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Sahkarita Samudayik Vikas Ma 3RD
Sahkarita Samudayik Vikas Ma 3RD
CLASS- M.A.
SEMESTER- 3RD
Keywords- lkeqnkf;d fodkl ,oa jk"Vªh; foLrkj lsok lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk
ds dk;ZØe
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1
lkeqnkf;d fodkl ,oa jk"Vªh; foLrkj lsok
izLrkouk
lkjka'k
iz'ukoyh
lanHkZ xzaFk
2
lkeqnkf;d fodkl ,oa jk"Vªh; foLrkj lsok
mís'; &
izLrqr bdkbZ dk mís'; ikBdksa dks Hkkjr esa lkeqnkf;d fodkl ,oa jk"Vªh; foLrkj
lsok ls lacaf/kr egRoiw.kZ fcUnqvksa dh tkudkjh nsukA bl bdkbZ dk v/;;u djus
ds i'pkr ikBdksa dks lkeqnkf;d fodkl ds fuEu i{kksa dh tkudkjh gksxh &
izLrkouk
Hkkjr dh vf/kdka'k tula[;k xzeksa esa fupokl djrh gSA egkRek xka/kh dk
dguk Fkk] ^^Hkkjr xkaoksa esa clrk gS vkSj Hkkjr dh eqfä dqfV;ksa esa fufgr gSA**
Hkkjr esa xzkeksRFkku ds vusd iz;kl fd, x, ijUrq ;s iw.kZ lQyrk izkir u dj
dsA blds izeq[k nks dkj.k Fks & ¼1½ bu ;kstukvksa esa xzkeokfl;ksa ds Lo;a iz;Ruksa
ij cy u fn;k x;kA ml dky esa ckgjh laLFkk,a xzkeh.k turk dh lgk;rk
djds viuk dke lekIr dj nsrh FkhA ¼2½ xzkeh.k turk dh prqeqZ[kh mUufr dk
o`gr n`f"Vdks.k O;kogkfjd n`f"V ls Lohdkj ugha fd;k x;kA bu nksuksa =qfV;ksa dks
nwj djus rFkk xzkeh.k fodkl djus gsrq lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstukvksa rFkk jk"Vªh;
izlkj lsokvksa dks izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku fn;k x;kA Hkkjr dh
izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vuqlkj] ^^lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk,a xkaoksa ds vkfFkZd
vkSj lkekftd thou dh dk;kiyV djus dh i)fr gSA**
3
lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk rkRi;Z
xzkeh.k leqnk; dk lokZaxh.k fodkl tSls & HkkSfrd] lkekftd] uSfrd rFkk
lkaLÑfrd fodkl gks lkeqnkf;d fodkl dgykrk gSA Jh ,l-ds-Ms- ds vuqlkj]
^^ftvks vkSj thus nks** dk mPp fl)kar bl lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk dh
vk/kkjf'kyk gSA Mk-Vh-,u- gstyk ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk vFkZ izk;%
fdlh leqnk; dk vkfFkZd] lkaLÑfrd ,oa lkekftd lHkh Lrjksa ij fodkl djus
ds dk;ZØeksa ,oa ;kstukvksa ls yxk;k tkrk gSA** ¼The most commonly
understood meaning of Community Development is to strive for the
development of the community at all levels- Economic, Cultural and Social,"
T.N. Hajela½ la;qä jk"Vªla?k ds vuqlkj] ^^lkeqnf;d fodkl os izfØ;k,a gSa ftuls
leqnk;ksa dk vkfFkZd] lkekftd ,oa lkaLÑfrd n'kkvksa dks lq/kkjus] jk"Vª ds thou
esa bu leqnk;ksa dks lfEefyr djus rFkk jk"Vªh; izxfr ds ;ksxnku ds fy,] bu
leqnk;ksa dks leFkZ cukus ds fy, O;fä;ksa ds iz;Ruksa dk ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa ds
iz;Ru ls Hkh leUo; gks tkrk gSA** ¼Community Development refers to the
process by which efforts of the people themselves are united with those of
Government authorities to improve the economic, social and cultural
conditions of Communities, to integrate these communities into the life of the
nation and to enable them to contribute fully to National progress." - U.N.O.
Report½
4
agency through which the five years plan seek to initiate transformation of the
social and economic life of the villagers."½
Mk- ,l-ds-Ms- ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^lkeqnkf;d fodkl esa Ñf"k] Ik'kqikyu] flapkbZ]
lgdkfjrk] LokLF;] f'k{kk] lkekftd mRiknu] lans'kokgu] xzkeks|ksx] iapk;r rFkk
thou ds os lc egRoiw.kZ rRo lfEefyr gSa] ftudk laca/k Hkkjrh; tulewg ds 82
izfr'kr Hkkx ls gSA** mUgksaus vkxs dgk] ^^lkeqnkf;d ;kstuk ,d ,slk m|ku gS
ftldk ifjikyu ,d prqj ekyh vR;Ur lko/kkuh ls djrk gSA ;g ;kstuk ,d
,sls taxy ds leku ugha gS ftlesa eqä O;kikj dh rjg o`{k rFkk ouLifr;ka Hkh
gksaA** bl dk;ZØe ds egRo dh ppkZ djrs gq, Mk- jktsUnz izlkn us dgk Fkk] ^^;s
;kstuk,a ,sls NksVs cht dh Hkkafr gSa] tks ,d fnu fo'kky o`{k esa ifjf.kr gks
tk;sxkA** ia- tokgj yky usg: ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^leLr Hkkjr esa ekuo fØ;kvksa ds ;s
dsUnzz ,sls T;ksfrLrEHk gSa tks ?kus vU/kdkj esa izdk'k QSyk jgs gSaA ;g izdk'k ml
le; rd QSyrk jgsxk] tc rd leLr Hkkjr Hkwfe vkyksfdr u gks mBsA** Jh
lS.Mjlu ds 'kCnksa] ^^lkeqnkf;d laxBUk mu mís';ksa dks] tks lkewfgd dY;k.k ds
fy, vko';d gSa] izkIr djus ds fy, loksZÙke dk;Zfof/k gSA** ^^cks'k ds vuqlkj]
^^lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk xgu fodkl dh vksj laxfBr ,oa voksg;ksftr iz;kl
gSA**
5
ds izR;sd O;fä esa vkRefo'okl rFkk xzke lekt esa igy djus dh Hkkouk dk
fodkl djuk gSA
¼[k½ nfyr oxkZsa ds thou&Lrj dks Å¡pk mBkus ds fy, fo'ks"k iz;Ru djukA
¼?k½ fodkl ds dk;ZØeksa esa vf/kd ls vf/kd xzkeh.k turk dk lg;ksx izkIr
djukA
¼³½ xzkeh.k turk esa lg;ksx ,oa lgdkfjrk ds cht vkjksfir djukA
2- fuekZ.k dk;Z djuk & xzkeksa dh lM+dksa] rkykcksa] ikB'kkykvksa] LokLF; dsUnzksa
vkfn lkoZtfud ykHk ds lk/kuksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, laxfBr iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA
6
3- ;krk;kr dk fodkl & ;kstuk {ks= ds lHkh xkaoksa esa dPph rFkk iDdh lM+dsa
cukbZ tkrh gSaA eksVj ;krk;kr dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gS rFkk Ik'kq ;krk;kr dk
fuekZ.k ,oa uohuhdj.k fd;k tkrk gSA
4- f'k{kk & xkao esa izkFkfed] ek/;fed] cqfu;knh] lkekftd rFKk rduhdh f'k{kk
,oa izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk rFkk izlkj fd;k tkrk gSA
5- LokLF; izca/k & xkao esa lQkbZ o 'kq) ty dk izca/k fd;k tkrk gS] Nwr ds
jksxksa dks fu;fU=r fd;k tkrk gS rFkk fpfdRlky;ksa dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA
eysfj;k] gStk] pspd vkfn laØker jksxksa dh jksdFkke ds fy, Vhds yxk, tkrs
gSaA tula[;k dh o`f) ij jksd yxkus ds fy, ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØeksa dks
izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gS vkSj NksVs ifjokjksa ds izfr tkx:drk mRiUu dh tkrh gSA
6- x`g fuekZ.k dk;Z & xzkeksa esa vPNs edku cukus ds fy, xzkeh.kksa dks izsj.kk rFkk
lykg nh tkrh gSA mUgsa LokLF;o/kZd edku cukus dh i)fr crkbZ tkrh gSA
muds edkuksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, bZaV] lhesaV rFkk yksgs dh fu;af=r ewY; ij
O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA
7- lekt dY;k.k ds dk;Z & LFkkuh; dyk vkSj laLÑfr ij vk/kkfjr lkeqnkf;d
euksjatu dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA muds euksjatu rFkk lkekftd o uSfrd
mRFkku ds fy, esyksa] [ksy dwn] naxy rFkk fQye izn'kZu dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh
gSA
8- lgk;d /kU/kksa dk fodkl & dqVhj o y?kq m|ksx&/kU/kksa dk fodkl djds xzke
jkstxkj dh lqfo/kkvksa dh o`f) dh tkrh gSA fodkl [k.Mksa esa LFkkfir xzkeh.k vkSj
y?kq m|ksxksa dks _.k] vuqnku vkfn ds :Ik esa foÙkh; lgk;rk nh tkrh gSA
7
Lkkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe] tks vc lefUor xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØe dk
vax cu x;k gS] dk Jhx.ks'k egkRek xka/kh ds 84osa tUe fnol ds 'kqHk volj ij
2 vDVwcj] 1952 dks 5 pqus gq, ftyksa esa fd;k x;k FkkA izkjEHk esa lkeqnkf;d
fodkl ;kstuk dh n`f"V ls lEiw.kZ ns'k dks 5265 lkeqnkf;d fodkl [k.Mksa esa ckaVk
x;k Fkk] ijUrq iquxZBu ds ckn fodkl [k.Mksa dh la[;k 5011 jg xbZA ;s [k.M
ns'k ds 6]32]500 xzkeksa esa Qsys gq, gSaA izR;sd lkeqnkf;d fodkl [k.M esa yxHkx
100 xkao gksrs gSa ftudk {ks=Qy 620 oxZ fdyksehVj vkSj tula[;k yxHkx
92]000 gksrh gSA ;g fodkl [k.M gh vk;kstu vkSj fodkl dh bdkbZ gksrk gSA
fodkl [k.M dk eqf[k;k [k.M fodkl vf/kdkjh ¼Block Development Officer½ gksrk gSA
blds vfrfjä 8 foLrkj vf/kdkjh gksrs gSa tks Ñf"k&i'kqikyu] xzkeks|ksx]
lgdkfjrk] iapk;r] lekt f'k{kk] fuekZ.k dk;Z vkfn ds fo'ks"kK gksrs gSaA budh
lgk;rk ds fy, 10 xzke lsod] 2 xzke lsfodk,a gksrh gSa turk dk lg;ksx izkIr
djus ds fy, 1959 esa iapk;rh jkt dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA
8
jkT; Lrj ij & jkT; Lrj ij bl dk;ZØe dks pykus ds fy, jkT; fodkl
lfefr;ka gSaA bu lfefr;ksa ds eq[;ea=h v/;{k] fodkl foHkkxksa ds ea=h rFkk
fodkl vk;qä lnL; gksrs gSaA
ftyk Lrj ij & ftyk ifj"kn~ bl dk;ZØe dks pykrh gSA bu ifj"knksa esa turk
ds izfrfuf/k] [k.M iapk;r lfefr;ksa ds v/;{k] laln lnL; rFkk fo/kkulHkk ds
lnL; gksrs gSaA
[k.M Lrj ij & [k.M iapk;r lfefr bl dk;ZØe dh ns[kHkky djrh gSA bl
lfefr esa fuokZfpr ljiap vkj efgykvksa] fiNM+s oxksZa rFkk vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds
lnL; gksrs gSaA
xzke Lrj ij & xzke iapk;r ds fu;a=.k esa ;g dk;Z pyk;k tkrk gS rFkk xzke
lsod cgqqmís'kh; foLrkj deZpkjh ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA ,d xzke lsod ds
v/khu 10 xkao gksrs gSaA ftu jkT;kas esa vHkh iapk;r jktO;oLFkk LFkkfir ugha gqbZ
gS ogka [k.M fodkl lfefr;ka dk;Z djrh gSA
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lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk dh dfBukb;ka
Lkkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstukvksa dh lQyrk ds ekxZ esa fuEu dfBukb;ka vkrh gSa&
1- tulg;ksx dk vHkko & turk lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstukvksa iapk;rh jkt ,oa
lgdkfjrk ds egRo dks 52 o"kZ ds yxkrj izpkj ds ckn Hkh ugha le> ikbZ gSA
bu rhuksa vkUnksyuksa dks turk dk lg;ksx ugha fey ldk gSA dk;ZØe ewY;kadu
laxBu dh lkroha fjiksVZ dsas vuqlkj] ^^vf/kdak'k turk fodkl [k.Mksa rFkk
lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe dh lQyrk ,oa fodkl ds laca/k esa dksbZ :fp ugha
j[krhA vf/kdrj xzkeh.k turk bls viuk dk;ZØe ugha ekurh vkSj ,slk izrhr
gksrk gS fd vkt Hkh Hkkjr dk xzkeh.k lekt ljdkj ij fuHkZj gS ftldk ifj.kke
;g gqvk fd bl dk;ZØe dks turk dk lg;ksx izkIr ugha gqvk gSA**
3- vkfFkZd fodkl dh vis{kk dY;k.k dk;ksZa dk vf/kd egRo & lkeqnkf;d fodkl
dk;ZØeksa esa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vkfFkZd fodkl dh rqyuk esa dY;k.k laca/kh dk;ksZa tSls
& vLirky] fo|ky; o lM+d fuekZ.k bR;kfn ij vf/kd tksj fn;k x;k gS ftlds
QyLo:i Ñf"k {ks= esa mRikndrk rFkk jkstxkj esa egRoiw.kZ o`f) ugha gks ikbZ gSA
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4- ljdkjh lgk;rk ij vf/kd fuHkZjrk & bl dk;ZØe dks izkjaHk djrs le; ;g
vk'kk dh xbZ Fkh fd nl o"kksZa dh vof/k ds Ik'pkr ;g dk;ZØe LFkkuh; lk/kuksa
,oa igy ds vk/kkj ij lapkfyr fd, tk ldsaxsA ijUrq vkt Hkh xzkeh.k turk
ljdkjh lgk;rk rFkk lgdkjh igy ij vf/kd fuHkZj djrh gS tks bl vkUnksyu
dh lcls cM+h deh gSA
10-
10- vf/kdkfj;ksa esa erHksn & ljdkj }kjk fu;qä vf/kdkfj;ksa iVokjh] xzkelsod]
fodkl vf/kdjh vkfn rFkk xzkeksa esa pquko }kjk euksuhr iz/kku rFkk ljiap esa izk;%
erHksn mRiUu gks tkrk gS ftlds QyLOk:i fodkl esa ck/kk iM+rh gSA
11-
11- xzke lsod dk foLr`r dk;Z{ks= & xzke lsod dk dk;Z {ks= ftlds vUrxZr 10
xzke vkrs gSa cgqr gh foLr`r j[kk x;k gS ftl dkj.k os Ñf"k mRiknu esa o`f)
ykus ds mÙkjnkf;Ro dks Bhd&Bhd iwjk ugha dj ikrsA
12-
12- vU; dfBukbZ;ka & vU; dfBukb;ka bl izdkj gSa & ¼d½ dk;ZØe dh :ijs[kk
vLi"V jgrh gS] ¼[k½ dk;ZØe esa vkSipkfjdrk cgqr vf/kd cjrh tkrh gS] ¼x½
dk;ZØe ds fu;kstu esa vko';d nsjh dh tkrh gSA ¼?k½ foÙkh; izkfIr;ksa rFkk O;;
ij vf/kd cy fn;k tkrk gS bR;kfnA
1- vuqla/kku dk;Z esa o`f) & Ik'kqikyu] Ñf"k] xzkeks|ksx] x`g m|ksx vkn vusd
fo"k;ksa esa vuqla/kku laLFkk,a LFkkfir dh tk,a rFkk dk;Z{ks= ,oa laca/k vuqla/kku
bdkbZ esa fijUrj lEidZ cuk jguk pkfg,A
13
2- xzkeh.k turk esa mRlkg rFkk f'k{kk dh o`f) & ns'k esa f'k{kk rFkk mÙkjnkf;ROk
dk vHkko gSA f'k{kk }kjk turk esa mÙkjnkf;Ro ,oa lg;ksx dh Hkkouk dks iszfjr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstukvksa dh lQyrk turk ds lg;ksx
ij fuHkZj djrh gSA vr% xzkeksa esa f'k{kk dk izlkj rFkk lg;ksx dh Hkkouk dk
fodkl djuk vko';d gSA
5- Ikz'kklfud dq'kyrk esa o`f) & lkeqnkf;d fodkl dsUnzksa esa dk;Z djus okys
vf/kdkfj;ksa rFkk iapk;rksa ds lnL;ksa dks fo'ks"k izf'k{k.k fn;k tkl, ftlls os bl
;kstuk esa vf/kd lfØ; ,oa O;kogkfjd ;ksxnku ns ldsaA
6- Hkwfe lq/kkj dk ;ksxnku & lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØeksa dks Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa
ls lac) dj fn;k tk,A blls bl ;kstuk esa Ñ"kdksa dk fo'okl c<+ tk,xkA
7- lgdkjh vkUnksyu dks izksRlkgu & lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk esa lgdkjh
vkUnksyu dks izksRlkgu nsuk pkfg,A lgdkjh Ñf"k] lgdkjh m|ksx] lgdkjh
foi.ku lfefr;ksa dh la[;k esa o`f) dh tk,A blls turk esa ijLij lg;ksx dh
Hkkouk dk fodkl gksxk] vkfFkZd dfBukb;ksa dk fujkdj.k gksxk] izkIr gksus oksys
ykHk dk mfpr forj.k gksxkA
14
8- yksdrkfU=d fodsUnzhdj.k & cyoUrjke esgrk lfefr dk ,d lq>ko ;g Fkk
fd ns'k esa yksdrkfU=d fodsUnzhdj.k gksuk pkfg,A bu dk;ksZa dks pykus dk
mÙkjnkf;Ro turk }kjk fuokZfpr lnL;ksa dks ns fn; tkuk pkfg,A vr% xzke
iapk;rksa] fodkl [k.Mksa ,oa ftyk ifj"knksa tSlh laLFkkvksa dks ;g egRoiw.kZ dk;Z
lkSai nsuk pkfg,A
10-
10- fodkl dk;ksZa ij cy & lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr dY;k.k dk;ksZa
ds LFkku ij fodkl dk;ksZa ij vf/kd cy nsuk pkfg,A xkao dh vko';drk dh
oLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k igys fd;k tkuk pkfg,A nwljs xzkeh.k lekt ds fucZy oxZ ds
dkjhxjksa vkfn dks bu dk;ZØeksa ls vf/kd ykHk igqapksus dk iz;kl dju pkfg,A
15
iz'ukoyh
d- nh?kZ mÙkjh;
5- lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \ bldk dk;Z{ks= D;k gS\
[k-
[k- y?kq mÙkjh; iz'u &
lkjka'k
Lkkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØeksa ls xk¡oksa esa dqN izxfr rks gqbZ] ysfdu vk'kkrhr
lQyrk ugha feyh bldk dkj.k Fkk vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk tulEidZ dk vHkko rFkk
ljdkjh lk/kuksa dh dehA xzkeh.kksa }kjk xzkE; fodkl dk;ZØeksa esa mruk mRlkg
ns[kus dks feyk] cfYd xzkeh.k lekt tkfrokn o lkekftd fiNMsiu dk f'kdkj
cuk jgk rFkk lekt esa fuj{kjrk] dqiks"k.k fL=;ksa dh n;uh; n'kk vkfn leL;k;sa
;Fkkor cuh jghaA bu lHkh detksfj;ksa ds ckotwn ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd
17
xzkeh.k fodkl dks lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe }kjk u;h fn'kk iznku dh x;h rFkk
ljdkj }kjk fd;s x;s iz;klksa esa jpukRed ifjorZu ns[kus dks feykA
lanHkZ xazFk
18