John Bash - Unmasking Report - 060122
John Bash - Unmasking Report - 060122
Departmentof Justice
& Office of Information Policy
>; Sixth Foor
el
SE 141G Sea NW
Washingion DC 20530-0001
Telephone: (202) 514-3642
May31,2022
Jason Leopold
Re: FOIA2021-00799
21-cv-01037 (D.D.C)
VRBIMB:SID
Dear Jason Leopold:
This is our fourth and final response to your Freedomof Information Act (FOIA)
request, dated February 20, 2021, and received in this Office on February 22, 2021, in which
you requesteda copy of the report submitted to Attorney General William Barr by U.S.
‘Attorney John Bash, and various records from the Officsofthe Attomey General, Deputy
‘Attorney General, Associate Attorney General, and Public Affairs concerning the report.
Previously, we provided you with three interim responses, most recently on March 25,
2022. We have now completedour work on your request, and have determined that fifty-two
Pages containing records responsive to your request arc appropriate for release with
withholdings made pursuant to Exemptions 1,3, 6, and 7(E) ofthe FOIA, 5 US.C. §
552(b)(1), (b)(3), ()(6), and (b)(7)(E). Please note that certain withholdings were made on
behalfofthe Federal Bureau of Investigation, Central Intelligence Agency, the Office of the
Director of National Intelligence, the National Security Agency, the National Security Council
the Department of State, and the Departmentof the Treasury. Exemption | pertains to
information that is properly classified in the interest ofnational security pursuant to Excautive
Order 13526. Exemption3 pertains to information exempted from release by statute, in this
instance 18 U.S.C. § 798, 50 U.S.C. § 3024(i)(1), 50 U.S.C. § 3507, and/or 50 US.C § 3605.
Exemption 6 pertains to information the release of which would constitute a clearly
unwarranted invasionof personal privacy. Exemption 7(E) pertains to records of information
compiled for law enforcement purposes, the releaseof which would disclose certain techniques
and procedures or guidelines for law enforcement investigations or prosecutions. Please be
advised that we have considered the forcsccable harm standard when reviewing records and
applying FOIA exemptions.
For your information, Congress excluded three discrete categoriesof aw enforcement
and national security records from the requirements ofthe FOIA. See 5 US.C. § 552(¢)
-2-
(2018). This response is limited to those records that are subject to the requirements of the
FOIA. This is a standard notification that is given to all our requesters and should not be taken
as an indication that excluded records do, or do not, exist.
If you have any questions regarding this response, please contact Kevin Wynosky of
the Department's Civil Division, Federal Programs Branch at 202-616-8267.
Sincerely,
Vanessa R. Brinkmann
Senior Counsel
Enclosures
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(U) All portion markings below are provisional and subject to the review of the originating
agency as well as the John Bash review team. ODNI, NSA, FBI, and CIA provided preliminary
input on the classification markings, and the classification markings in the document reflect that
input. ODNI has offered to conduct a global Intelligence Community classification review before
wide dissemination. This document is for official and internal use only. Do not disseminate or
replicate in any other product without permission from John Bash or his successor.
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(U) DISCUSSION................................................................................. 30
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(U) BACKGROUND
1 (U) See, e.g., 50 U.S.C. 1801(i); DoD Manual 5240.01, Procedures Governing
the Conduct of DoD Intelligence Activities, p.54 (2016) (2016 DoD Attorney Gen-
eral Guidelines); Classified Annex to Department of Defense Procedures Under
Executive Order 12333, § 2 (1988) (1988 DoD Classified Annex); Central Intel-
ligence Agency Intelligence Activities: Procedures Approved by the Attorney
General Pursuant to Executive Order 12333, p.39, § 12.24 (2017) (2017 CIA At-
torney General Guidelines); AR 2-2A Annex A – Guidance for CIA Activities
Outside the United States, § V.A. (1987; rev. 2012; rescinded 2017) (1987 CIA
Annex A); AR 2-2A Annex B – Guidance for CIA Activities Within the United
States, § V.A (1987; rev. 2012; rescinded 2017); The Attorney General’s Guide-
lines for Domestic FBI Operations, p.45, § VII.U (2008) (FBI Domestic Guide-
lines).
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identify a U.S. person.2 That includes not only names, but also, for ex-
ample, telephone numbers, mailing addresses, email addresses, finan-
cial information, biometric records, government titles, and Internet
Protocol (IP) addresses.
(U) Three aspects of the collection of U.S. person information, in-
cluding USPII, bear special relevance here. First, while some elements
of the Intelligence Community intentionally collect foreign intelligence
on U.S. persons under appropriate legal authorities, certain elements
also “incidentally” collect U.S. person communications while targeting
non-U.S. persons. For example, the National Security Agency (NSA)
might intercept the emails of a foreign terrorist leader, and one of those
emails might contain an exchange with a U.S. citizen. In that situation,
the U.S. citizen’s communications are acquired incidentally, not inten-
tionally.
(U) Second, and significantly for this report, collection of U.S. per-
son information does not necessarily involve the acquisition of a U.S.
person’s own communications. Rather, U.S. person information also in-
cludes communications by other people about U.S. persons. For in-
stance, two foreigners might be intercepted discussing a U.S. official by
name. That interception qualifies as the acquisition of USPII under the
applicable legal rules, even though the agency could not be said to have
“spied” on the U.S. official in the conventional sense.
(U) Third, much of the U.S. person information that agencies ac-
quire never ends up in a foreign intelligence report. The reports are
drafted to focus on the topic areas outlined in the National Intelligence
Priorities Framework. Irrelevant information about U.S. persons must
be omitted from reports altogether.
(U) 2. The legal rules for the dissemination of information concern-
ing U.S. persons, including USPII, derive primarily from two sources:
Executive Order 12333 and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
(FISA).3 For purposes of this report, “dissemination” connotes sharing
2 (U) See 2016 DoD Attorney General Guidelines, p.54 (definition of “USPI”);
2017 CIA Attorney General Guidelines, p.40, § 12.25 (definition of “U.S. Person
Identifying Information (USPII)”); cf. FBI Domestic Guidelines, p.35,
§ VI.B.1.e.
3 (U) Executive Order 12333, § 2.3 (1981) (amended by Executive Order 13284
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(2003), Executive Order 13355 (2004), and Executive Order 13470 (2008)); For-
eign Intelligence Surveillance Act, 50 U.S.C. 1801 et seq.
4(U) See 2016 DoD Attorney General Guidelines, p.48; 2017 CIA Attorney Gen-
eral Guidelines, p.36, § 12.8. Certain disclosures of U.S. person information
within the FBI qualify as “disseminations,” but that exception is not relevant
to the analysis in this report.
5 (U) Executive Order 12333, § 2.3.
6 (U) Ibid.
7 (U) 50 U.S.C. 1805(a)(2)(A).
8 (U) 50 U.S.C. 1881a(a).
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9(U) Ibid.; see Office of the Director of National Intelligence, The FISA Amend-
ments Act: Q&A, pp.3, 9 (2017).
10(U) 50 U.S.C. 1801(h) (definition of “minimization procedures”); see 50 U.S.C.
1805(c)(2)(A), 1881a(c)(1)(A) and (e)(1).
11 (U) 50 U.S.C. 1801(h)(2).
12 (U) 50 U.S.C. 1801(e)(1) and (h)(2).
13 (U) 50 U.S.C. 1801(h)(3).
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(such as “U.S. person 1”) and then disclose the masked USPII in re-
sponse to a request by a recipient of the report. This latter type of USPII
disclosure is informally (though widely) called an “unmasking.”
(U) NSA. As a component of the Department of Defense, the NSA
is governed by the department’s Attorney General-approved guidelines,
as well as the agency’s own internal procedures. Under those rules, the
NSA may disseminate USPII to other federal agencies that are “reason-
ably believed to have a need to receive such information for the perfor-
mance of [their] lawful missions or functions.”14 The NSA must use a
generic term to mask nonpublic USPII in disseminated intelligence re-
ports, however, unless the U.S. person consents or the USPII is neces-
sary to understand the foreign intelligence information or assess its im-
portance.15
(U) The NSA’s rules deem certain types of information to categori-
cally satisfy that necessity standard. They include information indicat-
ing that the U.S. person is either an agent of a foreign power or a target
of hostile intelligence activities of a foreign power, as well as infor-
mation that may be evidence of a crime, so long as it is shared for law-
enforcement purposes.16 But even if the information does not fall within
one of the specified categories, the USPII may be disclosed if its meets
the general necessity standard.17
(U) The NSA’s FISC-approved minimization procedures for collec-
tion under Section 702 of FISA impose the same basic standard.18 They
14 (U) 2016 DoD Attorney General Guidelines, § 3.4(c)(4); see also DoD 5240 1-
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also permit the NSA to share non-minimized Section 702 collection with
the CIA or FBI, but those agencies must apply their own FISC-approved
minimization procedures before disseminating the information. 19
(U) The NSA’s rules contain other privacy safeguards. NSA reports
must be written to focus solely on foreign entities and persons and their
agents.20 Generally only certain NSA officials may approve the dissem-
ination of USPII, and improper disclosures must be reported internally
within 24 hours of discovery.21 Employees with access to USPII must
undergo annual training on privacy and civil liberties.22 And the NSA
may not engage in “dissemination to the White House [ ] for the purpose
of affecting the political process in the United States.”23
(U) The NSA also applies a default rule that plays a critical role in
its handling of USPII: Even if USPII meets the legal standard for dis-
semination, the NSA nevertheless will generally mask the USPII in its
initial dissemination of an intelligence report.24 That practice allows for
broader dissemination of NSA intelligence.25 As a result of this “over-
masking,” requests to unmask USPII in disseminated NSA reports of-
ten readily satisfy the necessity standard. Perhaps due in part to the
default rule, the NSA grants thousands of unmasking requests each
year. See pp.14–15, infra.
(U) CIA. The CIA may disseminate information concerning U.S.
persons to federal agencies “that need the information to perform their
lawful functions.”26 USPII must be removed from disseminated reports
the National Security Agency, § 6(b). This report cites currently operative min-
imization procedures, but the relevant dissemination standards did not differ
during the 2016 election period and the ensuing transition period.
19 (U) NSA 702 Minimization Procedures, § 7(c).
20 (U) USSID SP0018, § 7.1.
21 (U) Id. §§ 7.3, 7.5.
22 (U) 2016 DoD Attorney General Guidelines, §§ 3.3(f )(1)(f ), 3.4(c).
23 (U) Id. § 3.1(a)(4).
24 (U) 6/3/2020 Briefing by NSA Office of General Counsel; 8/4/2020 Interview
of Senior Reporting Officer of NSA National Security Operations Center.
25 (U) 6/3/2020 Briefing by NSA Office of General Counsel.
26 (U) 2017 CIA Attorney General Guidelines, § 8.2.1(b).
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“[t]o the extent practicable” unless the USPII “is necessary or [it is] rea-
sonably believed that the information may become necessary to under-
stand, assess, or act on the information being disseminated.”27 The CIA
may, however, disseminate a report with unmasked USPII to another
element of the Intelligence Community “for purposes of allowing the re-
ceiving element to determine whether the information is relevant to its
responsibilities and may be retained by that element.”28
(U) The CIA’s minimization procedures for FISA collection impose
a similar standard. If FISA collection containing USPII is properly re-
tained (because, for example, it qualifies as “foreign intelligence infor-
mation”), the CIA may disseminate unmasked USPII when it “is neces-
sary to understand foreign intelligence information or assess its im-
portance.”29 Unmasked USPII may also be disseminated when there is
a reasonable belief that the USPII “may become necessary to under-
stand or assess the importance of foreign intelligence” related to the
serious threats specified in FISA.30
(U) Although the CIA and NSA have similar legal standards for
USPII disclosure, the CIA disseminates a very small percentage of the
USPII that it retains.31 When the CIA does disseminate a report that
contains USPII, the dissemination is often in response to a request from
27(U) Id. § 8.2. A similar standard applied under the guidelines that were in
place in 2016. See AR 2-2, Law and Policy Governing the Conduct of Intelli-
gence Activities, § I.1.a.4.b (1987; rev. 2012; rescinded 2017).
28 (U) 2017 CIA Attorney General Guidelines, § 8.1; 1987 CIA Annex A, § VI.A.2.
29 (S) Minimization Procedures Used by the Central Intelligence Agency in Con-
nection with Acquisitions of Foreign Intelligence Information Pursuant to Sec-
tion 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, as Amended, ¶¶ 3,
5 (2019) (CIA 702 Minimization Procedures); CIA Minimization Procedures for
Information from FISA Electronic Surveillance and Physical Search Con-
ducted by the FBI, § 2 (2002).
30 (U) CIA 702 Minimization Procedures, ¶ 5; see 50 U.S.C. 1801(e)(1).
31(U) Central Intelligence Agency Office of Privacy and Civil Liberties, Review
of Procedures and Practices of CIA to Disseminate United States Person Infor-
mation Acquired Pursuant to Titles I and III and Section 702 of the Foreign
Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), pp.11–12 (2017) (2017 CIA Dissemination
Report).
10
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54(U) Office of Director of National Intelligence, Statistical Transparency Re-
port Regarding Use of National Security Authorities, Calendar Year 2017, p.24,
14
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warranted, and whether any special restrictions, such as the Gates pro-
cedures, apply.59 Approval requires the concurrence of two NSA offi-
cials, one of whom is a senior official.60
(U) Requests might be denied for lack of an adequate justification
or because disclosure of the USPII would compromise sources or meth-
ods.61 Minor issues are often resolved over email with the requestor. 62
Requests for disclosure of USPII by lower-ranking officials—such as
line FBI agents—can take months to grant. If a request is approved, an
email containing the USPII is sent to the requestor.63 The email in-
cludes a caveat stating that the information may be viewed only by the
requestor and any other listed recipients.64 The caveat explains that no
further sharing of the USPII is permitted without NSA authorization.65
(S//NF) CIA. (b)(3) per CIA
CIA grants such requests much less frequently than the NSA. See
pp.10–11, supra.
(U//FOUO) (b)(3) per CIA
Operations Center.
61 (U) 6/12/2020 Briefing by NSA Chief of Operations, Intelligence Analysis
Group and NSA Section Chief of Publications, Information Sharing, and Col-
laboration.
62 (U) Ibid.
63 (U) Ibid.
64 (U) Ibid.
65 (U) Ibid.
66(U) 6/11/2020 Briefing by CIA Office of General Counsel and Office of Con-
gressional Affairs.
67 (U) Ibid.
16
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.70
(U//FOUO) In August 2017, the CIA Director instructed the Office
of the General Counsel to review the procedures and practices for un-
masking requests.71 (b)(3) per CIA
68 (U) Ibid.
69 (U) 2017 CIA Dissemination Report, p.12.
70(U) 6/11/2020 Briefing by CIA Office of General Counsel and Office of Con-
gressional Affairs.
71 (U) Ibid.
72 (U) Ibid.
73 (U) Ibid.
74 (U) Ibid.
75 (U) 9/11/2020 Correspondence from FBI Office of General Counsel.
76 (U) Ibid.
77(U) 6/17/2020 Briefing by FBI Directorate of Intelligence and Office of Gen-
eral Counsel.
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78 (U) Ibid.
79 (U) Ibid.
80(U) Ibid.; see Intelligence Community Policy Guidance 107.1, Requests for
Identities of U.S. Persons in Disseminated Intelligence Reports, § E.2 (2018).
81(U) 6/17/2020 Briefing by FBI Directorate of Intelligence and Office of Gen-
eral Counsel.
82(U) See Central Intelligence Agency, The Evolution of the President’s Daily
Brief (2014).
83 (U//FOUO) 6/10/2020 Interview of Current PDB Director (from Oct. 2017).
84 (U) Ibid.
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Mar. 2017).
86(U//FOUO) 6/10/2020 Interview of Current PDB Director (from Oct. 2017);
6/30/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for National Security Advisor (Jan. 2016 –
Jan. 2017); 7/7/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer of White House Chief of Staff
(Apr. 2016 – Jan. 2017); 8/3/2020 Interview of Substitute PDB Briefer for DOJ
Principals (Mar. 2015 – Mar. 2016); 8/5/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for Am-
bassador to the United Nations (July 2014 – Aug. 2017); 8/6/2020 Interview of
PDB Briefer for DOJ Principals (Jan. 2016 – Feb. 2017); 8/7/2020 Interview of
PDB Briefer for CIA Director and Deputy CIA Director (Feb. 2015 – Mar.
2016); 8/7/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for Director of National Intelligence
(Oct. 2015 – Jan. 2017); 8/12/2020 Interview of Deputy PDB Briefer for Am-
bassador to the United Nations (Aug. 2013 – Aug. 2016).
87(U//FOUO) 6/10/2020 Interview of Current PDB Director (from Oct. 2017);
7/7/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for White House Chief of Staff (Apr. 2016 –
Jan. 2017).
88 (U//FOUO) 6/10/2020 Interview of Current PDB Director (from Oct. 2017);
7/7/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for White House Chief of Staff (Apr. 2016 –
Jan. 2017); 8/5/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for Vice President, Vice Presi-
dent’s Chief of Staff, and Vice President’s National Security Advisor (Late 2015
– Jan. 2017); 8/6/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for DOJ Principals (Jan. 2016
– Feb. 2017); 8/7/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for Director of National Intel-
ligence (Oct. 2015 – Jan. 2017).
89(U//FOUO) 6/10/2020 Interview of Current PDB Director (from Oct. 2017);
6/30/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for National Security Advisor (Jan. 2016 –
Jan. 2017); 7/7/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for White House Chief of Staff
(Apr. 2016 – Jan. 2017).
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reports.90 PDB briefers select the reports from “overnight feeds” that
contain hundreds of new reports.91 The completed books are furnished
to principals either in hard copy or electronically, unless the principal
elects to receive only an oral briefing.92
(U//FOUO) The PDB briefers usually leave their offices between six
and seven A.M. to deliver the books and orally brief their principals. 93
The process of briefing principals on the assembled reporting varies
widely. Some principals read the briefing book during an oral presenta-
tion by the briefer.94 Some instead read in silence, while others discuss
the material actively with the briefer.95 Some principals elect not to re-
ceive oral briefings.96
(U) During oral briefings, the PDB briefers answer any questions
from the principals.97 They also attempt to discern the principals’ inter-
ests, although some principals rarely reveal preferences.98 If they can-
not answer a question, PDB briefers seek the answer from the Intelli-
gence Community after the briefing.99
(S//NF) (b)(1) per NSC & State
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(b)(1), (b)(3) per NSC, ODNI & State .100 (b)(1) per NSC & State
103
(S//NF) 7/30/2020 Interview of United Nations (b)(1), (b)(3), (b)(6) per ODNI & State
100
21
(b
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subject to the Gates procedures (see p.12, supra).105 Likewise, the intel-
ligence professionals who selected the NSA reports for the United Na-
tions Ambassador were given written protocols for the diplomatic mis-
sion by their predecessors requiring that they seek disclosure of USPII
before submitting any intelligence reports for inclusion in her book. 106
In contrast, for example, the PDB briefer for the National Security Ad-
visor did not always make anticipatory unmasking requests, but did so
only when the briefer determined that the identity was substantially
important, although that briefer still averaged a few anticipatory re-
quests per month.107
(U) One NSA official with 32 years of experience at the Agency who
has been closely involved in the unmasking process since 2012 told me
that the practice of anticipatory requests by PDB briefers existed at
least as early as 2008.108 The NSA official believed, however, that there
were no written procedures codifying the practice.109
(U//FOUO) During the period relevant to this review, when PDB
briefers sought USPII (primarily from the NSA),110 their requests were
treated very differently than requests by other government officials. As
105(S//NF) 7/30/2020 Interview of United Nations (b)(1), (b)(3), (b)(6) per ODNI & State
8/3/2020 Interview of Substitute PDB Briefer for DOJ
Principals (Mar. 2015 – Mar. 2016); 8/5/2020 and 8/10/2020 Interviews of PDB
Briefer for Ambassador to the United Nations (July 2014 – Aug. 2017);
8/6/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for DOJ Principals (Jan. 2016 – Feb. 2017);
8/7/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for Director of National Intelligence (Oct.
2015 – Jan. 2017); 8/7/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for CIA Director and Dep-
uty CIA Director (Feb. 2015 – Mar. 2016); 8/12/2020 Interview of Deputy PDB
Briefer for Ambassador to the United Nations (Aug. 2013 – Aug. 2016).
106 (S//NF) 7/30/2020 Interview of United Nations (b)(1), (b)(3), (b)(6) per ODNI & State
; 7/30/2020 Interview of United Nations
(b)(1), (b)(3), (b)(6) per ODNI & State
107(U//FOUO) 6/30/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for National Security Advi-
sor (Jan. 2016 – Jan. 2017).
(U) 8/4/2020 Interview of Senior Reporting Officer of NSA National Security
108
Operations Center.
109 (U) Ibid.
(U//FOUO) 6/15/2020 Interview of Former PDB Director (Aug. 2015 – Mar.
110
2017); 7/7/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for White House Chief of Staff (Apr.
2016 – Jan. 2017).
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PDB briefers assembled the book overnight, they would at times ask an
NSA representative embedded with the PDB staff to submit unmasking
requests to the appropriate NSA officials; in other instances they would
submit the request themselves.111 One PDB briefer, in fact, recalled that
the NSA representative would often check in with the briefers to ensure
that all of their disclosure requests for that day had been submitted. 112
The justification accompanying the request, which sometimes was writ-
ten by the on-site NSA representative, typically was no more than a
boilerplate statement that a PDB briefer needed the USPII for the
morning briefing of a particular principal.113 The request would usually
111 (S//NF) 6/30/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for National Security Advisor
(Jan. 2016 – Jan. 2017); 7/7/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for White House
Chief of Staff (Apr. 2016 – Jan. 2017); 7/23/2020 Interview of NSA Representa-
tive to the PDB 1 (early 2016 – Oct. 2016); 7/29/2020 Interview of NSA Repre-
sentative to the PDB 2 (Oct. 2016 – Sept. 2019); 7/29/2020 Interview of NSA
Representative to the PDB 3 (June 2016 – Feb. 2018); 7/31/2020 Interview of
NSA Representative to the PDB 4 (Feb. 2016 – Feb. 2019); 8/5/2020 and
8/10/2020 Interviews of PDB Briefer for Ambassador to the United Nations
(July 2014 – Aug. 2017); 8/5/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for Vice President,
Vice President’s Chief of Staff, and Vice President’s National Security Advisor
(late 2015 – Jan. 2017); 8/6/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for DOJ Principals
(Jan. 2016 – Feb. 2017); 8/7/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for CIA Director
and Deputy CIA Director (Feb. 2015 – Mar. 2016); 8/7/2020 Interview of PDB
Briefer for Director of National Intelligence (Oct. 2015 – Jan. 2017); 8/12/2020
Interview of Deputy PDB Briefer for Ambassador to the United Nations (Aug.
2013 – Aug. 2016).
(U) 8/3/2020 Interview of Substitute PDB Briefer 1 for DOJ Principals (Mar.
112
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114 (S//NF) The NSA provided me with charts of unmasking requests that spec-
ified the request and response times. Requests submitted by or on behalf of
PDB briefers in the early morning hours often took minutes or hours. (b)(1)
per
State
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identities that correlated with the generic masks.119 The briefer for the
National Security Advisor would incorporate the information into the
briefing if the briefer was confident that the National Security Advisor
would want to know it, but otherwise would advise the National Secu-
rity Advisor that the information was available if she wanted to see it. 120
(U) It is not clear how often the principals actually saw the USPII,
especially if they relied primarily on an oral briefing rather than the
written material, and I have found no records documenting when USPII
was actually viewed by principals.
(S//NF) Some principals occasionally asked PDB briefers to seek
disclosure of masked USPII, but that appears to have been rare.121 In-
deed, some PDB briefers told me that they could not recall ever having
received an unmasking request from their principals—which in some
cases presumably reflected the fact that the briefers were anticipatorily
unmasking all USPII in the briefing books.
(S//NF) On March 23, 2017, the Director of the PDB instructed the
staff to cease making anticipatory unmasking requests.122 That change
was likely prompted by public discussion of unmaskings.123 (b)(3) per NSA
and Deputy CIA Director (Feb. 2015 – Mar. 2016); 8/7/2020 Interview of PDB
Briefer for the Director of National Intelligence (Oct. 2015 – Jan. 2017).
119 (S//NF) 7/30/2020 Interview of United Nations (b)(1), (b)(3), (b)(6) per ODNI & State
; 7/30/2020 Interview of United Nations
(b)(1), (b)(3), (b)(6) per ODNI & State
120(U//FOUO) 6/30/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for National Security Advi-
sor (Jan. 2016 – Jan. 2017).
121(U//FOUO) 7/7/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for White House Chief of Staff
(Apr. 2016 – Jan. 2017); 7/24/2020 Interview of Executive Assistant to Deputy
NSA Director (Mar. 2016 – Mid-2017); 8/5/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for
Vice President, Vice President’s Chief of Staff, and Vice President’s National
Security Advisor (late 2015 – Jan. 2017); 8/6/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for
DOJ Principals (Jan. 2016 – Feb. 2017); 8/7/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for
CIA Director and Deputy CIA Director (Feb. 2015 – Mar. 2016); 8/7/2020 In-
terview of PDB Briefer for Director of National Intelligence (Oct. 2015 – Jan.
2017).
122(U//FOUO) 6/10/2020 Interview of Current PDB Director (from Oct. 2017);
6/15/2020 Interview of Former PDB Director (Aug. 2015 – Mar. 2017).
123 (U//FOUO) Ibid.
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127(U) I did not seek records of disclosures in which the President was the
requestor or authorized recipient, although certain records of requests made
by others listed the President among multiple authorized recipients. Given the
constitutional protections and special sensitivities that attend the President’s
communications and decision-making process, I concluded that it would be in-
appropriate to seek records related to his personal review of foreign intelli-
gence.
128(U) My team obtained records from the NSA on a rolling basis and thus
received a number of charts with relevant data. For convenience, I refer to
them collectively.
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submitted to the FBI. In connection with this review, the FBI examined
approximately (b)(3), (b)(7)(E) per FBI
My team reviewed
that list and winnowed it down to approximately potentially rele-
(b)(3), (b)(7)(
129(U) At one point, the FBI provided my team with a list of unmasking re-
quests that included the underlying USPII. Other than the FBI team member
who received the list and noticed the problem, no other member of the team
viewed the USPII. I sought and received from the FBI a revised list without
the USPII.
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USPII that the agency itself had collected. My focus was on requests
from outside of an agency for the disclosure of USPII masked in dissem-
inated intelligence reports.
(U) Briefings and interviews. My team received extensive brief-
ings from officials at the NSA, CIA, FBI, ODNI, Department of Justice,
Department of State, and Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board.
We discussed the legal rules governing USPII disclosure, technical and
practical aspects of the unmasking process, and year-to-year trends in
USPII disclosures.
(U) I also interviewed a number of government employees involved
in the unmasking process during the period relevant to this review. In
particular, I interviewed twenty government employees who served ei-
ther as PDB briefers or as representatives of the NSA responsible for
submitting unmasking requests for PDB briefings. That group included
the PDB briefers for the former Vice President, White House Chief of
Staff, Vice President’s Chief of Staff, National Security Advisor, Vice
President’s National Security Advisor, Secretary of State, Attorney
General, Deputy Attorney General, Ambassador to the United Nations,
Director of National Intelligence, CIA Director, CIA Deputy Director,
FBI Director, and FBI Deputy Director.
(U) Review of testimony. My team reviewed classified and un-
classified transcripts of 2017 testimony by various former officials be-
fore the House Committee on the Judiciary, House Committee on Over-
sight and Reform, and HPSCI. That included testimony by the former
National Security Advisor, FBI Director, Director of National Intelli-
gence, CIA Director, Acting Attorney General, and Ambassador to the
United Nations. The Office of Legislative Affairs of the Department of
Justice attempted to obtain classified transcripts of testimony before
the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence but was unable to do so.
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(U) DISCUSSION
(U) A. I have found no evidence that unmasking requests were
made for political purposes or other inappropriate reasons dur-
ing the 2016 election period or the ensuing transition period.
(U) My review has uncovered no evidence that senior Executive
Branch officials sought the disclosure of USPII in disseminated intelli-
gence reports for political purposes or other inappropriate reasons dur-
ing the 2016 presidential-election period or the ensuing presidential-
transition period. Most significantly, the vast majority of relevant dis-
closures appear to have been requested by intelligence professionals in
anticipation of PDB briefings or for defensive cyber-security purposes,
not at the direction of senior officials. Moreover, the quantity of requests
and the content of the underlying reports does not support an inference
that senior officials were targeting the Trump campaign or transition
team. I am nevertheless troubled by how easy it is for senior political
appointees to obtain the identities of campaign associates or transition
officials contained in reports discussing potentially sensitive communi-
cations or activities. For that reason, I recommend that the Intelligence
Community consider adopting certain prophylactic safeguards dis-
cussed in Part C below. See pp.48–49, infra.
(U) 1. As a threshold matter, it is important to bear in mind two
contextual considerations.
(U) First, it would be exceedingly difficult to systematically use un-
masking requests to target political opponents. That is because most
USPII is sifted out of intelligence reporting as it is processed. At the
initial collection stage, the Intelligence Community elements conduct-
ing FISA surveillance are restricted in their targeting decisions. The
government can use FISA Title I authority to target a U.S. person only
if the FISC finds probable cause that the person is an agent of a foreign
power. Under FISA Section 702, the NSA is permitted to target only
non-U.S. persons reasonably believed to be abroad. The Intelligence
Community is also expressly prohibited from conducting “reverse tar-
geting” under Section 702, which means that a non-U.S. person outside
the United States cannot be targeted with the true purpose of acquiring
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Operations Center.
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write the USPII onto the reports, either by hand or electronically, oth-
ers would simply have the USPII available in case the principal asked
about it.132
(U) Some briefers sought USPII for every report provided in the
morning briefing as a matter of protocol (aside from USPII related to
Members of Congress or congressional staff, which is governed by the
Gates procedures). That group included the briefers for the Attorney
General, Deputy Attorney General, FBI Director, FBI Deputy Director,
CIA Director, CIA Deputy Director, and Director of National Intelli-
gence.133 Others, including the briefer for the National Security Advi-
sor, exercised discretion about whether to unmask USPII. 134 In all
events, PDB briefers and other intelligence professionals whom I inter-
viewed told me that the practice of routinely unmasking USPII in an-
ticipation of a briefing was ubiquitous at the time, and some PDB brief-
ers told me that they had been instructed by their predecessors that
such anticipatory unmaskings were a standard part of preparing “the
book” for their principals.135
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2016 – Feb. 2018); 7/30/2020 Interview of United Nations (b)(1), (b)(3), (b)(6) per ODNI & State
7/30/2020 Interview of United Nations
(b)(1), (b)(3), (b)(6) per ODNI & State 7/31/2020 Interview of
NSA Representative to the PDB 4 (Feb. 2016 – Feb. 2019); 8/4/2020 Interview
of Senior Reporting Officer of NSA National Security Operations Center;
8/3/2020 Interview of Substitute PDB Briefer for DOJ Principals (Mar. 2015 –
Mar. 2016); 8/5/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for Vice President, Vice Presi-
dent’s Chief of Staff, and Vice President’s National Security Advisor (late
2015 – Jan. 2017); 8/6/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for DOJ Principals (Jan.
2016 – Feb. 2017); 8/7/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for CIA Director and Dep-
uty CIA Director (Feb. 2015 – Mar. 2016); 8/7/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer
for Director of National Intelligence (Oct. 2015 – Jan. 2017).
136 (U//FOUO) 6/10/2020 Interview of Current PDB Director (from Oct. 2017);
6/15/2020 Interview of Former PDB Director (Aug. 2015 – Mar. 2017);
6/30/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for National Security Advisor (Jan. 2016 –
Jan. 2017); 7/7/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for White House Chief of Staff
(Apr. 2016 – Jan. 2017); 7/29/2020 Interview of NSA Representative to the PDB
3 (June 2016 – Feb. 2018); 7/31/2020 Interview of NSA Representative to the
PDB 4 (Feb. 2016 – Feb. 2019).
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137(U//FOUO) E.g., 8/6/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for DOJ Principals (Jan.
2016 – Feb. 2017); 8/7/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for CIA Director and Dep-
uty CIA Director (Feb. 2015 – Mar. 2016); 8/7/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer
for Director of National Intelligence (Oct. 2015 – Jan. 2017).
138 (S//NF) 7/30/2020 Interview of United Nations(b)(1), (b)(3), (b)(6) per ODNI & State
7/30/2020 Interview of United Nations
(b)(1), (b)(3), (b)(6) per ODNI & State A subsequent version of written pro-
cedures from 2017 did not include this practice, but that document indicated
that it was “new” as of June 2017, and it required that unmaskings be re-
quested only by principals.
139 (S//NF) 7/30/2020 Interview of United Nations(b)(1), (b)(3), (b)(6) per ODNI & State
7/30/2020 Interview of United Nations
(b)(1), (b)(3), (b)(6) per ODNI & State
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140(S//NF) 7/30/2020 Interview of United Nations (b)(1), (b)(3), (b)(6) per ODNI & State
; 8/12/2020 Interview of Deputy PDB Briefer for Am-
bassador to the United Nations (Aug. 2013 – Aug. 2016).
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(S//NF) ii. I have not found a report that was subject to an unmask-
ing request before the election that appeared to discuss the communi-
cations or activities of a masked associate of the Trump campaign. 143
(b)(1), (b)(3) per NSA
As noted above,
even if some of that information had related to the Trump campaign or
Republican political organizations, it is not clear how the USPII could
have been exploited politically. Moreover, the dissemination of USPII
for the target of hostile intelligence activity by a foreign power is cate-
gorically permitted by the NSA’s rules.144
(S//NF) Importantly, almost none of these election-related reports
that I reviewed appeared on their face to recount communications in-
volving masked U.S. persons. Some of the reports appeared to describe
statements by non-U.S. persons about U.S. persons, while many reports
merely masked identity information (b)(1), (b)(3) per NSA
. To be sure, intelli-
gence reports are often drafted to conceal sources and methods, so a
reader cannot know with certainty whether a report was derived from
the intercepted communications of a U.S. person. But at least on their
face, these reports generally did not convey the contents of communica-
tions involving U.S. persons.
(S//NF) (b)(1), (b)(3) per NSA
144 (S//NF) USSID SP00018 § 7.2(c)(5). Some of the reports that I reviewed
listed only a title and a notation that the report had been recalled. According
to NSA officials, their systems no longer contain the original reports. But all of
those reports that appeared to relate to (b)(1), (b)(3) per NSA
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. 145
(S//NF) iii. I identified some unmasking requests submitted during
the transition period and listing relevant senior officials as authorized
recipients in which it would have appeared at least possible to a reader
ex ante that the USPII in the reports corresponded to Trump transition
officials or others involved in transition activities. Some of the reports
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above. There was also one request submitted by the FBI. But that re-
quest sought disclosure to a large group of FBI recipients, so it was un-
likely designed to provide a senior political appointee with damaging
information on the transition team.
(TS//NF) I have identified only one transition-related unmasking
request that NSA records indicate was made at the behest of a senior
U.S. official (although the same USPII was disclosed for the PDB brief-
ings of other senior officials). That request sought the identity of a per-
son described as a “senior” member of the transition team (b)(1), (b)(3) per NSA
The report did not quote any commu-
nications involving the U.S. person, although the report indicated that
(b)(1), (b)(3) per NSA
(TS//NF) It is not clear to me from the face of the report why the
senior U.S. official needed to know the identity of the transition official.
To be sure, the U.S. official had an obvious and substantial interest in
the subject matter of the report that related to the official’s duties. (In
fact, the U.S. official was mentioned by title in the report.) And it is
reasonable to conclude that the knowledge that the transition official
was “senior” was significant to understanding the report and assessing
its significance. But the transition official’s seniority was expressly
noted in the report. It is not readily apparent why the transition offi-
cial’s name was critical.
(U) Nevertheless, while cognizant of how easy it would be to conceal
an improper motivation for a single unmasking request (see pp.31–32,
supra), I cannot conclude that the U.S. official’s request suggests an
improper political motivation. For one, the U.S. official could have had
a need to know the identity that is not obvious from the face of the re-
port, based on other information. But even if not, the report was directly
related to the official’s duties, and the request does not form part of any
broader pattern of suspicious unmasking requests. In addition, the PDB
briefer for that official told me the official had never made a request
that appeared politically motivated or otherwise unusual. The more
likely explanation for the request is that the U.S. official wanted to
know as much information as possible about the subject matter of the
report—which, as I said, the official had an obvious and significant in-
terest in—and assumed that the unmasking request would be denied
by intelligence officials if it did not meet the standard for disclosure.
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. The un-
masking requests for that report were made for the (b)(1), (b)(3) per NSA
the CIA Director, FBI Director, and Ambassador to the United Nations.
Unmasking requests were also made for disclosure to the Ambassadors
to Russia and Turkey, as well as to lower-ranking intelligence officials,
based on specific, objectively reasonable justifications.
(TS//SI//NF) (b)(1), (b)(3) per NSA
The unmasking
request for that report was made (b)(1), (b)(3) per NSA
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Given that
context, it is unlikely that the request was made to politically target
General Flynn or the incoming administration.
(TS//NF) The unmasking requests for disclosure to lower-ranking
officials, such as ambassadors and intelligence professionals, each in-
cluded an objectively reasonable justification.(b)(1), (b)(3) per NSA
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(U) At the same time, despite the serious risk of abuse, it would be
unwise to prohibit officials of an outgoing administration from viewing
any information about campaign associates or transition officials. The
outgoing officials must continue to perform their duties until Inaugura-
tion Day. They cannot blind themselves to intelligence about the views
and intentions of foreign nations, even if those views and intentions will
naturally be influenced by the composition and policy positions of the
incoming administration.
(U) For that reason, I recommend that the Intelligence Community
consider reforms to protect against the risk of abuse in the disclosure of
the USPII of campaign associates and transition officials. I describe
those recommendations in Part C below. See pp. 48–49, infra.
150 (S//NF) 7/7/2020 Interview of PDB Briefer for White House Chief of Staff
(Apr. 2016 – Jan. 2017); 7/30/2020 Interview of United Nations
(b)(1), (b)(3), (b)(6) per ODNI & State 7/30/2020 Interview of United Nations
(b)(1), (b)(3), (b)(6) per ODNI & State 8/5/2020 and 8/20/2020
Interviews of PDB Briefer for Ambassador to the United Nations (July 2014 –
Aug. 2017).
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tion seems a far more likely explanation for the discrepancy than per-
jury. Accordingly, absent significant new information, I do not believe
further investigative steps are warranted.
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September 2020
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