Design and Development of An External Fast Neutron Beam
Design and Development of An External Fast Neutron Beam
Thesis
By
Andrew M. Zapp
Graduate Program in Nuclear Engineering
The ability of the Ohio State University Research Reactor, OSURR, to conduct
experiments from the generation of the neutron flux is important in conducting research by the
University and external entities that require a flux of this magnitude. In particular, research
involving a fast neutron flux is of interest due to the different interactions fast neutrons have as
opposed to thermal neutrons. The OSURR is able to operate up to 500 kW, which creates a
neutron flux in the order of 1013 n/cm2-s. Currently, Beam Port 2 provides a thermal neutron
activation analysis, and evaluation of radiation damage to electronics. Beam Port 1 uses a
sample area located adjacent and perpendicular to the fuel plates of the reactor for in-core
irradiation. During experimentation, the remainder of Beam Port 1 must be plugged with
removable concrete shielding to prevent radiation exposure that can be upwards of 1x10 4 rem/hr.
The upgrade to Beam Port 1 consists of a collimator to shape the neutron flux from the reactor
into a beam of fast neutrons, similar in diameter to Beam Port 2, in order to irradiate samples
external to the reactor. In addition, mobile external shielding is designed to prevent exceeding
the exposure limits of 5 rem/yr when the facility is in use. With this upgrade the research reactor
has the ability to conduct simultaneous experiments with a fast and thermal neutron beam,
i
Acknowledgements
I would first like to thank my Nuclear Engineering graduate advisor, Dr. Vaibhav Sinha,
I would also like to thank the efforts conducted by my fellow graduate students Ibrahim
Oksuz and Matthew Van Zile, who are in the Ohio State University Nuclear Engineering
This would not be possible without the substantial support and guidance from the staff at
the Ohio State University Nuclear Reactor Laboratory. In particular, Mr. Andrew Kauffman, the
Associate Director, and Mr. Joel Hatch, the Research Engineer, provided a significant amount of
This work is supported by The Ohio State University and the Department of Energy
through NEUP General Scientific Infrastructure Support Program for grant no. RU-17-13347, “A
Request for Upgrade of the Ohio State University Research Reactor Beam Ports Infrastructure”.
ii
Vita
USS Seawolf
Fields of Study
iii
Table of Contents
Abstract i
Acknowledgements ii
Vita iii
Fields of Study iii
List of Figures vii
List of Tables x
1 Introduction 1
2 Theory 4
2.1 Reactor/Source 4
2.1.1 Neutron Interactions/Properties 6
2.1.2 Gamma Interactions/Properties 8
2.2 Shielding 9
2.2.1 Neutron Shielding 9
2.2.2 Gamma Shielding 10
2.3 Collimation 12
2.3.1 Illuminator 16
2.3.2 Beam Filter 17
2.3.3 Aperture 19
3 Materials 20
3.1 Collimator Materials 20
3.1.1 Graphite Illuminator 20
3.1.2 Bismuth and Sapphire Filters 25
3.1.3 Aperture Pieces 34
3.1.3.1 Borated Cement 36
3.1.3.2 Metamic® (Borated Aluminum) 38
3.1.3.3 Lead 40
3.1.4 Aluminum 6061 as Structural Material 42
3.2 Beam Stop Shielding Materials 45
iv
3.2.1 Borated Polyethylene 45
3.2.2 Metamic® 46
3.2.3 Lead 47
4 Design 49
4.1 Existing Structure 51
4.1.1 Beam Port 2 Facility 51
4.1.2 Beam Port 1 Current Lay-out 53
4.2 MCNP Simulations 60
4.2.1 Collimator MCNP Simulations 61
4.2.2 Beam Stop MCNP Simulations 62
4.3 Design Calculations 63
4.3.1 Collimator Calculations 63
4.3.2 Shielding Calculations 67
4.3.2.1 Fast Neutrons 67
4.3.2.2 Gammas 70
4.4 Collimator Final Designs 70
4.4.1 Design Process 70
4.4.2 Beam Port 1 72
4.4.2.1 Inner Collimator 72
4.4.2.2 Outer Collimator 74
4.4.3 Beam Port 2 75
4.4.3.1 Inner Collimator 75
4.4.4 Aluminum Structural Considerations 77
4.5 External Shielding Design 80
4.5.1 Beam Stop 81
4.5.2 Rail/Lift System 84
4.5.2.1 PBC Linear Components 85
4.5.2.2 Joyce-Dayton Components 87
4.5.2.3 Fabricated Components 90
4.6 Future Work 91
5 Conclusions 93
v
References 95
vi
List of Figures
vii
Figure 3-16: Lead Apertures 41
Figure 3-17: Stress-Strain Curves (Oberg 2012) 42
Figure 3-18: Example of Borated Polyethylene sheet drawing 46
Figure 3-19: Example of Metamic® sheet drawing 47
Figure 3-20: 3-D model of lead sheet 48
Figure 4-1: Rear View of Beam Port 2 (OSURR n.d.) 52
Figure 4-2: Overhead view of Beam Port 2 (OSURR n.d.) 53
Figure 4-3: Beam Port 1 at exit of the port (OSURR n.d.) 54
Figure 4-4: 3-D overhead view of Beam Ports inside the OSURR 55
Figure 4-5: 3-D view of Beam Ports inside the OSURR 56
Figure 4-6: 3-D cut-out of the Shutter Box Assembly in the “Open” (left) and
“Shut” (right) position 57
Figure 4-7: Removal of the Shutter Box Assembly (OSURR n.d.) 57
Figure 4-8: Shutter Box Assembly when removed for maintenance (OSURR n.d.) 58
Figure 4-9: MCNP model of the collimator 60
Figure 4-10: Neutron transmittance through 4” of Bismuth from neutron energies
of .0125 eV – 10 MeV 64
Figure 4-11: Neutron transmittance showing the energy range corresponding to
1/v cross section range (.0125 eV – 1 keV) 65
Figure 4-12: Final neutron flux through Bismuth 66
Figure 4-13: Collimated fast neutron flux 66
Figure 4-14: Example of drawing assembly 71
Figure 4-15: Example of individual drawing used for above assembly 72
Figure 4-16: Inner Collimator, Beam Port 1 73
Figure 4-17: Inner Collimator Aluminum Shell, Beam Port 1 73
Figure 4-18: Outer Collimator 74
Figure 4-19: Inner Collimator Aluminum Shell 75
Figure 4-20: Inner Collimator, Beam Port 2 76
Figure 4-21: Inner Collimator Aluminum Shell, Beam Port 2 76
Figure 4-22: Shield plug handling tool end (OSURR n.d.) 77
Figure 4-23: 3-D model of Aluminum shell cap design for removing the collimator 78
viii
Figure 4-24: Stress and beam load case for Aluminum shell extending into the
reactor pool (Oberg 2012) 79
Figure 4-25: 3-D Model of Beam Stop 82
Figure 4-26: 3-D model of Beam Stop cut-out showing Lead inserted in the back 83
Figure 4-27: Double roller pillow block data from PBC Linear (PBC Linear n.d.) 85
Figure 4-28: 3-D model of PBC linear components with bottom frame 86
Figure 4-29: 3-D model showing the removable section of railing 86
Figure 4-30: Beam Port 2 (Left) Beam Shutter without Lead components, (Right)
3-D model of Beam Shutter with Lead components (Turklogu 2012) 87
Figure 4-31: Typical machine screw jack with a lifting screw (Joyce/Dayton n.d.) 88
Figure 4-32: Machine screw jack with a traveling nut (Joyce/Dayton n.d.) 89
Figure 4-33: 3-D model of Joyce-Dayton Components 90
Figure 4-34: 3-D model of bottom frame (left) and middle frame (right) 91
Figure 4-35: 3-D Model of all components 91
ix
List of Tables
Table 2-1: OSURR Neutron flux data at different areas of the core (OSURR n.d.) 4
Table 2-2: Energy loss values for Hydrogen and Carbon 7
Table 3-1: Carbon nuclide data (NNDC n.d.) 21
Table 3-2: Comparison of the three filter materials and associated densities and
cross sections 30
Table 3-3: Bismuth nuclide data (NNDC n.d.) 31
Table 3-4: Boron nuclide data (NNDC n.d.) 34
Table 3-5: Composition data of Borated Cement vs. Borated Polyethylene
(Shieldwerx n.d.) 37
Table 3-6: Metamic® composition data from Reynolds Metal Company (Holtec
Int. n.d.) 39
Table 3-7: Aluminum nuclide data (Mondolfo 1976) 43
Table 3-8: Thermal Neutron σabs for Several Metals (Tsoulfanidis 2013) 43
Table 3-9: Al-6061 composition with Mg2Si (ASM n.d.) 44
Table 4-1: Collimation ratio 64
Table 4-2: ΣR for Borated Polyethylene 68
Table 4-3: ΣR for Metamic® 68
Table 4-4: ΣR for Lead 68
Table 4-5: Fast neutron HVL for shielding components 69
Table 4-6: Shielding thickness for fast neutrons 69
Table 4-7: Gamma dose due to neutron capture reactions 70
Table 4-8: Summary of material thicknesses, Inner Collimator, Beam Port 1 73
Table 4-9: Summary of material thicknesses, Outer Collimator 74
Table 4-10: Summary of material thicknesses, Inner Collimator, Beam Port 2 76
Table 4-11: Max stress and deflection calculations 80
Table 4-12: Beam Stop estimated weight 84
Table 4-13: Lifting Screw Data 89
Table 4-14: Lifting Screw Performance/Safety Details 89
Table A-1: Drawing Index 99
x
Table D-1: Beam Port 1, Inner Collimator estimated weight 110
Table D-2: Beam Port 2, Inner Collimator estimated weight 110
Table D-3: Outer Collimator estimated weight 111
Table D-4: Rail/Lift system estimated cost excluding fabricated steel pieces 111
xi
1. Introduction
The Ohio State University Research Reactor (OSURR) was completed in 1960 as a pool type
design from Lockheed Nuclear Products. It first went critical in 1961 using highly enriched
uranium solid plate fuel, a natural convection cooling method, and a max power of 10 kW.
Originally used as a training reactor, the purpose of the reactor at present is for research, and is
the only research reactor in the state of Ohio. After going through several improvements since
that time, it is now licensed to operate up to 500 kW by utilizing low enriched uranium solid fuel
plates. The intention of this project is to make additional improvements by upgrading the beam
The research is accomplished with use of several irradiation facilities in the reactor that, at
full power, are capable of being exposed to neutron fluxes in the range of 10 12-1013 n/cm2/s.
These facilities include three dry tubes, two beam ports, a “rabbit” pneumatic system, and a
thermal column. The beam ports are radial to the reactor, carved cylindrically into the biological
shielding of the reactor with a diameter of 6”, and have aluminum extensions passing through the
reactor pool facing the fuel plates of the core. Geometrically, Beam Port 1 is perpendicular to
the reactor core while Beam Port 2 extends from the fuel plates at a 30 degree angle.
Originally, these ports were used to insert research samples for in-core or near core
irradiation. This process would allow a sample to be exposed to the isotropic neutron and
gamma flux of the reactor for a given time and power of reactor operation. This, however,
limited research applications to mainly neutron activation analysis and radiation damage
1
evaluation. In 2012, Beam Port 2 underwent an upgrade that allowed a sample to be exposed to
a thermal neutron flux of ~106 n/cm2/s, 30 mm in diameter, external to the biological shielding of
the reactor. This upgrade expanded the capabilities of the research reactor by moving the
irradiation outside of the biological shielding. Not only did this allow for more research
opportunities such as neutron imaging and neutron depth profiling, but by using a beam of
neutrons, the angle of exposure is able to be included into the sampling process. This upgrade
also required a significant amount of external shielding due to the creation of a neutron beam
outside of the biological shielding. At full power, exposure from the thermal neutron beam,
This project is mainly an upgrade to Beam Port 1, but also includes improvements to the
design of the upgrade for Beam Port 2 in 2012. The upgrade to Beam Port 1 allows a sample to
be exposed to a beam of fast neutrons, 1.25” in diameter, external to the biological shielding of
the reactor. This upgrade also includes external shielding that allows the fast neutron beam
passing through the sample to reduce exposure to personnel around the facility to less than the
radiological limits required by the NRC. The external shielding is designed on rails for
horizontal movement, and a lift system for vertical movement. Lastly, an automation feature is
added to the existing beam port shutter assembly to allow the shutter to be used as additional
The improvements to Beam Port 2 focus mainly on replacing the majority of the components
in the collimator. One reason for this change is to allow more uniformity in design between the
two Beam Port facilities, and so that both are capable for any kind of modulation in the future.
Secondly, this new collimator design improves upon the majority of the existing materials used
in Beam Port 2 to increase the longevity of the collimator over time as it is exposed to high
2
energy gammas and neutrons. The final design of both collimators is similar, with the exception
This project allows the OSURR to have two external neutron beam facilities, one fast and
one thermal, with a uniform fabrication process to allow modulation for any changes in the
future.
3
2. Theory
2.1 Reactor/Source
The OSURR is able to operate at a max power of 500 kW, and from this can produce a
neutron flux in the order of 1012-1013 n/cm2/s in the beam facility area. While neutrons are born
as fast neutrons, the neutron spectrum ranges in energy from thermal energies, < 1eV, up to
several MeV.
Neutrons, however, are not the only high energy particle produced from a fission reactor.
High energy gammas are also created either directly from fission, or from secondary interactions
with neutrons. The fission reaction process produces a neutron and gamma source that is
isotropic in nature. Prompt neutrons comprise more than 99% of the neutrons in these reactions
and are born as fast neutrons with an average energy of 2 MeV (Lamarsh 2001).
Table 2-1: OSURR Neutron flux data at different areas of the core (OSURR n.d.).
Neutro Gamma
Total Percent Thermal epi-Cd 1.0 MeV Eq n Dose Dose in
Neutron Thermal Neutron Neutron Neutron Rate in Si
Facility Flux Flux Flux Flux Si
4
(Ref: ASTM E722-
14)
5
2.1.1 Neutron Interactions/Properties
Being electrically neutral, neutrons are not affected by the negative charge of electrons or
by the positive charge of the nucleus. This key property allows neutrons to pass through the
atomic electron cloud and interact directly with the nucleus. In general, neutron scattering and
absorption with a nucleus are the two primary methods of neutron interaction. These two types
of interactions can occur in different probabilities depending on the neutron energy. The total
neutron cross-section can change over a wide range of energies, and are typically differentiated
between fast and thermal neutrons. This can be seen in Figures 3-8 and 3-12.
Scattering interactions can be classified into two categories: elastic and inelastic. Elastic
scattering is the most prominent type of neutron scattering where a significant amount of energy
is lost. In this type, the neutron strikes a nucleus like a billiard ball, leaving the nucleus in its
ground state. Inelastic scattering is similar, except that the nucleus is left in an excited state after
a collision. Figure 2-2 shows a typical neutron elastic scattering collision with an atom.
6
Where: En = Initial neutron energy
MR = Mass of the nucleus (at rest)
E‟ = Final neutron energy
ER = Final nucleus energy
Using the Conservation of Energy and Momentum Laws, and assuming the initial
collision atom is at rest, an equation can be found for light nuclei that can find the average
Where: ( )
A = Atomic mass
From this, a typical moderator such as Graphite can be chosen to best slow down
neutrons to thermal energies. Some typical values of α of two moderator materials used for this
project are in Table 2-1. The Carbon is utilized in Graphite, and the Hydrogen is an important
shielding element that is in Borated Polyethylene and Cement. More detail about these
materials, their importance, and more specific uses of Hydrogen and Carbon are discussed later.
Hydrogen 1 0 .5*En
Neutron absorption interactions can result in several different outcomes. These are
radiative capture, charged-particle or neutron producing reactions, and fission. One that is
common to most nuclei is radiative capture, in which a nucleus absorbs the neutron and in turn
emits a gamma. Another that occurs in only a few heavy nuclei is fission, in which the nucleus
7
splits in two after absorbing a neutron, releasing a large amount of energy. These two types of
absorption examples are not in themselves of the greatest concern for this upgrade, but rather the
absorption cross section, σabs, itself. Regardless of the outcome, the result of an absorption
interaction is the loss of a neutron and a different particle being emitted. The specifics of the
Gammas, like neutrons, are also electrically neutral, but have different interactions with
matter, and since they have no mass, are able to interact with the electron cloud of atoms through
scattering. The three processes that define how gammas interact with matter are the
Photoelectric Effect, σpe, Pair Production, σpp, and Compton Scattering, σcs. Photoelectric Effect
is when the gamma disappears after it interacts with the entire atom, and occurs with lower
energy gamma rays. In Pair Production, the photon becomes an electron pair, and must occur
with photon energy of at least 1.02 MeV, which is the rest-mass energy of 2 electrons. Lastly,
the Compton Effect, which occurs in the energy range between the other two interactions, is
simply the elastic scattering of a photon with an electron. The total cross-section, σtot, for
gamma interactions are the sum of these three. The probability of each type of interaction is
dependent upon the energy of the incoming gamma ray and has a proportional dependence on the
8
Figure 2-2: Different gamma interactions with respect to the materials Z number and gamma energy (Knoll
2010).
2.2 Shielding
Neutron attenuation is determined by the total macroscopic cross section, Σ t, of the shielding
material which is found from the sum of the absorption and scattering microscopic cross
sections, σabs + σs. The Σt is determined by measuring the intensity of a neutron beam traveling
through the shielding material. The equation for neutron attenuation is the simple exponential
law,
9
(2.3)
Where: Ni = Atomic density of material (cm-3)
x = Thickness of material (cm)
υ(x) = Neutron flux through material of thickness x, (cm-2s-1)
υo = Initial neutron flux
This equation is useful for shielding and radiography calculations. From this, the transmitted
neutron can be calculated to determine amount of shielding necessary for neutrons as well as the
amount of neutrons passing through an object for radiography. This equation is also used in
designing certain aspects of the collimator such as the filter. For fast neutrons, the neutrons are
„removed‟ by scattering to thermal energies and being absorbed. Therefore, in the fast energy
ranges, the total microscopic cross section is referred to as the removal cross section, Σ R.
Similar to neutron shielding, gammas are also shielded by attenuation. When multiplying
the atomic density of the colliding atoms by these cross sections, the result is called the
attenuation coefficients rather than the macroscopic cross-section, and is denoted by the symbol,
μ. Additionally, density plays an important role in attenuating gammas since the denser a
material the closer the atoms are to each other, therefore, the higher the probability of gamma
interactions. This leads to the mass attenuation coefficient, which is the attenuation coefficient,
(2.4)
(2.5)
10
The mass attenuation coefficient can then be used to find gamma attenuation in a specific
medium, which is shown in equation. However, since each individual mass attenuation
coefficient is energy dependent on the incoming gamma, this changes the total mass attenuation
coefficient as a function of gamma ray energy. This means that the colliding material will have a
range of mass attenuation coefficient values over the energy range of the gammas from the
source. An example of the mass attenuation coefficients as a function of gamma ray energy is
(2.7)
Where: I(x) = Gamma intensity through material of thickness x
I0 = Initial Gamma intensity
An additional aspect of gamma shielding is that they do not disappear as a result of the
above interactions, but may produce less energetic x-rays. This leads to the exposure buildup
factor, Bm(μx), for a mono-directional beam, and these values are already calculated for several
materials.
When using the equation for exposure rate, it is also possible to find the gamma exposure
Eo = Energy in MeV
11
= .0297 cm2/g
Figure 2-3: Attenuation coefficients based on energy for NaI (Evans 1955).
2.3 Collimation
Collimators are not just limited to research reactors, and many different designs provide
outputs that do not produce a parallel beam of neutrons from a reactor. In terms of the shape of
the output, collimators can be either convergent, divergent, or in our case parallel. In the medical
12
field, where collimators are more prevalent, a knife-edge type collimator, for example, is used in
a gamma camera for medical diagnosis (Wanno 2009). The knife-edge is a pinhole type of
collimator that can have an aperture diameter of 4-8mm, and creates a slight convergent beam of
photons onto a detector for imaging. The output is based on the design of the aperture
For this facility, the collimation process produces a beam of neutrons with directions that
are within a few degrees of being parallel (Turklogu 2012). This is achieved by allowing the
desired particles moving in the correct direction to travel relatively unimpeded while
simultaneously removing all of the unwanted particles. ASTM E803 defines a collimation ration
of a neutron radiography beam as the distance between the source and the image plane divided
by the diameter of the source. In the simplest of terms, this requires having an adequate
collimation ratio (equation below), which is the ratio of the collimator length to effective
diameter of the aperture (McGillivray n.d.), and absorbing the particles that do not move along
the path of the aperture. By using a collimation process, this isotropic source of neutrons and
gammas from the reactor are able to be shaped into a single beam of fast neutrons.
13
Figure 2-4: General image plane for a source showing the image plane and distance (ASTM E803 1996).
There are several components identified in the paper by MacGillivray, some required and
some not, which are used to achieve the desired output of a collimator. Each component is
comprised of different materials to achieve a different function of the total collimation process,
and the type of material depends on the emergent beam in mind. The first step in the process of
designing a collimator is to identify the desired output of it so that the appropriate materials and
components are formed. Since this projects intention was to make a fast neutron beam using the
reactor as a source of neutrons, a similar approach was to that of the upgrade to Beam Port 2.
Figure 2-5 is the 3-D model of the collimator design for upgrade to Beam Port 2. The design
14
(1) Illuminator, typically a moderator that provides a uniformly intense source of
neutrons.
Figure 2-5: Final Collimator design for the Beam Port 2 upgrade in 2012 (Turklogu 2012).
Since high energy neutrons and gammas are produced in the source, an important aspect
of this collimator is to remove the unwanted gammas without compromising the neutron flux.
The intention of the filter is to entirely remove the gammas with radiative capture while at the
same time allowing neutrons to pass through. This accomplishes two goals; first it reduces the
amount of shielding necessary for gamma exposure at the beam exit, and second, it will create a
sharper image for radiography. Gamma contributions will act as background noise and can
distort the image if not remedied. In neutron imaging, it is not the intensity of the gamma flux
itself, but the neutron to gamma ratio (n/γ) that is important in generating a good image.
15
This ensures that the image will be generated mainly from neutrons without much gamma
contribution.
2.3.1 Illuminator
The Illuminator is used to create a uniformly intense source of neutrons. Since the
neutron flux in a reactor can have a wide range of energy, from thermal energies of <1 eV up to
several MeVs, it is desirable to shorten this energy range to aid in manipulating the neutrons. As
discussed previously, the interaction of a neutron with a compound nucleus is based on the
neutron cross-sections. The value of these cross-sections can vary drastically based on the
energy of the neutron, and at higher energies there are resonances. In Carbon, for example, the
total neutron cross-section can be seen in the figure below. A good illuminator, which is
typically a moderator such as graphite, will not only slow down neutrons out of the resonance
regions, but also reflect thermal neutrons back into the source. In this way, the neutrons coming
16
Figure 2-6: Neutron Cross Sections for Carbon (Lamarsh 2001).
Since the illuminator is a moderator and scatters the neutrons, it needs to be placed as
close to the source as possible. If the illuminator were to be placed downstream of the beam, it
might scatter the beam and defeat the purpose of the aperture. In addition, the illuminator should
have a small clearance so that it does not act as a filter for the neutron flux. Therefore, the
illuminator is the first component upstream of the collimator with a small clearance to allow
particles to pass.
Similar in idea to a filter for other applications, the beam filter removes unwanted
particles. Unlike a filter used for the oil in your car, however, a beam filter can be designed to
remove different particles based on the filter material. Since radiation from the reactor source
17
interacts differently with certain materials, the selection of these materials is imperative to
remove the unwanted particles without removing the particles needed for the beam output.
As stated before, the filter choice is based on the ability to transmit the desired neutrons
while removing the unwanted gammas. This is achieved based on the various cross-sections of
the material. The total cross-section, σtot, is based on the following: (1) σabs, the absorption
cross-section, which is typically linearly dependent on wavelength; (2) σel, the coherent Bragg
crystal grade ; (3) σinc, the incoherent elastic cross section, which is usually small and
independent of wavelength; and (4) σinel, the inelastic cross-section, which is dependent on
neutron wavelength and can be significantly reduced with cooling (Mildner 1993). During the
upgrade to Beam Port 2, the σtot for the chosen material was desired to be low for thermal
neutron energies, and for Beam Port 1, this value is desired to be low for fast neutron energies.
For the collimator in this project, the removal of gammas was desired without removing a
significant amount of fast neutrons. Since the majority of neutrons are born as high energy fast
neutrons, and the beam ports are facing the fuel plates of the core, there is no need to add a filter
to remove these neutrons. During the upgrade to Beam Port 2, it was found that a single filter is
not able to remove both gammas and fast neutrons from the beam path. Because of this, two
Comparing the beam outputs between the two port facilities, it was desired to have
thermal neutrons shape a beam for Beam Port 2. It used a Bismuth filter for the removal of
gammas, and a separate Sapphire filter for the removal of fast neutrons. Using the experience
gained from Beam Port 2, only a Bismuth filter is used for gamma removal in Beam Port 1.
18
2.3.3 Aperture
The Aperture is what defines the pinhole to create the shape of the beam. The pinhole is
the path of the beam, so the aperture guides the neutrons along the pinhole while removing the
particles that get scattered out of this pinhole. In order to remove the unwanted particles, the
aperture needs to be made of different kinds of highly absorbing material. This results in a
layering of different materials throughout the aperture. The reason for the different types of
Since this project required a parallel beam, the pinhole is the same size throughout the
19
3. Materials
Many of the collimator components had to be replaced in Beam Port 2 due to degradation,
which eventually led to the replacement of all of the individual collimator pieces with the
exception of the Sapphire crystals. The Polyethylene used for many of the components in the
Beam Port 2 collimator experienced enough degradation that it was causing problems with the
shaping of the thermal neutron beam. This led to a redesign of Beam Port 2. Since much of this
upgrade was based on the upgrade in 2012, the redesign and use of materials had the same theory
Graphite is typically used as the illuminator, with a thickness ranging from 10-15 cm, and
was initially used as an illuminator in the upgrade to Beam Port 2. The measured thermal
diffusion length of Carbon at 20o C is 59 cm. (Lamarsh 2001), so the fast neutrons are not in
danger of slowing down to thermal energies. However, as the thickness of Graphite increases,
there is an increase in the release of gammas due to thermal neutron capture in Carbon. The two
isotopes that make up Graphite are 12C and 13C, with the following abundance and cross section
data.
20
Table 3-1: Carbon nuclide data (NNDC n.d.).
The thermal neutron capture cross section of Graphite is quite small, even smaller than
1
H with a cross section of .3326 barns. However, with a significant neutron flux, as the length of
the Graphite increases, more neutrons are allowed to slow down to thermal energies, and the
probability of neutron capture increases, thus adding more gammas to the beam. The energy of
the gammas released is not initially important. The more important aspect of the gammas is the
addition to the gamma flux which requires more shielding and distorts the imaging in
radiography. The Graphite thickness must be utilized so that it can perform its duties as an
illuminator without increasing the gamma flux going into the path of the collimator beam.
The upgrade to Beam Port 2 had a Graphite illuminator in the initial design, but was
ultimately removed. For that upgrade, a solid block of Graphite machined to fit inside the angled
end of the collimator tube was used. During the testing of the beam, it was suspected that the
Graphite significantly reduced the thermal neutron flux at the beam exit. After conducting
analysis of the thermal neutron flux at the beam exit using the gold foil activation technique, it
was found that the solid block of Graphite reduced the beam by 38.5% when the reactor was at
90% power. This information was taken into consideration for the current upgrade to Beam Port
1. Rather than using a solid block of Graphite, a clearance slightly larger in diameter than that of
21
Another consideration for this component is the thermal expansion of Graphite. It has
graphite aggregate must be a function of several factors: (1) the thermal expansion of the crystal
lattice, which is markedly anisotropic, and (2) the degree of preferred orientation of the crystals,
which depends on the structure of the original coke particles and on the type of manufacturing
process (Sutton 1962). Graphite expands anisotropically, along one axis, so for design purposes,
the orientation of the piece will determine which axis expands when heated. The heat generated
by the OSURR is not necessarily significant enough to worry about thermal expansion of these
components; however, they will be exposed to a significant neutron flux, especially the Graphite
piece. With that, there is the possibility of Graphite to expand, and it can be manufactured to
expand either axially or radially. The original Graphite piece placed inside Beam Port 2 during
its initial upgrade was still available, but it was not entirely clear how that piece was
manufactured to expand. Because of this, a new graphite piece was made for Beam Port 2
during this project. The new Graphite piece was manufactured to expand axially, and a small
gap is designed in the collimator tube to account for this possible expansion.
Both Beam Port 1 and Beam Port 2 have a brand new Graphite piece designed to expand
in the axial direction in the event of any type of expansion. The Graphite for Beam Port 1 has
the following dimensions: Cylindrical shape with an OD of 5.46”, a length of 5” (12.7 cm), and
a concentric clearance with a diameter of 1.5”. This piece is placed inside the aluminum tube
that will house the entire collimator, and is placed at the end closest to the core.
22
Figure 3-1: Graphite, Beam Port 1.
Beam Port 2 was slightly different since the Graphite piece will be placed against the 30 o
face of the port. It has similar dimensions to the Graphite in Beam Port 1 with the following
exceptions. It has a diagonal cut at a 30o angle making the shortest length 2.25”, and the longest
length 5.114”, and the OD is slightly smaller at 4.96”. Due to difficulties in manufacturing a
way to place an end cap on the aluminum tube at an angle, the Graphite piece is designed for this
purpose. This piece is placed inside its own aluminum shell, hence the smaller OD, screwed in
place, and then this shell is screwed onto the aluminum collimator tube. This design keeps the
23
Graphite end exposed to the core open as opposed to being completely surrounded in an
24
Figure 3-3: 3-D image of Graphite with aluminum case for Beam Port 2.
A significant amount of the experience gained from using Bismuth and Sapphire filters
for the upgrade to Beam Port 2 was used in choosing and manufacturing the Bismuth for this
project. Additionally, a new Bismuth filter was manufactured for Beam Port 2, along with the
During the previous upgrade to Beam Port 2, the selection of materials based on low σtot
for various neutron energies reduced the candidate materials to a select few. These were Quartz
(SiO2), Bismuth, Beryllium, Magnesium Oxide, Silicon and Sapphire (Al2O3). The availability
of large single crystals reduced the candidates to Quartz, Sapphire, and Silicon. Sapphire was
ultimately chosen because of its increased efficiency over that of quartz and silicon as a thermal
neutron filter, even when the latter are cryogenically cooled to 77 K to improve efficiencies
(Nieman 1980). Also, the transmission characteristics of sapphire are not degraded by
irradiation for a number of years within a beam port of a reactor or by the use of poorer grade
sapphire (Mildner 1998). A single crystal Sapphire is rather costly as well, therefore the
25
Figure 3-4: Three single-crystal Sapphires (left) used in the 2012 upgrade to Beam Port 2. Those same
crystals (right) inside a high density Borated Polyethylene holder (Turklogu 2012).
In order to remove gammas, the most important property of a material is the density.
Sapphire, having a density of roughly 3.98 g/cm3, is not the ideal choice for removing these
particles. For normal gamma attenuation, Lead is the best choice with a high density of 11.34
g/cm3. In terms of being used as a filter, Bismuth has a lower neutron-attenuation coefficient
than Lead, with nearly identical gamma attenuation (Macgillivray n.d.). Using eq. 2.7, and the
mass attenuation coefficient for Bismuth at different energies, a comparison of the gamma
attenuation of Bismuth for several thicknesses can be calculated. Figure 3-5 shows this
comparison.
26
Figure 3-5: Gamma Attenuation for different thicknesses of Bismuth.
In practice, the Sapphire crystal has a relatively high scattering cross-section for high
energy neutrons, and a much lower neutron absorption cross section, making it ideal for
removing fast neutrons by scattering interactions. Bismuth can be used as a neutron filter,
however, when selecting the materials during the previous upgrade, it was found that as a
neutron filter it has undesirable high values of σinel due to a high density of low frequency
phonon states. Therefore it was primarily used as a gamma filter to aid in reducing fast neutron
transmission. Additionally, studies have been made for the use of Bismuth as a filter. One such
study was conducted in Cairo, Egypt for the transmission of neutrons, ranging in energy from 10-
4
to 10 eV, incident on polycrystalline and imperfect mono-crystals of Bi (Adib 2003). This
research concluded that a single crystal of Bi with a thickness of 10.16 cm (4”) will generate the
27
preferred neutron to gamma ratio for this energy range. When comparing this energy range to a
larger energy range, it can be seen that the σtot for Bismuth remains relatively steady up to 9
barns (Freund 1983). It is not until it neutrons reach energies around 1 keV where there begins to
be significant resonances (NNDC n.d.). The figures below show the total cross-section data for
Figure 3-6: Bismuth total cross-section for 1 - 600 meV neutron energy ranges (Freund 1983).
28
Figure 3-7: Bismuth total cross-section for 10-3 - 10 eV neutron energy ranges (Adib 2003).
29
Figure 3-8: Total neutron cross section for 209Bi, from .0125 eV – 5 MeV (NNDC n.d.)
Table 3-2: Comparison of the three filter materials and associated densities and cross sections.
Keeping this in mind, the fabrication of the Bismuth was the next step. The previous
upgrade melted Bismuth ingots into a mold and then inserted into a polyethylene holder around
the radial edges. This was done to try to save costs. It was found that this process created slight
30
porosity among the surface of the Bismuth mold. In order to avoid this, the Bismuth was
purchased as a single piece. Another consideration was the holder for the Bismuth. The
previous holder for Bismuth was the aluminum mold that surrounded the radius of the fabricated
piece. A new holder was designed to completely encapsulate the Bismuth because there is a
slight possibility of 238Pu in the Bismuth. After being exposed to a neutron flux, 209Bi undergoes
radiative capture with a neutron. After it captures a neutron it becomes 210Bi, which is an
unstable isotope. This isotope will eventually decay into 238Pu over a long decay chain. 238
Pu
emits a high energy α for 100% of its decays, thus making it a potential radioactive hazard for
handling purposes. Because of this possibility, a new aluminum case was designed for the
Figure 3-9: Poly-crystal Bismuth with molded into an aluminum holder. The piece was slightly machined to
remove impurities that surfaced during the melting phase, however, some porous areas remained (Turklogu
2012).
31
Since the Sapphire crystal was re-used, no new fabrication was required for it, however, a
newly designed case was fabricated. The original Sapphire holder consisted of high density
Borated Polyethylene. This holder was Borated to aid in the removal of neutrons after they are
scattered by the crystal. Since the new collimator design was desired to be able to last longer
without repair, another aluminum case was designed for this filter. The Sapphire crystal was
small enough so that a case could be designed to fill it with Borated Cement. The tradeoffs of
using Borated Cement and Aluminum as opposed to Borated Polyethylene are discussed later.
32
The Bismuth filter for the current upgrade must be able to effectively remove the gamma
content without removing a significant amount of neutrons through scattering and absorption
interactions. Based on the results of Beam Port 2, it was concluded that a similar length Bismuth
filter should be the only filter used in Beam Port 1. The dimensions of the Bismuth are a
33
The final filters being used in Beam Port 2 are both Sapphire and Bismuth, and only a
Bismuth filter for Beam Port 1. Each filter is encapsulated in an aluminum case, and the case for
The purpose of the Aperture is to shape the collimated beam through a length of pinholes,
while absorbing any particles not moving along the path of those pinholes so they are not
scattered back into the beam. Those particles that are required to be absorbed are neutrons, so a
10
strong neutron absorbing material is needed for this. B is a very common material used for
neutron absorption due to its extremely high σabs at thermal neutron energies, and was used for
this upgrade in several configurations. The figure from Knoll shows the σabs of three isotopes
typically used for neutrons. A downside in using 10B is that it emits a relatively high energy
gamma after absorbing a neutron, and in order to reach this high σabs, the neutrons need to slow
In 96% of the 10B-neutron reactions, an excited 7Li atom is created. This atom quickly de-excites
into stability and releases a 482 keV gamma. These gammas need to be accounted for when
34
developing apertures made of 10B. These absorption interactions also occur in the neutron
thermal energy ranges, therefore the neutrons must be moderated, and thus 10B alone is not able
to remove these neutrons. Hydrogen is incorporated with 10B to first slow down the neutrons so
Figure 3-12: σabs of 3He, 6Li, and 10B for a large range of neutron energies (Knoll 2010).
Both Beam Ports had all of the same aperture pieces, which required an entire replacement
to the aperture pieces in Beam Port 2. This was to aid in the modularity and similarity in design
of the Beam Ports. Additionally, each collimator was broken up into two sections, an inner
collimator, on the reactor side, and an outer collimator, on the reactor bay side. Since the Beam
Ports have the same pieces, the differences of the aperture pieces are between the inner and outer
section. These differences are the placement of the aperture pieces between the two collimator
35
sections, as well as the dimensions of the individual pieces. The final layout of the collimators is
One of the first departures from the original design of the collimator in Beam Port 2 is the
use of Borated Cement as an aperture piece. The original design consisted of high density
Borated Polyethylene. The reason this change was made was because of the degradation of the
Borated Polyethylene. Even though the upgrade was completely in 2012, a relatively short
amount of time ago, the Borated Polyethylene is already showing signs of wear from the neutron
exposure. This resulted in the change of the beam profile of Beam Port 2 since the aperture
holes were beginning to change shape from this wear. Therefore, a more durable design was
The downside in using the Borated Cement is the reduction in Hydrogen content, which
could result in the reduction of removing the neutrons from the Beam Path. The figure below
compares the composition of the two materials. The Boron weight percentage is roughly the
same, however, the Hydrogen content is over twice that in the Polyethylene than in the Cement.
In order to justify this replacement, MCNP simulations were run to specifically address this
issue. The results concluded that both materials will produce a similar beam output and no
neutrons will escape the biological shielding. The MCNP simulations will be discussed later.
36
Table 3-5: Composition data of Borated Cement vs. Borated Polyethylene (ShieldWerx n.d.).
An Aluminum shell was used to mold the Borated Cement piece and aid in the durability
and structure of the piece as well. For the inner collimator, the Borated Cement piece has an OD
of 5.46”, a total length of 8”, and a concentric aperture hole of 1.25”. The outer collimator has
an OD of 6.46”, a total length of 10”, and the same concentric aperture hole of 1.25”. The below
figure shows the assembly of the Borated Cement piece for the inner collimator. The Borated
Cement piece for the outer collimator is assembled in the exact same way. This piece is the first
aperture piece after the filter, and the first piece in the aperture pattern for the different layers.
37
Figure 3-13: Borated Cement piece for Inner Collimator.
Metamic® is the material used in the upgrade to Beam Port 2, and was found to be a very
good material for absorbing neutrons as well as gammas. This material was initially developed
by the Reynolds Metal Company as a neutron poison in nuclear fuel racks, and is now used as
neutron shielding for different types of fuel storage. It is fabricated by Orrvilon, Inc., in Orrville,
OH. which makes this is a good economical material due to the proximity of the fabricator to the
OSURR and there is a pre-existing relationship with this company from previous projects.
38
Metamic® is a fully-dense, discontinuously-reinforced, metal matrix composite material.
It consists of high-purity Type 6061 aluminum (Al -6061) alloy matrix reinforced with Type 1
ASTM C-750 isotopically-graded boron carbide (B4C). The below figure is a data sheet for
different compositions of Metamic®. The composition that was acquired from Orrvilon, Inc.
Table 3-6: Metamic® composition data from Reynolds Metal Company. This shows the relationships between
the 6061 aluminum matrix and the B4C reinforcement for different B4C contents, as well as the resulting
densities of the composite materials (Holtec Int. n.d.).
Composite density
Wt. %B4C Wt. %Al-6061 Vol. %B4C
(g/cm3)
4.68 95.32 5 2.691
9.4 90.60 10 2.682
14.14 85.86 15 2.673
18.92 81.08 20 2.664
23.73 76.27 25 2.655
The Metamic® helps in absorbing the epithermal neutrons that escape the Borated
Cement and Graphite pieces. Since this material will not readily slow down the neutrons, these
pieces are placed after the moderator materials. The aluminum will also be able to remove a few
gammas since due to its relatively higher density. The shapes of these pieces are ¼” thick disks,
with 1.25” concentric aperture holes. The inner collimator has an OD of 5.46”, and the outer
39
Figure 3-14: Metamic® Apertures.
3.1.3.3 Lead
The main purpose of the Lead is to remove the gammas from the 10B(n,α)7Li interaction.
For this reason, it is placed downstream of any Borated materials. Its high density of 11.34
g/cm3 makes it a suitable material for gamma attenuation. These pieces are manufactured from a
company called Pure Lead. They are also discs, 1” thick, and each piece also has a 1.25”
concentric aperture hole. The inner collimator has an OD of 5.46”, and the outer collimator has
an OD of 6.46”.
40
Figure 3-15: Attenuation coefficients for Lead. (Lamarsh 2001).
41
3.1.4 Aluminum 6061 as Structural Material
Aluminum is a preferred choice to house the collimator pieces due to its relative strength,
resistance to corrosion, low neutron absorption cross section, and abundance. It is not the
leading candidate in all of these categories individually, but when taken together, it is the better
choice. In terms of strength, compared to steel, aluminum is not nearly as strong. When
evaluating material strength properties, stress-strain curves are often used, and steel alloys can
have strength properties as much as ten times higher than that of aluminum alloys. However,
Steel has two undesirable properties that make Aluminum a better choice, corrosion and neutron
activation.
For this project, corrosion resistance is not a high priority, but to enable a durable long-
lasting structure, corrosion is taken into account. The Iron in Steel can cause rust in wet
environment in the beam ports, as well the reactor bay itself, is dry, so it is unlikely to stimulate
significant corrosion. However, it is preferable to have corrosion resistant materials inside the
beam port to minimize replacing any components due to corrosion that are exposed to a neutron
42
flux. Most metals will become activated with this kind of neutron flux, so replacing anything
Aluminum will still become activated when exposed to a neutron flux, but when
compared to Steel, the activation is much less. Table 3-8 shows a comparison of several
materials with their absorption cross sections at thermal energies. The σabs for aluminum at
higher neutron energies can reach values of .6-.7 barns, and in the neutron energy range of 50-
200 KeV, can reach individual resonances of up to 10-15 barns. A typical activation reaction
27
Al will also emit a gamma after becoming 28Al, and 28Al is unstable and undergoes β-decay
every time.
Table 3-8: Thermal Neutron σabs for Several Metals (Tsoulfanidis 2013).
43
Pure Aluminum is not used for this upgrade, but the Aluminum 6061 alloy is instead. Al-
6061 is a Magnesium-Silicide alloy that is composed of a slight mixture of Mg2Si. The weight
percentage for Al-6061 is shown in Table 3-9. The benefits of this is that it is stronger than pure
Aluminum, and magnesium bearing alloys are the only type of alloys that have a lower neutron
σabs than the pure metal. There are stronger Aluminum alloys, but most other alloys contain
metals that increase the neutron σabs, and those with Copper increase this by 50%. Al-6061 is a
The Aluminum pieces were used as cases for two filters, the Borated Cement apertures,
and the Graphite piece for Beam Port 2, and are shown in Figures 3-3, 3-10, 3-11, and 3-14.
Aluminum was also used to house all of the collimator pieces for each Beam Port. Since each
Beam Port was separated into an inner and outer collimator, each port had two separate
aluminum shells to house the collimators. The outer collimator for each Beam Port was the
exact same since it was downstream of the Shutter Assembly Box, which had the same
44
3.2 Beam Stop Shielding Materials
The main purpose of the Beam Stop is to shield the high energy neutron and gamma
particles exiting the Beam Port from outside the experiment area. Since the aperture pieces have
a similar goal in removing the unwanted particles, similar material is used. The basis of these
materials and design are the same as what was used for Beam Port 2. However, since this
upgrade was for the creation of a fast neutron beam, more external shielding was required. In
order to completely remove the neutrons, they must be absorbed, and the most likely energy
ranges of neutron absorption are thermal energies. Therefore, more shielding is required to slow
down the incoming high energy neutrons so that they can be absorbed.
The Borated Polyethylene is the main source of neutron removal. Referring back to Fig.
in section 3.1.3.1, which shows the material composition of the high density Borated
Polyethylene, this material has high hydrogen content. It is the least dense of the materials being
used, so the gamma attenuation will not be as significant, but the high hydrogen content is
desired for moderating the fast neutrons. This material is implemented in 1” thick rectangular
45
Figure 3-18: Example of Borated Polyethylene sheet drawing.
3.2.2 Metamic®
Metamic® is used for the same purpose as the apertures. It also serves as a transition
between the Borated Polyethylene and the Lead. These are also used as rectangular sheets, with
a ¼” thickness. These sheets surround the Polyethylene sheets, and have several different
46
Figure 3-19: Example of Metamic® sheet drawing.
3.2.3 Lead
The high density of lead makes it a good gamma attenuator. Lead sheets will capture all
of the gammas that are produced in the neutron interactions as well as any potential gammas
passing through the rest of the shielding material. These are 1” thick rectangular sheets, like the
Poly, and have several configurations as well. These surround the Metamic® sheets and are
placed at the outer edges of the Beam Stop. Similar to the other sheet materials, they have a
height of 30”.
47
Figure 3-20: 3-D model of lead sheet.
48
4. Design
The design for this upgrade used much of the experience and knowledge from the
previous upgrade to Beam Port 2 and formed additional goals for improvement. These criteria
for the upgrade, apart from shaping the fast neutron beam, are; a more robust structure, similarity
between the two Beam Ports, a review process for the design, modularity for each collimator,
The robust design is desired so that the components do not need to be replaced as often
since they will be exposed to a neutron flux and become activated. The degradation of the
polyethylene caused concern since these pieces were in need of being changed out after only five
years. Using stronger materials led to a few shielding tradeoffs, such as less moderation of the
neutrons, but in the end the stronger construction was of more value.
The similarity helps to reduce cost for fabrication and aids in any possible future changes.
Constructing similar pieces for each collimator allowed a simpler process for reviewing the
design as well. The retention of the ideas and drawings for the entire process was emphasized so
that the construction of this upgrade could be well documented for personnel in the future. The
documentation included drawings that were created for each component of the upgrade. These
drawings were reviewed and used to fabricate the pieces. The similarity between the collimators
allowed fewer drawings between each Beam Port. For example, the outer collimator for each
port was the exact same, so only one set of drawings was needed for both outer collimators. In
49
terms of fabricating, this allowed the manufacturer to produce the same component twice as
The modularity allows flexibility for future designs. The first upgrade intended to create
a vacuum inside by sealing off the collimator portion. This would produce a better beam output
since the neutrons would have no chance to collide with the air molecules. In order to
accomplish this, the aluminum shell had to be welded together and permanently install the
collimator pieces. However, since the pieces were permanently installed, no changes could be
made, including replacement of parts in disrepair. This was another tradeoff which resulted in an
unsealed aluminum shell, with the ends bolted together as opposed to being welded.
The use of the existing structure resulted in an overall shorter collimator, but better
shielding. The existing structure is discussed in section 4.1. The existing structure of the Shutter
Box Assembly caused the collimator to be divided into two sections as opposed to a single
The design of the current upgrade compared to the previous one resulted in a few
engineering tradeoffs that needed to be addressed. These were verified using either MCNP
50
4.1 Existing Structure
The Beam Port 2 Facility was a successful addition to the OSURR. The area external to
the beam is able to shield the thermal neutrons and gammas to the outside of the experimentation
set-up. In order to do this, the facility had an extensive amount of shielding installed. A separate
Beam Shutter was designed that could be raised and lowered to turn the beam on and off, and a
Beam Stop downstream of the sample area was created to stop the beam itself. The area was
51
Figure 4-1: Rear View of Beam Port 2 (OSURR n.d.).
52
Figure 4-2: Overhead view of Beam Port 2 (OSURR n.d.).
The upgrade to Beam Port 1, as well as the modifications to the Beam Port 2 collimator, are
designed with the existing structure and surrounding components in mind. The existing structure
includes not only the geometric dimensions of the Beam Ports in the shielding, but a shutter
assembly installed into each port, as well as everything in the reactor bay area that is in the
immediate vicinity of the port openings. The importance of keeping these things in mind for the
design is to utilize the existing components already used to aid in shielding, such as the shutter
53
assembly, as well as ensure a safe working environment where the beam exits. The existing
The Beam Ports themselves extend radially from the fuel plates of the core, parallel to the
ground. The circular ports are carved through the biological shielding, and on the reactor side of
this shielding, aluminum cylindrical shells, bolted onto the concrete, extend the ports into the
reactor pool almost directly next to the fuel plates. This allows the reactor side of the ports to be
54
exposed to a higher flux from the core. As mentioned before, Beam Port 1 extends perpendicular
to the fuel plates, while Beam Port 2 extends out from the reactor at a 30 degree angle to Beam
Port 1. The Figures shows an overhead view and 3-D representation of this configuration. The
approximate length of Beam Port 1, from measurements taken in 2006, is 80.75”, and the length
of Beam Port 2 is 85.25”. The diameter of the ports carved into the cement is 6”.
Figure 4-4: 3-D overhead view of Beam Ports inside the OSURR.
55
Figure 4-5: 3-D view of Beam Ports inside the OSURR.
These lengths, however, are broken up into two sections due to the installation of a beam
shutter assembly in each port. The beam shutter assemblies are boxes, 18” high x 12” wide x
36” long, designed from Lockheed Martin, for additional layers of shielding. The Figures show
the Shutter Box when it was removed from the biological shielding. The assemblies are
installed in the biological shielding on the bay side, and have their own circular ports that align
with the ports carved into the cement. The additional shielding comes in the form of a shutter
and radial transition. The shutter is a cylinder, filled with lead shot, and has a 6” diameter hole
that can be rotated into an open or shut position. The transition is downstream of the shutter, and
increases the diameter of the port from 6” to 7”. The purpose of this is to prevent any radiation
leaking along the radial edges of the port when cement plugs, or in these case apertures, of the
56
Figure 4-6: 3-D cut-out of the Shutter Box Assembly in the “Open” (left) and “Shut” (right) position.
57
Figure 4-8: Shutter Box Assembly when removed for maintenance (OSURR n.d.)
58
With the inclusion of the shutter and transition, which requires the collimator to be split
into two different sections, each collimator section has different diameters in order to incorporate
the original design of the shutter box assembly. For Beam Port 1, the distances on the reactor
side of the shutter, from the aluminum extension into the reactor pool to the shutter itself is
44.75”. Beam Port 2 is slightly different since the aluminum extension is not perpendicular to
the rest of the port, but has the end attached at a 30 degree angle to the vertical axis. This makes
Beam Port 2 longer overall, but the distance from the shutter to the aluminum extension that is
not at an angle is only 42.75” long. Both ports have diameters of 6” on the reactor side of the
shutter. The bay side of the shutter is the same for both Beam Ports since this is the location of
the shutter box assembly, and these are the same for both ports. The distance from the diameter
The reactor bay at the exit of Beam Port 1 has several structures that add constraints to the
external shielding design. The major concern for any additional structure for the Beam Port 1
upgrade is limited space. Beam Port 2 has an external beam shutter as well as a beam stop
directly in front. Between these two structures is the area set up for experimentation, and
surrounding all of this is additional shielding in the form of concrete blocks. This limits the
space to the left of Beam Port 1. Another space limitation is the sub-critical assembly storage
area. This is against the wall across from Beam Port 1. The Figures in these sections show a
clearer representation of these space limitations. To prevent tripping hazards for egress through
the area, this limits the length of the rails that can be used. In order to use the length of rail that
59
4.2 MCNP Simulations
MCNP was used in verifying different shapes and materials that were to be used in not
only shaping the fast neutron beam, but also ensuring adequate shielding was being used to stop
the beam outside of the experiment area. Since the various simulations were not the work of this
author, the exact results will not be discussed, but instead an overview of the set-up and
conclusions. However, the final collimator design was created in MCNP in order to give a
60
The MCNP simulations had several designs each for the Collimator and for the Beam
Stop. For the Collimator, these included designs for different size apertures, Borated Cement vs.
Polyethylene, and the use of the shutter in the shutter box assembly. The different designs for
the Beam Stop were the use of Borated Cement vice Polyethylene again, and different sizes
In addition to the different designs, both gammas and neutrons at different energies were
simulated. The neutrons were used to find an effective aperture size and adequate Beam Stop
shielding. The gamma particles were used to verify the filter thickness, as well as shielding for
the Beam Stop. For neutrons, the energy ranged from thermal energies up to 3 MeV, and for
The original upgrade to Beam Port 2 was able to create a thermal neutron beam using an
aperture size of 30 mm (≈1.18”). For this current upgrade, we wanted a larger diameter beam,
and ran MCNP simulations for larger diameter apertures. These were in the range of 30mm up
to 1.5” (38.1mm). In the end, the 1.5” diameter aperture had too much scattering at the beam
exit, so an aperture diameter of 1.25” (31.75mm) was established. This gave a slightly larger
diameter beam, and limiting the scattering neutrons moving non-parallel to the beam.
Another feature that was compromised in the original upgrade to Beam Port 2 was the
use of the Shutter Box Assembly. Since the collimator tube originally extended through the
Shutter Box Assembly, the Shutter, which aids in shielding when the port is not in operation, was
unable to be used. The reason for this extension was to increase the length of the aperture in
order to increase the collimation ratio. At the same time, this tradeoff removes designed
61
shielding, which may be needed. One MCNP variation determined the effectiveness of the
Shutter by simulating a collimator with and without it. This concluded that separating the
collimator into two pieces will not drastically affect the beam as previously feared, while still
The last design parameter tested for the collimator is the use of Borated Cement. As
mentioned previously, the use of Borated Cement has pros and cons when replacing the Borated
Polyethylene. The tradeoff of using the cement was determined by MCNP simulations.
Similar to the Collimator, the use of Borated Cement was attempted for the Beam Stop.
Since the Hydrogen content of the cement is significantly reduced, the attenuation of neutrons
was also reduced. The simulation verified that the cement is not an adequate substitute for
The first design of the collimator was much smaller than the current one in order to try to
utilize the space in the bay immediately outside the ports. Originally, a smaller area was going
to be used for the Beam Stop due to the sub-critical assembly storage unit. After several
conservative MCNP simulations, this area would not be adequate to build the correct size Beam
Stop to stop the fast neutrons and gamma energies. Because of this, the design of the Beam Stop
and rail system was much larger than anticipated, and required to be built after the sub-critical
62
4.3 Design Calculations
The collimation ratio, eq. 2.11, can be used to provide several key equations in the design
of a collimator. The calculation of this ratio for Beam Port 1 is based on physical measurements.
A more accurate technique is based upon analysis of a neutron radiographic image using ASTM
E803. Since the facility has not been set-up for radiography, imaging cannot be analyzed to
determine the L/D ratio with this method. The physical measurements used the length of the
collimator starting at the beginning of the apertures, and assumed the image plane would extend
The first of these equations uses the collimation ratio to calculate the “neutron flux at the
be found by using equations 2.2 and 2.3. For Bismuth, the cross-sections for 209Bi are used since
this isotope is 100% abundant in Bismuth. The atomic density of Bismuth, N209-Bi, is found from
the following:
63
Using data from the OSURR of the neutron flux at Beam Port 1, Figure 2-1, the total neutron
flux is 4.2 e12 n/cm2/s. Since 46% are fast neutrons, the total fast neutron flux is 1.932 e12
n/cm2/s. Since Bismuth has many large resonances, for a thickness of 4” (10.16 cm), the
transmittance value is plotted using the ENDF/B-VII.1 library from the National Nuclear Data
Figure 4-10: Neutron transmittance through 4” of Bismuth from neutron energies of .0125 eV – 10 MeV.
64
Figure 4-11: Neutron transmittance showing the energy range corresponding to 1/v cross section range (.0125
eV – 1 keV).
In order to simplify the amount of flux transmitted through the Bismuth, an assumption was
made about the energy of the neutrons. The assumption is that the Graphite illuminator will
reduce the neutrons into the 1/v energy range so that the flux avoids the resonances. Once the
flux of the transmitted neutrons is found, equation 4.1 can be used to find the estimated neutron
65
Figure 4-12: Final neutron flux through Bismuth.
66
4.3.2 Shielding Calculations
The first step used in shielding was to find out the desired maximum dose rate
corresponding to the final neutron fast flux. In order to maintain the federally regulated limits, a
maximum fast-neutron dose rate of .01 mSv/hr (1 mrem/hr) was chosen, and using the data from
Table 9.5 from Cember, the fast neutron flux corresponding to this dose rate is 3.7 n/cm -2-s-1.
With the final fast neutron flux known, and using the collimated fast neutron flux, the
number of Half-Value Thicknesses (HVL) can be calculated. This is the number of thicknesses
that will reduce the initial flux by half. This is related to the attenuation equations in section 2 by
HVL: (4.3)
ΣR for the shielding components is not just a single isotope, but a mixture of several
materials. In order to find ΣR for the shielding material, the following equation was used.
Table 4-2 through 4-4 shows the calculated ΣR for 5% Borated Polyethylene, Lead, and
Metamic®. The weight fractions for each element were used from the data sheet for the given
67
material. Borated Polyethylene weight fractions were found from ShieldWerx, and Metamic ®
Table 4-3: ΣR for Metamic® (90.6% Al-6061, 9.4% B4C); ρ = 2.682 g/cm3).
Weight Weight
ΣR/ρ Total Weight wi ΣR (cm-
Element Fraction in Fraction in
(cm2/g) Fraction (g/cm3) 1
)
6061 Al B4C
B .0575 0 .772 .0726 .1947 .0112
C .0502 0 .215 .0202 .0542 .0027
8.046e- 1.838e-
Ca .0243 0 .003 .0003
4 5
Al .0293 .976 0 .8843 2.3717 .0695
Mg .0333 .012 0 .0109 .0292 .001
Si .0295 .008 .005 .0077 .0207 .006
Fe .0214 .0015 .005 .0018 .0048 1.05e-4
Zn .0183 .0025 0 .0023 .0062 1.11e-4
Total .0852
68
Table 4-5: Fast neutron HVL for shielding components.
In order to find the shielding thickness (n*HVL), the build-up factor for neutrons was
added, as well as the inverse square law as distance increases from the source. The equation for
the fast-neutron flux passing through a material of thickness n*HVL becomes (Cember):
(4.6)
Assuming that the majority of the neutrons will be attenuated in the Borated
Polyethylene, only the HVL for this shielding material will be used. Second, the collimated flux
20 cm thick will have a dose-buildup factor of approximately 5. Solving equation 4.6 for n will
give the number of HVL, which can then be found to find the amount of shielding thickness
69
4.3.2.2 Gammas
The biggest concern for gammas in this shielding is the gammas resulting from the
absorption reactions. Assuming all of these gamma rays are absorbed by 10B, and, as previously
stated, 10B emits a 472 keV gamma in 96% of its absorptions. Therefore 96% of the collimated
neutron flux is used as the gamma flux, and assuming all of it is absorbed in 23” (58.42 cm) of
Borated Polyethylene. For a conservative estimate, the total flux will be calculated at the end of
the 23” of Borated Polyethylene, and equations 2.9 and 2.10 will be used to find the exposure
after traveling through 4” (10.16 cm) of Lead. The exposure is expressed in Roentgen (R), and 1
R is equivalent to .877 rad in air. The dose-buildup factor for a 472 keV gamma ray is again
found in Cember. For dose, the Radiation Weighting Factor (wR) is used to convert rads to rem,
(μa/ρ)air
μPb @ Exposure, Exposure,
γ-flux Relaxation @ 472 Dose
472 keV B(μx) unshielded shielded
(cm-2s-1) Lengths, μx keV (mrem/hr)
(cm-1) (mR/hr) (mR/hr)
(cm2/g)
16.706
1.92e7 1.6443 .0297 ≈1.2 17737.2 1.182 e-3 1.35 e-3
(≈17)
A review and retention process was used for this work. Drawings were created for each
part, and many records were retained such as e-mails and meeting notes. On top of that, an
70
online drive, which every collaborator had access to, was used to upload all of the relevant files
Each part required a drawing which was used for review. The simpler parts were just a
single drawing, while the assemblies, such as the aluminum shells, required several drawings.
Once the drawings were reviewed they were used to fabricate the piece from the fabrication
company.
Nearly every single document, from the drawings above, to digital correspondence, was
retained. This was to aid in any future design modifications. The majority of these files were
also centrally located on a secure drive online. The intention was to allow anyone looking into
this project in the future be able to fully and easily understand the choices made for the project.
71
Figure 4-15: Example of individual drawing used for above assembly.
The final design of the Inner Collimator for Beam Port 1 consists of the illuminator,
Bismuth filter, and the aperture layers, encased in an aluminum shell. The total length of the
collimator, including the aluminum shell, is 42.25”, with an OD of 5.92”. The length of the
collimator assembly inside the aluminum shell is 40.75”. The OD for the collimator pieces were
72
Figure 4-16: Inner Collimator, Beam Port 1.
Figure 4-17: Inner Collimator Aluminum Shell, Beam Port 1. The last two pictures show the insertion of the
collimator pieces into the shell.
73
4.4.2.2 Outer Collimator
The Outer Collimator is the same for both Beam Ports. It only consists of aperture
pieces. The total length is 16”, with an OD of 6.92”. The length of the aperture assembly inside
74
Figure 4-19: Inner Collimator Aluminum Shell, the last two pictures show the insertion of the collimator
pieces into the shell.
The Inner Collimator for Beam Port 2 consists of a Graphite illuminator cut at a 30 o
angle, a Bismuth and Sapphire filter, and the aperture layers encased in an aluminum shell. Since
the reactor end of Beam Port 2 was at a 30o angle, the dimensions have a short and long end.
The OD was 5.92” for the entire assembly, including the aluminum shell, and the lengths for
Beam Port 2 is 42.125” on the short end, and 45.54” on the long end. The collimator itself has
75
Figure 4-20: Inner Collimator, Beam Port 2.
Figure 4-21: Inner Collimator Aluminum Shell, Beam Port 2. The last two pictures show the insertion of the
collimator pieces into the shell.
76
4.4.4 Aluminum Structural Considerations
Additional considerations were made for the structure of the collimator pieces. This
included strength and weight calculations, as well as configuring the design to be screwed
together.
The ability to remove the collimators from the ports was imperative in order to
accomplish the design features set out in this project. The facility currently uses cement plugs as
shielding inside the port when not in use, and has the ability to remove them with a special tool.
With the dimensions of this tool in mind, a cap was specifically designed with a removal hole to
77
Figure 4-23: 3-D model of Aluminum shell cap design for removing the collimator.
Since there is a 12” long Aluminum extension into the reactor pool at each end of the
ports, stress calculations were made to ensure no significant amount of force was applied to this
extension. The reason for this was the concern that inserting a heavy Graphite and Bismuth
piece into the end of the collimator could cause enough bend and shear off the Aluminum,
causing the reactor pool water to flood into the reactor bay. This is why the original upgrade had
a spacer between the first collimator component and the end of the aluminum shell. To
counteract this possibility, stress calculations were made assuming the aluminum shell for the
collimator must support the entire load of the Graphite and Bismuth pieces without significant
bending. Using the Machinery‟s Handbook, Ch. 12 discusses the various types of cases for
stresses and deflections in Beams. The basic equations for the volume, mass, and force were as
follows:
Volume (V):
78
Mass (m):
Force (F): F = mg
Where: R = Radius
L = Length
ρ = Density
g = acceleration due to gravity
Figure 4-24: Stress and beam load case for Aluminum shell extending into the reactor pool (Oberg 2012).
( )
Moment of Inertia (I):
and additional torsion. For that, the following equations were used:
79
Twisting Moment (T):
( )
Torsion/Shear Stress (τ): ( )
The Yield Stress for Al-6061 is 40,000 psi, and the Ultimate Stress is 45,000 psi. The results of
⅛” thick ¼” thick
The external shielding is comprised of the Borated Polyethylene, Metamic ®, and Lead
sheets in a block configuration, called the Beam Stop, mounted on a mechanical system that
allows the it to move horizontally and vertically. The mobility of the shielding ultimately aids in
maintaining access to the ports while also shielding the high energy particles from outside of the
80
experimentation area. When the Beam Port 1 facility is not in use for experimentation, the Beam
Stop rests directly against the concrete biological shielding at the opening of the port. Horizontal
motion allows the Beam Stop to be moved away from this wall to allow an experimentation area
to be set-up.
The normal orientation of the Beam Stop is for the front face to be perpendicular and
centered with the incoming fast neutron beam. While this shields all of the radiation, it limits
access to the Beam Port. The vertical movement allows the top of the Beam Stop to become
level with the bottom of the port hole. This allows access to the Beam Port without completely
removing the shielding to allow any possible future changes to the collimator, or to remove it if
need be.
The Beam Stop is oriented like a box with materials used in the form of sheets. The
majority of these sheets are the 1” thick Borated Polyethylene, of which there are a total of 29. 3
¼” thick Metamic® sheets surround these Borated Poly sheets, two on the side and one in the
back, and 3 1” thick Lead sheets are placed against the Metamic®. The dimensions of the Beam
81
Figure 4-25: 3-D Model of Beam Stop.
The first 3 sheets of the Borated Polyethylene have 4” diameter holes drilled into them.
These holes are aligned with the fast neutron beam, and the purpose is to capture the back
scattered radiation after it comes into contact with the shielding. At the back end of the Beam
Stop are few lead square blocks inserted into the last 3 Borated Polyethylene sheets. These are
1” thick, and are 8” by 8”. They are in-line with the fast neutron beam as well. During the
MCNP modeling, the Borated Polyethylene was not able to attenuate gammas at several energies
that are coming from the reactor via the beam. Therefore, extra lead shielding was placed at
82
back of the Beam Stop to capture these. The Lead was made into the square disks at the back
end instead of completely replacing the Borated Polyethylene sheets to; a.) minimize the weight
of the Beam Stop, and b.) maximize the use of Borated Polyethylene shielding that can capture
Figure 4-26: 3-D model of Beam Stop cut-out showing Lead inserted in the back.
83
A significant amount of shielding was needed for fast neutrons, which lead to a much
bigger Beam Stop than anticipated. The total weight of this Beam Stop was estimated using the
volume, number of sheets, and the density of the sheet material. These values are compiled in
Table 4-6. The total weight includes the additional square Lead disks at the back. Lead
contributes a significant amount of the weight, which caused changes to some of the initial
designs. The MCNP simulations allowed the determination of an adequate thickness of Lead to
An additional hole is created for the use of the lifting mechanism, and is discussed in the
next section.
Table 4-12: Beam Stop estimated weight (weight values are rounded).
The mechanical system was designed in order to move the Beam Stop horizontally and
vertically. Since the Beam Stop for this upgrade was also significantly heavier than the Beam
Stop for Beam Port 2, the mobile system was much different as well.
84
4.5.2.1 PBC Linear Components
The horizontal motion is accomplished via a roller pillow block linear bearing rail system
from PBC Linear. The roller pillow blocks are ideal for heavy loads, and a 1-1/2” diameter
shafting has the preferred load rating for the weight of this Beam Stop. Additional shafting and
bearing components from PBC Linear were used as a guide system to raise and lower the Beam
Stop.
The rails were also separated into two 3‟ sections. The first section, closest to the beam,
is permanently installed. The back section will be removed when the Beam Port facility is not in
Figure 4-27: Double roller pillow block data from PBC Linear (PBC Linear n.d.).
85
Figure 4-28: 3-D model of PBC linear components with bottom frame.
86
4.5.2.2 Joyce-Dayton Components
The vertical motion required a component rated to lift at least 1 ton, but also maintain the
lifted position in the event of any kind of electrical failure. The lift also needed to have
relatively small dimensions due to the space limitations. The 2012 upgrade used a lifting
column, which is hydraulic, for the Beam Shutter. This lifting column had weight limitations
permanent shielding in the form of HDPE, BPE, and concrete blocks. The permanent shielding
required a larger area in order to be effective, and therefore a similar lifting column could not be
used for the current upgrade. For these reasons, a mechanical lift was chosen in the form of a
Figure 4-30: Beam Port 2 (Left) Beam Shutter without Lead components, (Right) 3-D model of Beam Shutter
with Lead components (Turkoglu 2012).
87
A 3-ton machine screw jack, keyed for a traveling nut, allows for a 15” rise of the load.
A 120 VAC motor is attached directly to one side of the gear box, and a limit switch is attached
to the other.
A keyed for traveling nut jack (sometimes referred to as a rotating screw jack) features a
lifting screw keyed to the worm gear as a single unit, forcing the lifting screws to rotate, but not
translate. A flanged traveling nut, attached to the load, is driven by the rotation of the lifting
Figure 4-31: Typical machine screw jack with a lifting screw (Joyce/Dayton n.d.).
88
Figure 4-32: Machine screw jack with a traveling nut (Joyce/Dayton 2012).
The rotating screw jack remains vertical. Therefore, a hole was cut out of the Back Stop
to allow the screw to pass through. The length of the screw is low enough to not come into
direct contact of the incoming fast neutron beam, but high enough to ensure there is enough
travel for the Beam Stop to completely raise and lower. The following Table and Figures show
89
Figure 4-33: 3-D model of Joyce-Dayton Components: (1) Motor, (2) Traveling nut lift screw, and (3) Limit
switch
installed individually. The fabricated portion comprised of a bottom frame and middle frame.
Both are made from stainless steel for both structural support and to minimize corrosion. The
other parts were for the actual movement of the system. A geared rack and pinion system was
designed, similar to the system for moving the shielding of the thermal column, to aid in moving
90
Figure 4-34: 3-D model of bottom frame (left) and middle frame (right).
Figure 4-35: 3-D Model of all components without (left) and with (right) the Beam Stop.
Apart from these components, several other pieces of equipment are under consideration
One important future addition is the replacement of the Shutter Box Assembly. As
discussed previously, the Shutter Box Assembly is operated by the use of a hand wheel, located
between the two Beam Port facilities. This can be seen in Figures 4-7 and 4-8. In order to have
91
adequate room for safe operation, the hand wheel must be removed. This will be accomplished
by fabricating a completely new, automated shutter system, based on the original Lockheed-
Martin drawing. This will allow a controller to be placed a safe distance from the operation of
Several other additional upgrades include: permanent radiation detectors that will
surround the Beam Port exit and critical exposure areas; portable experimentation area that is
simple to set-up and use; and a fast neutron imaging camera for radiography. These will be
beneficial to the safety and ease of operation for any future experiments.
92
5. Conclusions
The progress of this work includes the design of Collimators for both Beam Port
facilities, and a Beam Stop for Beam Port 1. The proposed upgrade will not only allow the
OSURR to have a fast neutron beam external to the biological shielding of the reactor, but will
also maintain the neutron and gamma dose rates well within the radiological limits required by
the NRC.
This does not include the construction and characterization of the fast neutron beam,
which will be needed to verify the design. Several different iterations were discussed before
these designs were finalized. The upgrade to Beam Port 2 in 2012 was an excellent basis for the
This upgrade improved upon the design of the Beam Port 2 facility by using the same
theoretical concepts. Similar components were used for the collimator, such as an illuminator,
filter, and aperture, but using different materials and configurations. The new materials aided in
a collimator that will be able to last longer. Additionally, alterations in the design changed some
goals of the facilities. A few examples are the removal of a sealed collimator for the original
upgrade in favor of a collimator shell that can be easily unassembled to change the pieces inside,
and dividing the collimator into two pieces to make use of the Shutter Box Assembly.
After characterizing the thermal beam in Beam Port 2, it was found that a solid Graphite
illuminator was more of a hindrance to the collimated beam. It cannot be determined how
93
helpful a new Graphite illuminator, this time with a clearance hole, will be until experimental
testing similar to the previous upgrade is accomplished. It is also difficult to determine if the
The design process was rather thorough so that future work, after the upgrade is
complete, can be accomplished easier. This included things such as record retention, an on-line
file drive, and drawings for part fabrication. The drawings were used to fabricate the parts, but
The original upgrade to Beam Port 2 created a thermal neutron beam, outside of the
biological shielding of the OSURR, allowing additional research capabilities such as thermal
neutron imaging and neutron depth profiling (NDP). Since this is a thermal neutron beam, it has
different interaction cross sections, for many materials, than higher energy fast neutrons. Once
the upgrade to Beam Port 1 is complete, the OSURR will have the ability to simultaneously
94
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ASTM E803 – 91 (1996). Standard Test Method for Determining the L/D Ratio of Neutron
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Elmahroug, Y. (2013) Calculation of Gamma and Neutron Shielding Parameters for some
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Kopecky, J. (1997) Atlas of Neutron Capture Cross Sections. Netherlands: International Nuclear
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Lamarsh J.R., B.A. (2001). Introduction to Nuclear Engineering. Upper Saddle River: Prentice
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Mondolfo, M.F. (1976) Aluminum Alloys: Structure and Properties. London: Butterworths.
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Robinson, J.A. (2010). Design, construction and characterization of a prompt gamma activation
Rosa, R. (2009) Neutron Collimator for Neutron Radiography Applications at Tangential Port
97
Shieldwerx Data Sheets: 5% Borated Polyethylene, Kretekast – High Temp Castable Shielding
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Shultis, J., and Faw, R. (2003) An MCNP Primer. Kansas: Kansas State University.
Stabin, M.G. (2007) Radiation Protection and Shielding. Nashville, TN: Springer
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98
Appendix A: Drawings Index
Continued
99
Table A-1 Continued
Continued
100
Table A-1 continued
621-B BP1 Beam Stop Rail System, Middle Support, Angle Iron Support
621-C BP1 Beam Stop Rail System, Middle Support, Angle Iron Support Motor Side
621-D BP1 Beam Stop Rail System, Middle Support, Angle Iron Side Alignment
621-E BP1 Beam Stop Rail System, Middle Support, Angle Iron Front/Back Alignment
622-A BP1 Beam Stop Rail System, Bottom Support, Center Square Tube
622-B BP1 Beam Stop Rail System, Bottom Support, Front/Back Square Tube
622-C BP1 Beam Stop Rail System, Bottom Support, Angle Iron Left Side
622-D BP1 Beam Stop Rail System, Bottom Support, Angle Iron Right Side
622-E BP1 Beam Stop Rail System, Bottom Support, Center U Channel
622-F BP1 Beam Stop Rail System, Bottom Support, Lower Bearing Mount - Right
622-G BP1 Beam Stop Rail System, Bottom Support, Lower Bearing Mount - Left
623-A BP1 Beam Stop Rail System, Bottom Support, Lower Bearing Alignment
623-B BP1 Beam Stop Rail System, Bottom Support, Upper Bearing Alignment
624 BP1 Beam Stop Rail System, Bottom Support, Lift Spacer
Continued
101
Table A-1 continued
102
Appendix B: MATLAB code for Table 4-6
B=5;
S=2e7;
flux=3.7;
HVL=5.649;
A=(B*S)/(flux*4*pi*HVL^2);
syms n;
eqn=n^2*2^n==A;
vpasolve(eqn,n)
103
Appendix C: MCNP code for Figure 4-9
c CELLS
1 236 -1.7 -2 32 7 -14 $Graphite
2 457 -2.64 -2 5 14 -15 5 $Metamic #1
3 208 -2.699 -2 15 -28 $Bismuth Shell Back End Cap
4 208 -2.699 -2 29 -30 $Bismuth Shell Front End Cap
5 208 -2.699 -2 27 28 -29 $Bismuth Shell Outer Tube
6 310 -9.747 -27 28 -29 $Bismuth
7 208 -2.699 -2 5 30 -33 $Cement #1 Back End Cap
8 208 -2.699 -2 5 34 -35 $Cement #1 Front End Cap
9 208 -2.699 -2 31 33 -34 $Cement #1 Outer Shell
10 208 -2.699 -32 5 33 -34 $Cement #1 Inner Shell
11 228 -3.35 -31 32 33 -34 $Cement #1
12 457 -2.64 -2 5 35 -16 $Metamic #2
13 252 -11.35 -2 5 16 -17 $Lead #1
14 252 -11.35 -2 5 17 -18 $Lead #2
15 457 -2.64 -2 5 18 -19 $Metamic #3
16 208 -2.699 -2 5 19 -36 $Cement #2 Back End Cap
17 208 -2.699 -2 5 37 -38 $Cement #2 Front End Cap
18 208 -2.699 -2 31 36 -37 $Cement #2 Outer Shell
19 208 -2.699 -32 5 36 -37 $Cement #2 Inner Shell
20 228 -3.35 -31 32 36 -37 $Cement #2
21 457 -2.64 -2 5 38 -20 $Metamic #4
22 252 -11.35 -2 5 20 -21 $Lead #3
23 252 -11.35 -2 5 21 -22 $Lead #4
104
24 457 -2.64 -2 5 22 -23 $Metamic #5
25 208 -2.699 -2 5 23 -39 $Cement #3 Back End Cap
26 208 -2.699 -2 5 40 -41 $Cement #3 Front End Cap
27 208 -2.699 -2 31 39 -40 $Cement #3 Outer Shell
28 208 -2.699 -32 5 39 -40 $Cement #3 Inner Shell
29 228 -3.35 -31 32 39 -40 $Cement #3
30 457 -2.64 -2 5 41 -24 $Metamic #6
31 252 -11.35 -2 5 24 -25 $Lead #5
32 252 -11.35 -2 5 25 -26 $Lead #6
33 204 -0.001125 -2 5 26 -8 $Air Gap Inner
34 204 -0.001125 -32 7 -14 $1.5 in Hole, Rx to Bismuth
35 204 -0.001125 -5 6 -7 $1.25 in Hole, Al Rx End Cap
36 204 -0.001125 -5 14 -15 $1.25 in Hole, Metamic #1
37 204 -0.001125 -5 30 -9 $1.25 in Hole, Bismuth to Inner Collimator Front
38 208 -2.699 -1 5 6 -7 $Al Back End Cap, Inner
39 208 -2.699 -1 5 8 -9 $Al Front End Cap, Inner
40 208 -2.699 -1 2 7 -8 $Al Shell, Inner
41 457 -2.64 -4 5 11 -42 $Metamic #7
42 252 -11.35 -4 5 42 -43 $Lead #7
43 252 -11.35 -4 5 43 -44 $Lead #8
44 208 -2.699 -4 5 44 -49 $Cement #4 Back End Cap
45 208 -2.699 -4 5 50 -51 $Cement #4 Front End Cap
46 208 -2.699 -4 48 49 -50 $Cement #4 Outer Shell
47 208 -2.699 -32 5 49 -50 $Cement #4 Inner Shell
48 228 -3.35 -48 32 49 -50 $Cement #4
49 457 -2.64 -4 5 51 -45 $Metamic #8
50 252 -11.35 -4 5 45 -46 $Lead #9
105
51 252 -11.35 -4 5 46 -47 $Lead #10
52 204 -0.001125 -4 5 47 -12 $Air Gap Outer
53 204 -0.001125 -5 10 -13 $1.25 in Hole, Outer
54 208 -2.699 -3 5 10 -11 $Al Back End Cap, Outer
55 208 -2.699 -3 5 12 -13 $Al Front End Cap, Outer
56 208 -2.699 -3 4 11 -12 $Al Shell, Outer
57 204 -0.001125 -1 9 -10 $Air Gap, Shutter
58 228 -3.35 6 -10 53 -52 55 -54 1 $Biological Shielding #1
59 228 -3.35 10 -13 53 -52 55 -54 3 $Biological Shielding #2
60 204 -0.001125 -56 (-6 :13 :-53 :52 :-55 :54 ) $atmosphere
61 0 56 $void
c SURFACE CARDS
c Al Shell
1 cx 7.52 $Inner Al Pipe OD
2 cx 6.985 $Inner Al Pipe ID/Inner Aperture OD
3 cx 8.79 $Outer Al Pipe OD
4 cx 8.255 $Outer Al Pipe ID/Outer Aperture OD
5 cx 1.5875 $1.25 in Hole
6 px 0 $Al Cap, Rx end, Back
7 px 0.3175 $Al Cap, Rx end, Front/Graphite Back
8 px 103.8225 $Al Cap, Shutter side of Inner, Back
9 px 107.315 $Al Cap, Shutter side of Inner, Front
10 px 163.83 $Al Cap, Shutter side of Outer, Back
11 px 164.1475 $Al Cap, Shutter side of Outer, Front
12 px 200.9775 $Al Cap, BP end, Back
13 px 204.47 $Al Cap, BP end, Front
106
c Graphite Surfaces
14 px 13.0175 $Graphite Front
c Metamic/Lead Surfaces Inner
15 px 13.6525 $Metamic #1 Front
16 px 45.085 $Metamic #2 Front
17 px 47.625 $Lead #1 Front
18 px 50.165 $Lead #2 Front
19 px 50.8 $Metamic #3 Front
20 px 71.755 $Metamic #4 Front
21 px 74.295 $Lead #3 Front
22 px 76.835 $Lead #4 Front
23 px 77.47 $Metamic #5 Front
24 px 98.425 $Metamic #6 Front
25 px 100.965 $Lead #5 Front
26 px 103.505 $Lead #6 Front
c Bismuth Surfaces
27 cx 6.35 $Bismuth Shell ID/Bismuth OD
28 px 13.81125 $Bismuth Back Cap Inside
29 px 23.97125 $Bismuth Front Cap Inside
30 px 24.13 $Bismuth Front Cap End
c Cement Surfaces, Inner
31 cx 6.6675 $Cement Outer Shell ID/Cement ID
32 cx 1.905 $Cement Inner Shell OD, Inner and Outer/Graphite Hole
33 px 24.4475 $#1 Cement Back End, Inside
34 px 44.1325 $#1 Cement Front End, Inside
35 px 44.45 $#1 Cement Front
36 px 51.1175 $#2 Cement Back End, Inside
107
37 px 70.8025 $#2 Cement Front End, Inside
38 px 71.12 $#2 Cement Front
39 px 77.7875 $#3 Cement Back End, Inside
40 px 97.4725 $#3 Cement Front End, Inside
41 px 97.79 $#3 Cement Front
c Metamic/Lead Surfaces Outer
42 px 164.7825 $Metamic #7 Front
43 px 167.3225 $Lead #7 Front
44 px 169.8625 $Lead #8 Front
45 px 195.8975 $Metamic #8 Front
46 px 198.4375 $Lead #9 Front
47 px 200.66 $Lead #10 Front
c Cement Surfaces, Outer
48 cx 7.9375 $Cement Outer Shell ID/Cement ID
49 px 170.18 $#4 Cement Back End, Inside
50 px 194.945 $#4 Cement Front End, Inside
51 px 195.2625 $#4 Cement Front
c Concrete Surfaces
52 py 91.44
53 py -91.44
54 pz 91.44
55 pz -91.44
c Atmosphere
56 so 294
mode n
m204 7014.70c -0.755636 $air (US S. Atm at sea level)
108
8016.70c -0.231475 18036.70c -3.9e-005 18038.70c -8e-006
18040.70c -0.012842
m236 6000.70c -1 $graphite
m310 83209.70c -1 $Bismuth,
m252 82206.70c -0.242902 $Lead
82207.70c -0.223827 82208.70c -0.53327
m456 1001.70c -0.143716 $Polyethylene,
6000.70c -0.856284
m457 5010.70c 4 $Metamic
6000.70c 1 13027.70c 1
m228 1001.70c 0.11 $Barytes Concrete
8016.70c 0.6 20000.62c 0.04 16032.70c 0.1
19000.62c 0.04 56138.70c 0.11
m208 13027.70c -1 $Aluminum
imp:n 1 60r $ 1, 59
109
Appendix D: Additional weight and cost estimates
Al Tube Borated
Graphite Sapphire Bismuth Lead Metamic®
Assembly Cement
Quantity 1 1 1 1 3 4 4
Individual
17.62 4.75 11.24 28.98 11.72 9.1 0.53
Mass (lbs)
Total Part Mass
17.62 4.75 11.24 28.98 35.17 36.39 2.12
(lbs)
Collimator Total
118.63 136.25
Total (lbs) (lbs)
110
Table D-3: Outer Collimator estimated weight
Outer Collimator
Al Tube Assembly Borated Cement Lead Metamic®
Quantity 1 1 4 2
Individual Mass (lbs) 8.71 20.48 12.94 0.75
Total Part Mass (lbs) 8.71 20.48 51.74 1.91
Collimator Total (lbs) 73.71 Total (lbs) 82.43
Table D-4: Rail/Lift system estimated cost excluding fabricated steel pieces: 1=PBC Linear,
2=McMaster-Carr, 3=Dayton/Joyce
2 5174T23 Hi Load Metal Gear Rack, 1" wide x 1" high x 6' long 2 92.28 184.56
2 7728T540 Sealed Steel Bearing with Cast Iron Housing 2 83.43 166.86
2 6280K961 19 tooth Sprocket for 50 Roller Chain, 7/8" Shaft 1 36.73 36.73
2 2741T101 38 tooth Sprocket for 50 Roller Chain, 3/4" Shaft 1 65.32 65.32
111
Table D-4 continued
2 47065T103 Single Rail, Silver, 1-1/2" Solid, 1 ft. long 1 10.3 10.3
2 47065T843 Rail Mounting Foot, 1-1/2" 6 14.6 87.6
2 47065T12 Rail Brace, 1-1/2" x 6" long 2 16 32
2 47065T271 Rail Corner, 1-1/2" 2 8.77 17.54
2 47065T679 Rail Corner Gusset, 1-1/2" 2 7.58 15.16
2 47065T7620 Rail Corner Extended Gusset, 1-1/2" 2 11.92 23.84
47065T234 Drop in Fastener with Stud for 1-1/2" rail, 5/16"-18 thread x
2 4 1.58 6.32
31/32" long
3 Lift System Quote 1 2932.4 2932.4
Total 7257.86
112