MAJOR PROJECT

Feasibility & Design of rainwater harvesting system for

Panch lok, Raj Nagar, Kavi Nagar, Kamla Nehru Nagar and
Shastri Nagar
Presented by:
ADIL AHMAD KHAN 09CES02
ATIQULLAH 12CES13
GUL AHMED 12CES20
MAHBOBULLAH 12CES26
MD SHAHAB ALAM SHAMIM 12CES38

Under the guidance and supervision of:

Dr. Gauhar Mehmood

Department of Civil Engineering

Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University)
New Delhi – 110025
 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
AIM: Feasibility and design of rainwater harvesting system for Panch lok,
Raj Nagar, Kavi Nagar, Kamla Nehru Nagar and Shastri Nagar

OBJECTIVES:
•To determine the rainfall characteristics of the area
•To calculate the rainfall discharge
•To find the rainwater potential and its relation with groundwater
•To calculate the runoff from different areas of the colony according to
land use and find out the number of recharging structures needed for
the colony
•To locate the different types of recharging structures and propose a
design prototype for each zone and each land use
 RAINWATER HARVESTING

• The term Rainwater Harvesting is usually taken to mean the

immediate collection of rainwater running off surfaces upon which
it has fallen directly. This definition excludes run-off from land
watersheds into streams, rivers, lakes, etc.
• It includes water that is collected within the boundaries of a
property, from roofs and surfaces.
• The Rainwater harvesting is the simple collection or storing of
water through scientific techniques from the areas where the rain
falls. It involves utilization of rain water for the domestic or the
agricultural purpose. The method of rain water harvesting has been
into practice since ancient times.
 Ways of harvesting water

• Capturing run-off from rooftops, roads.

• Capturing run-off from local catchments
• Capturing seasonal flood water from local streams
• Conserving water through watershed management. It involves
utilization of rain water for domestic or agricultural purpose.

4/27/19 4
 NEED FOR RAIN WATER HARVESTING

• Most of the rain falling on the surface tends to flow away rapidly,
leaving very little for the recharge of groundwater. As a result, most
parts of India experience lack of water even for domestic uses.

• Hence, the need for implementation of measures to ensure that

rain falling over a region is tapped as fully as possible through
rainwater harvesting, either by recharging it into the groundwater
aquifers or storing it for direct use.
 ADVANTAGES OF RAINWATER HARVESTING

• Augments groundwater table.

• Reduces runoff which chokes drains and avoid flooding of roads.
• Provides self-sufficiency to water supply and to supplement
domestic water requirement during summer and drought
conditions.
• It reduces the rate of power consumption for pumping of
groundwater. For every 1 m rise in water level, there is a saving of
0.4 KWH of electricity.
• In desert, where rainfall is low, rainwater harvesting has been
providing relief to people.
 DISADVANTAGES OF RAINWATER HARVESTING

• Supplies can be contaminated by bird/animal droppings on

catchment surfaces and guttering structures unless they are
cleaned/flushed before use

• Poorly constructed water jars/containers can suffer from algal

growth and invasion by insects, lizards and rodents. They can act as
a breeding ground for disease vectors if they are not properly
maintained
 WAYS OF HARVESTING RAINWATER:
• SURFACE RUNOFF HARVESTING: It is a method in which rainwater
flowing as surface runoff is caught and used for recharging aquifers
by adopting appropriate methods.

• ROOF TOP RAINWATER HARVESTING (RTRWH): In rooftop

harvesting, the roof becomes the catchment, and the rainwater is
collected from the roof of the house/building. It can either be
stored in a tank or diverted to artificial recharge system.
 TECHNIQUES OF RAIN WATER
HARVESTINGS:
• Storage of rainwater on surface for future use: The storage of rain
water on surface is a traditional techniques and structures used
were underground tanks, ponds, check dams, weirs etc.

• Recharge to ground water: the collected rainwater is transferred to

the ground through suitable means for recharging the depleting
aquifers.
 Structures generally used

• Pits: - Recharge pits are constructed for recharging the shallow

aquifer. These are constructed 1 to 2 m, wide and to 3 m. deep
which are back filled with boulders, gravels, coarse sand.
• Trenches: - These are
constructed when the
permeable strata is
available at shallow
depth. Trench may be
0.5 to 1 m. wide, 1 to
1.5m deep and 10 to
20 m. long depending
up availability of
water. These are back
filled with filter
materials.
Dug wells: - Existing dug wells may be utilized as recharge structure and
water should pass through filter media before putting into dug well.
Hand pumps: - The existing hand pumps
may be used for recharging the
shallow/deep aquifers, if the availability
of water is limited. Water should pass
through filter media before diverting it
into hand pumps.
Recharge wells: - Recharge wells of
100 to 300 mm. diameter are
generally constructed for recharging
the deeper aquifers and water is
passed through filter media to avoid
choking of recharge wells.
Recharge Shafts: - For
recharging the shallow
aquifer which are
located below clayey
surface, recharge shafts
of 0.5 to 3 m. diameter
and 10 to 15 m. deep
are constructed and
back filled with
boulders, gravels &
coarse sand.
Basic components
 Catchment area/roof

This implies the surface upon which rain falls. The roof has to be
appropriately sloped preferably towards the direction of storage
and recharge.
 Gutters and downspouts

The transport channels from catchment surface to storage. These

have to be designed depending on site, rainfall characteristics and
roof characteristics.
 Leaf screens and roof washers

The systems that remove contaminants and debris. At first, a rain

separator has to be put in place to divert and manage the first 2.5
mm of rain.
 Cisterns or storage tanks

Sumps, tanks etc. where collected rain-water is safely stored or

recharging the ground water through open wells, bore wells or
percolation pits etc.
 Conveying
The delivery system for the treated rainwater, either by gravity or
pump.
 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Three most important components, which need to be evaluated for
designing the rainwater harvesting structure, are:
• Hydrogeology of the area including nature and extent of aquifer,
soil cover, topography, depth to water levels and chemical quality of
ground water
• Area contributing for runoff i.e. how much area and land use
pattern, whether industrial, residential or green belts and general
built up pattern of the area
• Hydro-meteorological characters like rainfall duration, general
pattern and intensity of rainfall.
 TECHNIQUES OF ARTIFICIAL AQUIFER
RECHARGE
• Direct surface techniques/spreading methods
• Indirect techniques
 Direct surface technique
• Flooding techniques
• Basins or percolation tanks
• Ditch and furrow system
• Over irrigation
• Direct sub-surface techniques/pit method
• Injection wells or recharge wells
• Recharge pits and shafts
• Dug well recharge
• Bore hole flooding
• Natural openings, cavity fillings.
 Indirect techniques
• Induced recharge method
• Aquifer modification
• Besides the above, ground water conservation structures like
ground water dams, sub-surface dykes, are quite prevalent to arrest
sub-surface flows. Similarly in hard rock areas, rock-fracturing
techniques including sectional blasting of boreholes with suitable
techniques have been applied to inter-connect the fractures and
increase recharge.
LARGER SYSTEMS FOR INSTITUTIONS,
STADIUMS, AIRPORTS etc
When the systems are larger, the overall system can become a bit
more complicated, for example rainwater collection from the roofs
and grounds of institutions, storage in underground reservoirs,
treatment and then use for non-potable applications.
ROOF WATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS
In high-rise buildings, roofs can be designed for catchments purposes
and the collected roof water can be kept in separate cisterns on the
roofs for non-potable uses.
 LAND SURFACE CATCHMENTS
• Compared to rooftop catchments techniques, ground catchment
techniques provide more opportunity for collecting water from a
larger surface area.
• By retaining the flows(including flood flows) of small creeks and
streams in small storage reservoirs created by low cost earthen
dams, we can meet the water demand during dry periods. This
technique is mainly suitable for storing water for agricultural
purposes.
 FEASIBILITY OF ARTIFICIALLY
RECHARGING GROUND WATER
The feasibility of artificially recharging ground water is governed by
the following factors:
• Availability of suitable site, mainly from topographical and cultural
considerations, for establishing recharge facilities.
• Presence of suitable source to supply water of required quality in
requisite quantity.
• Lithological composition, thickness and permeability characteristics
of rocks in the zone of aeration saturation.
• Cost-benefit considerations.
 COST ANALYSIS
• Cost of a Rainwater harvesting system designed as an integrated
component of a new construction project is generally low.
• Designing a system onto an existing building is costlier because
many of the shared costs (roof and gutters) can be designed to
optimize system.
• In general, maximizing storage capacity and minimizing water use
through conservation and reuse are important rules to keep in
mind.
• With careful planning and design, the cost of a rainwater system
can be reduced considerably.
 Ghaziabad Location Overview
• Ghaziabad City
• Located in north east part of NCR
• Lies between Doab Region
• Covers an area of 1966 sq km
• Yamuna, Hindon and Ganga main river for
water drain
• Study area is between Panch lok to Kavi Nagar
N-S, Raj nagar to Kamla Nehru Nagar W-E
Administrative zone areas of GDA
 DEMOGRAPHY

As of the 2011 census, this district had a

population of 4,661,452 (3rd highest in UP). It
contributes 2.33% of the total population of UP.
 Master Plan and Land Use

• Ghaziabad Master Plan 2001 was formulated for an

area of 100.4 sq. km, of which by 2001, about 84.8 sq.
km was developed.
• The existing land use of Ghaziabad development area
(84.8 sq. km) shows that 60 percent of the land is
under residential use followed by industrial areas.
• The gross density of the population is 130 persons per
hectare.
• The Ghaziabad Master Plan 2021 has been formulated
to an area of 155.54 sq. km.
 LAND USE
Land Use Pattern (Total 16,000 Hectare)
0.8
Residential
2.91 8.95
Commercial and Trade

Industrial

Office
15.97
44.84
Community Facilities

Park, Open Space, Recreation including Green

Belt
7.72 Undefined Areas

Roads/Rail /Bus Stands/Depots

3.22
12.84 Others

3.16
S.No. Land use Category Area(Hectares) Percentage

1 Residential 6975.00 44.84

2 Commercial and Trade 491.00 3.16

3 Industrial 1933.00 12.84

4 Office 501.00 3.22

5 Community Facilities 1201.00 7.72

6 Park, Open Space, Recreation including Green Belt 2484.00 15.97

7 Undefined Areas 452.00 2.91

8 Roads/Rail /Bus Stands/Depots 1392.00 8.95

9 Others 125.00 0.80

TOTAL 15554.00 100.00

Land use of Ghaziabad- Area and Percentage

 STUDY AREA
For Rainwater Harvesting feasibility study, we
have chosen five zones given below:-
• PANCH LOK- ZONE-1
• KAVI NAGAR- ZONE-2
• RAJ NAGAR- ZONE-3
• KAMLA NEHRU NAGAR- ZONE-4
• SHAHSTRI NAGAR- ZONE-5
 STUDY AREA
• The total area combing these 5 localities which is
covered is aprrox 12 sq km area by forming a grid
• In each small grid we did four inch bore hole for
analysis of soil strata profile up to ground water
level upto 35m.
• Mostly is done near park area.
• These localities were mainly residential colonies.
Paths are paved and all houses have pucca
rooftop.
• In every 1-1.5 sq km there is a park.
 CLIMATE & SOIL CONDITION
• Dry, Extreme temperatures during summer
and winter
• Summer 23-42`C & Winter 7-26`C (JAN-MAY)
• The average rainfall is 732 mm and is generally
limited to the months during June to
September
• Ghaziabad forms a part of the Indo-Gangetic
alluvium. Soil is characterized mainly by silty
sand and loamy soils (Bhur, Matiyar, Domat)
 Dec 10 Rain Fall Pattern in Ghaziabad 2005-2011
Nov 0

Oct 0

Sep 313.2

Aug 249.7 Normal

2005
July 117.5
2006
2007
June 0
2008
May 0 2009
2010
April 0
2011

March 0

Feb 0

Jan 3.5

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Rain Fall in (MM)
 DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL OF
GHAZIABAD
• The water table rises up and down according to
the time of the month. Before monsoons it is
lower and after monsoons it is higher.
• Pre-monsoon Depth to water level during
2011:20.58 mbgl
• Post-monsoon Depth to water level during
2011:19.95 mbgl
• The fluctuation in pre monsoon and post
monsoon ground water level is approximately 0.6
mbgl.
17 Water Level Fluctuation-Pre Monsoon
Water Level Fluctuation-Post Monsoon
ZONING PLAN
 Zone 1
Area Distribution in Zone 1

Rainfall
Surface Rainfall
Potential Q Builtup sq.m
Area Type Coefficient Intensity I Area Sq.M
cubic Green & Open sq.m
C meter/spell
meter/spell Road sq.m
BUILT UP 0.85 0.025 930080 19764.2 Paved sq.m

GREEN 0.3 0.025 94270 707.025

ROAD 0.65 0.025 120320 1955.2

PAVED 0.75 0.025 105330 1974.938

TOTAL Q1 24401.36
 Zone 2
Area Distribution in Zone 2

Rainfall Rainfall
Surface Intensity I Potential Q Builtup sq.m
Area Type Area Sq.M
Coefficient C meter/spe cubic Green & Open sq.m
ll meter/spell Road sq.m
BUILT UP 0.85 0.025 1019180 21657.58 Paved sq.m

GREEN 0.3 0.025 562670 4220.025

ROAD 0.65 0.025 299868 4872.855

PAVED 0.75 0.025 278282 5217.788

TOTAL Q2 35968.24
 Zone 3 Area Distribution in Zone 3

Rainfall
Surface Rainfall
Potential Q
Area Type Coefficient Intensity I Area Sq.M Builtup sq.m
cubic
C meter/spell Green & Open sq.m
meter/spell
Road sq.m
BUILT UP 0.85 0.025 897620 19074.43 Paved sq.m

GREEN 0.3 0.025 339580 2546.85

ROAD 0.65 0.025 131840 2142.4

PAVED 0.75 0.025 120960 2268

TOTAL Q3 26031.68
 Zone 4 Area Distribution in Zone 4

Rainfall Builtup sq.m

Surface Rainfall
Potential Q
Area Type Coefficient Intensity I Area Sq.M
cubic Green & Open
C meter/spell sq.m
meter/spell
Road sq.m
BUILT UP 0.85 0.025 988290 21001.16
Paved sq.m
GREEN 0.3 0.025 2914600 21859.5
ROAD 0.65 0.025 93960 1526.85
PAVED 0.75 0.025 113150 2121.563

TOTAL Q4 46509.08
 Zone 5 Area Distribution in Zone 5

Rainfall Builtup sq.m

Surface Rainfall
Potential Q
Area Type Coefficient Intensity I Area Sq.M
cubic Green & Open
C meter/spell sq.m
meter/spell
Road sq.m
BUILT UP 0.85 0.025 2857080 60712.95
Paved sq.m
GREEN 0.3 0.025 1048490 7863.675

ROAD 0.65 0.025 98992.4 1608.627

PAVED 0.75 0.025 1110960 105437.6

TOTAL Q5 175622.9
 GROUND WATER QUALITY
• Ground water is suitable for drinking and
domestic uses in respect to all constituents
except for total Hardness & Nitrate.
• High nitrate values due to indiscriminate use
of fertilizer.
• The Arsenic content has not been detected in
the ground water of the district.
• Hexavalent chromium impurity is too found
 GROUND WATER RELATED ISSUES
AND PROBLEMS
• The river stretch remains dry, except during rains. During
winter and summer seasons, river flow is mainly limited to
industrial effluents discharged from various industries
located in Ghaziabad .

• Due to illegal entry of industrial and domestic wastewater,

Hindon River water is polluted.

• The groundwater decline is at much rapid phase

• No groundwater extraction is allowed without prior

permission of Central Ground Water Board (CGWB).
 (O-Requirement)
Total Requirement
Type Number of Unit* Population** Requirement/Capita/Day
( L/Day)

Residential 2362 703823*** 135 L 95016105

Institutional 15 15750*** 45 L/Head 708750

Commercial 22 22000*** 70 L/Seat 1540000

Hospital 6 900*** 70 L/Head 63000

O = 3552,46,67,080 L/Year
= 3,55,24,667 cu.m/yr
 (I-Availability)
• Ground Water Availability ( I1 )
I1= Plot Area X Ground Water Fluctuation X Specific Yield
= 12000000 X 0.5 X 16%= 960000 cubic meter

• Rain Water Availability ( I2 )

I2= CIA
= 0.64 X 0.7 X 12000000
=5376000 cubic meter

• Recycled Water Availability ( I3 )

I3= 70% O – Horticulture water requirement
= (0.7X 3552,46,67,080) - (5L/sq.m. X 4439610 sq.m)
= 24845068910 L /Year
24845068.9cubic meter
 ANALYSIS OF STAGE OF WATER
DEVELOPMENT
STAGE OF WATER
TYPE FORMULA PERCENTAGE
DEVELOPMENT

Stage of Water Development with respect to

(O/I1) x100 3700% Black
ground water (SWD1)

Stage of Water Development with respect to

(O/I1+I2) x100 560% Black
ground water and rain water (SWD2)

Stage of Water Development with respect to

(O/I1+I2+I3)
ground water ,rain water and recycled water 114% Black
x100
(SWD3)
 Distribution of Areas in Various Zone

Builtup Green & Open Total Area of

Road sq.m Paved sq.m
sq.m sq.m zone sq.m

Zone 1 930080 94270 120320 105330 1250000

Zone 2 1019180 562670 299868 278282 2160000

Zone 3 897620 319580 131840 120960 1470000

Zone 4 988290 2514600 93960 113150 3710000

Zone 5 2257080 948490 98992.4 105437.6 3410000

Total
Area 6092250 4439610 744980.4 723159.6 12000000
sq.m
Calculation of number of structures for
Built up Area

Zone q1 (built q1 After n ( No. of structures for Total No. of Type of

up) deducting roof top rainwater structures to be Structure
Losses (30%) harvesting) designed (10% of proposed
n)

1 197642 138349 1761 176 Type 8

2 216576 151603 1930 193 Type 8

3 190744 133521 1700 170 Type 8

4 210012 147008 1871 187 Type 8

5 479630 335741 4274 427 Type 8

Calculation of number of structures for
Road & Paved
q3+q4 q3+q4 After n ( No. of structures for Total No. of Type of
Zone (road + deducting surface rainwater structures to be Structure
paved) Losses (30%) harvesting) designed (10% of proposed
n)

1 39489 27642 244 24 Type 1

2 101176 70823 626 63 Type 1

3 44240 30968 274 27 Type 1

4 36244 25371 224 22 Type 1

5 35775 25043 221 22 Type 1

RECHARGE STRUCTURES
Plan and sectional elevation of injection well
Plan for bungalows
Sectional elevation
Plan for LIG/MIG
Sectional elevation for LIG/MIG
Plan for institutional areas
 CONCLUSION
• The growing population and the rising demand for water have put a
great deal of pressure on the natural resources. Underground water
is depleting at a very fast rate and soon there will be shortage and
scarcity of water all over the globe. If artificial methods are adopted
then this problem can be solved. This report elaborates in detail the
need and solution for the rainwater harvesting for the Indirapuram
area in Ghaziabad. Rainwater harvesting will not only ensure flood
control but it has other benefits like ensuring a continues dupply of
water, pollution control etc.

• As per the discharge calculations for various intensities of floods we

can conclude that rainwater in itself is not capable of augmenting
the groundwater water table. So we need to employ rainwater
harvesting structures.
 RECOMMENDATIONS
• Zone wise distribution of structures should be done according to
discharge calculated to augment groundwater in the area.
• Before construction of any building, proper planning should be
carried out such that a watershed of the waterbodies is not
disturbed.
• Apart from rainwater harvesting other methods like recycling water
should also be used in every colony. This will ensure that water
from kitchen and wash basins is being utilized again for irrigation
and other such practices.
• Newer methods of water conservation should be adopted and
scientific research should be encouraged for proper utilization of
water.
• The general public should be made aware of the depleting
groundwater and made conscious on the fact that fresh water is not
be wasted.
 REVITALISATION
• Ghaziabad’s water bodies have had its important stages in its
history. With the increasing development and industrial set-up
here, most water bodies fell into disrepair or complete
abandonment. Polluted water and contaminated land—legacies of
factories along the Hindon and other water bodies—further drove
people away from the shoreline.
• To enhance and preserve the unique qualities of these water
bodies, there should be techniques to promote the development of
lively, pedestrian-friendly, mixed-use riverfronts in and adjacent to
municipal centers while conserving forests, farms, wetlands, and
fields, and providing for a continuous public greenway corridor
along the river. This land-use pattern will allow riverfront
communities to accommodate and benefit from new development
in ways that increase economic viability, enhancing main streets
and community life while protecting the water body’s ecology and
aesthetics.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES
— Ghaziabad master plan 2021: Maps
— Central Ground Water Board, Ghaziabad-pdf
— The City Disaster Management Plan (CDMP) 2012-13
— Dr. R.C. Verma: Ground Water Brochure of Ghaziabad District, U.P.
(A.A.P.: 2008-2009)
— http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/rural/Contemporary_more.h
tm -images
— GOOGLE EARTH maps
— GDA website
— http://www.imd.gov.in/section/hydro/distrainfall/webrain/up/gha
ziabad.txt