Becoming A Member of Society: Enculturation, Solidarity, Conformity and Deviance

Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600

Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section: Grade 11/12
Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph
MODULE 4 – UCSP Subject Teacher: Kimberson P. Alacyang
BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY: ENCULTURATION, SOLIDARITY,

CONFORMITY AND DEVIANCE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
Through discussion, the learners are able to:
1. define sociological terms
2. understand how individuals learn culture and how this learning of culture influences the
development of one’s personality.
3. understand the social mechanisms that produce conformity and deviance in our society.
4. recognize the effects or consequences of various social problems in the maintenance of
social order and stability.
5. analyze how social interaction proceeds through the operation of norms, values, statuses and
roles.
DISCUSSION
• SOCIALIZATION is the process aimed at internalizing cultural norms and values in order to train
and produce competent/productive members of society.
o it is the lifelong social experience by which individuals develop their human potential
and learn patterns of their culture.
o Resocialization is the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors
• SOCIAL STRUCTURES are the patterned relationships between people.
o building blocks of social interactions allowing people to behave in accordance to
certain societal expectations within particular social settings.
• SOLIDARITY refers to the union of interests, purposes or sympathies among members of groups
o Cohesion refers to the state of working together
• CONFORMITY refers to the behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions or
standards
• DEVIANCE refers to the behavior that is recognized as violating established rules, folkways and
norms.
o Social Control refers to the regulation and enforcement of norms to maintain social
order
o Sanctions refers to the means of enforcing rules/norms
✓ Positive Sanctions refers to the reward given for conforming to norms
✓ Negative Sanctions punishments for violating norms
LEARNING POINTS
A. SOCIALIZATION
A. builds the foundation for an individual’s fairly consistent patterns of thinking, feeling,
and acting.
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
1. Family. Most important agent of socialization; the center of a child’s life; parental
attention is very important; provides encourage
2. Religion. It has significant role in ‘meaning- making’ of life; promote welfare of the
individual.
3. School. Provides individuals an opportunity to confront diversity; introduces gender role
socialization and even clustering of skills and competencies according to gender and
class; hidden curriculum: informal aspect of schooling; impersonal relationship is
prevalent.
4. Neighborhood. Local social units larger than the household. Neighborhoods are social
communities with face- to- face interaction among members.
5. Peer Groups. Provides avenue for individuals to develop a sense of self that goes
beyond the family; peers often govern short-term goals while parents maintain influence
over long-term plans; peer groups also provide venues for anticipatory socialization;
practice at working toward gaining desired positions.
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6. Mass Media. Mass media create images that reinforce social stereotypes based on sex,
class, ethnicity and religion.
B. SOCIAL STRUCTURES
✓ The process of socialization as operationalized in the context of these agents requires
an understanding of the social structure one belongs to.
MAJOR COMPONENTS:
1. Culture refers to the binding mechanism of the society.
2. Social Class refers to a group of individuals who occupy a similar position in the
economic system of production
a. Examples: Upper class, Middle Class, Lower Class
3. Social Status is a recognized set of social position that an individual occupies
a. Examples: being a student, being a child, being a peer, being a customer, etc.
4. Social Roles are set of social behaviors expected of someone who fills a particular status
a. Examples: studying, taking exams are expected behaviors associated with being a
student
5. Groups consists of people who regularly and consciously interact with one another.
C. SOLIDARITY
1. According to Emile Durkheim
a. Mechanical Solidarity
✓ Comes from homogeneity of individuals (similar work, lifestyle, educational
background, religious affiliation, etc); individuals feel connected through
these homogeneities
✓ Traditional societies
b. Organic Solidarity
✓ presence of interdependence that arises from specialization
✓ industrialized societies
✓ Example:
Farmers produce food for the health workers who treats them when they
are sick.
2. According to Ferdinand Tonnies
a. Gemeinschaft
✓ community
✓ a community where everyone knows everyone
b. Gesselschaft
✓ society
✓ a society dominated by impersonal relationships
✓ example: urban areas
D. CONFORMITY AND DEVIANCE

✓ MAIN IDEA: An individual conforms if s/he chooses a course of action that a majority
favors or that is socially acceptable. In contrast, an individual deviate is s/he chooses a
course of action that is not socially acceptable or that a majority does not accept.
✓ Social influences such as socialization, subcultural group memberships, or social class
may encourage some people to break norms.
1. CONFORMITY
2. DEVIANCE can range from something minor, such as a traffic violation, to something
major, such as murder.
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON DEVIANCE
1. Structural Functionalist Perspective

a) Emile Durkheim claimed that deviance was in fact a normal and necessary part of social
organization.
b) Ronald Smith and Frederick Preston outlined some functions which deviance performs to
support the social system in the following:
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i. Deviance serves as an outlet for diverse forms of expressions.

ii. Deviance serves to define the limits of acceptable behavior.
iii. Deviance may also promote in-group solidarity.
c) Robert K. Merton’s STRAIN THEORY
MAIN IDEA: there often exists within a society a discrepancy, a disjunction, between its
goals and its system of legitimate means for achieving those goals and that this particular
social operation creates the condition of strain and is responded to by individuals in a
number of ways.
POINTS TO REMEMBER:
1. Societal goals
2. Approved means: socially accepted means of achieving the goal
WAYS TO RESPOND TO STRAIN:
1. Conformity – it involves accepting both the cultural goal of success and the use of
legitimate means of achieving that goal.
2. Innovation – Involves accepting the goal of success but rejecting the use of socially
accepted means to achieve it, turning instead to unconventional & illegitimate
means.
3. Ritualism –They reject society's goals upon realizing it’s unattainable, but accept
society's institutionalized means.
4. Retreatism – rejection of both society’s goal and approved means
5. Rebellion – This occurs when people reject AND change both the goals and the
means approved by society.
2. Conflict Perspective
REMEMBER: Conflict Theory looks into inequalities between the rich and poor, powerful and not,
the haves and the have nots.
MAIN POINTS:
a. dominant classes control the definition of deviance;
b. deviance results from inequality in society;
c. deviance by the dominant class goes largely unpunished.
3. Symbolic Interactionism
MAIN POINTS:
a. Deviance is learned behavior
✓ Control Theory everyone is propelled towards deviance but control systems work
against the motivations to deviate.
✓ REMEMBER: Social Control
b. Deviance results from social labeling.
✓ Labeling Theory refers to the the view that people become deviant when labeled
as such and when they accept the label as a personal identity.
✓ Those with the power to assign deviant labels create deviance
ACTIVITY 4:
On a short bond paper, list five acts of deviance and identify the sanctions given by the society.
Then, list five acts of conformity and identify the sanctions given by the society.
Rubric for scoring for each set (Conformity and Deviance)
a. Situations/acts identified (5)(4)(3)(2)(1)
b. Sanctions listed (5)(4)(3)(2)(1)
V. REFERENCES:
• Agnew, R. (2009). Juvenile delinquency: Causes and control (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford
University Press, Inc.
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
• Carayugan, M., Malit-Alicante, F. (2014) Development of Sociology Handbook through

Assessing Importance and Relevance of Sociology Topics. Baguio City: University of the
Cordilleras.
• Kubrin, C., Stucky, T., & Krohn, M. (2009). Researching theories of crime and deviance. New
York: Oxford Press, Inc.
• Lanuza, Gerry M. (2016) Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics. First edition. Manila : Rex
Book Store
• Madrid, R., Santarita, J. (2016) Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics. Quezon City: Vibal
Group, Inc.
• Shoemaker, D. (2005). Theories of delinquency: An examination of explanations of deviant
behavior (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.
• The sociological conception of socialization. Retrieved 02 January, 2017 from
http://www.sociology.org/what-is-socialization/
• Socialization. Retrieved 02 January, 2017 from
http://www3.ncc.edu/faculty/soc/feigelb/soc201online/summary/ch3.pdf

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Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics

Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600

MODULE 4 – UCSP Subject Teacher: Kimberson P. Alacyang