Stull 1

NBA Basketball: How Fans Affect Player Performance

Adam Stull
Ms. Leila Chawkat
Independent Research Period 1
18 March 2022

Table of Contents

Abstract: Pg. 2

Introduction: Pg. 2-3

Literature Review: Pg. 4-6

Data Collection: Pg. 6-17

Conclusion: Pg. 17-18

References: Pg. 18-21

Appendix: Pg. 21
 Stull 2

Abstract

When covid hit America in 2020, there was so much uncertainty about the future. Whether it was

about school or work, everybody was waiting to see what was next. On March 11th, the

2019-2020 NBA season was put on hold. Nobody knew what would happen, but NBA officials

had some plans. Eventually these plans came to life when the “bubble” was started in the

summer to allow NBA players to keep playing but without fans. This was a success, and by the

beginning of 2021, NBA teams started allowing fans back in their own arenas. However, it was

different, since there were less fans than normal. Furthermore, some arenas still did not allow

fans at all. There have always been arguments about how fans affect NBA players' performance.

Some believe that they have no effect on performance, while others strongly believe that fans

play a big role in it. The findings in this paper will show that there is really one correct answer to

the argument. The answer was found through interviews with experts, scholarly sources, and data

collection. The researcher plans to create a blueprint for a product that allows fans to be

projected into nba arenas so players can have the same feeling they get when playing with actual

fans. Once completed, it will be shared with experts to get their opinion on it. Then it will be

shown to the public, and featured on a mockshift version of shark tank. Based on these findings,

NBA players should always be playing games with fans, whether they are 3-D or actually there.

Introduction

Millions of people watch NBA basketball everyday. It is one of the most popular sports in

America, and for a good reason. Basketball is very entertaining and exciting to watch, but also to

play. The average NBA arena can hold approximately 18,000 fans, which is hard to imagine until

you’re actually sitting inside of one. Some people enjoy playing with a lot of fans, while others
 Stull 3

do not. It is usually the toughest players mentally who enjoy it. They are able to block out all of

the noise and play their game without being distracted. This allows them to become some of the

best players in the league. That is extremely hard to do as there are only around 450 NBA

players each year, so to be one of the best is harder than anyone could imagine. These guys

perform at the highest level, every single day of their job. One way to measure performance is by

field goal percentage. The average field goal percentage in the NBA is around 44 percent, which

means that players make their shots 44 percent of the time that they attempt them. Another way

is through three point field goal percentage, where the average in the league is about 34 percent.

One final useful way to measure player performance is free throw percentage. The average free

throw percentage in the NBA is approximately 76 percent. On the other hand, the most popular

way to measure a team's performance is win record/percentage. The team with the best record

gets the highest spot for the playoffs, so it is crucial to have a good record. Although in the end

players have control over this, there are some external factors involved. One of these is fan

attendance. During the first half of the 2020-2021 NBA season for many teams, fans were not

allowed. Players had to play in an empty arena, which was extremely unusual. Eventually, fans

were allowed back to more and more teams’ arenas as the season went on. This affected how

NBA players and their teams performed on a nightly basis. Fan attendance in a stadium for a

basketball game directly impacts performance. Considering the Wizards, Heat and Hawks

shooting statistics along with win percentage after fans were allowed back at arenas, vs. during

the games played in an empty stadium in the 2020-21 season, the impact of having no fans was

harmful to NBA teams performance.

 Stull 4

Review of Literature

Arguably one of the most important ways of figuring out how fans affect player performance is

by hearing from NBA players and coaches themselves. This allows us to really understand how

they feel on a game to game basis. One NBA player named Kevin Garnett explained his opinion;

“But when speaking about this crowd, it's like plugging in, man. You're enthused for 48 minutes

on, from tip on. So I can't see the difference between minute from minute”(Petkac). Basically,

fans in the arena give him the energy to compete at the highest level. He forgets about everything

else, and just goes out there and plays. Another player named Wendell Carter claimed that “we

just kind of feed off the fans sometimes”(Ganz and Allsop). He said this during the bubble, when

asked how it will be playing without fans. With fans, he has the energy and motivation to play

his hardest. Damian Lillard, an NBA point guard went even farther and claimed that the reason

his team played badly at home last year was because there were no fans. He said that when his

team travels on the road to arenas that allow fans, it is easier to play well and have energy. This

theory was supported more when an NBA coach gave his opinion. Mike Malone made it clear

that he wants fans back in his arena, by saying that fans are a big part of his players success and

that it is weird playing without them being present. Another important aspect of analyzing the

effect of fans is looking at home court advantage. This was not a factor during the bubble, and

was very low during most of the 2020-2021 season. Authors Wesley Chang and Michael Ran

supported this by using hard evidence in their research paper “The Impacts of Home-Court

Advantage in the NBA”. They found that home court advantage was almost non-existent during

the “covid time period”. This means that players could not have the benefit of playing better at

home, since there were little to no fans. In a home court advantage case study conducted by

Mindaugas Gobikas , Alexandru Radu, and Jonas Miklovas, they gave statistics that proved
 Stull 5

home court advantage plays a huge role in player performance. If there are no fans present, this

advantage can not be used. NBA superstar James Harden made it clear that there was no home

court advantage last season. He explained “There's no difference between a home and a road

game…the atmosphere is what it is.” A player stating this makes it clear that the researchers

listed before this are correct. Another author named Da Hou found evidence that home court

advantage was not a factor during the time period. He concluded that home court advantage was

a huge factor in player performance when there were fans. He also made it clear that last season,

home court advantage had no effect since fans could not help the home team. One final aspect

that goes along with playing without fans is energy. Players had to create their own energy when

they performed in arenas with little to no fans. Charlotte Hornets guard Devonte Graham said

“It’s going to take a lot of team effort, a lot of leaning on each other and a lot of enthusiasm,

especially when things get rough. You’re not going to have that home crowd and home energy to

rally you back.”(Medina). Even NBA superstar LeBron James claimed that he and his team had

to create their own energy without fans. It was tough to do so, but they got the job done. Former

sixth man of the year Lou Williams explained that when the fans cheered and yelled, it helped

his mind get back in the game if he got distracted. Without these fans, he could not do this as

well. When there are no fans, obviously the court is really quiet. This is odd, since it is usually

loud. Players had to adjust to this, as explained by player Aaron Gordon: “It’s really quiet…so

you’ve got to bring your own energy. You can hear everything that’s being said on the

floor.”(Robbins). Two other NBA players by the names of Troy Brown and Brad Wannamaker

were quoted in articles (by NBC) supporting this claim. Although they are role players who are

not very well known, they still experienced playing without fans. They both said that it was odd

playing without fans since they play a big part in their games. The energy had to be created from
 Stull 6

themselves and their teammates rather than the fans.

Data Collection

Interviews:

Joe Sill Katherine *Questions Zain Jafri

Evans modified

for Zain

Noting the “I think it would “I think that Noting certain “From a gameplay

Wizards win probably be more asking the NBA teams perspective, that

percentage and meaningful to look question, just statistics in the would be easy

statistics in the at how the whole asking fan first half of the enough to find.

bubble, I have league did and attendance is an 2020-2021 season, From attendance

created my thesis how the home interesting I have created my numbers, I’m not

to be “Fans teams did across question. Looking thesis to be “Fans sure how hard or

attendance in a the NBA. With at the bubble is a attendance in a easy it would be to

stadium for a computers it really specific stadium for a find. I haven’t

basketball game doesn’t take that version of this. If basketball game worked with that

directly impacts much work to you think about directly impacts information

performance. download all the what drives fan performance. myself. If it’s easy

Considering the data and look at it attendance, it’s Considering the enough to get then

win/loss record for the whole often the success Wizards, and you should be able

pre-covid, vs. the league. Look at the of the team. The Heat three point to do some

games played in records for the bubble is such a shooting and free analysis on it. But

an empty stadium home games specific throw percentage that could be a

during covid, the played vs the road environment, before covid, vs. pain point

impact of an games played for Bradley Beal and during the games depending on how

empty stadium everybody (before Davis Bertans played in an hard it is to do

was harmful to covid and then were not there. So empty stadium in that. But the rest of

the Washington while no fans were you could say that the 2020-21 the stuff is
 Stull 7

Wizards allowed). There the wizards lost season, the relatively easy to

performance”. was a middle because of impact of an get”.

What are your ground where them……… empty stadium

opinions on this some fans were was harmful to

thesis? allowed so look at I think depending these teams

that too. The on the data, I performance. ”.

wizards is a small suggest you look What are your

sample with not a at the games last opinions on this

lot of data. You year where fans thesis? Do you

might not get a weren’t allowed at agree with it?

strong conclusion arenas. That might

looking at just the be a more

Wizards. It is a interesting

simple enough question. I would

research question suggest maybe

to where it is not looking at all

too broad (to focus teams, and just

on the whole three point

league)”. shooting. Now that

there's no fans

you’re either better

or you’re worse

without them.

Look also at the

win record home

vs road”.
 Stull 8

As I look at more “I think the one “It’s ok to answer Do you “I mean it’s gonna

sources, I am thing to say for a question that's be hard to have

believe I
finding that I sure is that there is always been asked strong conclusions
should only
may have to a substantial home or answered. The from that data,

revise my thesis. court advantage fans might be part focus on those especially data.

Some sources are during normal of it, let's say fans few teams You could be led

saying that there times. I think it is do play better at astray. But the full
including the
is no direct usually about 3 home. The league would also
wizards, just
correlation points a game. So question is why do introduce

between fans and if you have 2 fans play better at two teams, or challenges due to

player evenly matched home. If you find should I do getting enough

performance, teams you would there is no advanced data…

more teams
although it is expect the home correlation there
than that?
assumed that team to win by 3 then it’s part of the If you could

players do play Which there are scientific process. Why or why actually find the

better at home different ways to You would think not? advanced data for

because of fans. estimate that. But okay, the fan all 30 teams that

How do you feel there are component doesn’t would be good.”

about this? What sophisticated seem to be that

are your opinions techniques that are strong. Perhaps

on it? aware of who is there is another

playing. Now I component?”

don’t want to give

away all the

answers, so you

should figure some

things out and

download your

own data as well.

But there is no

question there is a

home court

advantage. Now

there are different

 Stull 9

aspects to that or

different reasons

for that (the fans

and the emotional

support are part of

that). The other

thing that you

might want to look

into is the effect of

travel and sleep.

So if you play one

game in Indiana

then take a flight

to LA for the next

game…the team

has to do the post

game interviews

etc. So then youre

getting into the

hotel at 3 in the

morning and then

you have to play

the next night.

There is a sleep

researcher named

Cherri Mah that

you should

google.”

Have you found “I feel like that's “Yeah the bubble Do you have data “We have not done

data that can something that I thing like I said I or knowledge any analysis in that

support my shouldn’t speak on would change that can support realm. Mostly

thesis? What since I work for because Bradley my thesis even if because the way

about data that the team, but I can Beal was not in the it is just we approach
 Stull 10

goes against it? point you in the bubble. So in regarding the projects is “how is

right direction. terms of that wizards? Is there this going to help

You can scrape a hypothesis, any data that us make a

website for data, looking at games goes against it? decision” and the

or copy the data by from last year is capacity of fans is

hand.” more interesting. not really in our

You could maybe control. So it

look at other teams doesn’t really help

in the bubble if us make

you wanted to decisions.”

stick with the

bubble.”

I have also found “I’m a data person, “I think it is good I have also found “You’re definitely

that there was so I would to know how that there was going to need the

less energy in the certainly lean players feel. Let’s less energy in the data to come to

bubble, which towards the data. say you look at the bubble, which strong

hurt the wizards But I think it is data and there’s no hurt the wizards conclusions.

and other teams. also important to energy in the and other teams. Obviously the

Along with that, get the players' stands. Bradley Along with that, players are going

players explained opinions on what says he played players explained to have a strong

that having no motivated them badly because of that having no opinion on the feel

fans in the bubble and how it was this but you could fans in the bubble for the game. But

negatively harder to have look at the data negatively those are all

affected them. Do motivation. You and could be like affected them. Do anecdotes so

you think this definitely want to Brad you scored you think this without evidence

information could look at both, but 40 points. It’s information could it’s hard to say

be stronger than the hard evidence possible that if the be stronger than what is important.

some of the from the numbers fans had been some of the The opinion is

sources I have is what I would loud, he could sources I have important because

found which say certainly lean have had a better found which say it helps drive the

there is no towards.” game. We’re not there is no analysis and

correlation? Or, robots so their correlation? conversation. So

do you believe opinion does it’s definitely

 Stull 11

that overall, matter.” important from

having no fans that perspective.

had no negative But you’re

effect on the definitely going to

wizards team and need the data to

players in the come to

bubble? conclusions. I

think there has

been some public

work done on

home court

advantage.”

Rationale and Analysis

I chose to do qualitative interviews for the first part of my data collection. I believed this would

be the most efficient and easiest way to collect useful data. I knew I could find people to

participate, so I went for it. I was wrong in some ways however. Although this method was

efficient, there were a few roadblocks. After the first interview, I noticed I had not gotten

sufficient information from Mr. Sill. This happened again in the second and third interview.

None of the experts I interviewed had data on my thesis. I was frustrated, because I believed I

would get valuable data from these interviews. What I failed to realize was that although the

experts I found worked for the Wizards, they were all in different areas of research. It just so

happened that none of them focused on what I was studying. Although this was unfortunate, I

decided to not reach out to any more experts. I instead chose to do data set analysis, which will

be included in this paper. I essentially split my data collection into two, and used both parts to
 Stull 12

fuel my research and explanation. During the first interview, Mr. Sill told me that there was

evidence of a clear home court advantage, and that players play better at home with fans. This

explanation helped me a lot since it was good evidence coming from an expert on the topic.

However, he then told me he could not answer some questions as the answers were private. I

believed this problem was a one time occurrence, so I continued on. During my second

interview, I got more help from Mrs. Evans. She pointed me in the right direction regarding my

research, and gave me some useful tips. Although this helped me a lot, I still did not receive

enough information from her for my data collection. She told me she believed the wizards

played badly in the bubble because they were missing two players, not because there were no

fans. So I changed up my thesis, and moved along. My final interview with Mr. Jafri was no

different. He’s a very knowledgeable man, so he once again pointed me in the right direction.

But, when I asked him about what data he had found regarding my research, he told me

something I did not want to hear. He explained that he had not studied this type of data as his

research team focused on other aspects of the game. Since he could not control how many fans

were at games, he did not get involved with it. These answers really surprised me because I

was expecting to get a lot of useful information. The reason I got these answers fell on the fact

that none of these experts had actually looked at the data I was trying to find. The results I

found did help answer my research question (mostly from Mr. Sill). But they changed my

thesis, as I decided to include more teams and also focus on more statistics. So as explained

before, the limitations this method may have include what the researchers actually study, along

with time constraints and access to experts. If I were to do this method again, I would make

sure beforehand that the experts would actually be able to have useful answers for my

questions.
 Stull 13

Conclusions of Data

Although I did not get great results, they will still be important in the future. Getting

clarification from an expert on home court advantage is really useful. It provides clarity to

many questions asked about this topic. Since Mr. Sill is a smart man, we know that what he

explained is true. In the future, researchers could use this to help prove their research questions

or thesis. What he said can also be found in many sources written by other experts. The fact

that some experts could not answer my questions can be useful in the future. Researchers can

learn that they are not always going to get information they want to see. Along with that, they

can understand that finding the right person to answer your questions is very important. If I had

done that, I would have gotten data that is way more valuable. However, I can still take away

what Mr. Sill said about home court advantage and use it as guidance for my synthesis. Along

with that, the setbacks that occurred will make me a better researcher and will prepare me for

future challenges along the way.

Data Set Analysis: Wizards, Heat, Hawks and Knicks 2020-21 stats

Wizards Field Goal % 3 Point Field Goal % Free Throw % Win-Loss Record

Dec 22, 2020 - 46.9% 34.5% 75.7% 25-33

April 21, 2021

(No fans allowed)

 Stull 14

April 21, 2021 - 49.2% 37.9% 82% 10-5

End of Season

(Fans allowed)

Heat Field Goal % 3 Point Field Goal % Free Throw % Win-Loss Record

Dec 22, 2020 - Jan 46.7% 34.7% 78% 6-12

28, 2021

(No fans allowed)

Jan 28, 2021 - End 46.8% 36.2% 79.4% 34-21

of Season

(Fans allowed)

Hawks Field Goal % 3 Point Field Goal % Free Throw % Win-Loss Record

Dec 22, 2020 - Jan 44.4% 35.1% 81.4% 9-8

26, 2021

(No fans allowed)

Jan 26, 2021 - End 47.5% 38% 81.4% 33-23

of Season

(Fans allowed)

Knicks Field Goal % 3 Point Field Goal % Free Throw % Win-Loss Record
 Stull 15

Dec 22, 2020 - Feb 44.7% 35.8% 77.1% 15-17

23, 2021

(No fans allowed)

Feb 23, 2021 - End 46.1% 41.4% 79.7% 26-15

of Season

(Fans allowed)

Rationale & Analysis

For the second half of my data collection, I did data set analysis (meta-analysis). After not

getting enough information needed to prove my thesis, I had to go a different route. This

method fits my study because I am studying statistics. So, putting it into charts makes it easy to

explain. I decided to do this because I knew the NBA website had a lot of data. It was right

there on the website, and was easy to find. Experts had also recommended this to me, so I took

their advice. All I had to do was put in the team and year I wanted to look at, and the data on

my charts came up. After looking at these four teams' data, it was immediately clear that this

was the right method for me. The data was straightforward, which made it easy to draw

conclusions. It also clearly proved my thesis and was not too complicated. The results I found

were very clear. All four teams played better when there were fans in the arena. Starting from

overall shooting percentage when fans were allowed back in arenas, the Wizards’ increased by

2.3%, the Heat’s increased by 2.1%, the Hawks’ increased by 3.1%, and the Knicks’ increased

by 1.4%. Regarding three point shooting percentage, the Wizards increased by 3.4%, the Heat’s

increased by 1.5%, the Hawks’ increased by 2.9%, and the Knicks’ increased by a whopping

5.6%. These two categories alone are huge indicators of improvement. Then, I looked at free
 Stull 16

throw shooting percentage. The Wizards improved by 6.3%, the Heat’s improved by 1.4%, the

Hawks’ percentage stayed the same, and the Knicks’ improved by 2.6%. Finally, I looked at

win loss records. The Wizards’ record improved from 25-33 to 10-5, the Heat’s record

improved from 6-12 to 34-21, the Hawks’ record improved from 9-8 to 33-23, and the Knicks’

record improved from 15-17 to 26-15! All of these results helped prove my thesis. Although

some of these differences seem small, in the reality of basketball they are large. If a player's

shooting percentage goes up by two percent over a year, their trainer would consider this a

great increase in performance. None of these results were surprising except for the fact that the

Hawks’ free throw percentage stayed the same. This is just an outlier that is not a concern. The

results ended up this way because of the fact that there were no fans in arenas for the first half

of the statistics, and there were fans for the second half. The data I found helps show how fans

affect player performance, which is that having fans in an arena leads to better performance.

The only real limitation this method may have is the fact that sometimes what you find is not

enough data. You would need to get a ton of data to come to an extremely strong conclusion.

Conclusions of Data

These results may be very important to researchers in the future. Since the data is so easy to

access, it can be used frequently. It shows clear evidence that having fans in an arena leads to

an increase in player performance. Although it does not show why, researchers can find this out

on their own. It is also not complicated to understand the data I found, so it can be used for all
 Stull 17

levels of research. Another research student like me could use it, or even an NBA expert. Even

though I already knew the data would turn out this way based on the sources I found, I did not

expect the difference between no fans and fans to be so large. This is really good though, as it

is strong evidence for my thesis.

Conclusion

All in all, there are many different aspects that can affect player performance. However, fans are

the most important. Through their energy, passionate feelings towards the game, and overall

attendance, they have a huge impact. This impact has a mental effect, along with physical, which

makes it so intriguing. Researchers have been studying this topic for years, and it just gets more

important each time. Especially due to recent events with covid which led to a breakthrough in

the research, as researchers could see how players performed without fans. This also helped me

draw conclusions and find valuable data. In the future, it would be amazing if researchers could

figure out how to completely get rid of home court advantage. That would change the whole

game of basketball. Along with that, they could try to figure out how to get NBA players to

perform at the same level with or without fans. By doing research on this topic, the possibilities

of this grow larger. Hopefully sometime down the road we will have a lot more information on

this.

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-disney-world-bubble
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Appendix

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1elFFarvVK5VloqdUQl8GaeR1VeaPKGs9?usp=sha

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