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Anjali
Anjali
A dissertation submitted
BRANCH VI
DENTAL CARIES” is a bonafide and genuine research work carried out by me under the
Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Best Dental Science College, Madurai – 625104.
DR.A.ANJALI
CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE
DR.C.R.MURALI, M.D.S.,
This is to certify that the dissertation titled “COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FINGER PRINTS,
LIP PRINTS AND PALATAL RUGAE PATTERN AMONG THREE SUCCESSIVE
GENERATIONS OF A FAMILY AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH DENTAL
CARIES” is a bonafide research work done by DR.A.ANJALI, Post Graduate student (2017 -
2020) in Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology under the guidance of
DR.C.R.MURALI MDS., Professor and Guide, Department of Oral pathology and
Microbiology, Best Dental Science College, Madurai – 625104.
First and foremost, praises and thanks to the God, the Almighty, for his
Chairman Mr.A.Babu Dhandapani, M.Pharm., PhD., for providing me all the necessary
Dental Science College, Madurai for his encouragement, constant motivation in academics
Dr.C.R.Murali M.D.S., Professor and Head, Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, for
giving me the opportunity to do research and providing invaluable guidance and support
throughout this research. He has taught me the methodology to carry out the research and to
present the research works as clearly as possible but steered me in the right direction when I
needed it. It is a great privilege and honor to work and study under his guidance.
for her patient guidance and motivation. I am deeply grateful to her for the long discussions that
helped me sort out the technical details of my work. I thank you Madam for the mentorship and
valuable suggestions to complete this research. Her work ethics and critical acumen have been a
M.D.S., and Dr.I.Janani M.D.S Senior lecturers, for their encouragement and valuable
It was the assistance rendered by my senior which made my task easier. I wish to
gratefully acknowledge the value and help of my juniors Dr.D.Sowmiya, Dr.R.Naveen Kumar,
Dr.B.Soundaram and Dr.P.Mareeswaran for their motivation and tremendous support and I
practical work. I also offer my thanks to the non-teaching staff , Mrs.Malaiayee, for her help.
I would like to thank Mrs.J.Sujitha, librarian, Best Dental Science College and
Hospital, Madurai, for her support and help during the search of articles.
Mrs.T.Chithra and Dr.M.Meena , my dear cousins and friends for their continuous ,
unparalleled love and support. I would also thank my uncle and aunt Mr.Murugavel and
Mrs.Anandhi for their moral support in completing my thesis. Atlast I do not know how to
begin saying thank you to my soul mate, my dearest husband Dr.M.Ajith kumar for being so
understanding, lovable, friendly guidance during my thesis work. I thank god for enlightening
I hereby declare that no part of the dissertation will be utilized for gaining financial
assistance/any promotion without obtaining prior permission of the Principal, Best Dental
Science College, Madurai – 625104. In addition, I declare that no part of this work will be
published either in print or in electronic media without the guide who has been actively involved
in dissertation. The author has the right to reserve for publish of work solely with the prior
permission of the Principal, Best Dental Science College, Madurai – 625104.
I hereby declare that the Tamilnadu Dr.M.G.R. Medical University, Tamilnadu shall have the
rights to preserve, use and disseminate this research in print or electronic format for academic /
research purpose.
This agreement herein after the “Agreement” is entered into on this day of / /2019
between the Best Dental Science College represented by its Principal having address
at Best Dental Science College, Madurai – 625104. (Hereafter referred to as “the
college”).
And
And
Whereas the parties, by this agreement have mutually agreed to the various issues
including in particular the copyright and confidentiality issues that arises in this
regard.Now this agreement witnesseth as follows:
1.The parties agree that all the Research material and ownership therein shall become
the vested right of the college, including in particular all the copyright in the literature
including the study, Research and all other related papers.
2. To the extent that the college has legal right to do go, shall grant to license or
assign the copyright do vested with it for medical and or commercial usage of
CERTIFICATE-II
This is to certify that this dissertation work titled “COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FINGER
number for the award of master of dental surgery in the branch of Branch-VI Oral
Pathology and microbiology. I personally verified the urkund.com website for the purpose
of plagiarism check. I found that uploaded thesis file contained from introduction to
INTRODUCTION 1
1
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 6
2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE 8
3
MATERIALS AND METHODS 12
4
RESULTS 21
5
TABLES 25
6
GRAPHS 34
7
DISCUSSION 50
8
CONCLUSION 55
9
BIBLIOGRAPHY 56
10
ANNEXURES
11
LIST OF FIGURES
S.NO TITLE PAGE NO.
2
1 Relationship between volar pads and finger ridge
pattern
2 14
Classification of Finger prints
3 16
Classification of lip prints
4 17
Classification of palatal rugae pattern
5 18
Oral health assessment form WHO 2013
6 20
Armamentarium
7 43
Finger print pattern of three generations
8 44
Finger print image analysis using adobe photoshop
9 45
Lip print pattern of three generations
10 46
Lip print image analysis using adobe photoshop
11 47
Palatal rugae pattern of three generations
12 Palatal rugae pattern image analysis using adobe 48
photoshop
LIST OF TABLES
S.NO TITTLE PAGE NO.
1 Demographic details 25
as a branch of dentistry which deals with appropriate handling and examination of dental
evidence and with the proper evaluation and presentation of dental findings in the interest of
justice”.1
Humans identification is prerequisite for personal, social and legal reason. The most
common techniques used for this process till date is based on dental, finger prints, and DNA
comparison2. The dental identification represents the most reliable scientific method in mass
disasters with almost 75% of success rate. Likewise, even lip prints and palatal rugae patterns
are considered to be unique to an individual and hence, hold the potential for individual
identification.3
For more than one hundred years, Fingerprints have been the gold standard for personal
begins to develop in the 6–7th week of gestation and is complete by the 20–24th week of
gestation.
1
INTRODUCTION
2
INTRODUCTION
Dermatoglyphics is derived from a Greek word, derma means skin and glyph means
carving .The dermal ridges develop in relation to the volar pads, they are formed by the 6th
week of gestation and reach a maximum size between 12th and 13th weeks4.
The height and contour of the volar pad give rise to various patterns of finger print. a low pad
with little disruption of the lines giving an arch pattern, a high pad giving a whorl pattern,
Further, a pad with a steeper side on the radial aspect of the fingertip, will lead to an ulnar
loop5. These patterns are formed by the raised papillary ridges on fingertips, containing rows
After many years of research, it has been established that papillary ridges on the fingers and
palms of the hands, the soles and toes of the feet, remain in their original state throughout
life, unless their symmetry is permanently disturbed by some deep-seated injury 6. These
ridges are formed during the first few months of fetal life and remain immutable during
lifetime and even after death. They seem to have the peculiar property of outlasting every
both systemic as well as dental and known to be one of the best diagnostic tools for genetic
disorders8.
Cheiloscopy, the study of lip prints, is an upcoming tool and can be used for individual
identification due to their unique nature. Lip prints remain the same throughout life and are
Similarly, Palatal rugae have also been shown to be highly individualistic and remain
consistent throughout life. They are well protected in the oral cavity vault i.e. surrounded by
3
INTRODUCTION
cheek, lips, buccal pad of fat and tongue ,which gives protection in cases of incineration or
trauma. Once formed, they do not undergo any change except in length, due to normal
growth, and remain in the same position throughout individual's life time. Diseases, chemical
aggression, or trauma do not seem to change the palatal grooves in order to establish a
person’s identity.10
such as body size, hair color, skin color, eye color, etc. are known to be inherited.11
The unique pattern among individuals make it questionable whether they are completely
Cheiloscopy and Rugoscopy is now beginning to prove itself as an extremely useful tool for
marker for dental caries is that the epithelium of finger buds as well as the epithelium of
primary palate, lips and the enamel have an ectodermal origin, and all develop at the same
This means that the genetic message contained in the genome-normal or abnormal is
deciphered during this period and is also reflected by finger print, lip print and palatal rugae
pattern.12,13,14.Mariani had a similar result with HLA-DR3 associated with increased enamel
4
INTRODUCTION
In view of this, the present study is intended to assess the repetition of lip prints, finger prints,
palatal rugae and the inheritance of dental caries among three successive generations of
families.
5
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
AIM:
The present study aims to assess the inheritance of fingerprints, lip prints, and palatal rugae
pattern among three successive generations in a family and their relationship with dental
caries predilection.
• To study the pattern of finger prints, lip prints and palatal rugae among individuals of
• To establish a possible correlation between the inheritance of these patterns and dental
• To determine the use of finger prints, lip prints and palatal rugae pattern to predict
HYPOTHESIS (NULL):
There is no inheritance of finger prints, lip prints and palatal rugae patterns among the three
6
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
HYPOTHESIS (ALTERNATE):
There seems to be inheritance of finger prints, lip prints and palatal rugae patterns among
7
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Devi et al (2007)16 evaluated lip print pattern in 25 families of two generations and
determined the lip print pattern based on the numerical superiority of properties of lines in
each segment and found a resemblance between parents and offsprings of about 37.66%.
A study was carried out by Sharma et al.(2010)17, to determine if there was any significant
correlation between salivary bacterial interactions, dermatoglyphics, and dental caries. The
study was conducted on 90 patients with 45 control and 45 subjects . Results revealed that the
control group had increased frequency of whorl pattern and higher salivary pH with
decreased Streptococcus mutans level whereas the subjects with ≥5 caries teeth had
mutans level .
families and 60 scheduled caste families of two successive generations belonging to age
group of 8-60 years. The results showed that maximum resemblance to mothers and
daughters of Brahmin families and minimum resemblance to father and son of scheduled
showed maximum ulnar loops. The caries group showed maximum occurrence of whorls
(r=2:1), which were more prevalent in females on the left hand 3rd digit than in males where
the whorls were found on the right hand 3rd digit, and also low total ridge count, especially in
males.
families found a statistically significant(p<0.05) resemblance of lip prints of off springs with
their parents. 14 families showed resemblance of child lip prints with their father, 11 families
8
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A study conducted in 100 school children with age group 6-16years by Bhat
et.al(2012)21showed the frequency of whorls was found to be more in caries group and the
frequency of loops more in caries free group. A statistically significant difference was
observed between caries and caries free group with respect to loops and whorls in right and
left hand.
A study by Sengupta AB (2013)22 was undertaken to find out the dermatoglyphic pattern
variations in dental caries on 300 Bengalee children of Kolkata between the age group of 4-
14 years. The results revealed the significant increase in caries with increased total finger
ridge count (TRFC) and absolute finger ridge count (AFRC) on fingers.
Agrabat D et al. (2014)23 conducted a study to analyze the relation between dermatoglyphic
pattern variations and dental caries in 200 school going children of Ahmedabad of age about
5-12years. The results showed a significant relationship between whorl pattern and dental
caries however, a negative correlation was observed for ulnar loops, radial loops and dental
caries.
dental caries. The study was conducted on 100 children of age group 5-12years and was
divided into caries active and caries free group. It showed an increase in frequency of
whorls and decrease in frequency of loops in caries active group when compared to caries
free group. On the other hand caries free group showed decrease in frequency of whorls and
established between thumb print patterns, lip print patterns with dental caries
respectively.The results showed prevalence of dental caries was increased among the subjects
9
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
with loop pattern (67.0%) compared to other thumb print patterns. Prevalence of dental
caries was higher among subjects with branched groove pattern (71.3%) compared to other
palatal rugae patterns using alginate impression material . Parents and offspring were selected
fingerprint patterns and dental caries. The results revealed the dental caries experience was
highest among students with whorl pattern (µ= 2.82) followed by the central pocket loop (µ=
2.60) and least among students with loop pattern (µ= 1.58). Twin loop pattern and dental
caries showed significant relationship (µ= 2.41) however, a negative correlation was
resemblance of lip prints between parents and offsprings on 31 families and found a 58.06%
of positive correlation in lip print patterns among the family members of two generations.
The lip print pattern highest in the study group was type I (29.84%) and the least found was
type V (1.61%).
A study by Mala S et al(2017)3., assessed the pattern self repetition of finger prints, lip prints
and palatal rugae of three successive generation in 10 families of age group 7-80 years
showed 30% repetition of thumb print pattern in all three generation, and 10 % repetition of
including two or three generations , javenese ethnic had a whorl pattern(plain whorl and
10
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
double loop whorl) as a specific marker, whereas the Chinese ethnic had radial loop and
tented arch as a specific marker which are expressed in both parents and offsprings.
palatal rugae patterns in a family lineage at Indonesia . The rugae patterns were recorded
using alginate impression material. The results revealed a positive correlation between either
Reddy KV et al(2018)31 conducted a study on 300 children of age group 6-12years and
evaluated the caries experience and their finger print patterns. The results showed that whorl
pattern was found to be more in caries group and loop pattern more in caries-free group.
11
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Prior to the commencement of the study, ethical approval was obtained from the institutional
SOURCE OF DATA: This descriptive, cross - sectional study will be carried out by
collecting finger prints, lip prints and palatal rugae images along with recording the
prevalence of dental caries for three successive generations (Grandparents, parents, grand
Group I
Group II
Group III
Ethical clearance was obtained before study from the ethical review board of the institute.
Permission obtained through informed written consent forms .Participants are asked to wash
their hands cleanly in order to remove debris. “The photographic method” is a convenient,
easy, time consuming, more effective, better clarity, perfect calibration and economical is
employed. High quality images will be obtained using a high resolution Digital SLR camera
(Canon D1200-18 MP) under well-lit surface. A scale is placed near the hand and the camera
12
MATERIALS AND METHODS
is adjusted to obtain better clarity images. If any spot of blur is identified, the images are
retaken immediately. The images are analysed by using ‘Image viewing software’(Adobe®
Photoshop® 7.0 software), that provides perfect zoom and tools for analysing the pattern.
The fingerprints were categorized according to the classification of Henry in 1904 7, which
Plain arch
Tented arch
Ulnar loop
Radial loop
Plain whorl
13
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Participants lips are wiped with a sterile guaze. Instead of the traditional lipstick method, a
more convenient and easier method of data collection i.e., digital photography was used. The
subjects are made to stand erect with the head positioned in Frankfurt plane. From a fixed
distance, lips of the participant will be photographed using a DSLR camera(Canon 1200D-18
MP). The middle part of the lower lip will be considered for classification as this fragment is
14
MATERIALS AND METHODS
usually visible in any trace and most frequently found at the crime scene. The image obtained
Photoshop® 7.0 software), that provide perfect zoom and tools for analysing the pattern.
The classification scheme proposed by Tsuchihashi (1974)9 will be used to analyze the lip
prints:
Type V: Grooves do not fall into any of the above categories and cannot be differentiated
morphologically (undetermined).
15
MATERIALS AND METHODS
16
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Participants are asked to rinse their mouth to remove debris. Under particular conditions,
high-resolution digital image of the palatal rugae will be taken using a Digital SLR camera
(Canon 1200D-18 MP) by placing an intra-oral mirror. The image obtained by photographic
that provide perfect zoom and tools for analysing the pattern and recorded according to the
classification given by Thomas and Kotze(1983) 8. The shapes of individual primary rugae are
classified into four major types: curved, wavy, straight, and bifurcated. Straight type of
palatal rugae presents as straight line from their origin to insertion. The curved type has
crescent shape with a gentle curve. Wavy rugae are serpentine in shape and rugae that
showed definite branching were bifurcated type. In addition, nonspecific rugae pattern is
17
MATERIALS AND METHODS
For collection of data, a proforma will be used consisting of demographic details, brief case
history regarding sugar consumption, oral hygiene methods and fluoride exposure, and is
recorded with the help of mouth mirror and probe using DMFS index given by WHO 2013.
INCLUSION CRITERIA:
• Lips free from any pathology, having normal transition zone between mucosa and the
skin .
18
MATERIALS AND METHODS
• Finger prints, Lip prints and Palatal rugae are recorded for age groups:
EXCLUSION CRITERIA:
• Subjects with surgeries like orthognathic or surgery for cleft palate, bony and soft
tissue protuberance, active lesions, deformity of scars and trauma to the palate.
STATISTICAL METHODS:
The information collected regarding all the selected cases will be recorded in a Master
Chart in Excel sheet. Data analysis will be done with the help of computer using SPSS
Using this software ,chi square test and spearmanns correlation test was done for
19
ARMAMENTARIUM
20
ARMAMENTARIUM
21
RESULTS
Fifty families included all three generations comprised of 51(34%) males and 99(66%)
females as shown in (Graph 1). The first-generation participants’ age group ranged from 50
to 89 years, second generation participants’ age group ranged from 35 to 68 years, and third
The distribution of finger print patterns in our study include ulnar loop(42%), radial
loop(4%), central loop(4%), plain whorl(31.33%), double loop whorl(19.33%) and accidental
loop(0%) shown in (Graph 3). Similarly the lip print patterns distributed in our study were
pattern(20%) as shown in (Graph 4) . The distribution of palatal rugae patterns (shape) in the
Likewise, palatal rugae pattern (Unification) present in our study was converging(6%) and
Among these families, 32% showed repetition of the pattern of fingerprints in all the three
generations. 24% percent showed repetition in two consecutive(1,2) generations while, 34%
(Table 2 and Graph 7). By intergeneration analysis of generation (1,3) and (2,3) there was a
The pattern of lip prints in the middle 1/3rd of lower lip showed, 32% showed repetition in all
the three generation.4% showed repetition in alternative(1,3) generations, and 22% showed
Graph 8). So by intergeneration analysis of generation (1,2), (1,3) and (2,3) was statistically
22
RESULTS
Among the pattern of palatal rugae(shape), 54% showed repetition in all the three
and Graph 9). By intergenerational analysis of generation (1,2), (1,3) , (2,3) was statistically
Among the patterns of palatal rugae(unification), 92% showed repetition in all the three
repetition in another two consecutive generation(1,2) as shown in ( table 2 and Graph 10).
(Table 6).
In the first generation, Among all thumb prints, ulnar loop pattern (40%) was commonly
found whereas accidental loop and central pocket loop occupied the least (2% each).
Prevalence of dental caries was higher among the subjects with plain whorl pattern
(mean=6.1) and lowest in subjects with central pocket loop (mean=2.0) which is shown in
(Table 7A )
Among all lip patterns, vertical pattern was commonly found (34%), whereas partial vertical
pattern occupied the least (4%). Prevalence of dental caries was higher among subjects with
intersected pattern (mean=5.3) and lowest in branched pattern (mean=4.0), shown in (Table
7B )
Among palatal rugae patterns, curved pattern (48%) was more commonly evident among first
generation whereas straight pattern (6%) occupied the least. Prevalence of dental caries was
higher among subjects with straight pattern (mean=6.8) and lowest in curved pattern
23
RESULTS
Diverging pattern (96%) was highly appreciated when compared to converging pattern (4%)
among palatal rugae unification of first generation. Converging pattern showed high caries
In the second generation among all thumb prints, ulnar loop pattern (44%) was commonly
found whereas central pocket loop occupied the least (2%). Prevalence of dental caries was
higher among the subjects with plain whorl pattern (mean=2.8) and lowest in subjects with
Among all lip patterns, vertical pattern was commonly found (40%), whereas partial vertical
occupied the least (8%). Prevalence of dental caries was higher among subjects with
branched pattern (mean=3.1) and lowest in partial vertical pattern (mean=1.0), shown in
(Table 8B)
Among palatal rugae patterns, curved pattern (40%) was more commonly evident among
second generation whereas straight pattern (14%) occupied the least. Prevalence of dental
caries was higher among subjects with curved pattern (mean=3.2) and lowest in wavy pattern
Diverging pattern (92%) was highly appreciated when compared to converging pattern (8%)
among palatal rugae unification of first generation. Converging pattern showed high caries
In the third generation among all thumb prints, ulnar loop pattern (42%) was commonly
found whereas central pocket loop occupied the least (4%). Prevalence of dental caries was
higher among the subjects with radial loop pattern (mean=2.5) and lowest in subjects with
Among all lip patterns, vertical pattern was commonly found (38%), whereas partial vertical
occupied the least (8%). Prevalence of dental caries was higher among subjects with vertical
pattern (mean=1.9) and lowest in reticular pattern (mean=0.9), shown in (Table 9B)
24
RESULTS
Among palatal rugae patterns, wavy pattern (54%) was more commonly evident among
second generation whereas straight pattern (12%) occupied the least. Prevalence of dental
caries was higher among subjects with straight pattern (mean=3.2) and lowest in wavy pattern
Diverging pattern (94%) was highly appreciated when compared to converging pattern (6%)
among palatal rugae unification of first generation. Converging pattern showed high caries
In our study on comparing 3 generations , the prevalence of dental caries was higher among
Among all generation,in thumb print pattern the prevalence of dental caries was high among
radial loop and ulnar loop (Table10 and Graph 13). Likewise in lip print pattern, the partial
vertical and intersected pattern shows increased prevalence of dental caries (Table 11 and
Graph 14). Straight and curved pattern, converging unification showed increased
prevalences of dental caries but all the patterns in comparison with dental caries showed
On comparison of dental caries with gender, females had a higher prevalence of dental
Likewise on comparing dental caries with gender in each generation showed increased dental
caries prevalence in the first generation females with mean (4.7±4.3) (Table 16 and Graph
12) . And the correlation of repetition pattern with mean dental caries was statistically
25
RESULTS
26
RESULTS
FIRST GENERATION
Table 7A Comparison between Finger print pattern & dental caries of first generation:
S.NO Finger print N Dental caries 95% CI for Mean
Table 7B:Comparison between lip print pattern and Dental caries of first generation:
Table 7C. Comparison between palatal rugae pattern and Dental caries of first
generation:
S.No Palatal Rugae N Dental Caries 95% CL for mean
Pattern(Shape
)
Mean Standard Lower Upper
Deviation bound bound
1 Straight 6 (12%) 6.8 4.2 2.4 11.2
SECOND GENERATION
Table 8A.Comparison between Finger print pattern and Dental caries of second
generation :
28
RESULTS
Table 8B. Comparison between lip print pattern and Dental caries of second
generation:
Table 8C. Comparison between palatal rugae pattern and Dental caries of second
generation:
S.No Palatal Rugae N Dental Caries 95% CL for mean
Pattern(Shape)
Mean Standard Lower Upper
29
RESULTS
Table 8D. Comparison between palatal rugae pattern(Unification) and Dental caries of
second generation:
S.N Palatal Rugae N Dental Caries 95% CL for mean
o Pattern(uni)
Mean Standard Lower bound Upper bound
Deviatio
n
1 Converging 4 (8%) 3.0 2.4 -0.8 6.8
THIRD GENERATION
Table 9A. Comparison between Finger print pattern and Dental caries of third
generation :
S.NO Finger print N Dental caries 95% CL for mean
Mean Standard Upper Lower
deviation bound bound
1 Ulnar loop 21 (42%) 2.0 2.5 0.8 3.2
30
RESULTS
Table 9C. Comparison between palatal rugae pattern(Shape) and Dental caries:
S.No Palatal Rugae Dental Caries 95% CL for mean
Pattern(Shape)
Mean Standard Upper bound Lower bound
Deviation
1 Straight 6 (12%) 3.2 3.6 -0.6 7.0
Table 9D. Comparison between palatal rugae pattern(Unification) and Dental caries:
S.No Palatal Rugae N Dental Caries 95% CL for mean
Pattern
(unification)
Mean Standard Upper bound Lower
Deviation bound
1 Converging 3 (6%) 2.3 3.2 -5.6 10.3
31
RESULTS
Vertical-I 56 42(75%)
Vertical-I’ 10 7(70%)
Branched 20 16(80%)
Reticular 34 25(75%)
Intersected 30 24(80%)
Wavy 70 51(73%)
Curved 61 48(79%)
32
RESULTS
Correlation
Coefficient ( r 0.005 0.057 -0.029 -0.083
value)
p value 0.954 0.489 0.725 0.312
Table 15: Comparison of mean dental caries score between the gender
33
RESULTS
Table 16:Comparison of mean dental caries score between the gender in each
generation
95% CI for
Std. t p Mean
Generation Gender N Mean
Deviation value value Lower Upper
Bound Bound
Male 17 4.1 3.2
1 -0.57 0.56 -2.74 1.5
Female 33 4.7 4.3
2 Male 17 1.8 1.7 -1.93 0.06 -2.46 0.05
Female 33 3.0 2.6
Male 17 1.4 2.0
3 -0.22 0.82 -1.38 1.11
Female 33 1.6 2.1
Table 17:Correlation of mean dental caries score with repetition pattern of various
parameters
Correlation
Coefficient ( r value)
-0.23 0.096 .087 -.19
34
GRAPHS
GRAPH 1
34 Male
Female
66
GRAPH 2
70
60
50
Age in years
40 65.42
30 41.38 15.62
20
10
0
1 2 3
Generation
GRAPH 3
35
GRAPHS
19.33 0.67
42 Ulnar loop
Radial loop
Central loop
Plain whorl
Double loop whorl
Accidental loop
31.33
4
2.67
GRAPH 4
20
37.33
Vertical - I
Vertical - 1'
Branched
Reticular
Intersected
22.67
13.33
6.67
GRAPH 5
36
GRAPHS
12.67
40.67
Straight
Wavy
Curved
46.67
GRAPH 6
Converging
Diverging
94
GRAPH 7
37
GRAPHS
10
2
5
0
n 2 3 ,3 on
tio 1, 2, 1
ti on on ati
e on ti ne
r
ep ati ati ra
r r
ne
r
ne ge
No ne e e l3
Ge G G Al
GRAPH 8
8
10 4
5
0
on 1,
2
2,
3 ,3 on
titi n n1 ati
p e on tio ati
o
ne
r
re r ati r a er ge
No ne ne n
l3
Ge Ge Ge Al
GRAPH 9
38
GRAPHS
20
4 4
10
0
on 1,
2
2,
3 ,3 on
titi n1 ati
e on on o r
re
p ati ati r ati ne
r
ne
r
ne ge
No ne e l3
Ge Ge G Al
GRAPH 10
40
30
20 6 2
10 0 0
0
n 2 3 ,3 on
tio 1, 2, 1
ti on on ati
pe on ti ne
r
re ati ati ra
r
ne
r
ne ge
No ne e e l3
Ge G G Al
GRAPH 11
39
GRAPHS
3.5
3
4.52
2.5
2
2.68
1.5
1.56
1
0.5
0
1 2 3
Generation
GRAPH 12
3.5
3 2.49
Male
2.5 1.88
Female
2 1.471.61
1.5
1
0.5
0
1 2 3 Total
Generation
GRAPH 13
40
GRAPHS
2
1.5
0.75
1
0.5
0
Ulnar loop Radial loop Central Plain whorl Double Accidental
loop loop whorl loop
Finger print patterns
GRAPH 14
2.5 2.1
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Vertical - I Vertical - 1' Branched Reticular Intersected
Lip print pattern
GRAPH 15
41
GRAPHS
4.5
4
Mean caries score
3.5
3
2.5 4.21
2 3.12
1.5 2.4
1
0.5
0
Straight Wavy Curved
Palatal rugae shape
GRAPH 16
4.5
4
Mean caries score
3.5
3
4.22
2.5
2 2.84
1.5
1
0.5
0
Converging Diverging
42
FINGER PRINT PATTERN OF THREE GENERATIONS
First generation
Second generation
Third generation
43
FINGER PRINT IMAGE ANALYSIS USING ADOBE PHOTOSHOP
44
LIP PRINT PATTERN OF THREE GENERATION
First generation
45
IMAGE ANALYSIS OF LIP PRINT PATTERN USING ADOBE
PHOTOSHOP
47
PALATAL RUGAE PATTERN ANALYSIS OF THREE GENERATIONS
First generation
48
Fig 12: Palatal rugae pattern image analysis using adobe photoshop
49
DISCUSSION
facial recognition, finger vein pattern recognition, palm vein pattern recognition are the
In our study, fifty families were assesed for repetitions in finger prints, lip prints and palatal
rugae whereas only 10 families were taken in study by Mala S et al 3.,(2017). Age groups of 3
generations included in our study were almost similar to age group criteria used in study by
Mala S et al3.,(2017).
The type of fingerprints is unique and unalterable and is based on the genetic constitution of
each individual. These dermal patterns once formed remain constant throughout life and also
the fingerprint pattern recordings are accomplished rapidly, inexpensively and without
causing any trauma to the patient. The fingerprints were categorized according to the
classification of Henry in 19047, which divides the fingerprints into eight main groups: plain
arch,tented arch, ulnar loop, radial loop and double loop whorl.
Gaye et al32 (1970) assessed the repetitions in finger prints from first to fourth generations
and found the repetition of patterns from first and second generation wheareas in the present
study, the repetition patterns were analysed from first to third generation. In the present
study, 32% of the families showed finger print pattern repetition in all three generations, 58%
generation and 2% showed no repetition, which were similar to study by Mala S et al 3.,
(2017). So in our study by intergeneration analysis, the repetition pattern of finger print in
The significance of Cheiloscopy in personal identification is that once developed at the 6th
month of intrauterine life they are permanent, unchangeable even after death, and unique to
each person except in monozygotic twins33. The lines and furrows in the form of wrinkles and
50
DISCUSSION
grooves are the lip prints present in the zone of transition of the human lip between the inner
labial mucosa and outer skin. Lip prints were first noted in 1902 by an eminent
anthropologist, R. Fischer. It was only in 1932, a French person named Edmond Locard
advocated the use of lip prints in personal identification and criminalization. In 1950 Synder
was the first person who suggested the idea of using lip print for identification. The
classification scheme proposed by Tsuchihashi (1974)9 will be used to analyze the lip prints:
Type V: Grooves do not fall into any of the above categories and cannot be differentiated
morphologically (undetermined).
In our study ,32% showed repetition in lip print pattern repetition in all three generations,
generation and 8% showed no repetition at all which were contrasting to the study by Mala S
inheritance analysis and evaluation of lip prints in 300 individuals (25 families) and found the
presence of hereditary resemblance between parent and offsprings (37.66%). In the present
study , the repetition pattern of lip print in generation (1,2) , (2,3) ,( 1,3) was statistically
significant.
The palatal rugae, the generally transverse ridges situated in the anterior part of the palatine
mucosa, are widely present in mammals, but their biological significance is little understood.
In the human embryo they are relatively prominent, occupying much of the length of the
51
DISCUSSION
palatal shelves at the time of their elevation but become less prominent during fetal growth
and, from the newborn stage onwards, are confined to the anterior part of the secondary
palate. The palatal rugae are like fingerprints that do not change during the life of an
individual. Palatine rugae are unique and are reasonably stable during the lifetime of an
individual34. In the present study, 54% showed repetition in palatal rugae pattern repetition in
all three generation, 38% showed repetition in two consecutive generation , 4% showed
contradicting to the study by Mala S et al 3.,(2017). In our study the repetition of pattern in
palatal rugae( shape) in generation (1,2) , (1,3) and ( 2,3) was statistically significant.
This is the first study where we have made an attempt of identifying the individual patterns
of fingerprint, lip print, palatal rugae and correlate with dental caries of three consecutive
generations of different families. Dental caries is a microbial disease of the calcified tissues
of the teeth, characterized by demineralization of the inorganic portion and destruction of the
organic substance of the tooth.It is the most prevalent chronic disease worldwide. The pattern
of dental caries has been found to be similar in family members and hence, inheritance of this
disease is suspected. Genetic variations in the host factors may contribute to increased risks
for dental caries. HLA-DR3 was associated with increased enamel defects thereby making
them prone to be affected by carious process. HLA- DR 5,7 was associated with a reduced
frequency of enamel defects. Current evidence also supports the linkage of altered dental
enamel development with increased susceptibility to dental caries. Increased enamel porosity,
decreased mineral content, and the presence of enamel crystal inhibitory proteins all are
directly linked to dental caries risk15. The basis for considering all the patterns as a genetic
marker for dental caries is that the ectoderm of finger buds , lip, palate and tooth enamel all
develop at the same time around 6–7th week of gestation and is completed by the 20–24th
52
DISCUSSION
Among all the participants the prevalence of dental caries was higher among first generation
females which was consistent with study by Ferraro M et al 35., and lucaks J et al36.,2006.
Higher caries prevalence among females is often explained by one of the three factors like
earlier eruption of teeth in girls, hence longer exposure of girls teeth to the cariogenic oral
environment, frequent snacking during food preparation, and pregnancy. Also studies by
Lucas J et al36., found that the biochemical composition of saliva and the salivary flow rate
are modified by fluctuationg hormonal levels. So increased estrogen levels leads to increased
dental caries. Several animal studies conducted in the 1950s has found a connection between
increased thyroid levels in the blood, and a decrease in caries rate. Early animal research also
revealed that fluctuations in the level of estrogens influenced thyroid activity, and led to a
In our study, the first generation and the second generation people showed higher prevalence
of dental caries with plain whorl pattern whereas the third generation showed higher
prevalence of dental caries with radial loop pattern which was similar to the study by
contrast to the study by Abhilash PR et al 38.,(2012) , Anitha et al 39.,(2014) and Singh et al40.,
Among all lip print pattern, the first generation showed increased prevalence of dental caries
with intersected pattern. The second generation subjects had higher prevalence of dental
caries with branched pattern and third generation with vertical pattern which was in contrast
to the study by Madhusudhanan et al25(2015) where prevalence of dental caries was higher
53
DISCUSSION
In correlating the shape of palatal rugae pattern, the straight pattern showed higher prevalence
of dental caries in first and third generation, whereas curved pattern in second generation
On correlating the dental caries with all the three parameters of repetitive patterns of finger,
lip and palatal rugae of three successive generations, was statistically insignificant.
54
CONCLUSION
Despite the numerous studies stating that patterns of finger print, lip print and palatal rugae
are unique to an individual and holds the potential for identification, these patterns showed
repetition among three alternative and consecutive generations of families with statistically
significant results in the present study. Among these three parameters in this study, finger
prints and lip prints were more unique when compared to palatal rugae pattern. This brings
us to a conclusion, that finger prints and lip prints play a predominant role in personal
identification. .
Further these patterns which may be utilized effectively as a biomarker in the methods for
screening of dental caries are simple, inexpensive and non-invasive The results from our
study have revealed that the subjects with ulnar and radial loop finger print pattern showed
higher prevalence of dental caries. Among the lip print patterns, partial vertical and
rugae(converging) with straight and curved patterns showed a fair increase in the prevalance
of dental caries.. As far as gender Predilection is concerned, the females of the first
On correlating with the repetition patterns of Finger prints,Lip prints and palatal rugae with
further validate the significance of the present study, a larger sample size has to be studied
extensively.
The enamel, epithelium of the finger bud, lip and primary palate are derived from the
ectoderm during the same period of intrauterine life hence further genetic studies are
required, which may help to predict the risk assessment of dental caries using finger print, lip
There are various advanced techniques like finger vein pattern recognition and palm vein
pattern recognition which are unique and used currently for individual identification. The
55
CONCLUSION
same technique may be used in lip vein and palatal vein pattern recognition of an individual
and also further studies may be done to analyse its repetition pattern among three successive
generations of a family.
56
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Straight,
converging
C 5/F Vertical-I 0
Plain whorl Wavy, diverging
ANNEXURE-II
Wavy,
diverging
2
22A 62/F Ulnar loop Vertical-I Curved, Diverging
3
B 45/f Ulnar loop Vertical-I Curved, Diverging
2
C 18/f Plain whorl Reticular-IV Wavy, diverging