hormone that ---- milk production.
exchange of ideas, and organization.
A) treats B) regulates
A) adept B) convinced
C) conceals D) constitutes
C) eligible D) considerate
E) justifies
E) indifferent
12. During World War II (1939–1945) and the early 16. Studies on the human brain became more ---- after
years of the Cold War, some anthropologists ---- the invention of the microscope and the
their attention from small-scale traditional development of a staining procedure by Camillo
communities to modern state societies. Golgi during the late 1890s.
A) seized B) opposed A) sophisticated B) sensitive
C) exerted D) shifted C) inevitable D) adept
E) united E) articulated
17. During the nineteenth century, the Netherlands

th
13. Dublin --- rapidly in the 17 century, and was the was slow to industrialize compared to neighboring
second largest city within the British Empire and countries, ---- due to its unique infrastructure of
the fifth largest in Europe. waterways and reliance on wind power.
A) pursued B) declined A) mainly B) originally
C) exhibited D) expanded C) fairly D) respectively
E) completed E) recurrently
18. After a number of ---- successes and some early

failures in the 1920s, the League of Nations
14. Unfortunately, North America saw a/n ---- of Covid ultimately proved incapable of preventing
– 19 cases in recent weeks, mostly driven by new aggression between the leading powers in the
outbreaks in other parts of the world. 1930s.
A) adjustment B) resurgence A) fortunate B) competent
C) establishment D) feasibility C) comparable D) honorable

E) notable C) addition D) requirement
19. The Economist is an English-language weekly news E) peculiarity

and international ---- publication owned by The
23. Throughout the years, people have ---- a variety of
Economist Newspaper Ltd. And edited in offices in
theories to explain the observable features of the
London.
solar system.
A) hypotheses B) dynasties
A) caught up with B) kept up with
C) editions D) entries
C) come up with D) got on with
E) affairs
E) done away with
24. Aristotle considered natural philosophy more

20. Postmodernism is difficult to define because seriously than his ----, and he approached it as a
defining it would ---- the postmodernist's premise theoretical branch of science.
that no definite terms, boundaries, or absolute
A) predecessors B) spectators
truths exist.
C) reporters D) supervisors
A) trace B) assign
E) proponents
C) violate D) accelerate
E) hamper
25. James Watt was a Scottish inventor and mechanical

engineer, born in Greenock, who was ---- for his
improvements of the steam engine.
A) talented B) successive
21. Particle theory is a widely believed theory of C) renowned D) extravagant
matter, which holds, ----, that matter is made up of
small particles that are constantly moving. E) amazed
A) fatally B) deliberately
C) thoroughly D) essentially
E) sensitively
22. A recent ---- to professional tennis has been the

adoption of electronic review technology coupled
with a point challenge system, which allows a
player to challenge the line umpire's call of a point.
A) insight B) tendency
GRAMMAR REVIEW TEST 01

1. There ---- several basic questions that ---- in order E) Thanks to
for an economy to run satisfactorily.
A) are / must be answered 7. According to several analysts and reporters, there
B) have been / could be answered would certainly have been more victims ---- the
C) were / have been answered police arriving on time.
D) may be / were answered A) owing to B) since
E) would be / would have been answered C) though D) but for

E) even so
th
2. By the advent of the Renaissance in the 15 and
16th centuries, most European countries ---- native 8. Democracy is a political form of government in
traditions of religious drama. which the governing power is derived from the
A) have established B) were established people, ---- by direct referendum ---- by means of
elected representatives of the people.
C) used to establish D) had established
A) more / than B) so / that
E) were establishing
C) either / or D) such / that
E) neither / nor
3. In 1991, the Soviet Union ----- its own existence,
---- the end of over 70 years of repression and 45
years of Soviet-American conflict. 9. Medical scientists have not yet discovered ----
A) has ended / having marked causes muscular dystrophy, an inherited disorder
that strikes nerve tissue.
B) ended / marking
A) what B) whether
C) had ended / marked
C) how long C) that
D) could have ended / being marked
E) which
E) had better end / to mark
10. The Industrial Revolution was a period from the

4. An ecosystem is a dynamic complex of plant,
18th to the 19th century ---- major changes in
animal, and microorganism communities and the
agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transport
nonliving environment, ---- as a functional unit.
had a profound effect.
A) interacting B) to interact
A) although B) whether
C) having interacted D) being interacted
C) of which D) in which
E) interacted
E) because
5. Tobacco advertising is one of the most highly-

11. Tango consists ---- a variety of styles that
regulated forms of marketing, ---- alcohol
developed in different regions and eras of
advertising.
Argentina and Uruguay as well as other locations
A) much B) such ---- the world.
C) but also D) as well as A) of / around B) in / about
E) or C) for / under D) at / over
E) with / into
6. ----- the new software that was developed for
sorting out various insecticides, we are now able to
12. The position of neural stem cells is a key
keep better records.
determinant of the ultimate organization of ----
A) Seeing that B) In order to brain region.
C) Whether D) As long as A) both B) most
59
C) little D) each
E) several
13. The temperature at which diamonds form is in the 19. An efficient metabolism lets you ---- more calories
range of 2000 degrees Fahrenheit, which is ---- into energy. On the other hand, an inefficient
hotter than this and the conditions are no longer metabolism can turn many of those calories into
suitable for their formation. stored fat.
A) many B) the least A) to convert B) converting
C) to be converted D) convert
C) far D) as well
E) having converted
E) further
20. Age and gender are factors in metabolism, but in

14. For ages, various philosophers and scholars have particular, men have a generally ----- faster
been trying to find out ---- the human body actually metabolism because they have less body fat
hosts a soul. percentage.
A) that B) but A) more B) by far
C) too D) much
C) which D) in case
E) other
E) whether
21. Studies show that you can boost metabolism ----

15. The governments of the EU passed new regulations eating four to six small meals and snacks
---- goods purchased from various countries could throughout the day ---- skipping meals.
be taken under control. A) for / under B) through / about
A) whereby B) when C) with / into D) at / over
E) by / without
C) which D) whether
E) whatever
22. It is quite possible, even likely, ---- individuals will
be attracted to different objectives at different
16. In 1997, a UN commission proposed changes to points of their engagement with sport.
The Security Council, ---- included adding five new A) how long B) when
permanent members without veto powers. C) that D) what
A) such that B) provided E) where
C) because of D) which
23. The Bermuda Triangle is an area of the Atlantic
E) what
Ocean ---- exists between Florida, the island of
Bermuda and the islands of Puerto Rico.
17. The Bratislava Region is the wealthiest region in A) whenever B) what
Slovakia, --- being the smallest by area and having C) which D) where
the second smallest population of the eight Slovak E) however
regions.
A) in terms of B) due to 24. Previous research has shown ---- people are more
C) despite D) in view of likely to rate two colours to be more similar if they
belong to the same linguistic category.
E) regardless of
A) where B) how
C) that D) whether
18. The Plutzer prizes are given annually to award E) what
achievements in journalism and photography, ---
literature and history, poetry, music, and drama. 25. Greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere
A) in terms of B) besides will continue to increase ---- the billions of tons of
C) thanks to D) except for our annual emissions decrease substantially.
A) unless B) whereby
E) because of
C) until D) as long as E) since
1. It is quite a fact that golf ---- one of the most E) Even if

popular sports whose origins, according to 7. Latin has an extensive inflectional system, ----
archives, --- back to A.D. 1456, Scotland. mainly operates by appending strings to a fixed
A) was/ have dated stem.
B) would be/ must have dated
A) that B) whether
C) is / date
D) could be / have dated C) unless D) so
E) had been / have been dating E) which
2. The Government of Ireland Act 1920, ---- by the

8. Most spiders found in the United States are
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
harmless, ----- the black widow and the brown
parliament, set up Northern Ireland as a separate
recluse spiders, which can kill a person.
political entity in 1921.
A) to have enacted B) enacted A) in addition to B) as well as
C) to be enacted D) having enacted C) as part of D) except for
E) enacting E) with regard to
3. The Russian Federation ---- the largest of the fifteen

republics that made up the USSR, ---- over 60% of 9. Fossils are one of the most important forms of
the gross domestic product and over 50% of the evidence ---- help scientists to research the
Soviet population. evolution of species.
A) had been / to account for A) whether B) why
B) used to be / accounted for C) that D) if
C) has been / accounts for
E) so
D) will be / has accounted for
E) was / accounting for
10. Some fish species may contain harmful chemicals,
4. The United Kingdom does not have a single legal ---- can be the result of both natural causes and
system ---- it was created by the political union of water pollution.
previously independent countries. A) that B) as if
A) since B) unless C) in case D) which
C) as long as D) in case
E) as
E) although
5. The Communists were receiving heavy weaponry 11. Communication is a fundamental element of
from China, ---- was no longer manufactured in distance education ---- students study away from
Korea, and the Communists were defeating the their tutor and the educational organization.
French. A) because B) although
A) when B) which
C) whereas D) even
C) whereby D) where
E) whether E) when
6. ---- it can increase the risk of heart disease and 12. One theory suggests the first people ---- Iceland
stroke, continued high-blood pressure is were members of a Hiberno-Scottish mission or
dangerous. hermits, also known as Papar.
A) Where B) After
A) to have visited B) to be visited
C) Since D) Although
61
C) having visited D) to be visiting A) as if B) yet
E) to have been visited C) whether D) due to
E) so that
20. Hypertension, ---- as a blood pressure reading of
13. People who are forced to flee their homes due to
140/90 mm Hg or above, is the primary risk factor
persecution, ---- on an individual basis or as part of
for heart attack and stroke.
a mass due to political, religious, military or other
A) defined
problems, are known as refugees.
A) both B) neither B) to define
C) only D) not only C) defining
E) either D) having defined
E) is defined
14. A recent discovery at an excavation site made it
almost mandatory for anthropologists to clearly 21. In short poems, foreshadowing may not be
identify --- the death of Alexander the Great was a particularly effective, ---- in longer poems, which
murder. were frequently the writing style of the Middle
A) just as B) whether Ages, it is very effective and important.
C) consequently D) so that A) when B) whereas
E) thus C) but for D) in that
E) just as
15. ----- continental collaboration is achieved
immediately, overcoming fatal epidemics cannot be
22. No single person invented the television; ----, it is a
achieved.
compilation of inventions perfected by fierce
A) Since B) Now that
competition over time.
C) Whether D) Nevertheless
A) now that B) however
E) Unless
C) instead D) moreover
16. The physical, cognitive, and social changes of E) likewise

adolescence allow the teenager to develop the
identity that will serve ---- their adult lives. 23. The football star and coach Ruud Gullit says that
A) an indication of B) as a result of football is like a fast-moving game of chess, ----
C) a basis for D) regardless of which you're required to think two or three
E) except for steps ----.
A) without / on B) with / over
17. Insomnia may be caused by stress from many C) across / for D) in / ahead
areas of life ----- it can also result from medication E) on / through
prescribed by physicians for other conditions and
anxiety as well.
24. ---- the Cold War, most of the world was driven in
A) consequently B) so that an ideological battle and propaganda, which was
C) that D) while never seen before.
E) but A) But for B) Despite
C) During D) Even
18. There is disagreement among anthropologists
E) Both
----- language was first used by humans or their
ancestors.
A) in which B) whether 25. The influence of advertising on magazines reached
C) by which D) with whom a point where editors began selecting articles ----
on the basis of their expected interest for readers
E) in that
---- for their influence on advertisements to be
selective.
19. Mozambique took some measures and passed
A) as much / than B) not only / but
several laws against child trafficking -----
kidnapping and child abuse could be eliminated C) neither / not D) either / and
E) rather / than
1. Einstein’s discoveries and equations provided the 6. Through the end of the Middle Ages, French power
foundation for scientists to comprehend ---- aspects rose quickly, and conquered most of Europe but
of the universe. collapsed ----- the disastrous invasion of Russia.
A) far B) each A) after B) in case of
C) much D) quite C) in addition to D) despite
E) many E) in terms of
7. The present perfect is a grammatical combination
2. Recent analysis of contemporary burials found of the present tense and the perfect aspect, ----
nearby ---- that at least some of the individuals express a past event that has present
associated with Stonehenge ---- either from Wales consequences.
or from some other European area of ancient rocks. A) used to B) using to
C) that is used D) using
A) indicated / have come
E) is used
B) has indicated / came
C) indicates / were coming 8. Niamey is a city ---- in the eighteenth century, but it
D) can indicate / would come was of little importance to most of the country
E) may indicate / come until France ---- a postal service there.
A) founded / had developed
B) had been founded / was developing
3. ---- the USA and China are the countries which
C) was being founded / has developed
mostly cause black carbon warming, these
D) is founded / develops
countries should undertake the burden to tackle
E) was founded / developed
the global warming issue.
A) Though B) After 9. In law, a witness is someone who, either
C) Since D) Unless voluntarily or under compulsion, provides
E) So long as testimonial evidence of ---- he or she knows or
claims to know about the matter.
A) that B) which
4. Measurable objectives are the specific measures
C) where D) what
we use to determine ---- we are successful in
E) how
achieving the goal.
A) since B) so that 10. In the 18th century, the United Kingdom played an
C) yet D) that important role in developing Western ideas of the
E) whether parliamentary system ---- making significant
contributions to literature.
A) associated with B) dependent on
5. Many developing countries spend a lot of money
C) as well as D) as opposed to
on weapons ---- they are involved in political and
E) in line with
border disputes with their neighbors.
A) although B) unless 11. A new study has revealed that ----- some mice were
C) because D) until exposed to vehicle pollution, they showed
E) as if significant brain damage, including signs
associated with memory loss and Alzheimer's
disease.
A) whereas B) unless
C) lest D) once
E) though
63
12. A team of scientists led by the Smithsonian 18. Many immigrants now regretfully agree that they
Institution has discovered a fossilized dinosaur skull ---- their traditions and cultures when they first
and neck vertebrae that reveal ---- a new species, settled in America.
----- an evolutionary link between two groups of
A) may not have lost B) shouldn't have lost
dinosaurs.
C) might not have lost D) couldn’t have lost
A) as /as B) so / that
C) not only / but also D) as well / as E) needn’t lose
E) rather / than
13. ---- literary criticism should be considered a 19. Working conditions ---- much in the last fifteen
separate field of inquiry from literary theory is a years if the government had invested in renewing
matter of controversy. the roads.
A) Unless B) Not only A) must have improved
C) Whether D) Even B) need not have improved
E) Only when C) did not need to be improved
D) should have been improved
E) could have been improved
14. Ever since the COVID-19 pandemic ---- last January,
the term “lockdown” ---- extensively in
20. The extent ---- which urban areas can benefit from
international media.
heat reduction control strategies depends on a
A) has started / was used
number of factors; some ---- and some outside of a
B) started / has been used community's control.
C) had started / was being used A) along / under B) with / inside
D) might have started / use C) of / about D) about / amid
E) could start / may be using E) to / within
21. The Kalamata olive is often known as the Greek

15. The skeletal system includes the bones of the
olive and is distinct ---- taste and appearance ----
skeleton and the cartilages, ligaments, and ----
most green and black olives.
connective tissues that stabilize or connect the
bones. A) from / with B) with / over
C) in / from D) for / across
A) each B) another
E) of / within
C) other D) others
E) each other
22. Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United
States, did amazing things ---- he lived with a
16. The uncertainties related to ancient chronology mental health disorder called depression.
make it impossible to determine the identity of the A) as far as B) until
Pharaoh ---- was ruling Egypt when the patriarch C) because D) even though
Abraham arrived in the country. E) as though
A) who B) whose
C) which D) where 23. Larger penguin species are found in colder climates
E) when ---- their large body mass enables them to cope
with the conditions there.
A) because B) what
17. An air mass is an extremely large body of air ----
C) though D) by the time
properties of temperature and humidity are fairly
similar in any horizontal direction at any given E) where
altitude.
A) whose B) at which 24. In a matter of just a few decades, urban areas
across the world, in both developed and developing
C) so that D) what
countries, have become increasingly automobile-
E) that dominated and ---- sustainable.
A) a little B) fewer
C) as much D) less A) a variety of B) many

E) enough C) a great deal of D) the number of
E) several
25. It is interesting that today ---- people who enjoy
winter tourism is bigger than that of fifteen years
ago.
1. Culturally, Europe --- so many significant advances E) in which

during the Renaissance that it ---- impossible to
describe them in a brief speech. 6. ---- the late 1980s, life sciences corporations began
A) made / would be B) was making / would be to heavily invest in bringing agricultural
C) had made / will be D) will make / had been biotechnology ---- the market.
E) would make / could have been A) In / to B) By / of
C) For / at D) On / at
2. Researchers ---- that after weight gains or losses, E) Over / off
the body ---- its metabolism to restore the original 7. Both boys and girls in stepfamilies are a little
weight. conserved and tend to prefer verbal affection, such
A) are confirming / will adjust as praises or compliments, ----- physical closeness
B) have been confirming / adjusted like hugs and kisses.
C) confirmed / has adjusted A) in case of B) at the outset of
D) have confirmed / adjusts C) in order to D) as well as
E) will be confirming / is adjusting E) rather than
8. ---- in industrialized countries ---- the United States,

3. ---- amongst the most influential and prominent the existence of a powerful automotive industry
economists of the last few centuries, Adam Smith indicates how economically competent these
and Karl Marx ----- for their distinct theoretical countries are.
contributions in our era. A) Either / or B) Neither / or
A) Having been / will be noted C) Not only / whether D) The same / as
B) To be / were noted E) Both / and
C) Being / have been noted
D) To have been / had been noted 9. An average acupuncture needle is ----- thinner and
E) Been / must be noted sensitive ---- a human hair and its insertion is
virtually painless.
A) not only / but also B) rather / than
4. ---- a few years ago most people regarded talk
shows as ridiculous, now these programs are C) much / than D) either / or
recognized and adored by many people in society. E) more / that
A) Just as B) If
C) As if D) In case 10. Nylon is a generic designation for a family of
E) Although synthetic polymers ---- generically as aliphatic
polyamides, and ---- in 1935 by Wallace Carothers
at DuPont's Research İnstitution.
5. The belief ---- one's own nation is superior or at
A) known / were produced
least the strongest helped to create a feeling of
patriotism among the lower classes. B) being known / having produced
A) whether B) that C) are known / produced
C) whomever D) whose D) having known / being produced

E) to know / producing
65
11. Men and women differ in so many ways that it is 17. There were no fundamental innovations in fuel and
difficult for many of us to really grasp ---- to get power before the breakthrough of 1945, ---- there
inside the mind of the opposite sex. were several significant advances in techniques
A) what B) how that had originated in the previous century.
C) since D) which A) so that B) only if
E) that C) but D) for example
E) since
12. Communication skills and communication itself are
very important ---- we talk about workplace
environment. 18. Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl ---- an
A) when B) whereas International bestseller that ---- into more than 50
C) provided D) in case languages.
E) because A) had been / is translated
B) is / has translated
13. Yale University traces its beginnings to "An Act for C) will be / translated
Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School", passed by the D) is / has been translated
General Court of the Colony of Connecticut in 1701, E) was / will translate
---- create an institution to train ministers for 19. ---- the last six years, more than half of extreme
Connecticut. weather events have been attributed ---- climate
A) in favour of B) on behalf of change.
C) as well as D) for fear of A) For / from B) With / along
E) in an effort to C) Over / to D) At / through
E) In / by
14. The Dark Ages is a term ---- originally for the Middle 20. The Great Sphinx appears ---- around 2500 B.C.
Ages, which emphasizes the cultural and economic from an existing rock by outcropping.
deterioration that ---- in Western Europe following A) having been constructed
the decline of the Roman Empire. B) to have been constructed
A) using / had occurred C) to be constructing
B) being used / was occurring D) to have constructed
C) used / occurred E) for being constructed
D) was used / has occurred

21. An Assignment Review Board ---- by the Senate
E) having used / used to occur Committee on Judiciary Affairs; otherwise, the
state cannot carry out all these law cases neatly.
15. The Romans had an extremely successful army ---- A) had been appointed
they used a unique blend of intelligent strategies B) must have been appointed
and manipulation during their battles with the C) was appointed
enemy. D) should be appointed
E) had to be appointed
A) by which B) yet
C) before D) since 22. Dr. Percy Spencer's experiments revealed that, ----
E) so that confined to a metal enclosure, high-frequency radio
waves penetrate and excite certain type of
16. Almost one-fifth of the world population live in the molecules, such as those found in food.
Republic of China, the largest country in the Asian A) whether B) unless
continent; -----, it is the world's most populous C) because D) when
country. E) as long as
A) indeed B) afterwards
23. The theater of Dionysus was, like all ancient Greek
C) for example D) or else theaters, an open-air auditorium and, ---- the lack
E) nevertheless of adequate artificial lighting, performances took
place during the day.
A) despite B) unlike C) when D) because

C) therefore D) even E) although
E) due to
25. European Union finance ministers discussed ways
24. For many years, it seemed that the truth about to strengthen the bloc’s fight against tax fraud on
Polynesian origins was going to slip from our grasp September 14 ---- downplay the perennial
forever, ---- recently, genetics has started to problems in the banking sector.
provide us with the answers we have all been A) obliged to B) with regard to
looking for. C) in pursuit of D) in an attempt to
A) until B) but E) in return for
1. Certain medications that ---- the central nervous 5. Some people are concerned that global warming
system ---- an increased risk of committing suicide, could harm plant and animal communities and
but antidepressants are not among them. human societies, ---- other people believe that
A) must affect / leading to there is little to worry about.
B) may affect / to lead to A) because B) after
C) affected / should lead to C) whereas D) just as
D) are affecting / must lead to E) or else
E) affect / can lead to
6. Robots can go to places that are too dangerous for
2. China ---- the largest robotics market in the world, humans. -----, an accident happened at a nuclear
---- 36 percent of total industrial robot unit sales. power plant in 1995, and officials sent in robots to
A) was / to account for evaluate the damage.
B) is / accounting for A) As far as B) Even though
C) might be / must account for C) However D) Rather
D) has been / being accounted for E) For instance
E) must be / accounted for 7. Poverty growth between 2000 and 2008 in the
United States was greatest in suburbs, ---- workers
had to do two jobs to get by.
3. Political institutions ---- with economic structures
and international conditions ---- certain economic A) where B) which
outcomes. C) how D) whereby
A) are interacting / have generated E) what
B) interacted / will generate
C) can interact / to be generated 8. Inherited traits are those that you are born with
D) interact / in generating and cannot change, ---- your height or the color of
E) must interact / to have generated your hair and eyes.
A) like B) similar to
4. ---- chickens, pigs, and humans live close to each C) so D) as well as
other on farms, the spread and mixing of viruses E) such as
becomes a great concern.
A) Since B) Even if 9. It has become clear that the impoverished should
C) Instead of D) Both be supported with more financial aid ---- military
E) Each equipment or fire- arms.
A) neither B) on account of
C) rather than D) as regards
E) as much as
10. ---- man, woman, and child is considered as an

element of the overpopulation of a country.
67
A) Either B) Some 17. Being one of the most talked-about issues in
C) A great deal of D) Many various developed ---- developing countries of the
E) Every world, illegal immigration needs to be solved as
soon as possible.
11. Quality control is a vital and ---- expensive process A) unless B) despite
in the manufacturing industry. C) but for D) as well as
A) few B) more E) as far as
C) little D) so
E) rather
18. Deforestation has many negative effects on the
environment, the most dramatic of --- is the loss of
12. The University of Cambridge has a long tradition of
habitat for millions of species.
academic dress, ---- most often on formal
occasions. A) whether B) that
A) were wearing B) having worn C) them D) when
C) worn D) to wearing E) which
E) wore
19. Virtual representation is and has been widely used

13. For many years the number of solar electron
by many countries for different political and
neutrinos ----- on Earth was one third to one half of
administration purposes, ---- it was essentially used
the number predicted by the standard solar model.
to establish control over other countries and
A) to detect B) to be detected
populations.
C) detected D) detect
A) in that B) but
E) detecting
C) so that D) unless
14. Over time, Asians have developed a variety of ways E) therefore

to flavor their plant foods, ---- a wide variety of 20. Racism is the belief ---- characteristics and abilities
spices. can be attributed to people simply on the basis of
A) using B) for using their race and that some racial groups are superior
to others.
C) to use D) to be used
A) how B) whether
E) being used C) that D) in that
E) whoever
15. During the rapid rise in COVID-19 illnesses and
deaths globally, and ---- recommended precautions, 21. Until the end of World War II, many European
little progress has been achieved in slowing down states, including multinational ones, ---- highly
the spread of the virus. centralized, with the capital city ---- as the focus of
A) as well as B) with a view to power.
A) has been / to be served
C) either D) so that
B) were / serving
E) notwithstanding C) have been / to serve
D) would be / served
16. Nazi plunder refers to art theft and other items E) are / to have served
stolen as a result of the organized looting of
European countries during the time of the German 22. In August, at the International Cryptology
agents acting ---- the ruling Nazi Party of Germany. Conference, researchers from MIT and Israel's
A) on behalf of B) as regards Technion ---- a new system that ---- that a program
running on the computer is executing properly.
C) so as to D) in terms of
A) would present / had verified
E) as a result of
B) presented / can verify
C) were presenting / used to verify
D) were to present / was verified A) Which B) Even though

E) could have presented / verifies C) Since D) Before
E) Whether
23. According to studies, dolphins, whales and ----
other sea creatures have highly sophisticated 25. Each year people around the world consume tons
navigation systems. of chocolate but the people of Switzerland
A) any B) every consume ----- more chocolate per person than
C) many D) much anyone else in the world.
E) each A) by far B) also
C) far D) rather
24. ---- the country has produced some of the best E) most
physicians in the world, the average Indian has
poor access to healthcare services.

1. We ----- the idea of paying taxes, but without them, E) is growing / has marked
governments ---- to provide public services.
A) might not like / will fail 5. Most forms of psychotherapy use only spoken
B) have not liked / have failed conversation, ----- some also use various other
C) do not like / have to fail forms of communication such as the written word,
artwork, or touch.
D) would not like / would fail
A) since B) whereas
E) did not like / had to fail
C) so that D) but
E) even if
2. Julie ---- for hours when she suddenly ---- one of her
classmates on the street.
A) has walked / had noticed
B) will be walking / notices
6. Philosophical debates have arisen over the use of
C) had been walking / noticed technology, with disagreements over ----
D) was walking / had noticed technology improves the human condition or
E) has been walking / has noticed worsens it.
A) as well as B) when
C) whether D) as to
3. A recent study, which ----- in the British Dental
E) which
Journal, ----- on a comparative analysis of the skulls
of modern day people and two sets of older skulls.
7. ----- uttered for centuries and outspoken by a large
A) is published / has focused
number of people, it becomes incredibly
B) has been published / focuses challenging to separate myth from fact.
C) would have been published / had focused A) Much as B) While
D) will be published / can focus C) Having D) Just as
E) had been published / was focusing E) When
8. Panic attacks ---- abruptly and reach a peak within

4. Global recognition of the threat of epidemic and
10 minutes, but may continue for much longer if
pandemic diseases ---- over time, with the
the sufferer ---- the attack triggered by a previous
emergence of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the 1980s, situation.
---- a major turning point.
A) may begin / had
A) was growing / marked B) began / has had
B) has grown / marking C) had begun / used to have
C) grew / to have marked D) begin / has
D) growing / will mark E) can begin / will have
69
9. Governments ---- economic freedom by providing a
legal structure and a law-enforcement system that
---- the property rights of owners and enforce
contracts in a secure manner.
A) can promote / protects
B) should promote / is protecting
C) will promote / has protected
D) had promoted / is protected
E) have promoted / can be protected
10. The Cold War was a period of international rivalry,

military buildup and tension ----- leading to
alliances and economical pacts.
A) but B) whereas
C) while D) which
E) in that
11. The financial terms of inflation and deflation are

universal terms that almost ---- country is familiar
with.
A) while B) some
C) any D) much
E) less
12. Epidemiology is the study and analysis of why 18. The twentieth century was the century of modern
diseases occur and ---- determines whether various medicine ---- tremendous strides made ---- the
populations are more prone to certain illnesses. understanding and control of infectious diseases.
A) that B) what A) at / below B) with / in
C) since D) how C) by / above D) in / amid
E) so that E) on / under
13. --- many fear that the world is quickly using up the 19. Knowing weather conditions have become ----
vast but finite amount of fossil fuels, some also fear much a part of our lives ---- the first thing many of
we may have already peaked in fossil fuel us do in the morning is to listen to the weather
extraction and production. forecast.
A) Before B) Because A) so / that B) by far / and
C) In case D) Unlike C) as well / as D) as long / as
E) While
E) rather / than
14. In the 1960s and 1970s, some researchers ---- in

Africa realized the necessity ---- human activities 20. When we talk about sustainable development, we
within the discussion of wildlife conservation. mean the ways to use our natural resources so that
A) working / to include everybody in the world, ---- where they live, can
lead a good life.
B) worked / to be included
C) having worked / to have included A) so that B) in terms of
D) to be working / for including C) no matter D) whether
E) to work / include E) when
15. A blog is a website, usually ---- by an individual, 21. Stars at the center of the Milky Way are ---- densely
with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of packed ---- special imaging techniques such as
events, or other material such as graphics or video. Adaptive Optics were needed to boost the
A) to be maintained B) to maintain resolution of their photos.
C) maintained D) maintaining A) in case of B) such / as
E) having maintained C) much / as D) so / that
E) the same / as
16. In 1890, ----- with the growing difficulty of
accommodating immigrants at Castle Garden in
Manhattan, the government ----- to turn Ellis Island 22. ---- its size and grandeur, the Inca Empire lasted
into an immigration station. only a century before it was conquered by the
A) facing / was deciding Spanish, beginning in 1532.
B) faced / decided A) But for B) In case of
C) to be faced / to be deciding C) Besides D) For all
D) was faced / decided E) As of
E) faced / was deciding
23. The United States produces 70 percent of its
17. Historians gather information, documents, and electricity from fossil fuels ----- coal, natural gas,
images ---- the past, analyze and study them ---- and oil, but only two percent from renewable
care and share their findings with the world. sources.
A) from / for B) with / into A) such as B) even
C) about / with D) during / at C) as to D) regardless of
E) for / along
E) as of
24. Women appear to be more vulnerable than men

---- the cancer-causing effects ---- smoking tobacco.
A) for / on B) in / over
C) by / of D) to / of
E) about / away
71
A) consequently B) even though
25. Individual and information security should be C) unless D) if
established with ease ---- shopping through the E) assuming that
internet is to be promoted in the future.
1. ---- you could design the political order in any conducting random water sampling tests from a
country of your choosing, what would you first do? nearby estuary.
A) As far as B) In case A) whether B) so as to
C) On the other hand D) Although C) though D) in contrast
E) Suppose that E) while
8. The European Bank has declared that interest rates
2. Tsunami is a seismic sea wave that is often caused will be reduced ---- a boost in economy can be
by earthquakes ---- the tectonic plates beneath the achieved as soon as possible.
ocean floor collide with each other. A) in that B) yet
A) unless B) yet C) thus D) so that
C) when D) that E) so far as
E) even though
9. The ozone layer in Earth's atmosphere enables

3. ---- they discovered the wealth of the new world, species to survive. -----, it would be impossible for
Spain and Portugal became the pioneers in a new life to exist under the unfiltered sunlight.
era of colonization.
A) Otherwise B) On the other hand
A) That B) Once
C) In the meantime D) Consequently
C) Until D) Though
E) For example
E) While
10. Hippocrates, the founder of modern medicine,

4. The Great Depression was ---- one of the biggest
argued for the study of the body as a natural object
economic turmoils in the history of America
---- as a spiritual or mystical object.
causing widespread unemployment and poverty.
A) but also B) rather than
A) only B) as well
C) any D) rather C) in case of D) in favor of
E) by far E) whether
5. Developments in the treatment of cancer has made 11. The gravitational pulling force of the earth ------ an
it evident ---- early detection and diagnosis of the attractive force on all objects, without which it -----
disease makes a considerable difference. impossible to maintain life on Earth.
A) because B) even so A) has exerted / is
C) that D) as soon as B) exerts / would be
E) while C) exerted / could have been
D) will exert / had been
6 ----- challenging it may sound, one day humans will E) had exerted / may be
probably explore and study many distant galaxies
thanks to technological advances. 12. In general, earth-flows ---- much more frequently
A) Nevertheless B) So during periods of high precipitation, which ---- the
C) No matter D) However ground to increase the water on the slope content.
E) Thus A) will occur / may saturate
B) would occur / saturated
7. In accordance with a recent report, inspectors have C) are occurring / will saturate
detected higher than normal ammonia levels ----- D) occur / saturates
E) occurred / had saturated

19. When a driver sees an ambulance or fire truck
13. The Babylonian astronomers ---- very adept at coming, he or she ---- to the right side of the road
mathematics and ---- eclipses and solstices. to get out of the way.
A) have been / were predicting A) would have moved B) must move
B) can be / predicted C) can't have moved D) shouldn’t move
C) had to be / had predicted E) is forbidden to move
D) were / could predict
20. Hyperthermia is elevated body temperature ----
E) are / have predicted failed thermoregulation that occurs when a body
14. In the years preceding World War II, most produces or absorbs more heat than it dissipates.
politicians ---- that a quick victory with sheer
A) despite B) contrary to
military force ---- in a final disaster.
C) rather than D) due to
A) were to project / had ended up
E) which
B) have projected / ended up
C) had projected / has ended up
21. After the ship was wrecked during a storm at sea,
D) project / may end up
most of the people on board ---- to the small island
E) projected / could end up nearby and thus saved themselves.
A) might swim B) were supposed swim
15. Lord Byron and Walter Scott achieved enormous C) should have swum D) were able to swim
fame and influence throughout Europe with works
E) could have swum
---- the violence and drama of their exotic and
historical settings.
A) have exploited B) were exploited 22. Education in Turkey ---- by a national system, which
---- in accordance with Atatürk’s Reforms.
C) exploiting D) exploited
A) is governed / was established
E) being exploited
B) has governed / is established
C) used to be governed / has been established
16. Between 1690 and 1780, the number of
newspapers ---- annually in England rose from less D) has been governing / established
than a million to fourteen million. E) governed / will be established
A) having printed B) to print
C) to have printed D) printed 23. Although cell biology research ---- our basic
E) were printed understanding of cells dramatically, many
fundamental questions remain ----.
A) has enhanced / to be answered
17. It was Edmund Halley who three centuries ago
found a way ---- the distance to the Sun and the B) was enhanced / to have answered
planet Venus. C) is enhancing / to answer
A) by measuring B) measure D) could be enhanced / answered
C) measured D) to measure E) may enhance / answering
E) measuring
24. China, ---- the Covid-19 virus originated, is the most
18. We really ---- whether the shopping center is open populous country with nearly 1.4 billion residents
on Sundays. We could have visited somewhere and the world’s second biggest economy with a
else, but now we seem to have wasted our GDP of $13.6 trillion.
afternoon. A) which B) of which
A) must have checked B) could have checked C) where D) that
C) should have checked D) might not have checked E) how
E) will have checked
73
25. Watching TV ---- makes people sedentary, but it A) either / or B) so / that
forces them to adopt bad eating habits, like eating C) just /as D) not only / as well
junk food very often ----.
E) both / and
1. The 20th century, which --- from 1901 to 2000, --- a 6. It is foolish to think that one nation is superior to
phenomenal transformation in the lifestyle of others and ---- has the right to be the imperial
people as a result of the social, ideological, power or master race.
political, and most importantly, technological A) so long as B) even so
transformations.
C) just as D) unless
A) last / has witnessed
E) therefore
B) lasted / witnessed
C) had lasted / had witnessed
D) would last / may have witnessed 7. Contrary to popular perception, family members do
E) was lasting / could witness not abandon loved ones in nursing homes;----, they
try to provide them better conditions.
2. As mobile phones ---- a new mass media towards A) so B) consequently
the end of the 1990s, mobile advertising C) instead D) since
---- almost simultaneously. E) as if
A) may become / can follow
B) became / followed 8. Governments from all around the world have taken
C) have become / had followed actions to ban certain chemicals, ----- more action is
D) are becoming / has followed needed to prevent future harm to our atmosphere.
E) become / follows A) even so B) so
C) just as D) whereas
3. Conventional measurement methods ---- that the E) as if
economic gap between rich and poor countries ----
in the last decades. 9. ---- European civilization progressed, its social
A) have indicated / widened institutions and welfare practices also got more
B) had indicated / was widening and more refined.
C) will indicate / has been widening A) Just as B) Although
D) used to indicate / had widened C) Not only D) As
E) indicate / has widened E) Neither
4. On March 25, 1993, David Levy, along with Carolyn 10. It is virtually impossible to know ---- cells were
and Eugene Shoemaker ---- the comet, which now formed around 3.7 billion years ago.
---- their name. A) when B) as far as
A) had discovered / is bearing C) in that D) so far
B) discovered / bears E) how
C) had discovered / used to bear
D) would discover / had born 11. Increase in the sophistication of recent technology
E) could have discovered / will bear has enabled natural resources ---- quickly and
efficiently.
5. The relatives of handicapped people are usually A) having extracted B) to be extracted
apprehensive about ---- will happen when they are C) to have extracted D) to extract
no longer able to provide care and supervision. E) extracting
A) what B) that
C) in which D) in that
E) whether
12. ---- satellites become smaller and launching them B) had launched / can be sent
becomes more affordable, people are putting all C) launched / will be sent
sorts of wacky things into space. D) was launching / has sent
A) Though B) Only when E) was launched / sent
C) Whether D) As
E) Much as
13. The risk of becoming infected ---- COVID-19

depends on the chance of being close to someone
with COVID-19 or coming ---- contact with surfaces
contaminated by the virus. 19. There is no point ---- to persuade him because he
A) with / into B) in / along doesn’t seem ---- any other person’s idea.
A) for trying / accept B) in trying / to accept
C) from / towards D) by / through
C) to be trying /accepting D) tried / to have accepted
E) on / from
E) having tried/ to be accepting
14. Originally ---- Asia Minor, the Sumerians settled ----- 20. The earliest dinosaur ---- in polar palaeolaltitudes is
the coasts of Tigris and Euphrates and began to called Cryolophosaurus, which ---- 'frozen crested
farm and create simple goods. reptile'.
A) as / between B) in / over A) found / means
C) from / along D) by / upon B) was found / meant
E) at / beneath C) had been found / will mean
D) having found / has meant
E) to be found / could mean
15. While species that are ----- threat, such as the polar
bear, seem to get all the attention, others are
21. She took up ---- tennis after he stopped ---- a week
beginning to thrive ----- never before.
ago in order to get rid of the unwanted effects of
A) over / as B) upon / for smoking.
C) up / about D) by / from A) having played / to be smoking
E) under / like B) playing / to smoke
C) to be playing / to smoke
16. The suspect ---- for two hours when he finally ---- D) playing / smoking
committing the crime. E) to play / smoking
A) will be questioned / has been admitted
B) had questioned / will have admitted 22. Public spending on education indicates the
importance placed on education relative to that of
C) had been being questioned /admitted
--- areas of public spending, such as health care,
D) could have been questioned / was admitting
social security and national security.
E) would have questioned / had admitted A) another B) the other
C) other D) far
17. During Covid – 19 pandemic, online education E) much
programs ---- by educational institutions from
March to May in 2020 so that mainstream 23. The 3rd International Crime and Punishment Film
education ---- without interruption. Festival is expected to receive ---- attention from
A) were launched / could be continued film-makers, movie fans, academicians, and
B) can be launched / will continue university students.
C) have been launched / had continued A) regardless of B) a great deal of
C) a big number of D) much of
D) have launched / would have continued
E) almost all
E) will be launched / should continue
18. The spacecraft Explorer, which ---- last year ---- the
pictures of the surface of the planet Venus
yesterday. 24. According to prominent life coaches, changing
A) has been launched / was sent one’s life might appear difficult ---- first, but
75
embarking ---- a journey that will lead to greater
creativity is not as hard as it seems.
A) at / upon B) for / into
C) with / over D) in / on
E) on / along
25. By focusing entirely --- carbon dioxide emissions,

major environmental organizations have failed to
account for published data showing that other
gases are the main culprits ---- global warming.
A) on / beneath B) by / with
C) of / towards D) in / above
E) upon / away
1. The Maori ---- the first settlers of New Zealand, C) have gone / have built
arriving many centuries before Europeans, so their D) went / had built
culture ---- back to the early modern era. E) had gone / were building
A) had been / dated B) have been / has dated
C) are / had dated D) were / dates 5. Modern history is generally thought ----- in Classical
E) could be / is dating Antiquity, around 800 B.C. when large numbers of
scholars ---- to write things down.
2. Most people ---- to know how many stages insects A) to begin / have begun
---- through before they become butterflies. B) beginning / begin
A) wanted / had gone C) to have begun / began
B) will want / may go D) having begun / had begun
C) had wanted / went E) having been begun / would begin
D) would want / are going
E) want / go 6. Although time travel has been a common subject
matter in science fiction since the late 19th century,
3. Humans ---- almost nothing about the sun until the it is currently unknown ----- the laws of physics
early 19th century, when the German optician would allow time travel into the past.
Joseph von Fraunhofer ---- the specific aspects of A) that B) since
the sun. C) still D) whether
A) had known / will study E) even
B) will have known / studies
C) have known / is studying 7. Scientists have split the atom, put men on the
D) knew / studied moon, and discovered the DNA of mankind, ----
E) will know / has studied there are still some mysteries of human behavior
that they have failed to fully explain.
A) unless B) even if
4. It is well known that long before Europeans ---- to C) when D) yet
North America, Mississippians ---- a great city
E) once
surrounded by huge pyramids.
A) will go / were building
B) go / will have built 8. ----- some genes are found to be associated with
certain types of behavior, the contribution they
each make may be very small to draw a proper 15. ------ the temperature decreases further
conclusion. physiological systems falter and heart rate,
A) Even if B) Now that respiratory rate, and blood pressure all decrease.
C) Both D) In case A) As B) But for
E) As soon as C) Both D) Although
E) Whereas
9. There is no widespread agreement ----- which

16. Most schools spoonfeed children with knowledge,
written work should be recognized as the earliest
----- focusing on developing students’ innovation
example of a time travel story.
skills and motivation to succeed.
A) as to B) due to
A) in terms of B) because of
C) apart from D) besides
C) in the wake of D) instead of
E) or else E) in favor of
10. Healthy soil is the foundation of agriculture and an 17. ---- considering where to send your child for his or
essential resource ---- human needs in the 21st her education, there is simply nothing better than
century, such as food, feed, fiber, clean water, and ensuring your child's success through a dedicated
clean air. educational facility.
A) ensures B) to be ensured A) Whereas B) Although
C) ensuring D) being ensured C) In case D) When
E) to ensure E) Unless
11. A massive drop in the value of the stock market 18. Rising and falling air currents, winds,
triggered the Great Depression, ---- lasted until the concentrations of CO2, and ---- greenhouse gases in
economic activity was spurred by WW2. the troposphere play a major role in the long-term
climate patterns.
A) of which B) what
A) neither B) not only
C) which D) in that
C) each D) both
E) whenever
E) other
12. ---- the COVID-19 crisis affects men and women in 19. ---- the introduction of banknotes, precious or
different ways, measures to resolve it must take semi-precious metals were widely used as a
gender into account. medium of exchange.
A) As long as B) Unless A) Prior to B) Despite
C) Though D) Given that C) Owing to D) Once
E) Once E) While
13. ---- people think of Britain, they all tend to 20. Originally, banknotes ---- by commercial banks, but
immediately think of bad weather conditions, since their general acceptance as a form of money,
storms, and bitter wind. most countries ---- the responsibility for issuing
A) In case B) The more national banknotes to a central bank.
C) Though D) When A) issued / assigned
E) By the time B) could have issued / had assigned
C) will be issued / assign
14. Many thought that Columbus would simply drop of D) were issued / have assigned
the side of the planet ---- he went too far toward E) are issued / will assign
the horizon.
A) unless B) in that
C) as soon as D) if
E) until
77
21. ---- with the collapse of the Bronze Age at the end A) as a result of B) compared to
of the 2nd millennium BC, the west coast of C) in contrast to D) with respect to
Anatolia ---- by Ionian Greeks. E) in spite of
A) Having begun / has been settled
B) Beginning / was settled 24. The grape species that are most widely used in
C) To begin / would be settled wine production are Vitis labrusca and, especially,
D) Begun / will be settled Vitis vinifera, ---- has long been the most widely
E) To be begun / could be settled used wine grape throughout the world.
A) that B) despite
22. ---- architecture focuses on individual buildings, C) which D) where
urban design address the larger scale of groups of E) and
buildings, of streets and public spaces, whole
neighborhoods and districts. 25. Scientists believe that through the use of the
A) Either B) By the time intellect, and with the aid of instruments that ----
C) Because D) Whereas the senses, people ---- new patterns of thinking.
E) Only if A) must extend / discover
B) are extending / will be discovered
23. During the mid-1840s, millions of immigrants made C) may be extended / have discovered
their way to America ---- a famine in Ireland and D) have extended / are discovered
continual revolution in the German homelands. E) extend / can discover
1. According to psychologist Abraham Maslow, the 4. In the 9th century, as the Byzantine Empire ---- by
human need for safety must be met ---- growth and the Macedonian Dynasty, the Macedonian brothers
development occurs in other areas. Cyril and Methodius ---- the first Slavonic alphabet.
A) although B) unless A) had to be ruled / establish
C) because D) before B) was ruled / established
E) while C) was to be ruled / had established
D) used to rule / would have established
2. Often ---- the world's oldest city, Catalhöyük was E) may have ruled / were establishing
part of a large city-building and agricultural
civilization ---- between 9,000-7,000 years ago.
A) having called / was being developed
B) called / developed 5. In the closing days of the U.S. presidential election,
C) calling / to develop Barack Obama and Mitt Romney focused their
D) to be called / having developed attention on ---- states, particularly Ohio, home to
E) to call / had developed just 4% of Americans.
A) much B) whole
3. The history of child labor ----- back to the Industrial C) many D) any
Revolution, when very young children ---- to work E) little
in coal mines, factories, sweatshops, and even as
domestic servants. 6. According to several climatologists, the earth is
A) could be traced / forced going through some sort of global warming today,
B) is traced / had been forced ---- it did millions of years ago.
C) has been traced / have forced A) now that B) in that
D) should be traced / were forcing C) even so D) as
E) in terms of
E) can be traced / were forced
7. Countries may face sanctions ---- they fail to 14. The Renaissance, the Enlightenment and the
implement new rules aimed at safeguarding the Industrial Revolution were great achievements, ----
global banking system from another financial crisis. many of these developments drew on the
A) but B) even so experience of the rest of the world.
C) when D) by the time A) because B) rather than
E) until C) once D) therefore
E) as long as
8. The countries of Latin America are often among the
hardest hit when a financial crisis is holding the 15. Electric motors, electrical generators,
world in its grip ----- its root cause is so far away.
electromagnets, and a host of ---- devices that are
A) even if B) because integral to our modern appliances depend on a
C) as long as D) after phenomenon called electromagnetism.
E) as if
A) some B) each
C) which D) other
9. Twenty years ago, an estimated 30 percent of rural
E) another
people in Guinea were ---- walk more than two
kilometers to reach a water source.
A) accustomed to B) obliged to 16. There was a serious traffic accident on the highway
C) forbidden from D) advised to this morning, ---- at least four vehicles.
E) willing to A) involving B) having involved
C) for involving D) to be involved
10. ---- is considered to be acceptable human behavior E) involved
varies from culture to culture and from time period
to time period. 17. Modern geology has become focused on refining
A) Whether B) What the techniques and strategies ---- to understand the
C) That D) The fact that earth.
E) Whichever A) use B) used
C) to use D) using
11. Paper, ---- produced in the modern factory or by E) to be using
the most careful, delicate hand methods, is made
up of connected fibers. 18. The Grand Canyon is a must-see attraction for
A) when B) if many of those ---- the desert in the West of the
C) although D) whether United States.
E) which A) being visited B) visit
C) visiting D) to visit
12. ---- during the Cold War, when Moscow and
E) visited
Washington disagreed on pretty much everything,
both nations were united in one regard: they
actively conspired to keep the UN weak. 19. All cookies have expiration dates in them that
A) Both B) Much determine ---- they will stay in your browser.
C) Even D) Neither A) whether B) as long as
E) As for C) where D) however
E) how long
13. ---- landslides generally affect a smaller area, they
have only a moderate likelihood to cause huge 20. Scientists are trying to explain ---- the number of
damage. bees world-wide has been decreasing recently.
A) Because B) Before A) why B) what
C) In case D) Until C) as though D) how long
E) Although E) whether
21. ---- in advanced ---- emerging economies, younger

people are more likely to be digitally literate and
tend to use technology more efficiently.
A) As well / as B) Most / but
79
C) The more / the less D) Either / with 24. The Kybela stones are believed ---- by members of
E) Both / and an ancient people known as the Picts, who ---- in
what is now Scotland from the 4th to the 9th
22. Humans ----- a significant part in the sudden centuries.
disappearance of rainforests from Central Africa A) to have been carved / thrived
three thousand years ago, when they ---- clearing B) to be carved / thrive
them for opening open lands for agriculture. C) must have played / were thriving
A) had played / would start D) being carved / were thrived
B) may have played / started E) have carved / are thriving
C) must have played / have started
D) had been playing / were starting 25. ------ written records and carved inscriptions, the
E) have played / started knowledge about ancient peoples is derived from
the work of archaeologists.
23. Goats are believed ---- around 10,000-12,000 years A) Rather than B) But for
ago in modern-day Iran, when some nomadic C) Apart from D) Despite
people first ---- near river valleys. E) Even
A) to be domesticated / were settling
B) to have domesticated / settled
C) be domesticated / have settled
D) to have been domesticated / settled
E) being domesticated / settle
1. The National Park Service ---- in 1916 by Woodrow 3. In the 1600s, when the tobacco industry ---- by John
Wilson, who ---- the National Park Service Organic Rolfe, tobacco suddenly ---- the major source of
Act. income for most of the colonists.
A) founded / has signed A) was founded / had became
B) had been founded / was signed B) has been founded / was becoming
C) would found / has been signing C) would be founded / may become
D) is founded / will sign D) is founded / may have become
E) was founded / signed E) was founded / became
2. The instruments used in most classical music ---- 4. The nineteenth century was a period of extreme
before the mid-19th century, and ---- in the 18th changes and accompanying social unrest in the
and 19th centuries. British Isles, ------ the country had a flourishing
A) were invented / codified economy and well developed industry.
B) invented / were codified A) as if B) in case
C) had been invented / had codified C) so that D) though
D) have been invented / were codifying E) whether
E) had invented / had codified

5. The basis of Chomsky's linguistic theory is that the
principles underlying the structure of language are
biologically determined in the human mind and ---- 11. To achieve moderate proficiency or understanding
genetically transmitted. in a language ---- one’s first language typically
A) what B) hence requires considerable time and effort through
study and practical application.
C) that D) why
A) according to B) other than
E) because
C) whether D) provided
E) instead of
6. The genesis of chemistry can be traced back to
certain practices, ---- as alchemy, which ---- for 12. Some viruses work quickly to damage your
several millennia in various parts of the world, computer, ---- others can linger for months before
particularly the Middle East by the 15th century. you notice there is any real problem.
A) knowing / were practiced A) after B) while
B) were known / were being practiced C) so that D) since
C) known / had been practiced E) just as
D) to be known / would be practiced
13. ---- the vast contributions made by archaeology,
E) having been known / are practiced epigraphy, and numismatics, the bulk of our
knowledge of the ancient world comes from the
7. ---- conventional thinkers, religious leaders, and narratives of ancient historians.
medical professionals in Molière's time criticized A) Unlike B) Because of
his work, their ideas did not really impact his C) As regards D) In favor of
widespread success with the public. E) Despite
A) Whenever B) Because
14. The patterns of species distribution ----
C) Though D) Once
geographical areas can usually be explained ---- a
E) Now that combination of historical factors such as speciation,
extinction, and continental drift.
8. --- most people associate telecommunications with A) in / over B) across / through
modern technologies, the strict definition of the C) into / by D) over / without
term encompasses primitive and even ancient E) ahead / along
forms of telecommunication.
A) As for B) So far as 15. Active learning requires learners to think critically
C) Unless D) While and reflect ---- what they know, as they actively
engage ---- learning activities to make meaning
E) As though
from the content and construct knowledge.
A) on / in B) with / for
9. A general definition of social justice is hard to C) for / into D) over / above
arrive at and ----- harder to implement. E) ahead / around
A) also B) by far
C) all D) more 16. Keynesian economics warns against the practice of
E) so too much saving, or under-consumption, and not
enough consumption in the economy, ----- it also
supports considerable redistribution of wealth,
10. From the time of Herodotus, a minority of
when needed.
geographers rejected the three-continent system
A) since B) once
---- there is no substantial physical separation
C) but D) in that
between them.
E) what
A) on the grounds that B) on condition that
C) provided that D) irrespective of 17. Until a few decades ago, Abruzzo was a region of
E) by way of poverty in Southern Italy; over the past decades,
----, it has developed to a great extent.
A) however B) although
C) despite D) in fact
E) also
81
18. ---- humans acquire culture through the learning 22. ------ scientists are concerned, the effects of global
processes of enculturation and socialization, people warming may last for at least a thousand years
living in different places or different circumstances even if carbon emissions are totally stopped today.
develop different cultures. A) As if B) As far as
A) Before B) Although C) Notwithstanding D) Now that
C) Only if D) Even E) In order to
E) Since
23. While many historians ---- the Roman or Chinese
19. One of the limitations of GDP as a measurement of abaci as the earliest computers, these devices --- no
welfare is that it only addresses average income, information processing.
failing to reflect how ---- people actually live or who A) consider / performed
benefits from economic growth. B) have considered / are performing
A) much B) despite C) had considered / have performed
C) such D) at least D) were considering / had performed
E) most E) must consider / may perform
20. Europe cannot ignore the necessity of translation 24. Economic downturns pose financial problems for
---- for its own evolution ---- its links to other many companies, ---- there are ones that continue
cultures in a globalized world. to generate revenue despite adverse market
A) none / all B) neither / nor conditions.
C) both / and D) either / or A) but B) as of
E) so / that C) nor D) inasmuch as
E) or else
21. The French Revolution was a period of political and
social upheaval, ----- the French governmental 25. ---- of today's business is conducted across
structure underwent radical changes. international borders, and expectations of business
A) during which B) which communication might differ greatly from culture to
C) whether D) whose culture.
E) of which A) The most B) As many
C) Much D) Each
E) Little
1. ----- identifying hieroglyphs is rather distressing and scientific works he carried out throughout his
challenging, virtually more than 90 percent of all career.
ancient hieroglyphs have been identified. A) in spite of B) on behalf of
A) Although B) Because C) because of D) in spite of
C) When D) Just as E) in favour of
E) As if
4. With easier international transport, many
2. Scotland consists of a mainland area and several indigenous diseases have become ---- wide-spread
island groups, ---- the Shetlands, the Orkneys, and and global ----- scientists are finding now it hard to
the Hebrides. cope with them.
A) being included B) include A) more / than B) both / and
C) that include D) to include C) as long / as D) not only / but also
E) including E) so / that
3. The eminent scientist, Edward Grondole, was 5. ---- the last few years, the problem of human
awarded one of the top awards in 1987 ----- the trafficking in America has increased by massive
proportions, with as ----- as 14,000 to 18,000 people 12. ---- achieve the objectives of the educational
being trafficked within the country every year. program, students need more time and they must
A) In / most B) As / far work on more supplementary materials.
A) In order to B) For fear of
C) Through / much D) For / rather
C) On behalf of D) In spite of
E) Over / many
E) In case
6. UNESCO breaks down ------ it considers as a world

heritage site into two categories: cultural heritage
and natural heritage.
13. ---- by English physician James Braid, who studied
A) while B) in that the practice during the 19th century, the term
C) so long as D) what hypnosis gets its name from Hypnos, the Greek god
E) most of all of sleep.
A) To have coined
7. Most African countries are getting relieved from B) Having coined
their earlier sufferings,---- still, there are quite C) Coined
many things these countries have to tackle. D) Being coined
A) since B) as well E) To be coined
C) in addition D) but
E) as regards 14. The basic shape and configuration of a
typical upright, or safety bicycle, ---- little since the
8. In the 1990-2003 period, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, first chain-driven model ---- around 1885.
Bolivia, and Venezuela reformed, in major ways, A) has changed / was developed
their constitutions as a way ---- their chronic B) changed / has been developed
political and economic problems.
C) had changed / would be developed
A) to be solved B) to solve
D) would have changed / had been developed
C) solving D) having solved
E) will change / is developed
E) being solved
15. The most common type of animal self-termination

9. The last few decades ---- the continuing work of the
happens when an animal forms a very strong bond
Turkish Language Association to coin new Turkish
with ---- a human being ---- another animal and
words to express new concepts and technologies as
then loses that significant other.
they ---- the language, mostly from English.
A) will see / can enter A) so / that B) neither / nor
B) have seen / enter C) such / as D) whether / or
C) had seen / have entered E) either / or
D) may have seen / entered
E) saw / were to enter 16. The scientific study of the nervous system has
increased significantly during the second half of the
10. Mars is the most likely place for life to exist in the twentieth century, principally ---- the advances in
solar system because there is ---- evidence that molecular biology, electrophysiology, and
liquid water once flowed on its surface. computational neuroscience.
A) so many B) more A) in order to B) in spite of
C) as many as D) the most C) in terms of D) for
E) a great deal of E) due to
11. Agriculture is a significant contributor to Egypt’s 17. Most established academic fields have their ----
economy, ---- in recent years Egypt has faced journals and other outlets for publication, though
serious challenges producing food for a growing
many academic journals are somewhat
population in a sustainable manner.
interdisciplinary.
A) while B) however
A) some B) that
C) similarly D) furthermore
C) own D) which
E) even
E) both
83
18. The Commonwealth of Nations is an 22. With decades of research, new processes ---- for
intergovernmental organization of fifty-three synthesizing carbon nanotubes, ---- to revolutionize
independent member states, most of ---- were the fields of engineering, architecture, and
formerly parts of the British Empire. materials science
A) them B) what A) were developed / having promised
C) few D) which B) have been developed / promising
E) whom C) developed / to promise
D) will be developed / to have promised
19. The development of excavation techniques has E) would be developed / promised
moved ------ the years from a treasure hunting
process to one which seeks to fully understand the 23. ----- poor countries face natural disasters, such as
sequence of human activity passed on a given site. hurricanes, and fires, the cost of rebuilding
A) until B) while becomes even more of an issue.
C) by D) as A) Unless B) That
E) over C) When D) Much as
E) Not only
20. Amino acids, often ---- to as the building blocks of
proteins, are compounds that play many critical 24. ---- watching TV and obesity are not directly
roles in your body. related, it is possible to talk about an influential
A) referred B) referring relationship up to a certain extent.
C) to refer D) refer A) Whether B) Since
E) to be referred C) Notwithstanding D) Even though
E) Just as
21. ---- Lenin and the communist party took over
power, following the revolution in 1917, he made 25. Properly diagnosing and treating patients with
sure that a council took over the planning of the anxiety, depression, or ---- is a challenging aspect of
economy. practicing medicine in the primary care setting.
A) When B) Though A) as well B) else
C) In case D) Since C) though D) both
E) Unless E) also
1. After the major commercial success Grace Jones ---- D) has derived / will stretch
with her comeback album Slave to the Rhythm in E) had derived / was stretching
1985, Island Records ---- to release a best-of
compilation at the end of the same year.
3. Satellite transmissions ----- the world into a
A) was to achieve / could decide network of information, without which we ----
B) has achieved / may have decided modern living as we know today.
C) achieved / decided A) have turned / cannot maintain
D) had achieved / has decided B) turn / have not maintained
E) was achieved / was deciding C) would turn / had not maintained
D) will turn / will not have maintained
2. California, whose name ---- from a fifteenth-century E) could turn / did not maintain
Spanish romance story, ---- along the Pacific Coast
of the United States.
4. Currently, the Institute ----- by a highly diversified
A) derives / stretches group of philanthropic foundations, private
B) is deriving / is stretching corporations, and interested individuals.
C) derived / has stretched A) funded B) is to fund
C) can be funded D) is funding E) After

E) is funded
11. The most important gifts of the eighteenth century
5. Before they ---- their baby, Jack and Clara ---- quite to English literature are the periodical essay and
a lot of money on whatever they wanted, but now the novel, ---- of which had no classical precedent.
they have a baby and they cannot spend so much A) both B) every
money. C) neither D) some
A) have / might spend E) either
B) had had / had spent
C) have had / had to spend 12. The name "Malaysia" started to be used in
D) had / used to spend Malaysia in 1963. ----, the name itself had been
E) are going to have / should spend vaguely used to refer to areas in Southeast Asia
prior to that.
A) Consequently B) Since
6. It is clear that we all have our strengths ----
C) Nonetheless D) Therefore
weaknesses and mutual respect means having
E) As if
respect in our minds for everyone.
A) in order to B) in addition 13. An electrical telegraph is a telegraph that uses
C) but for D) so that electrical signals, usually ---- via telecommunication
E) as well as lines or radio.
A) to be conveyed B) conveyed
7. Exercise experts have clarified ---- qualifies the C) to have been conveyed D) having conveyed
minimum level of physical activity for maintaining E) conveying
health and lowering the risk of disease in older and
younger adults. 14. ---- Island Records in Jamaica on 22 May 1959 aged
22, Blackwell was amongst the first to record the
A) what B) whether
Jamaican popular music that eventually ---- known
C) unless D) because as ska.
E) whichever A) Formed / to become
B) Having formed / became
8. Contrary to the general view, all members of the C) To form / was becoming
species Homo Sapiens have ---- characteristics in D) Forming / had become
common than different. E) Being formed / would become
A) rather B) more
15. The most significant novelist in English during the
C) too D) far peak Romantic period, ---- Walter Scott, was Jane
E) also Austen, whose conservative world-view had little in
common with her Romantic contemporaries.
9. Napoleon's moderately affluent background and A) unlike B) other than
family connections afforded him ---- greater C) in terms of D) related to
opportunities to study than were available to a E) associated with
typical Corsican of the time.
A) far B) by far 16. ---- our personal and professional lives become
busier and more demanding, too many of us do not
C) as D) at least
have the opportunity to make it to the polls on
E) more election day.
A) Although B) By the time
10. ---- mining and precious stones have been human C) Since D) In case
interests throughout the history of civilization, the E) Unless
development of the related sciences did not occur
until the 18th century. 17. Communication is only successful ---- the receiver
A) Although B) Since can interpret the information that the source has
C) When D) Before put into the message.
A) but B) after
85
C) even if D) now that E) Thus
E) when
22. A number of developmental theories have proven
18. The controversy deals with the question of ---- the to be useful ----- identify, describe, and measure
structure of socio-political action should be viewed the cognitive, moral, emotional and social aspects
as a more or less centralized process of acts ---- of adolescent growth.
decisions by a class of key leaders. A) due to B) in spite of
A) either / or B) neither / nor C) so as to D) as far as
C) whether / or D) so / that E) by way of
E) as / as
19. ---- French historians believe that to call the Croix 23. Since the early 1990s, historians increasingly ----
de Feu fascist is to adopt the partisan rhetoric of the term "discovery" with "encounter", which ----
the 1930s, Soucy makes a compelling case that as a more neutral term.
‘fascist' is precisely the right label for this mass A) have been replaced / perceives
movement. B) are being replaced / can perceive
A) Although B) Since C) have been replaced / perceives
C) Unless D) Given that D) have replaced / is perceived
E) Once E) replaced / may be perceived
20. By now, most countries have established a national 24. ---- babies continue to mature, they become better
genomic information system, with a mandatory able to move their bodies with greater skill and
entry for every citizen; ----, they now have a genetic precision.
sample of every person. A) Even if B) Even if
A) nevertheless B) on the other hand C) As D) Whether
C) to this end D) otherwise E) No matter
E) in other words
25. ---- the body’s immune system encounters a virus,
21. The first generation of brain-computer interfaces it gets to work producing antibodies that can
reached the consumer market in around 2010. ----, recognize a particular virus and attack it.
this technology was crude and limited. A) The more B) Whereas
A) However B) Subsequently C) Unless D) Before
C) Or else D) Even E) When
1. The importance of Richardson's position in the

tradition of the novel was largely ---- his success in 1. Uganda ----- measures over the past 12 years that
dealing with several major problems which Defoe have resulted in economic reform and
had left unsolved. democratization of the political system and
A) as opposed to B) because therefore the country ---- exciting prospects in both
C) in case of D) in spite of investment and trade.
E) due to A) is instituting / is offered
B) instituted / will offer
2. DNA replication, or the process of duplicating a C) has instituted / offers
cell's genome, ---- when a cell ---- through mitosis D) institutes / has been offered
or binary fission. E) was instituted / was offered
A) may happen / has divided
B) has happened / divided 4. It ---- the first time the international community ---
C) would happen / divides together to implement a proper formal framework
D) happens / divides for climate predictions.
E) is happening / is dividing A) will be / had come
B) has been / came
C) may be/ would come

D) is / has come 11. Logistics, in its most basic definition, is the efficient
E) was / was coming flow and storage of goods --- their point of origin ---
the point of consumption.
5. With the efforts to analyze the atmosphere in the A) on / out B) by / for

17th and 18th centuries, gases such as hydrogen ---- C) from / to D) to / as
which in turn ---- to the invention of hydrogen E) in / at
balloons.
A) were discovered / had led
B) were being discovered / lead 12. The publication of Ulysses by James Joyce changed
C) had been discovered / led the modern novel ---- significantly ---- the novel
D) would be discovered / might lead took a very different turn with it.
E) should be discovered / would lead A) so / that B) either / of
C) not only / but D) both / and
6. ---- the gap between the wealthy and the
E) as well / as
undeveloped increases, war and misery seem to
prevail in the world.
13. Nuclear proliferation is the increasing worldwide
A) Though B) As if
availability of nuclear weapons, nuclear
C) As D) Much as knowledge, and nuclear materials ---- enriched
E) Whether uranium or plutonium.
A) as well B) by far
7. The diverse aspects of the West have gradually C) likewise D) such as
seeped into other cultures over time, ----- E) more
modernization has become synonymous with
westernization. 14. In accordance with 2010 statistics, China and India
A) before B) therefore have become ----- the most densely polluted
countries in the word.
C) whereas D) yet
A) more B) whether
E) just as
C) as D) also
E) by far
8. The concept of “sustainable development” is quite
broad and has quite different meanings ---- 15. Sumerian written history reaches back to the 27th
translated into different cultures and languages. century BC and before, ---- the historical record
A) when B) so that remains obscure until the Early Dynastic III period.
C) what D) although A) but B) however
E) as though C) because D) and
E) which
9. Global temperatures are already higher --- they’ve

16. Morality refers to the way people choose to live
ever been in at least the past millennium, and the
their lives according to a set of guidelines or
increase is accelerating --- faster than scientists had
principles ----- govern their decisions about right
predicted.
versus wrong and good versus evil.
A) more / by far B) as / the most
A) what B) so
C) than / even D) ever / even C) where D) in that
E) so / far E) that
10. ----- what happened 63 million years ago could be 17. When economists refer to demand, they usually
observed, the reason why the dinosaurs vanished have in mind not just a single quantity, ---- a curve,
could be understood. which traces the quantity of a good or service that
A) Unless B) If is demanded at successively different prices.
A) nor B) which
C) So long as D) As
C) that D) and
E) Because
E) but
87
18. A major policy document ---- by the State Council in 22. Theorists have suggested that children are
May this year states that local governments ---- incapable of understanding the world ---- they
nine years of compulsory education to migrant reach a particular stage of cognitive development.
children through the public school system. A) in that B) if
A) having been issued / should be provided C) until D) after
B) to be issued / should be providing E) inasmuch as
C) have issued / should have provided
D) issuing / provides
23. ---- he cannot understand complex sentences, his
E) issued / should provide
knowledge of Spanish was enough to make him
19. At first glance, the job of a historian is to study the understood when he was in Spain.
past; however, ---- a historian does is much more
A) Because
complicated than studying past events.
B) Until
A) what B) the fact that
C) Although
C) whether D) that
D) Unless
E) which
E) Since
20. Recent experiments have indicated that the

24. As digital citizens, we live in a world ---- devices and
farmers in the area can grow at least four times
applications deliver an increasing volume of
more wheat ---- they use the right kind of fertiliser.
information in a rapid manner.
A) provided B) until
A) which B) as long as
C) because D) unless
C) where D) so that
E) in case
E) because
21. Every year thousands of people in countries all ----

25. Generally speaking, different nations recognize one
the world report that they have seen mysterious
another and carry ---- relationships ---- means of
flying objects ---- the sky.
diplomatic channels.
A) in / through B) over / in
A) on / with B) at / through
C) within / across D) on / towards
C) over / under D) of / over
E) about / inside
E) out / by
1. “An Ideal Husband” is a comic play by Oscar Wilde, E) would tell / had begun
which ---- blackmail and political corruption, and
---- on the themes of public and private honor. 3. Cubism ---- a major impact on artists of the first
A) revolved around / touched decades of the 20th century and it --- rise to the
B) can revolve around / is touching development of new trends in art.
C) is revolving around / would touch A) was having / was giving
D) revolves around / touches B) had / gave
E) could revolve around / will touch C) has had / had given
D) had had / would give
2. In Roll the Bones, historian David G. Schwartz ---- E) could have / will give
the epic story of gambling, which ---- with its early
emergence from divination rituals and ending with 4. Machine code is a computer program ---- in
today’s global game culture. machine language instructions that ---- directly by a
A) had told / began computer's central processing unit.
B) tells / begins A) to write / are executed
C) was telling / began B) being written / should execute
D) will tell / has begun C) written / can be executed
D) is written / were executed E) as / with

E) can be written / to execute
11. Since 1970, billions have certainly been given to the
5. The key debate in psychological studies today ----- underdeveloped countries each year, but ---- have
whether or not neuropsychology ---- animal or the rich nations actually met their promised target.
human behavior. A) also B) rarely
A) is / explains C) as well D) by far
B) was / explained E) more
C) had been / could explain
D) would be / had explained 12. Some argue that a universal system requires some
E) has been / can explain level of transfer of wealth from those ---- have to
support others needing financial back up urgently.
A) in which B) what
6. Greek mythology ----- an extensive influence on the
C) who D) for whom
culture, the arts, and the literature of the Western
E) whether
civilization and it still ----- a significant part of
Western heritage and language.
13. ---- type of construction project requires a unique
A) was exerting / is remaining
team to plan, design, construct and maintain the
B) would exert / was remaining
project.
C) exerted / remains A) Both B) All
D) was exerted / was remained C) Each D) Some
E) exerting / remaining E) None
7. In theory, development that is sustainable and not 14. ---- banknotes were first introduced, they were, in
damaging to the planet is highly possible, ---- in effect, a promise to pay the bearer in coins, but
reality, there are a lot of politics and challenges gradually became a substitute for the coins and a
involved as highlighted throughout this site. form of money in their own right.
A) so that B) in case A) When B) Until
C) as long as D) in that C) Wherever D) Although
E) but E) Before
15. Butterfly effect is a term used in Chaos Theory to

8. The costs associated with deteriorating or
describe ---- tiny variations can affect giant systems,
vanishing ecosystems will be high; ----, sustainable
and complex systems, like weather patterns.
development and consumption will help avert
ecological problems. A) which B) what
C) how D) whether
A) in fact B) however
E) that
C) moreover D) now that
E) whether
16. Mars has been extensively studied with ground-
based observatories, but the first spacecraft ---- the
9. There are numerous forms of aid, from planet was sent in 1965.
humanitarian emergency assistance to longer-term A) was studied B) having studied
development aid, but all these forms of aid seem to C) studied D) being studied
be accompanied ---- criticism, either around E) to study
inefficiency of delivery, ----- of political agendas.
A) with / and B) as / on 17. In the last two decades of the twentieth century
C) in / at D) form / to East Asia ---- as the most dynamic region of the
E) by / or world economy, as it ---- before the eighteenth
century.
10. The structure of the human brain differs from that A) was emerging / has been
---- other animals ---- several important ways. B) had emerged / could be
A) from / with B) on / below C) will emerge / is
C) for / within D) of / in D) emerged / had been
89
E) can emerge / will be
22. Homo sapiens originated in Africa, where they
18. British society in the 18th century was becoming reached anatomical modernity about 200,000 years
more fluid than in the past, in part ---- the growth ago ----- began to exhibit full behavioral modernity
of the middle classes in towns and cities. around 50,000 years ago.
A) because of B) although A) and B) thus
C) despite D) in terms of C) by far D) so that
E) regardless of E) even so
19. For any large institution, ---- a private-sector 23. Human activities resulting in mass species
company, a government or even a world religion, extinction rates ---- higher than ever before,
stability and continuity are important currently approaching 1000 times the normal rate.
fundamentals for success. A) more B) also
A) both B) whether C) many D) as well
C) each D) that E) far
E) much as
24. Faster and ---- reliable banking operations will

20. ---- brains became larger and more complex, enhance the transactions through international
growing up took longer and required more parental banks.
care and the protective environment of a home. A) far B) more
A) If B) As C) the most D) by far
C) Whether D) As if E) least
E) Both
25. ---- deaths from overdoses from painkillers occur,

21. Humans are uniquely skillful at utilizing systems of there are usually other prescription medications for
symbolic communication such as language and art mental health disorders and neurologic conditions
for self-expression, ---- the exchange of ideas. involved.
A) due to B) rather than A) Even if B) Whereas
C) more than D) by the time C) When D) In case
E) as well as E) Whatever
1. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) ---- into

five functional branches and the Office of the 3. An analysis of randomly selected poultry products
Director, which ---- most administrative offices. ---- that almost 90 percent of samples ---- some
A) was organized / had contained form of dangerous bacteria.
B) will be organized / is containing A) revealed / will contain
C) has been organized / contained B) reveals / is containing
D) is organized / contains C) has revealed / contains
E) had been organized / will contain D) may reveal / would contain
E) had revealed / was containing
2. Frustration over income inequality ----- to various
protests in the United States and it ---- related 4. As globalization in its current form expands, ----
demonstrations throughout the developed world does the inequality that accompanies it.
as well. A) which B) such as
A) had given rise / has triggered C) though D) more
B) gave rise / triggered E) so
C) may give rise / must trigger
D) gives rise / was triggering
E) had given rise / would trigger
5. ---- the World Wide Web is a great proponent for 11. The committee has decided that the board ----
the ideals of free speech, it can also be a breeding authority by the company to approve job
ground harboring hatred and antagonism. descriptions and training programs.
A) Though B) Provided that A) has given
C) Regardless of D) If any B) will be given
E) As well as
C) had been given
D) should have given
6. Archimedes is still considered as the greatest
mathematician of all times for his various E) must have given
innovative concepts of 'measurement”. ----, he was
also an engineer, an inventor, a physicist and an 12. Saturn has at least 60 moons orbiting it and most of
astronomer of great potential. them are small, apart from one called Titan, which
A) Just as B) Besides has an atmosphere ---- earth's atmosphere.
C) In contrast D) In that A) in term of B) but
E) As though C) prior to D) except
E) similar to
7. AIDS is serious ----- for the United States to
consider it a threat to its national security and in 13. Evidence shows that significant health disparities
some nations has had a large impact on mortality persist among racial and ethnic minority groups ----
rates and the economy. continued improvement in overall health in the
A) enough B) also United States.
C) rather D) such A) because B) owing to
E) much C) with regard to D) although
E) despite
8. Many nations around the world today possess, or
have the means to procure weapons of mass 14. ---- many of the people in Polynesia support
destruction ------ may be nuclear, chemical, themselves through fishing and farming, their
biological, or other types of weapons. national economies are actually heavily supported
A) at which B) which by tourism.
A) If B) While
C) of which D) in which
C) Unless D) Because
E) for which
E) Before
9. The criminal ---- for further questioning but as he

15. Some governments spend ---- more on military
fainted during the first questioning he ---- to
expenditure than on social development,
hospital.
communications infrastructure, and health
A) has held / was sent combined.
B) has been held / has sent A) by far B) a lot
C) was going to be held / was sent C) also D) few
D) is holding / will be sent E) so
E) was to hold / was being sent
16. With its huge consumption of fuel, America is
10. Detailed experiments were conducted in 2002 by certainly ---- oil, which is often imported from
engineers from the company and the results ---- unstable parts of the world.
that drinking water in the region ---- by chemical A) opposed to B) in favor of
waste from the factories. C) addicted to D) in charge of
A) indicated / has been contaminated E) reluctant to
B) have indicated / had contaminated
17. The average American child watches an estimated
C) indicate / is being contaminated
number of 25,000 to 40,000 television commercials
D) will indicate / was contaminating
per year. In the UK, -----, the rate is about 10,000.
E) indicated / had been contaminated A) otherwise B) therefore
91
C) so that D) however
E) even if 22. ----- widespread belief in India that a large part of
strategic planning in China is aimed at India, it is
18. Traditionally, geopolitics has been applied primarily Japan that is the greater focus for Chinese analysts.
to the impact of geography on politics, ---- its usage A) As for B) Due to
has evolved over the past century to encompass C) In case of D) Contrary to
wider connotations.
E) By means of
A) as B) as long as
C) which D) in that
23. ---- rating things whether in real life or online,
E) but
people tend to follow the herd in that we are just
19. Just as the elimination of poverty is important, ---- social beings.
is coping with inequality and malnutrition.
A) When B) Now that
A) so B) which
C) Instead of D) Unless
C) this D) it
E) Though
E) more less
24. ---- hackers can break into databases where

20. Since ---- of the teachers thought that ---- units passwords are stored, they could likewise steal
could not be covered during the academic term, information about a user's authentication pattern
some units were skipped. created during the training process.
A) some / not all B) most / neither A) Just as B) As though
C) none / either D) many / both C) By the time D) In case
E) plenty / whole E) Whereas
21. False friends are pairs of words or phrases in two 25. After several years of riding high on foreign
languages that look or sound similar, ---- differ investment cash and commodity revenue,
significantly in meaning. emerging markets are ---- a new shock.
A) as B) although A) as for B) due to
C) but D) lest C) in charge of D) in for
E) as if E) in pursuit of
1. Ever since mankind ---- using crude oil for its energy E) had been / is written
needs, economists and analysts alike ---- forward
numerous theories to forecast the lifecycle of oil 3. The hypothesis that the continents had formed a
supplies. single landmass ---- breaking apart and drifting to
A) began / have put their present locations was first presented by
B) began / put Alfred Wegener.
C) would begin / had put A) in case B) even so
D) has begun / was put C) while D) as soon as
E) may begin / will have put E) before
2. The Fox and the Hound ---- a novel that ---- by 4. ---- decades of work treating patients --- obsessive–
American novelist Daniel P. Mannix and John compulsive disorder, Schwartz made an
Schoenherr. extraordinary finding.
A) was / had been written A) Through / with B) In / for
B) has been / has been written C) Until / from D) By / under
C) is / was written E) Amid/ at
D) could be/ must have been
5. Economics Theory explains the principles of

commercial activities ---- the production and 12. The 2030s and 40s will be marked by a massive
consumption goods, currency exchange and trade. shift ----- algae biofuel and renewable energy
A) for instance B) which sources that will be aided ---- startling
C) even D) more than breakthroughs in nanotechnology.
E) such as A) towards / by B) from / over
C) about / through D) on / at
6. The cost of extracting oil keeps rising, ---- the ability E) out / for
of oil-importing economies to pay for this oil does
not.
13. Since there ----- no written records about
A) and B) but prehistoric times, archaeologists ------- together the
C) so D) as history of the first civilizations by studying artifacts
E) for and ruins discovered over time.
7. Americans believe that it is time for the United A) had been / pieced
States to embrace an election reform ---- the B) are / pieced
people representing the citizenry can focus their C) have been / will piece
efforts on the needs of the country. D) were / have pieced
A) as if B) consequently E) can be / will piece
C) though D) so that
E) whereas 14. Each season, several national meteorological
services ------- how many tropical cyclones, tropical
8. At the beginning of Covid – 19 pandemic, South storms, and typhoons ---- during a season.
Korea’s response to COVID-19 stood out ---- it A) will forecast / form
flattened the epidemic curve quickly without B) forecast / formed
closing businesses or implementing strict measures. C) have forecast / will have formed
A) unless B) as far as D) forecast / will form
C) in case D) whether E) would forecast / form
E) because
15. Over 400 000 people die each year from foodborne
diseases, with over one-third of these deaths ---- in
children under 5 years of age.
9. ---- per capita income, Spain is almost at par with A) to occur
the strong economies like Germany and France.
B) occurring
A) On behalf of B) Rather than C) having occurred
C) For the sake of D) In terms of D) occur
E) On the edge of E) to have occurred
10. ---- the majority of evolutionary theorists embrace 16. Archaeology ----- with the origins and development
kin selection, some scientists have offered another of early human culture, which is believed ---- about
idea which claims that animals can undergo natural 600,000 or 700,000 years ago.
selection as a group. A) has been concerned / to occur
A) Although B) Because B) concerned / be occurring
C) Unless D) Since C) concerns / to have been occurred
E) After D) was concerned / have occurred
E) is concerned / to have occurred
11. ---- the workwear of cowboys, miners, and
ranchers, blue jeans are today worn by people of 17. ----- the Amazon is usually considered to be the
all walks of life, at work and play. second longest river in the world, it actually carries
more water than any other river.
A) As soon as B) Since
A) Although B) Since
C) Once D) Whether
C) The fact D) When
E) Unless
93
E) Whether C) therefore D) while
E) in which
18. One-celled creatures do not have neurons because
they can communicate ---- themselves ---- the use 22. Traditionally, egyptologists divided Hieroglyphs
of enzymes. into three types ---- appearance: hieroglyphic,
A) within / through B) among / from hieratic, and demotic.
C) across / into D) above / with A) as for B) on behalf of
E) along / over C) on condition D) in relation to
E) based on
19. The Second World War caused large numbers of
middle and working class people to come ---- 23. ---- politicians underestimate the issue of global
contact with people from other countries ---- warming and regard economics as their priorities,
different cultural and linguistic backgrounds. the future of the world will not look hopeful in
A) over / among B) under / for terms of environmental issues.
C) in / along D) into / with A) Whereas B) As if
E) for / with C) The fact that D) Unless
E) As long as
20. Even though many people are of the opinion that
democracy is by far the best form of government, 24. The landmasses of the Earth are constantly moving
Aristotle, one of the greatest philosophers that the ------ the Earth's tectonic activity occurs.
world has ever known, was not quite ---- the same A) just as B) while
view. C) though D) as
A) in pursuit of B) on account of E) regarding
C) obliged to D) in charge of
E) in favor of 25. The origin of language is of great interest to
philosophers ---- it is an essential characteristic of
21. Socialism came forth on its own, in the eighteenth human life.
century, during the industrial revolution when the A) although B) so
workers lived in miserable conditions, ---- the C) because D) unless
factory owners grew wealthier day by day. E) as though
A) such as B) since
1. Projects investigating Turkish dialects are being 3. The European and Asian sides of Istanbul are
carried out by several universities, ---- a dedicated connected with a railway tunnel ---- under the
work group of the Turkish Language Association. Bosphorus.
A) except for B) distinct from A) constructed B) to construct
C) as well as D) in terms of C) having constructed D) being constructed
E) in case E) to be constructed
2. Germany ---- its shortage of skilled professionals, 2. The University of Paris was a famous university in
and it ---- to solve the problem by attracting France, and one of the earliest ---- in Europe.
doctors and engineers from abroad. A) to establish
A) had discussed / is hoping B) to have established
B) is discussing / was hoping C) having been established
C) discussed / has hoped D) to have been established
D) is discussing / hopes E) having established
E) will discuss / hoped
3. In her speech, the head of the research group, Anna
Anderson, ---- her gratefulness for all the help ----
by the local people during their research process.
A) expressed / given A) Among / beyond B) From / within

B) had expressed / being given C) Into / over D) Besides / behind
C) used to express / have been given
E) For / in
D) is going to express / giving
E) was expressing / would be given
12. Probably ---- conflict is fought on at least two
6. Historically, although most encyclopedias and grounds: the battlefield and the minds of the
dictionaries ---- by well-educated and well- people via propaganda.
informed content experts, they ---- significantly
A) every B) all
different in structure.
A) had been written / have been C) both D) other
B) would be written / could be E) the other
C) used to be written / will be
D) have been written / are
13. Europe is a complex area ---- many cultures in a
E) were written / will be
relatively small area of land that has seen many
conflicts ---- history.
7. Debates ---- the origins of racism often come ---- a A) in / by B) at / beneath
lack of clarity over the term.
C) for / upon D) with / throughout
A) over / across B) at / along E) as / until
C) by / under D) about / for
E) beside / in 14. Today’s international order is largely defined by
peace and development. ----, conflict and
confrontation still persist.
8. The economist Eduardo Lora found that in
A) Consequently B) By the time
countries ---- similar levels of per capita income,
respondents experiencing higher economic growth C) Even so D) In addition
rates ---- average said they were less happy than E) Thus
those with less growth.
A) with / on B) across / at 15. ---- you glance at the world economy today, you
will see that Western powers, such as the United
C) among / for D) from / through
States, European Union and Japan are heavily
E) about / into indebted.
A) If B) Unless
9. ---- reducing the cost of transmitting information, C) Because D) Even so
the Internet has revolutionized trade, turning some E) While
local markets ---- national markets.
A) Toward / across B) About / with 16. Being cold blooded animals, amphibians cannot
C) By / into D) With / among produce heat in their bodies; ----, they receive the
temperature from their environments, especially
E) For / about
from the sun.
A) however B) meanwhile
10. Urban areas are equipped ---- all the modern C) for instance D) instead
amenities, such as the Internet, telephone,
E) on the contrary
television which are widely available ---- the urban
areas.
17. ---- prevent the well-known and well-documented
A) with / in B) by / into problems of genetic defects caused by inbreeding,
C) at / over D) for / to species need a variety of genes to ensure successful
E) as / at survival.
A) In case of B) As opposed to
C) With a view to D) In order to
11. ---- theories about the Etruscans' origins are the
possibilities that they migrated from Greece, or E) On account of
from somewhere ---- Greece.
95
18. The common challenges the world faces have never A) If B) Even though
been --- severe and concerning --- they are today. C) Unless D) Where
A) as / as B) rather / than
E) As long as
C) more / as D) so / that
E) just / as
23. Physical disabilities can be of several types, ----
19. The rapid and uncontrolled extension of today's affect your sense of sight, your sense of hearing, or
cities increases anxiety ----- among urban planners even your ability to perform the most basic
and architects, ---- among experts in the field of functions.
public health as well. A) they B) where
A) so / that B) rather / than C) whatever D) whether
C) not only / but D) as / as
E) which
E) more / less
20. ----- investments in resource productivity,
investments in improving resource efficiency and 24. ---- we don't know much about early Akkadian
recycling are also critical. history and culture, there is some evidence that
they migrated north and came in increasing conflict
A) Since B) Whereas
with the Sumerian city-states.
C) Neither D) Just as
A) Since B) So long as
E) Though
C) Although D) As for
E) Even
21. According to western economists, Asians have been
regionalists, ---- globalists looking for global
solutions to global problems. 25. As far as environmentalists are concerned, we can
reduce emissions up to a level of zero ----
A) as far as B) but for
conserving our landscapes and ecosystems.
C) rather than D) so that
A) whereas B) until
E) so as to
C) so that D) while
E) once
22. ---- we are to drive global growth and, at the same
time, keep our climate intact, the next economy
must be cleaner and more energy-efficient
1. China ----- huge strides in various fields, but there A) suggested / have used
are still obstacles in public security and health that B) suggests / used
--- as soon as possible. C) has suggested / would use
A) makes / could be eliminated D) is suggesting / might have used
B) has made / should be eliminated E) can suggest / had used
C) could make / must be eliminated
D) made / would be eliminated 3. The Gentleman's Magazine, ---- in 1731, in London,
E) has been made/ had better eliminate is considered ---- the first general-interest
magazine.
2. The evidence obtained from excavations at a A) published / to be
historical stadium area in the ancient city of B) was published / being
Magnesia ---- that athletes ---- performance- C) to have published / to be
enhancing potions 2,000 years ago.
D) having been published / to being
E) to publish / to have been

9. The German Baron Karl von Drais ---- a steerable
4. The application of the term romanticism to hobby horse, and within a few years, it ---- a
literature ---- common in Germany, where the circle fashionable pastime in Europe.
around the Schlegel brothers ---- to speak of the A) had devised / would become
term romantische poesie. B) devises / will become
A) became / began C) devised / became
B) was becoming / was begun D) will devise / becomes
C) would have become / had begun E) has devised / was becoming
D) could become / was to begin
E) had become / will begin 10. ---- the current level of global warming is to be
taken under control, it is evident that the release of
5. The term Computer Virus ---- in 1983 by Fred greenhouse gases should be reduced.
Cohen, who ---- that one computer program could A) Since B) As far as
infect another. C) Unless D) If
A) first used / had suggested E) Though
B) had first been used / was suggesting
C) would be first used / has suggested 11. ---- dealing with the public servants, anywhere in
D) was first used / suggested India, one finds bribery is one of the factors
E) had first used / would suggest influencing any transaction.
6. The Graduate School of Language and Culture ---- A) Whereas B) So far as
international students so that it ---- high-level C) Now that D) When
professionals and researchers who can meet the E) As if
demands of the world of the 21st century.
A) has accepted / was producing 12. Production has slowed down because they have
B) would accept / produced run ---- difficulty ---- a particular component.
C) will accept / produces A) out of / over B) into / with
C) over / for D) between / along
D) had accepted / has produced
E) off / into
E) accepts / will produce
13. Political scientists and diplomats are trying to

7. Scientists at Arizona State University ---- that they understand what Israel’s place will be --- the unrest
---- a new class of electrolytes by dissolving in the Middle- East, ---- which many are suffering
polypropylene oxide and polyethylene oxide into a and getting killed.
lithium salt solution.
A) behind / by B) beneath / at
A) had announced / were designing C) amid / from D) beyond / in
B) have announced / had been designing E) upon / through
C) would announce / designed
D) announced / had designed 14. Online social networking sites, such as Facebook,
E) will announce / would have designed ---- students become academically and socially
integrated and ---- learning outcomes, according to
a study by researchers in China and Hong Kong.
8. Mexico’s president, Enrique Peña Nieto, ----
A) have helped / could be improved
constitutional changes to the country’s energy
industry that ---- private companies to explore oil B) help / might have improved
for the first time since 1960. C) will have helped / may improve
A) had proposed / allowed D) must help / should improve
B) proposed / would allow E) can help / may improve
C) will propose / has allowed
15. ----- before in history did the US work to share the
D) has proposed / can allow
secrets of its wealth, or saw as its mission the
E) would have proposed / have allowed creation of a democratic world of plenty.
97
A) Often B) So A) As soon as B) Until
C) Never D) As well C) Though D) If
E) Still E) Whereas
16. --- global warming is on the increase and species 21. ---- no contemporary accounts exist of Cleopatra's
life, it is difficult to piece together her biography
and their habitats on the decrease, chances for
with much certainty.
ecosystems to adapt naturally are diminishing.
A) Since B) Even though
A) Unless B) Whereas
C) Owing to D) Regarding
C) As D) As well as
E) The fact that
E) Neither
22. A database can be described as a collection -----
17. Known ---- its distinctive sound, the noisy Pacific structured data that usually are stored --- computer
chorus frog is a potent carrier ---- a deadly systems.
amphibian disease, according to new research A) by / to B) from / on
published this week C) in / from D) on / for
A) for / of B) with / as E) of / in
C) as / at D) by / for
E) from / to 23. The accepted view is that a galaxy ranges ---- giant,
18. Over the years, Europe has advanced towards more with trillions of stars, to dwarf ---- millions of stars.
sustainability in certain areas ---- measures taken A) by / to B) from / with
by individuals, civil society organizations, and C) in / from D) on / for
government. E) of / in
A) such as B) as far as
C) in addition to D) in contrast to 24. As Yemen struggles more with how ---- reinvent
E) thanks to itself in the so-called war --- terrorism, it faces a
number of difficulties.
19. ---- the United States has recently made notable A) as / to B) at / of
strides in restoring its international reputation, C) from / through D) by / in
much still remains to be done. E) to / on
A) As B) So as to
C) Though D) But for 25. Most often international crises arise ---- one
E) So long as country becomes superior to others and expands
control over the others.
20. ---- illegal drug trade is to be eliminated and A) so long as B) when
criminals punished, international collaboration is C) until D) despite
essential to fulfilling such a daunting task. E) in case

1. If the current economic recession in Greece ---, the D) has reduced / having enabled
country --- social and political unrest soon. E) must reduce / being enabled
A) would continue / may have faced
B) continued / will face 3. Byzantine Empire gradually --- as a distinct artistic
C) should continue / faced and cultural entity from what ---- today referred to
D) had continued / would face as the Roman Empire.
E) continues / may face A) had emerged / has been
B) would emerge / had been
2. Technology dramatically ---- the costs of transport C) emerged / is
and coordination, ---- producers, in principle, to D) could emerge / may have been
reach ever-expanding markets. E) might emerge / was
A) can reduce / enabled
B) reduces / enabling
C) would reduce / to enable
4. After the American Civil War, George Washington, parents, and especially in the proportions of
though powerful, ----- that ultimate sovereignty ---- different genes in a population.
with the people. A) though B) as far as
A) insisted / be laid C) when D) provided that
B) has insisted / laid E) unless
C) could have insisted / had laid
D) insists / lays 10. Newton's laws of motion and gravity are adequate
for understanding many phenomena in the
E) would insist / has laid
universe; ---- under exceptional circumstances,
scientists must use more accurate and complex
5. Amusement parks ---- from European fairs and theories.
pleasure gardens, which ---- for people's A) therefore B) moreover
recreation. C) consequently D) subsequently
A) will evolve / are created E) but
B) would evolve / had been created
C) had evolved / has created 11. ---- the invention of the wheel in 3500 B.C.,
D) evolved / were created humans were severely limited in how much stuff
we could transport over land, and how far.
E) were evolved / created
A) Not only B) That
C) Prior to D) Since
E) But for
6. The ruins of ancient Troy ---- by a cross-disciplinary

team of scientists in an expedition ---- by classics 12. The scientist Leonardo da Vinci bridged the gap ----
professor William Aylward. the shockingly unscientific methods ---- the
A) will be examined / led medieval and our own trustworthy modern
B) are examined / leading approach.
C) have been examined / that lead A) into / for B) between / of
D) were examining / to lead C) through / at D) via / by
E) will examine / to leading E) towards / on
7. In 1791, Luigi Galvani ---- his discovery of 13. ----- the compass, tea, silk, and paper, there are
bioelectricity, demonstrating that electricity was many other countless Chinese inventions that were
the medium by which nerve cells ---- signals to the
introduced to the modern world as we know it.
muscles.
A) All B) Due to
A) would publish / must have passed
C) In terms of D) Apart from
B) published / passed
E) As to
C) had published / were passing
D) could have published / had passed
14. ---- hearing is a biological process that can be
E) has published / could pass
scientifically explained, listening is a neurological
process for the interpretation of stimuli received by
8. Environmental and health scientists call ---- global
the auditory system.
bans on leaded gasoline and lead-based paints,
and for much stricter controls ---- emissions A) Providing B) Unlike
coming from cars. C) Unless D) Now that
A) up / for E) WhiIe
B) at / in
C) for / on 15. Raynaud phenomenon is often associated with
D) to / by autoimmune disorders, which occur ---- the
E) on / into immune system malfunctions and attacks the
body's own tissues and organs.
A) while B) so that
9. Biologic change occurs ---- there is a change in the C) unless D) when
genetic material which is inherited from the E) though
99
16. The United Nations is the largest international body E) had proven / could land
involved in development issues around the world,
---- it is also performing some much-needed tasks 21. ---- Joseph Henry earned his fame as the first
around the world. director of the Western Union Telegraph Company,
A) in that B) whereas he was in fact the telephone's first and best
C) as long as D) such advocate.
E) but A) Whether B) Only
C) Once D) Though
17. In the eighteenth century, the most influential E) How
theory of --- heat was and how it worked was a
22 With ever developing technologies, it seems almost
partially quantified theory of heat substance.
evident that one day the entire universe will be
A) unless B) what
mapped --- gigantic it may be.
C) which D) that
A) yet B) however
E) if
C) since D) as long as
18 In the United States, James Madison defined E) that
republic in terms of representative democracy ----
direct democracy, and this usage is still employed 23 Leonardo Da Vinci’s dream of flight found
by many viewing themselves as "democrats". expression in several designs, ---- he did not
A) in relation to B) for fear that attempt to demonstrate flight by literally
C) in order to D) as opposed to constructing them.
E) except for A) whether B) moreover
19. According to the public opinion poll ---- by C) in that D) but
Metropoll Strategic and Social Research Center E) therefore
with 1,200 people in 31 provinces, 49.5 percent of
the population ---- the government’s actions. 24. Picasso and Braque were great innovative artists
A) conducting / will support who were ----- new ways to express space and form
B) was conducted / may support in painting.
C) conducted / support A) so as to B) according to
D) being conducted / supported C) in search of D) by means of
E) to be conducted / have supported E) as regards
20. Jules Verne's novel From The Earth To The Moon 25. In order to ---- as a National Memorial, the site ----
---- possible in 1969, when Neil Armstrong ---- on by the United States Congress.
the Moon. A) have selected / could approve
A) proved / had landed B) select / had to be approved
B) could be proved / had landed C) be selected / must be approved
C) was proven / landed D) for selecting / is going to be approved
D) has proven / were landing E) selecting / can be approved
1. The Norwegian physicist Vilhelm Bjerknes ---- his 2. Underwater explorers ---- the remains of Port
theory describing the formation of wave cyclones Royal, Jamaica, which ---- in an earthquake ten
on the polar front and ---- the foundation for years ago.
modern methods of weather forecasting. A) have studied / is sinking
A) introduced / laid B) are studying / has sunk
B) had introduced / could lay C) have been studying / sank
C) has introduced / will lay D) had been studying / was sinking
D) introduces / lays E) are going to study / is sinking
E) would introduce / laid
3. Thailand, whose historical golden temples and
breath-taking beaches ---- visitors from across the
globe, ---- its largest source of foreign earnings

from the tourist industry. 9. During the 20th century, the world’s average sea
A) have attracted / will obtain level rose by 19 centimeters, mostly ---- melting
B) would attract / obtained land-based ice and the expansion of ocean water as
C) are attracting / has obtained its temperature increased.
D) attract / obtains A) not only B) regardless of
E) attracted / will have obtained C) as well D) in case of
E) because of
4. The inhabitants of this part of the city ---- that
pedestrians have no choice but to risk their lives 10. The population of tigers is believed to have
crossing the dangerous road as there ---- neither a declined by 95 percent in the last century, ---- is
pedestrian bridge nor a crosswalk. caused by poaching, retributive killings, and habitat
loss.
A) claim / is
A) that B) what
B) are claiming / was
C) until D) which
C) claimed / had been
E) it
D) would claim / could be
E) had claimed / has been
11. Obesity is a growing global health problem that
typically results ---- over-eating and the absence ---
5. Although television ---- its portrayal of gender, enough exercise.
women are still shown in traditional roles, and A) on / out B) in / for
underrepresented, while men ---- as dominant
C) by / as D) at / in
figures.
E) from / of
A) improves / will be portrayed
12. ----- leading to minor or major frauds, Internet
B) had improved / would be portrayed
banking is the fastest and the most widely
C) will improve / have been portrayed preferred means of banking.
D) improved / were being portrayed A) In terms of B) In spite of
E) has improved / are portrayed
C) Prior to D) Due to
6. Nativist linguistic theories to language acquisition
E) In addition to
---- that children learn through their natural ability
to organize the laws of language, but --- this talent
without the presence of other humans. 13. According to UN estimates, over 9 million people
die worldwide each year ---- hunger and
A) hold / cannot fully utilize
malnutrition.
B) are holding / do not fully utilize
C) held / would not fully utilize A) as long as B) such as
D) have been holding / did not fully utilize C) much as D) as well
E) had held / have not fully utilized E) because of
7. Atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide and methane, 14. The German contribution to American life, and the
---- the global average temperature of the country’s love affair with American freedom, have
atmosphere, have all changed drastically over the ---- deeper roots than most people in either country
past 400,000 years. realize.
A) prior to B) when A) more B) as
C) as well as D) in terms of C) so as D) far
E) such as E) the most
8. Developments in new agricultural techniques ----

15. In the 1600s, ----- Europeans began to settle new
the introduction of farm machinery, pesticides, and
lands, they also initiated their exploration of the
fertilizers revolutionized food production in the 19th
foreign worlds.
and early 20th centuries.
A) in that B) whereas
A) but for B) in order to
C) much as D) in case
C) without D) such as
E) despite E) as
101
16. Austrians do not like being classified as Germans, 21. A painful and more frightening crisis may emerge in
---- Austria is basically Germanic in language and the Eurozone ---- some members keep suffering
ethnic association. from economic recession.
A) in that B) more less A) unless B) but
C) though D) when C) as long as D) whether
E) provided E) whatever
17. Gender roles in Western societies have been 22. As a normal brain develops, the level of serotonin,
changing rapidly in recent years ---- the a chemical found in the brain, declines; -----, in
some children with autistic disorder the serotonin
developments brought by evolutionary changes in
levels do rise.
society.
A) however B) therefore
A) in order to B) due to
C) or else D) otherwise
C) so that D) as in
E) while
E) as for
23. The scientist should double-check the results ---

18. During the mid-1800s, a small number of women conducting an experiment using the scientific
began their assault on ---- were at the time method.
considered male-only jobs. A) whereas B) for
A) that B) which C) because D) so as to
C) where D) what E) while
E) while
24. During the Second World War, the allies adopted
19. ---- its beginning is often identified as the beginning the Four Freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of
of puberty, that is physical changes, adolescence is assembly, freedom from fear, and freedom from
actually characterized by psychological and social want, ----- their basic war aims.
stages as well as by biological changes. A) as B) whether
A) Although B) Because C) in that D) rather
C) Whenever D) So long as E) due to
E) Whereas
25. Corruption had been a big diplomatic issue
20. Scientists have identified chemicals in the brain and between governments and companies ----
the immune system ---- may be involved in autistic transparency and accountability came along in
disorder. international relations.
A) what B) that A) since B) though
C) wherever D) in which C) as long as D) once
E) by which E) before
1. Oligarchy is a unique form of government ---- a few C) in affecting D) to be affected

wealthy and powerful people run the nation. E) being affected
A) that B) even so
C) wherever D) in which 3. ----- there are numerous systems adopted by
E) as soon as countries today to run their economies, none are as
debated, compared, and discussed as socialism and
capitalism.
2. Migraines are intense, painful, and incredibly
common, ---- nearly 960 million people worldwide. A) That B) As long as
A) affecting B) to affect C) Although D) If

E) Now that
10. ---- as the "London Array”, the construction of the

4. The status of women has largely varied from one largest ever offshore wind farm is underway off the
society to ---- through time and geographic southeastern coast of England.
location. A) Knowing B) To be known
A) each B) the others C) Having known D) To have been known
C) many D) another E) Known
E) few
11. In an age where we talk about equal rights for men
5. China is a vast country encompassing a geographic and women, there are ----- instances of people
expanse of five huge regions, ---- it maintains only being discriminated against because of their
one time zone. gender.
A) thus B) for A) only B) still
C) hence D) in case C) thus D) as
E) yet E) so
6. The British monarch is still one of the most 12. The association between poverty and mental
recognizable world figures and ---- most Americans disorders appears to be universal, occurring in all
think of a king or queen, they think about the societies ---- where they live.
British monarch. A) before B) irrespective of
A) while B) when C) in terms of D) however
C) so that D) so long as E) either
E) providing
13. A new species of horned dinosaur ---- as Spinops
7. The G7 countries form a very powerful and sternbergorum has been discovered in the vaults of
influential group of nations. -----, they account for the Natural History Museum.
almost 80% of the votes at the IMF and World A) knowing B) to know
Bank. C) having been known D) known
A) Indeed B) Even so E) to be knowing
C) Later D) Otherwise
14. There comes a time ------ you need to reassess your
E) As for
financial resources and decide whether the cost of
living that your city or town extracts from you is
8. Third world debt has impeded sustainable human worth paying.
development, security ---- political or economic A) while B) but for
stability. C) because D) as to
A) so as to B) rather than E) when
C) much as D) as well as
E) in the event that 15. Dehydration in newborns and young infants is
usually the result of not taking in enough fluids to
replace ---- is lost in the course of the day.
9. The stock markets in Europe remain extremely
A) which B) before
volatile throughout the year ---- food and energy
prices continue to rise. C) but D) once
E) what
A) as B) in case
C) as far as D) much as
16. The United States follows a federal form of
E) unless government, ---- the President is the head of the
state as well as the government.
A) what B) so
C) where D) that
103
E) whether A) posted / have spread
B) were being posted / had spread
17. The benefits of parenting classes are many, ----- the C) are posted / could have spread
best thing about taking one is the amount of D) post / may spread
confidence it instills in you.
E) were posted/ spread
A) as B) than
C) in which D) even
22. Despite a 23-year ban on international trade ----
E) but ivory, elephants continue to be shot --- their prized
tusks, with much of the material ending up on sale
18. About 250 million years ago, the world consisted of in China.
a single giant landmass now known as Pangaea, but A) in / for B) of / by
---- geological forces broke Pangaea apart, creating
C) through / as D) from / at
the continents and hemispheres.
E) onto/ by
A) soon B) still
C) just D) yet
23. ---- a generally decreasing level of physical activity,
E) thus
parents or other people who are ---- daily contact
with children are responsible for stimulating
19. ---- it comes to trade policy, the U.S. Congress still positive exercise habits among children.
sees Russia and Cuba as a threat, rather than as an
A) With / in B) For / at
economic opportunity.
C) Beyond / from D) Within / out
A) As far as B) Though
E) Through / by
C) Just as D) When
E) More less
24. The former Mayan civilization was a Mesoamerican
20. Skeletal remains in an island cave in Favignana,
civilization, which continued ---- the Post-Classic
Italy, ---- that modern humans first ---- in Sicily
period ---- the arrival of the Spanish.
around the time of the last ice age and despite
living on Mediterranean islands, ate little seafood. A) across / during B) from / at
A) reveal / settled C) throughout/ until D) about / for
B) have revealed / were settling E) as / beneath
C) used to reveal / could have settled
D) may reveal / would settle 25. ---- nothing is done to correct the short- and long-
term weaknesses, Nigeria will face the risk of being
E) revealed / have settled
stuck by a formidable economic crisis.
A) Just as B) As soon as
21. When emotive pictures of violence in Tunisia and
C) Though D) When
its neighboring countries ---- online, they ---- rapidly
catalyzing months of revolutions throughout 2011. E) If
1. We refer to the revolutions in 1917 as the Russian develop understanding for those who want to
revolution in broad sense; -----, the term is also improve the quality of education.
used to refer to the revolution of 1905 and the A) in regard to B) in opposition to
third Russian revolution in 1918. C) in order to D) so that
A) in particular B) for example E) for that
C) as a result D) besides
E) or else 3. Policies ---- at enhancing agricultural productivity
and increasing food availability, especially when
2. We aim to research learning and teaching in smallholders are targeted, ---- hunger reduction
schools and other formal educational contexts ---- even where poverty is widespread.
A) intending / had achieved
B) intend / will achieve

C) intended / can achieve 10. China’s growth took off ---- it began to connect its
D) to intend / may achieve economy to those of the rest of the world, and
E) having intended / have achieved when it embraced a market-based system.
A) as if B) when
4. The imposition of English in Wales ---- in the
C) unless D) even if
Norman period in the twelfth century and ---- by
the Tudors in the sixteenth century E) if
A) had initiated / would be legalized
B) was initiated / was legalized 11. A ---- extensive recharging infrastructure is
C) had been initiated / legalized essential if we are to increase and sustain
D) was being initiated / could be legalized consumer demand.
E) initiated / legalized
A) little B) such
C) most D) more
5. Pope Benedict stunned the Roman Catholic Church
on Monday, when he announced he would stand E) rather
down - the first pope to do --- in 700 years.
A) as B) such
12 Solar energy is a renewable resource and does not
C) so D) for
emit any greenhouse gases, ---- its relatively high
E) by cost in relation to other fuel sources is a barrier to
its adoption.
6. The rapid advancement of scientific and medical
A) however B) therefore
understanding in the 19th and 20th centuries
emerged ----- the development of fuel-driven C) as D) similarly
technologies and improved health. E) whereas
A) at odds with B) prior to 13. Culture is a complex of features held by a social
C) regardless of D) in charge of group, which may be as small as a family or a tribe,
E) along with ---- in the age of globalization, by people all over
the world.
7. Turkey's rivers provide perfect conditions for A) not B) because of
canoeing and rafting, ---- for beginners ---- C) such as D) even
experienced canoe-lovers, because of their E) or
favorable length, depth and water regime.
A) both / and B) either / or 14. ---- developing countries have made some
headway against inequality, much more
C) such / that D) neither / nor fundamental transformations are needed to go
E) such / as forward.
A) As soon as B) Before
8. There is no exact reason for what causes manic C) For D) If
depression, ---- some doctors say that it may be E) While
caused by imbalances of certain kinds of brain
chemicals. 15. A broad reevaluation of cosmopolitanism has
developed, partly ---- deconstructivist and
A) unless B) in case
postmodernist critiques of Enlightenment
C) but D) because universalism.
E) furthermore A) in the event of B) in spite of
C) in response to C) with reference to
E) to the detriment of
9. Two of the managers were made redundant ----
they had stolen some important documents about
the financial reports of the company. 16. Bride price, also known as bride wealth, is an
amount of money or property paid by the groom or
A) although B) because his family ---- the parents of a woman ---- the
C) unless D) so that marriage of their daughter to the groom.
E) just as A) for / on B) towards / over
105
C) to / for D) across / with C) as a result D) though
E) with / for E) however
17. Cambridge University is comprised of a number of

22. Erosion is the process by which soil and rock are
institutions, ---- its main functions divided ---- the
central departments of the university and the removed from the Earth's surface by exogenetic
university colleges. processes ---- wind or water flow, and then
A) along / into B) across / among transported and deposited in other locations.
C) for / from D) through / with A) except for B) as opposed to
E) with / between C) without D) rather than
E) such as
18. Experts believe that public health efforts to reduce
obesity rates cannot succeed ---- substantial
improvements ---- the food marketing. 23. In 2004, all EU countries ---- Sweden made use of
A) off / for B) with / across the possibility to temporarily restrict the new EU
C) in / off D) into / over citizens’ access to their labor markets and welfare
systems.
E) without / in
A) such as B) unlike
19. The temperature of the Earth is controlled by the C) as well D) except
balance ---- the input from the energy of the sun E) by far
and the loss of this back ---- space.
A) across / up B) of / over
C) between / into D) at / across 24. ---- its climate and terrain vary greatly across the
E) with / for state, Texas produces a wide range of commodities
from many sizes and types of farms.
20 ----- most definitions of globalization focus on
different aspects of growing interdependence in A) Although B) Unless
economic, cultural, or technological spheres, at a C) Because D) Whatever
basic level it refers to growing interconnectedness. E) Whether
A) While B) When
C) Once D) Since 25. The death of a spouse can cause ---- a profound
E) Until depression that, in some cases, it can lead to the
death of the partner in some animal species.
21. In the late 19th century, there was a serious decline A) too B) both
in gold production, ----- gold became more C) such D) so
expensive among other goods. E) much
A) nonetheless B) moreover
1. The origins of New York City's rapid transit system, 2. In countries from Nigeria to India, ---- ministers
parts of which remain flooded and compromised hold power and control the economy, --- likely one
this week ---- Hurricane Sandy, date back to 1870. will encounter corruption there.
A) on account of B) but for A) not only / but also B) so / that
C) in terms of D) so as to C) the more / the more D) as / as
E) for the sake of E) rather / than
3. Grammar is a field of linguistics --- involves all the

various things that make up the rules of language.
A) in which B) where
C) that D) what 10. Concentrations in the ocean water remain below
E) whereby any human health concern, ----- they do pass into
fish that swim through those waters.
A) even B) but
4. ---- modern modes of travel and communication,
citizens are more conscious of the world at large C) so far as D) so
and may be influenced by other cultures in a E) also
variety of ways.
A) How B) Both 11. In an armed battle, a cease-fire is a limited period
C) As for D) Thanks to of time --- opposing forces negotiate and do not
E) Despite take armed action against one another.
A) which B) during which
5. The earliest records of the African slave trade in C) what D) that

America date back to the beginning of the 17th E) whether
century, --- racial slavery was a punishment for
servants who broke the law.
12. A team of oceanographers has placed thermo-
A) but B) as if graphic tracking devices to various seas and oceans
C) so that D) when around the globe ---- they can evaluate the
E) in that temperature changes in these waters.
A) unless B) as if
6. During the Bronze Age, --- of humanity was C) so that D) nevertheless

segmented into thousands of warring tribes E) even so
although small nations did exist.
A) all B) each 13. New evidence indicates that coronavirus ---- people
C) far D) more in Europe and the US before the first official cases
E) much ----.
A) used to infect / have been reported
7. In Egyptian mythology, Isis is the goddess of B) might have infected / were reported
fertility. She is --- a guardian of the dead, and she C) is infecting / may be reported
allegedly has powerful magical abilities, including D) has been infecting / reported
the ability to heal people.
E) will be infecting / would report
A) also B) notwithstanding
C) neither D) less
14. Ancient Chinese architecture is without doubt ----
E) as well as the most magnificent and splendid aspect of
Chinese culture.
8. A computer virus is a program that can copy itself A) by far B) more
and infect a computer ---- the permission ---- the C) far D) as
user.
E) too
A) without / of B) in / for
C) at / along D) into / off
15. Make sure you put some money in your savings
E) off / in account every month to avoid difficulties during
emergencies, ---- how high or low your monthly
9. A few brands can be applauded for their approach income might be.
to honesty, ---- some have considerable work to do. A) on behalf of B) for the sake of
A) while B) in that C) regardless of D) in terms of
C) but D) so long as E) in order to
E) in case
107
16. Some political theorists have argued that all
societies are inevitably oligarchies ---- what the 21. ----- the Chinese invented paper money way back in
supposed political system is being applied in a the 10th century, it was introduced as a broad
given country. method of exchange in America in the 17th
A) as long as B) no matter century.
C) as far as D) because A) As B) Even though
C) As long as D) No matter
E) however
E) Unless
17. Most Egyptians lived near the Nile ---- it provided

22. The atomic bomb dropped on the Japanese cities of
water, food, transportation, and excellent soil for
Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II
growing food.
showed just ---- devastating nuclear weapons can
A) unless B) as much as be.
C) so long as D) as A) even though B) since
E) in terms of C) so that D) that
E) how
18. Today, of all the leading manufacturing countries,
the one that is growing ----- the fastest 23. With the country now home to more than 1.2
economically is China billion people, India’s population has grown faster
A) more B) at least over the last ten years ----- previously anticipated.
A) than B) as well as
C) also D) even
C) also D) in that
E) by far
E) but
24. ---- determines income growth among countries in

19. ----- most scientists are concerned, the extinction of general is the average contribution of individual
dinosaurs must have been triggered by a sudden workers to the economy as a whole.
catastrophe that killed off the species instantly. A) That B) What
A) In that B) On the grounds that C) Since D) If
C) As far as D) Even though E) not only
E) If
25. One of the ---- significant developments in the
20. From Beijing to Colombia, almost all city planners three centuries leading up to the Renaissance
are concerned about a decline in health levels, ----- period was the collapse of feudalism.
crime rates and poverty in the cities increase. A) so B) other
A) though B) even so C) also D) more
C) whereas D) in order to E) most
E) as
1. Scientific inquiry into the nature of light ---- the 17th E) goes back / proposed
and 18th centuries when scientists ---- a wave
theory of light based on experimental 2. The Neolithic era, when humans ---- to grow crops
observations. and domesticate animals, --- to have its origins
A) may go back to / had proposed some 8000 years ago in the Middle East.
B) has gone back to / were proposing A) were beginning / thought
C) will go back to / have proposed B) had begun / thought
D) could go back to / could have proposed C) have begun / has been thought
D) could begin / was thought E) as a means of

E) began / is thought
9. Much of the new work in the area of "molecular
archaeology," which includes DNA sequencing and
protein analysis, will be conducted ---- the London
Biotechnology Center.
A) in collaboration with B) at the expense of
3. The Empire State Building ---- the tallest man-made C) by reason of D) for the sake of
structure in the world for 23 years before the E) in compensation for
Griffin Television Tower Oklahoma ---- it.
A) remained / surpassed 10. Morocco is known as "the country that travels
B) had remained / was surpassing within you", and this is ---- vacations here captivate
visitors with extraordinary experiences that are
C) was remaining / would have surpassed
never forgotten.
D) remain / will surpass A) even B) because
E) will remain / has surpassed C) even if D) however
E) until
4. She ---- that she would win the first prize in the
competition because she ---- on her project for 11. As humans we clearly know that ---- within a
three months. limited time can we maintain our survival as
A) is thinking / has been working human beings on Earth.
B) thought / had been working A) only B) still
C) as well D) also
C) thinks / had worked
E) rather
D) has thought / could work
E) has been thinking / had worked 12. ---- modern technology, people who have eyesight
problems are enjoying improved vision with the
5. Between 1690 and 1780, the number of use of contact lenses.
newspapers printed annually in England rose ---- A) Thanks to B) Prior to
less than a million ---- fourteen million. C) In spite of D) As of
A) at / into B) over / with E) After
C) with / at D) from / to 13. Mussolini was expelled from the Italian Socialist
Party ---- his opposition to the party's stance on
E) to / for
neutrality in World War I.
A) even B) as regards
6. My mother said that she was tired ---- my
complaints ---- the noise in the house. C) except for D) in terms of
A) to / over B) through / off E) due to
C) from / for D) of / about
E) for/to 14. Controlled natural languages are subsets of natural
languages whose grammars and dictionaries have
7. Economically, there are a few ways in which been restricted --- reduce or eliminate both
stations are able to broadcast continually and ---- ambiguity and complexity.
differs in the method by which they are funded. A) in terms of B) with relation to
A) most B) each C) in accordance with D) in order to
C) all D) some
E) in spite of
E) both
8. In the globalization era, several developing 15. Many romance languages are regional dialects ----
countries have been increasingly plagued with national languages, classified together on the basis
socio-economic problems ---- the application of of a shared section of vocabulary.
capitalism. A) besides B) rather than
A) in exchange for B) in contact with C) but D) although
C) as a consequence of D) with regard to E) similar to
109
A) In addition to B) As well as
16. In the last two decades, many studies ---- that C) Some D) Given
students in foreign language classrooms ---- a E) But for
considerable amount of foreign language anxiety
compared with other classes. 21. There has been extensive debate ---- whether Oetzi
the Iceman fell where he died or was buried there
A) reported / will experience
by others.
B) have reported / experience
A) due to B) on behalf of
C) are reporting / may experience C) in order to D) as to
D) had reported / have experienced E) in spite of
E) will report / are experiencing
22. Though sometimes considered ---- the earth
sciences, due to the independent development of
17. All social animals communicate with each other,
its techniques and practices, the atmospheric
from bees and ants to whales and apes, ---- only
science is also considered a separate branch of
humans have developed a language which is more natural science.
than a set of prearranged signals. A) as a result of B) in conjunction with
A) In addition B) instead C) in lieu for D) with regard to
C) because D) for example E) in retaliation for
E) but
23. ---- most people seem to associate
telecommunications with modern technologies, the
18. ----- positive sciences, the collective interpretation strict definition of the term encompasses primitive
of results in social sciences assumes significance and even ancient forms of telecommunication.
because research findings may tell another story. A) No sooner B) By the time
A) Unlike B) As well C) Whether D) Now that
C) Same as D) Despite E) Though
E) Because of
24. By selling products and services online, an e-
business is able to reach a/n ---- wider consumer
base than any traditional brick-and-mortar store
19. ---- climbers have tried to climb the Mount Everest could ever hope for.
so far, but ---- them had to quit the climb due to A) more B) much
hash weather conditions. C) by far D) too
A) A lot of / most of E) as
B) Some / none of
C) Many / neither of 25. Land art, Earthworks, or Earth art is an art
D) A great deal of / all of movement ---- emerged in the United States in the
E) All / either late 1960s and early 1970s.
A) which B) what
20. ---- the extraordinary nature of the crisis caused by C) how D) whether
covid - 19 pandemic, fiscal and monetary E) by which
policymakers must work hard to recover
economies.
1. Ever since the end of the Middle Ages, the nations D) struggled / was hoping
of Europe ----- to reach the same objective, which E) had been struggling / hoped
the French Assembly of 1789 ----- to obtain for
France.
2. Over the last thirty years, one of the most
A) have struggled / hoped important discussions in relation to the acquisition
B) have been struggling / hopes of second languages ---- whether or not the age of
C) were struggling / was hoping acquisition ---- the language acquisition process.
A) has been/affects 8. Sleep deprivation involves getting less than a

B) had been/affected sufficient amount of sleep, --- acutely ---
C) was/was affecting chronically.
D) has been/has been affected A) either / or B) neither / nor
E) is/is affecting C) this / and the other D) both / and

E) one / another
3. Air density, or the number of gas molecules per

unit of air volume, ---- throughout the troposphere 9. Feng shui is related to the notion that living with
because gravity ---- gas molecules toward the ---- against nature benefits both humans and our
earth’s surface. environment.
A) may vary / has pulled A) together B) rather than
B) varied / will pull C) such as D) careful of
C) should vary / pulled E) out of
D) varies / pulls
E) has varied / may pull 10. Many people have found that crying actually calms
them after being upset, and this is in part ---- the
chemicals and hormones that are released in the
4. In many cultures, avoiding eye contact is a sign of
tears.
respect, but ---- behavior can lead to
misunderstanding in ----. A) such as B) an example of
A) each / as well B) such / others C) even D) every
C) similar / one another D) no / somewhere E) due to
E) other / some
11. The doctor takes note of any irregular blemishes on
the patient’s skin because ---- abnormalities are
5. Studies ---- that the antioxidants that ---- naturally
often symptoms of skin cancer.
in fresh fruits and vegetables have a protective
effect. A) both B) such
A) suggested / are occurring C) so D) either
B) have suggested / occur E) neither
C) are suggesting / were occurred 12. The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the
time of the Habsburg dynasty ---- the vast majority
D) have been suggesting / have occurred
of the country was a part of the Holy Roman
E) suggest / will occur Empire.
6. Dogs, which---- man since ancient times, were A) while B) when
mainly used on farms or for hunting in earlier C) even though D) just as
times, but today they ---- to a wide range of uses,
E) owing to
such as drug or victim detection.
A) are accompanied / have been put
13. During the 1950s and 1960s, FBI officials became
B) had been accompanying / are putting increasingly concerned about the influence of civil
C) have accompanied / are put rights leaders, ---- they believed had communist
D) were accompanying / put ties
E) accompanied / have been used A) which B) that
C) whose D) of which
7. ---- China's vast and generally inhospitable E) whom
northwest and southwest regions is unsuitable for
cultivation of any crop. 14. Some see dyslexia as distinct ---- reading difficulties
A) Some B) A little such as non-neurological deficiency ---- vision or
hearing, or poor or inadequate reading instruction.
C) As D) Partially
A) from / with B) across / over
E) Much of
C) with / for D) for / within
E) off / besides
111
A) the same B) rather
15. Shoreline erosion, which occurs ---- both exposed C) as such D) other
and sheltered coasts, primarily occurs ---- the E) as regards
action of currents and waves.
A) over / along B) onto / across 21. ---- understanding more about identical twins
C) behind / ahead D) amid / over through uncovering small genetic differences, it is
E) on / through possible to find a way of tying specific genetic
changes to common diseases.
16. ---- a bacterial or viral infection, certain white A) Part of B) Unlike
blood cells within the blood release pyrogens C) By D) Just like
which have a direct effect on the anterior E) As if
hypothalamus.
A) In spite of B) Contrary to 22. Fangio, --- later Formula One drivers, started his
C) Rather than D) In case of racing career at a mature age and was the oldest
E) But for driver in many of his races.
A) rather than B) at least
17. Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting C) unlike D) in spite of
health ---- prevention of human contact ---- the E) in comparison to
hazards of wastes.
A) with / over B) prior / into 23. The equator is a significant marker for the
C) about / under D) around / along geographer, ---- the two hemispheres and providing
E) through / with an important point of calculation.
A) dividing B) divided
18. Our communication satellites are ---- attack from C) to be divided D) was divided
solar flares that occur ---- the sun's atmosphere, E) is dividing
sending charged particles hurling toward Earth.
A) across / over B) outside / toward 24. Politically, an empire is a geographically extensive
C) under / in D) by / upon group of states and peoples united and ruled ---- by
E) out / into a monarch ---- an oligarchy.
A) neither / nor B) both / and
19. ---- astronomy is the scientific study of C) either / or D) some / with
astronomical objects and phenomena, the practice E) such / as
of astrology is concerned with the correlation
between heavenly bodies. 25. Differences between cultures in verbal and non
A) Just as B) Since verbal reactions to emotions are supposed to be
C) After D) If important for ---- emotional research ---- cultural
E) While psychology.
A) both / and B) neither / nor
20. Fiction is the form of any work that deals, in part or C) either / for D) so / that
in whole, within formation or events that are not E) not only / that
real, but ---- imaginary and theoretical, that is,
invented by the author.
1. Formal schooling exists in a classroom setting 2. Technological developments have brought about a
where a teacher provides curriculum ----- an lot of changes to our lives, ---- some of these
accepted plan of what must be learned. changes are not to the benefit of society.
A) according to B) such A) in case B) so that
C) regardless of D) as long as C) however D) as a result
E) even if E) furthermore
3. Since the 1970s, the cost of damage ---- partly C) gives / may teach
because, as countries ---- economically, there are D) would give / had taught
more physical assets at risk. E) can give / would teach
A) would have rise / will develop
B) could rise / developed
C) has been rising / develop 10. Widely ---- to be the cradle of civilization in the
D) had risen / have developed West, Bronze Age Mesopotamia ---- Sumer and the
E) has risen / may have developed Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian empires, all
native to the territory of modern-day Iraq.
4. In 1872, the French naval architect Dupuy de Lome A) to be considered / has included
---- a large limited navigable balloon, which ---- by a
B) been considered / might have included
large propeller and the power of eight people.
A) had been launched / drove C) considering / had included
B) had launched / was being driven D) to consider / may include
C) was launching / had been driven E) considered / included
D) was launched / had driven
E) launched / was driven 11. The Independent Group, ---- in London in 1952, ----
as the precursor to the pop art movement.
5. Shakespeare’s work continues to be performed ----
the world in different media, ---- television, radio A) founding / to be regarded
and cinema, as well as in the theatre. B) to be found / was regarded
A) over / in B) throughout / into C) having been founded / regards
C) with / over D) for / with D) being founded / should regard
E) around / on
E) founded / is regarded
6. Honeybees, ---- many other varieties of bee, are
able to live through the winter by "clustering 12. In developing countries, rapid urbanization ---- both
together in a dense ball" for body warmth. service delivery and the health risks ---- by
A) unlike B) as regards increasingly urban populations.
C) as well as D) without A) is affecting / that faced
E) due to
B) is to affect / to be faced
7. Modern Greece ---- its roots to the civilization of C) affects / faced
ancient Greece, generally ---- the cradle of Western D) is affected / facing
civilization. E) will affect / to face
A) was traced / considers
B) traces / considered 13. Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism ----
C) is traced / being considered keep its body temperature ---- certain boundaries,
D) is tracing / to be considered
even when the surrounding temperature is very
E) was traced / having considered
different.
A) about / above B) to / within
8. Art Deco is an eclectic artistic and design style that
C) by / over D) across / under
---- in Paris in the 1920s and ---- internationally
E) against / into
throughout the 1930s and into the World War II
era.
14. Rational mechanics dealt primarily ---- the
A) began / flourished
development of elaborate mathematical
B) was begun / was flourishing treatments of observed motions, using Newtonian
C) had begun / was flourished principles ---- a basis.
D) has begun / flourished A) with / as B) by / inside
E) was beginning / was being flourished C) of / around D) over / with
E) off / within
9. Experience ---- the individual a better
understanding of the behavior patterns of the 15. The Neolithic revolution, which---- some 12,000
community and ---- how to change some of the years ago in Turkey, ---- man to adopt a sedentary
traditional forms of behavior for newer forms. lifestyle, which speeded up the process of
A) has given / could teach domestication of animals.
B) gave / was teaching A) began / caused
B) had begun / was causing
113
C) has begun / had caused 20. Critics of television and film have argued that the
D) may have begun / is causing quality of TV output ---- as stations ---- ratings by
E) begins / causes focusing on the superficial and popular.
A) can deteriorate / had pursued
16. The past two decades ---- a rising trend in the B) is deteriorating / pursued
minimum entrance age for kindergarten in the C) is deteriorated / were pursued
United States, motivated by findings that older D) deteriorates / pursue
entrants ---- better than younger entrants on a E) has deteriorated / will pursue
wide range of outcomes.
21. The Building has one of the most popular outdoor
A) could see / have performed
observatories in the world, ---- by over 110 million
B) have seen / perform
people.
C) saw / are performing
A) is visited B) to be visited
D) had seen / were performing
C) visiting D) being visited
E) will have seen / will perform E) having been visited
17. The earliest known dinosaur ---- in polar palaeosol 22. Scholarly method is the body of principles and
altitudes is called Cryolophosaurus, which ---- practices ---- by scholars to make their claims about
'frozen crested reptile'. the world as valid and trustworthy as possible.
A) to be found / could mean A) having used B) using
B) was found / meant C) used D) to be use
C) had been found / will mean E) have used
D) having found / has meant
E) found / means 23. ---- excessive alcohol consumption has adverse
health effects, epidemiological studies have
18. Cities ---- as sites in which the main economic, demonstrated that moderate consumption of
demographic, social and environmental issues of alcohol decreases cardiovascular events.
the future ---- a role. A) Although B) Since
A) can consider / will be played C) Whenever D) Unless
B) are considered / will have played E) Until
C) must consider / will play
24. In medieval Europe, celebrations ---- the New Year
D) can be considered / will play
---- pagan and unchristian-like.
E) are considering / will be playing
A) being accompanying / is considered
B) accompanying / were considered
19. Throughout history, people ---- city-building in
C) accompanied / consider
coastal areas ---- advantage of a ready food supply,
D) were being accompanied / had been considered
easy access to transportation, and better defense
E) having been accompanied / considered
opportunities.
A) have been favoring / having taken
25. The old Chinese calendar ---- to have six 60-day
B) have favored / to take
cycles, each cycle ---- 10-day periods and three such
C) are being favored / to be taken
periods make up a month.
D) have been favored / to taking
A) devised / had
E) had to favor / taken
B) had devised / to have
C) was devised / having
D) is devised / was having
E) had been devised / having had

1. Europe is now generally defined by geographers as
the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, with its 2. Homo georgicus, which lived roughly 1.8 million
boundaries ---- by large bodies of water to the years ago in Georgia, is the earliest hominid ---- in
north, west and south. Europe.
A) to be marked B) marked A) to have been discovered
C) marking D) having been marking B) to discover
E) mark C) to be discovering
D) to have discovered C) that was leading D) to be led

E) having been discovered E) having led
3. Between 4500 and 3000 BC, central European 10. ---- popularity after the Second World War,
Neolithic cultures developed further to the west architectural modernism was adopted by many
and the north, ---- newly acquired skills in influential architects and architectural educators.
producing copper artifacts. A) Gained B) Having been gained
A) transmitted B) transmitted C) Gaining D) To gain
C) to be transmitted D) to transmit E) Being gained
E) transmitting
11. The historian ---- American economic history works
4. The Age of Enlightenment was a powerful and on the changes in the production, distribution, and
intellectual movement during the 18th century ---- consumption of goods and services in the United
scientific and reason-based thoughts. States over time.
A) being promoted A) studying B) studied
B) having been promoting C) is studying D) is to study
C) having been promoted E) to be studied
D) promoting
E) promote 12. --- in 1966 as the public program, UC San Diego
Extension --- about 40,000 people a year today.
5. ---- all his studies in Italy, Copernicus returned to A) Founded / educates
Warmia, where apart from brief journeys to B) Founding / is educating
Kraków and nearby Prussian cities he lived out the C) Having found / is to educate
remaining 40 years of his life. D) Having been founding /will educate
A) Completed E) Found / has educated
B) Being completed
C) After being completed
13. Some experts believe the plastic fragments, which
D) Having completed
can be impossible for fish ---- from plankton, are
E) To complete dangerous because they sponge up potentially
harmful chemicals ---- in the ocean.
6. In medieval Gaelic and British culture, a bard was a A) to be distinguished / circulated
professional poet, ---- by a patron, such as a
B) distinguishing / circulated
monarch or a nobleman, to commemorate the
C) distinguished / that circulate
patron's ancestors and to praise the patron's own
D) which distinguish / being circulated
activities.
E) to distinguish / circulating
A) that employed B) employed
C) to be employed D) employing 14. A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that,
when ---- close to the Sun, warms and begins to
E) to have been employed
release gases, a process called outgassing.
7. Writing is believed ---- by the simple drawing of
ideograms. A) having passed B) to pass
A) originated B) to be originating C) being passed D) passing
C) to originate D) to be orginated E) passed
E) to have originated
15. ---- the tremendous progress in reducing extreme
8. During the decline of the Roman Empire, Europe poverty, rates remain stubbornly high in low-
entered a long period of change ---- from what income countries and those affected by conflict and
historians call the "Age of Migrations". political upheaval.
A) arising B) arose A) Thanks to B) Whether
C) to arise D) that to arise
C) Despite D) Only by
E) which is arisen
E) Without
9. In 1926, Belgium as well as France experienced
depreciation and an abrupt collapse of confidence, 16. Many participants said in interviews that they ----
---- to the introduction of a new gold currency for to take part simply because of the
international transactions. recommendation of their doctor, who was very
A) leading B) which is led often the person ---- the trials.
115
A) had agreed / conduct the old Reform Party was branded as 'racist' for
B) agreed / conducting suggesting that immigration levels be lowered.
C) would agree / conducted A) even though B) besides
D) agreeing / to conduct C) while D) because
E) have agreed / to be conducted E) just as
17. The report said figures ---- by the authorities 22. Most interpreters hold that Plato does not describe
suggested around 730 people ---- following their the forms as being in any mind -----, he describes
participation in trials between January 2007 and them as having their own independent existence.
December 2010. A) moreover B) nevertheless
A) being released / died C) on the other hand D) although
B) releasing / die E) instead
C) having been released / might die
D) released / had died 23. A large majority of the students ------ after two to
E) were released / may die three-year preparatory education, in which there
---- undergraduate courses with almost exclusive
emphasis on Math and Physics.
18. Uranus had been observed on many occasions
before its recognition as a planet, ---- it was A) will admit/would be
generally mistaken for a star. B) are admitted/are
A) so that B) because C) admit/were
C) but D) until D) were admitted/can be
E) although E) admitted/will be
24. Since the Middle East peace process ---- in motion

19. Some organizations encourage the implementation by the Madrid Peace Conference in 1991, the
of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, --- Republic of Korea ------ the view that peace cannot
ensuring that member countries maximize the be whole without reconciliation between Israel and
positive economic, social and cultural effects. Syria.
A) with a view to B) so as to A) has set / held
C) for fear that D) so that B) was setting / had held
E) in case of C) set / was holding
D) was set / has held
E) was to set / would hold
20. The quality --- the home learning environment and
parental aspirations are found to be particularly
important --- children’s development. 25. Starting ----- the discovery of the continent of
A) for / with B) of / for America and followed ----- the industrialization,
English had its role as an international language by
C) in / on D) within / at
means of scientific developments and cultural
E) through / over
exports.
A) for/after B) by/through
21. All political parties in Canada are now cautious
C) after/on D) with/by
about criticizing the high level of immigration ---
E) along/i
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3. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in over 4.3 million

9. The ---- of the swine flu is believed to have started

C) deal with D) put out E) slaughter

A) composition B) impairment A) ordered B) published

C) extraction D) discrimination C) submitted D) utilized

A) irreversible B) impeccable A) assessment B) enforcement

C) compulsory D) profound C) distribution D) urgency

17. We used to think that agriculture gave rise to cities

A) transmissions B) propositions C) challenge D) insight

C) deficiencies D) candidates E) instance

19. Sadly but explicitly, Yasuní National Park in Ecuador

25. COVID-19 produces signs and symptoms that are

2. Babur, a descendant of Genghis Khan and founder

8. Although the number of people being infected with

4. According to the research by the UK-based New

5. India and Japan are ---- in some obvious ways: India

12. In the United States, the inflation rate is most

A) enhanced B) measured A) lift B) unite

C) facilitated D) promoted C) impress D) dominate

18. A major policy document issued by the State

20. A team of scientists from Canada and Australia has

C) designate D) enable A) drivers B) segments

E) amend C) insights D) adaptations

22. The researchers passionately believe that the best

A) prudent B) notorious A) inquisitively B) severely

C) constructive D) obsolete C) incidentally D) ultimately

3. In developing countries, urbanization usually occurs

4. Surveys about people’s eating habits are often

5. It is widely believed that Columbus sailed

A) attribute B) consistency C) emerged D) stretched

C) rate D) profit E) declared

16. The humanistic approach in psychology developed

17. Interpersonal communication theories are

18. Racism is the belief that characteristics and abilities

24. Notwithstanding rising facilities on multiple fronts,

21. With the exception of a few ecosystems such as

A) remnant B) prophecy A) progress B) asset

C) anomaly D) hallmark C) recovery D) treatment

8. Since 1959, meteorological satellites have provided

9. The central Anatolian site of Gordion was first --- by

5. Russia ---- among the wealthiest emerging-market

A) lucrative B) mysterious A) reveal B) accelerate

C) elaborate D) fragile C) broadcast D) delete

13. With the increasing power of Germany and the

A) pursue B) charge A) slight B) sensible

C) overtake D) reject C) remarkable D) imprecise

C) gathers D) raises A) promotion B) collaboration

E) conceals C) identification D) consolidation

A) contributed B) proliferated A) endured B) resurrected

C) pioneered D) regulated C) enlarged D) elavated

8. The ---- of the developing world's population living

5. Since the invention of the smallpox vaccine,

A) advanced B) accepted C) virtue D) skepticism

C) integrated D) emphasized E) response

16. Understanding the proper functioning and

17. Proteins are extremely important because they ----

18. Oceans around the world have been severely

E) delicate 25. Airlines endured significant losses from the Covid-

1. Until the end of the First World War, resorting to E) reluctant to

2. In ancient times, only the Sun and the Moon, a few