SUBJECT- ECONOMICS

CLASS- M.A.

SEMESTER- 3RD

NAME OF PAPER -- lgdkfjrk ds fl)kUr ,oa iz;ksx

Topic – lkeqnkf;d fodkl ,oa jk"Vªh; foLrkj lsok

Keywords- lkeqnkf;d fodkl ,oa jk"Vªh; foLrkj lsok lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk
ds dk;ZØe

Presented By

Dr. Ankita Gupta

Department of Economics
Faculty of Social Science
M.G.Kashi Vidyapith –Varanasi
[email protected]

SELF-DECLARATION/DISCLAIMER
The author has made every effort to ensure that the information and knowledge provided in this E-
content is correct and accurate in regard to the subject matter covered. The matter of this E-content is
taken from the various books, journals and website which are cited in the References page at the
end.The content is not meant for commercial use, it is for knowledge sharing only. The author
assumes no responsibility for errors, inaccuracies, omissions, or any other inconsistencies herein and
hereby disclaim any liability to any party for any loss, damage, whether such errors or omissions result
from negligence, or any other cause. The interpretation of the topic is done by author and Institution
holds no responsibility of the same.

1
lkeqnkf;d fodkl ,oa jk"Vªh; foLrkj lsok

izLrkouk

lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk vFkZ

lkeqnkf;d fodkl ds mís';

lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk ds dk;ZØe

lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk dh izcU/k&O;oLFkk

lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk dh dfBukb;k¡

xzkeh.k fodkl ds izeq[k dk;ZØe jk"Vªh; foLrkj lsok

lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe dk ewY;kadu

lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØeksa dh lQyrk ds fy, lq>ko

lkjka'k

iz'ukoyh

lanHkZ xzaFk

2
 lkeqnkf;d fodkl ,oa jk"Vªh; foLrkj lsok

mís'; &

izLrqr bdkbZ dk mís'; ikBdksa dks Hkkjr esa lkeqnkf;d fodkl ,oa jk"Vªh; foLrkj
lsok ls lacaf/kr egRoiw.kZ fcUnqvksa dh tkudkjh nsukA bl bdkbZ dk v/;;u djus
ds i'pkr ikBdksa dks lkeqnkf;d fodkl ds fuEu i{kksa dh tkudkjh gksxh &

lkeqnkf;d fodkl D;k gS

jk"Vªh; foLrkj lsok rFkk lkeqnkf;d fodkl

lkeqnkf;d fodkl dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a

lkeqnkf;d fodkl rFkk jk"Vªh; foLrkj lsok dh lQyrk;sa rFkk vlQyrk;sa

izLrkouk

Hkkjr dh vf/kdka'k tula[;k xzeksa esa fupokl djrh gSA egkRek xka/kh dk
dguk Fkk] ^^Hkkjr xkaoksa esa clrk gS vkSj Hkkjr dh eqfä dqfV;ksa esa fufgr gSA**
Hkkjr esa xzkeksRFkku ds vusd iz;kl fd, x, ijUrq ;s iw.kZ lQyrk izkir u dj
dsA blds izeq[k nks dkj.k Fks & ¼1½ bu ;kstukvksa esa xzkeokfl;ksa ds Lo;a iz;Ruksa
ij cy u fn;k x;kA ml dky esa ckgjh laLFkk,a xzkeh.k turk dh lgk;rk
djds viuk dke lekIr dj nsrh FkhA ¼2½ xzkeh.k turk dh prqeqZ[kh mUufr dk
o`gr n`f"Vdks.k O;kogkfjd n`f"V ls Lohdkj ugha fd;k x;kA bu nksuksa =qfV;ksa dks
nwj djus rFkk xzkeh.k fodkl djus gsrq lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstukvksa rFkk jk"Vªh;
izlkj lsokvksa dks izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku fn;k x;kA Hkkjr dh
izFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds vuqlkj] ^^lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk,a xkaoksa ds vkfFkZd
vkSj lkekftd thou dh dk;kiyV djus dh i)fr gSA**

3
 lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk rkRi;Z

xzkeh.k leqnk; dk lokZaxh.k fodkl tSls & HkkSfrd] lkekftd] uSfrd rFkk
lkaLÑfrd fodkl gks lkeqnkf;d fodkl dgykrk gSA Jh ,l-ds-Ms- ds vuqlkj]
^^ftvks vkSj thus nks** dk mPp fl)kar bl lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk dh
vk/kkjf'kyk gSA Mk-Vh-,u- gstyk ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk vFkZ izk;%
fdlh leqnk; dk vkfFkZd] lkaLÑfrd ,oa lkekftd lHkh Lrjksa ij fodkl djus
ds dk;ZØeksa ,oa ;kstukvksa ls yxk;k tkrk gSA** ¼The most commonly
understood meaning of Community Development is to strive for the
development of the community at all levels- Economic, Cultural and Social,"
T.N. Hajela½ la;qä jk"Vªla?k ds vuqlkj] ^^lkeqnf;d fodkl os izfØ;k,a gSa ftuls
leqnk;ksa dk vkfFkZd] lkekftd ,oa lkaLÑfrd n'kkvksa dks lq/kkjus] jk"Vª ds thou
esa bu leqnk;ksa dks lfEefyr djus rFkk jk"Vªh; izxfr ds ;ksxnku ds fy,] bu
leqnk;ksa dks leFkZ cukus ds fy, O;fä;ksa ds iz;Ruksa dk ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa ds
iz;Ru ls Hkh leUo; gks tkrk gSA** ¼Community Development refers to the
process by which efforts of the people themselves are united with those of
Government authorities to improve the economic, social and cultural
conditions of Communities, to integrate these communities into the life of the
nation and to enable them to contribute fully to National progress." - U.N.O.
Report½

;kstuk vk;ksx ds vuqlkj] ^^lkeqnkf;d fodkl og i)fr gS rFkk xzkeh.k

foLrkj ¼jk"Vªh; izlkj½ og ,tsUlh gS ftlds }kjk iapo"khZ; ;kstuk, xzkeokfl;ksa
ds lkekftd vkfFkZd thou dks iw.kZ:is.k lq/kkjus dh izfØ;k vkjaHk djuk pkgrh
gSA** ¼Community Development is the method and rural extension is the

4
agency through which the five years plan seek to initiate transformation of the
social and economic life of the villagers."½

Mk- ,l-ds-Ms- ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^lkeqnkf;d fodkl esa Ñf"k] Ik'kqikyu] flapkbZ]
lgdkfjrk] LokLF;] f'k{kk] lkekftd mRiknu] lans'kokgu] xzkeks|ksx] iapk;r rFkk
thou ds os lc egRoiw.kZ rRo lfEefyr gSa] ftudk laca/k Hkkjrh; tulewg ds 82
izfr'kr Hkkx ls gSA** mUgksaus vkxs dgk] ^^lkeqnkf;d ;kstuk ,d ,slk m|ku gS
ftldk ifjikyu ,d prqj ekyh vR;Ur lko/kkuh ls djrk gSA ;g ;kstuk ,d
,sls taxy ds leku ugha gS ftlesa eqä O;kikj dh rjg o`{k rFkk ouLifr;ka Hkh
gksaA** bl dk;ZØe ds egRo dh ppkZ djrs gq, Mk- jktsUnz izlkn us dgk Fkk] ^^;s
;kstuk,a ,sls NksVs cht dh Hkkafr gSa] tks ,d fnu fo'kky o`{k esa ifjf.kr gks
tk;sxkA** ia- tokgj yky usg: ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^leLr Hkkjr esa ekuo fØ;kvksa ds ;s
dsUnzz ,sls T;ksfrLrEHk gSa tks ?kus vU/kdkj esa izdk'k QSyk jgs gSaA ;g izdk'k ml
le; rd QSyrk jgsxk] tc rd leLr Hkkjr Hkwfe vkyksfdr u gks mBsA** Jh
lS.Mjlu ds 'kCnksa] ^^lkeqnkf;d laxBUk mu mís';ksa dks] tks lkewfgd dY;k.k ds
fy, vko';d gSa] izkIr djus ds fy, loksZÙke dk;Zfof/k gSA** ^^cks'k ds vuqlkj]
^^lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk xgu fodkl dh vksj laxfBr ,oa voksg;ksftr iz;kl
gSA**

mi;qZä ifjHkk"kkvksa ls Li"V gS fd lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk ds ek/;e ls

xkao ds vUnj dh vKkurk dks lekIr djds vkRelgk;rk }kjk mudh vkfFkZd]
lkekftd] jktuSfrd ,oa lkaLÑfrd fLFkfr dks lq/kkjuk gSA Hkkjr esa crk;k x;k gS
fd lkeqnkf;d fodkl vkRe&lgk;rk dk dk;ZØe gS vFkkZr xzkeh.k turk Lo;a
gh ;kstuk cuk,] mUgsa ykxw djs rFkk ljdkj dh vksj ls mUgsa dsoy izkoSf/kd
ekxZn'kZu ,oa foÙkh; lgk;rk feysA okLro esa bl dk;ZØe dk eq[; mís'; xkao

5
ds izR;sd O;fä esa vkRefo'okl rFkk xzke lekt esa igy djus dh Hkkouk dk
fodkl djuk gSA

lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk ds mís';

lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk ds eq[; mís'; fuEufyf[kr gSa %

¼d½ xkao ds leLr ifjokjksa dk leqfpr rFkk lokZaxh.k fodkl djukA

¼[k½ nfyr oxkZsa ds thou&Lrj dks Å¡pk mBkus ds fy, fo'ks"k iz;Ru djukA

¼x½ xzkeh.k turk esa Lo;a dk;Z djus dh izsj.kk HkkoukA

¼?k½ fodkl ds dk;ZØeksa esa vf/kd ls vf/kd xzkeh.k turk dk lg;ksx izkIr
djukA

¼³½ xzkeh.k turk esa lg;ksx ,oa lgdkfjrk ds cht vkjksfir djukA

lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk ds dk;ZØe

;kstuk vk;ksx ds vuqlkj lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk dk eq[; mís';

HkkSfrd o ekuoh; lk/kuksa dk vf/kd ls vf/kd fodkl djuk gSA lkeqnkf;d
fodkl ;kstuk ds dk;ZØe fuEu gSa %

1- mRiknu c<+kuk % bu ;kstukvksa ds }kjk Ñf"k] ckxokuh] I'kqikyu] eRL;&ikyu

vkfn esa oSKkfud i)fr;ksa dk iz;ksx djds mRiknu esa o`f) dh tkrh gSA

2- fuekZ.k dk;Z djuk & xzkeksa dh lM+dksa] rkykcksa] ikB'kkykvksa] LokLF; dsUnzksa
vkfn lkoZtfud ykHk ds lk/kuksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, laxfBr iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA

6
3- ;krk;kr dk fodkl & ;kstuk {ks= ds lHkh xkaoksa esa dPph rFkk iDdh lM+dsa
cukbZ tkrh gSaA eksVj ;krk;kr dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gS rFkk Ik'kq ;krk;kr dk
fuekZ.k ,oa uohuhdj.k fd;k tkrk gSA

4- f'k{kk & xkao esa izkFkfed] ek/;fed] cqfu;knh] lkekftd rFKk rduhdh f'k{kk
,oa izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk rFkk izlkj fd;k tkrk gSA

5- LokLF; izca/k & xkao esa lQkbZ o 'kq) ty dk izca/k fd;k tkrk gS] Nwr ds
jksxksa dks fu;fU=r fd;k tkrk gS rFkk fpfdRlky;ksa dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA
eysfj;k] gStk] pspd vkfn laØker jksxksa dh jksdFkke ds fy, Vhds yxk, tkrs
gSaA tula[;k dh o`f) ij jksd yxkus ds fy, ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØeksa dks
izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gS vkSj NksVs ifjokjksa ds izfr tkx:drk mRiUu dh tkrh gSA

6- x`g fuekZ.k dk;Z & xzkeksa esa vPNs edku cukus ds fy, xzkeh.kksa dks izsj.kk rFkk
lykg nh tkrh gSA mUgsa LokLF;o/kZd edku cukus dh i)fr crkbZ tkrh gSA
muds edkuksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, bZaV] lhesaV rFkk yksgs dh fu;af=r ewY; ij
O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA

7- lekt dY;k.k ds dk;Z & LFkkuh; dyk vkSj laLÑfr ij vk/kkfjr lkeqnkf;d
euksjatu dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA muds euksjatu rFkk lkekftd o uSfrd
mRFkku ds fy, esyksa] [ksy dwn] naxy rFkk fQye izn'kZu dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh
gSA

8- lgk;d /kU/kksa dk fodkl & dqVhj o y?kq m|ksx&/kU/kksa dk fodkl djds xzke
jkstxkj dh lqfo/kkvksa dh o`f) dh tkrh gSA fodkl [k.Mksa esa LFkkfir xzkeh.k vkSj
y?kq m|ksxksa dks _.k] vuqnku vkfn ds :Ik esa foÙkh; lgk;rk nh tkrh gSA

7
 Lkkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe] tks vc lefUor xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØe dk
vax cu x;k gS] dk Jhx.ks'k egkRek xka/kh ds 84osa tUe fnol ds 'kqHk volj ij
2 vDVwcj] 1952 dks 5 pqus gq, ftyksa esa fd;k x;k FkkA izkjEHk esa lkeqnkf;d
fodkl ;kstuk dh n`f"V ls lEiw.kZ ns'k dks 5265 lkeqnkf;d fodkl [k.Mksa esa ckaVk
x;k Fkk] ijUrq iquxZBu ds ckn fodkl [k.Mksa dh la[;k 5011 jg xbZA ;s [k.M
ns'k ds 6]32]500 xzkeksa esa Qsys gq, gSaA izR;sd lkeqnkf;d fodkl [k.M esa yxHkx
100 xkao gksrs gSa ftudk {ks=Qy 620 oxZ fdyksehVj vkSj tula[;k yxHkx
92]000 gksrh gSA ;g fodkl [k.M gh vk;kstu vkSj fodkl dh bdkbZ gksrk gSA
fodkl [k.M dk eqf[k;k [k.M fodkl vf/kdkjh ¼Block Development Officer½ gksrk gSA
blds vfrfjä 8 foLrkj vf/kdkjh gksrs gSa tks Ñf"k&i'kqikyu] xzkeks|ksx]
lgdkfjrk] iapk;r] lekt f'k{kk] fuekZ.k dk;Z vkfn ds fo'ks"kK gksrs gSaA budh
lgk;rk ds fy, 10 xzke lsod] 2 xzke lsfodk,a gksrh gSa turk dk lg;ksx izkIr
djus ds fy, 1959 esa iapk;rh jkt dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA

lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk dh izcU/k&O;oLFkk

Lkkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk dh izcU/k&O;oLFkk dsUnz&Lrj ls ysdj xzke&Lrj

rd bl izdkj gS %

dsUnz Lrj ij & xzkeh.k iqufuZekZ.k eU=ky; ij lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe dk

mÙkjnkf;Ro gSA vk/kkjHkwr laca/kh fo"k; ,d mPPkLrjh; lfefr ds lEeq[k j[ks tkrs
gSa] ftuds v/;{k dsUnzh; Ñf"k ,oa xzkeh.k iqufuZekZ.k ea=h gSaA

8
jkT; Lrj ij & jkT; Lrj ij bl dk;ZØe dks pykus ds fy, jkT; fodkl
lfefr;ka gSaA bu lfefr;ksa ds eq[;ea=h v/;{k] fodkl foHkkxksa ds ea=h rFkk
fodkl vk;qä lnL; gksrs gSaA

ftyk Lrj ij & ftyk ifj"kn~ bl dk;ZØe dks pykrh gSA bu ifj"knksa esa turk
ds izfrfuf/k] [k.M iapk;r lfefr;ksa ds v/;{k] laln lnL; rFkk fo/kkulHkk ds
lnL; gksrs gSaA

[k.M Lrj ij & [k.M iapk;r lfefr bl dk;ZØe dh ns[kHkky djrh gSA bl
lfefr esa fuokZfpr ljiap vkj efgykvksa] fiNM+s oxksZa rFkk vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds
lnL; gksrs gSaA

xzke Lrj ij & xzke iapk;r ds fu;a=.k esa ;g dk;Z pyk;k tkrk gS rFkk xzke
lsod cgqqmís'kh; foLrkj deZpkjh ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA ,d xzke lsod ds
v/khu 10 xkao gksrs gSaA ftu jkT;kas esa vHkh iapk;r jktO;oLFkk LFkkfir ugha gqbZ
gS ogka [k.M fodkl lfefr;ka dk;Z djrh gSA

lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk dh foÙk O;oLFkk turk vkSj ljdkj nksuksa

feydj djrs gSaA fofHkUu iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa ds vUrxZr lkeqnkf;d fodkl
;kstuk ij [kpkZ fujUrj c<+rk tk jgk gSA lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe ns'k esa
xzkeh.k iqufuZekZ.k ,oa fodkl dh fn'kk esa ,d egRokdka{kh iz;kl gSA izks- VkW;uch
ds vuqlkj] ^^lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk Ñ"kd ds thou esa gksus okyh lcls
ykHknk;d ØkfUr;ksa esa ;s ,d gSA** la;qä jk"Vªla?k ds rduhdh fe'ku ds vuqlkj]
^^Hkkjr esa lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe chloha 'krkCnh ds egRoiw.kZ iz;ksxksa esa ls
vkSj blds ifj.kkeksa esa lkjs fo'o dh fnypLih gSA** i- tokgj yky usg: ds
'kCnksa esa] ^^lkeqnkf;d ifj;kstuk,a pedhyh] ijeko';d ,oa xfroku fpaxkfj;ka gSa]
ftuls 'kfä] vk'kk vkSj mRlkg dh fdj.ks izokfgr gks jgh gSaA** ;kstuk vk;ksx us
9
lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe dks izxfr dk ewY;kadu dus ds fy, ,d dk;ZØe
ewY;kadu laxBu dh fu;qä dhA bl laxBu us bl dk;ZØe esa rhu dfe;ka crkbZ
gSa & ¼1½ lkeqnkf;d fodkl ,oa jk"Vªh; lsok izlkj lsok dk;ZØe ds {ks=h;
fo'ks"kKksa esa ikjLifjd lg;ksx ,oa leUo; dk vHkko gSA ¼2½ fodkl [k.Mksa esa
izf'kf{kr deZpkfj;ksa dk vHkko gS vkSj ;s vius dks turk dk lsod ugha le>rsA
¼3½ xzke lsod dk dk;Z{ks= cgqr foLr`r gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd Ñf"k {ks= esa dksbZ
lUrks"ktud mUufr ugha gks ldh gS tcfd Ñf"k fodkl bu ;kstukvksa dk izeq[k
y{; gSA blh izdkj dqVhj m|ksx ,oa lgdkfjrk ds i{k esa Hkh leqfpr fodkl
ugha gks ik;k gSA ;s iz;kstuk,a Ñ"kdksa esa LokoyEcu o lgdkfjrk dh Hkkoukvksa dks
fodflr djus esa vleFkZ jgh gaSA ;|fi fodkl dk;ksZa dh xfr vR;Ur /kheh jgh
gS fQj Hkh foxr o"kksZa esa lkeqnkf;d fodkl {ks=ksa esa vU; {ks=ksa dh vis{kk Qlyksa
ds mRiknu esa 20 ls 25 izfr'kr rd o`f) gqbZ gSA

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 lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk dh dfBukb;ka

Lkkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstukvksa dh lQyrk ds ekxZ esa fuEu dfBukb;ka vkrh gSa&

1- tulg;ksx dk vHkko & turk lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstukvksa iapk;rh jkt ,oa
lgdkfjrk ds egRo dks 52 o"kZ ds yxkrj izpkj ds ckn Hkh ugha le> ikbZ gSA
bu rhuksa vkUnksyuksa dks turk dk lg;ksx ugha fey ldk gSA dk;ZØe ewY;kadu
laxBu dh lkroha fjiksVZ dsas vuqlkj] ^^vf/kdak'k turk fodkl [k.Mksa rFkk
lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe dh lQyrk ,oa fodkl ds laca/k esa dksbZ :fp ugha
j[krhA vf/kdrj xzkeh.k turk bls viuk dk;ZØe ugha ekurh vkSj ,slk izrhr
gksrk gS fd vkt Hkh Hkkjr dk xzkeh.k lekt ljdkj ij fuHkZj gS ftldk ifj.kke
;g gqvk fd bl dk;ZØe dks turk dk lg;ksx izkIr ugha gqvk gSA**

2- y{; ds vuqlkj dke ugha & lkeqnkf;d fodkl vkUnksyu ds vUrxZr

vkSipkfjdrk dks vf/kd egRo fn;k tkrk gSA fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy,
vko';d lk/ku ugha tqVk, tkrsA QyLo:i fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa dh rqyuk esa dke
de gks ikrk gSA dk;ZØe ewY;kadu fjiksVZ vuqlkj] fodkl [k.Mksa ds {ks= ds
vUrxZr 10 izfr'kr lk/kkj.k dq,a] 75% uydwi] 272 ;qod Dyc] 33% efgyk
laxBu] 14% lkeqnkf;d dsUnz] 13% lk[k lgdkfjrk,a vkSj 30% xSj lk[k
lgdkfjrk,a fuf"Ø; jgh gSaA

3- vkfFkZd fodkl dh vis{kk dY;k.k dk;ksZa dk vf/kd egRo & lkeqnkf;d fodkl
dk;ZØeksa esa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vkfFkZd fodkl dh rqyuk esa dY;k.k laca/kh dk;ksZa tSls
& vLirky] fo|ky; o lM+d fuekZ.k bR;kfn ij vf/kd tksj fn;k x;k gS ftlds
QyLo:i Ñf"k {ks= esa mRikndrk rFkk jkstxkj esa egRoiw.kZ o`f) ugha gks ikbZ gSA

11
4- ljdkjh lgk;rk ij vf/kd fuHkZjrk & bl dk;ZØe dks izkjaHk djrs le; ;g
vk'kk dh xbZ Fkh fd nl o"kksZa dh vof/k ds Ik'pkr ;g dk;ZØe LFkkuh; lk/kuksa
,oa igy ds vk/kkj ij lapkfyr fd, tk ldsaxsA ijUrq vkt Hkh xzkeh.k turk
ljdkjh lgk;rk rFkk lgdkjh igy ij vf/kd fuHkZj djrh gS tks bl vkUnksyu
dh lcls cM+h deh gSA

5- dk;ZØeksa ds ykHkksa ds forj.k esa vlekurk & lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØeks dh

;g vkykspuk dh xbZ gS fd blds vUrxZr nh tkus okyh lgk;rk ,oa lqfo/kkvksa
dk 70 izfr'kr Hkkx izHkko'kkyh rFkk cM+s fdlkuksa dks feyk gS vkSj] NksVs fdlkuksa
Hkwfeghu rFkk f'kYidkjksa dks de ykHk izkIr gqvk gS tcfd ;g ;kstuk bUgha
O;fä;ksa ds ykHk ds fy, izkjaHk dh xbZ FkhA

6- iz'kkldksa dk nks"kiw.kZ n`f"Vdks.k & Hkkjr esa QksMZ Qkm.Ms'ku ds v/;{k Jh

,Ulkseatj ds vuqlkj] ^^Hkkjr esa ukxfjd vf/kdkfj;ksa dk n`f"Vdks.k Åap&uhp dh
Hkkouk ls ;qDr gSA izk;% xzkelsod dks ,d lgdk;ZdÙkkZ ekuus dh ctk; fuEu
Js.kh dk pijklh le>k tkrk gSA**

7- dk;ZØeksa esa lqifjHkkf"kr izkFkfedrkvksa dk fu/kkZj.k u gksuk & lkeqnkf;d

fodkl ;kstukvksa esa fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gS tSls & Ñf"k
fodkl] xzkeks|ksx fodkl] f'k{kk] LokLF;] ;qod dY;k.k] ukjh dY;k.k] euksjatu
dsUnz vkfnA ijUrq bu fofo/k dk;ZØeksa esa izkFkfedrk dk Øe fu/kkZfjr ugha fd;k
x;kA QyLo:i fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa dks euekus <ax ls pyk;k tkrk gSA

8- lkeqnkf;d Hkkouk dk vHkko

vHkko & orZeku le; esa ns'k dk xzkeh.k thou
jktuSfrd izHkkoksa ls vR;Ur nwf"kr gks x;kA xzke fodkl ds gj {ks= esa jktuhfrd
nyksa dk izos'k gks x;k gS] ftlds QyLo:i fojks/kh ny vkil esa yM+rs jgrs gSa
vkSj fodkl dk;Z vo:) gks tkrk gSA
12
9- iwathoknh Ñf"k dks izksRlkgu & izks0 xqUuj feMZy us viuh izfl) ^,sf'k;u Mªkek*
esa fy[kk gS] ^^;|fi Hkkjrh; usrk Ñf"k esa vf/kdkf/kd lektoknh izk:i ykuk
pkgrs gSa ijUrq muds lkeqnkf;d dk;ZØeksa us Ñf"k dks vf/kd iwathoknh cuk;k
gSA**

10-
10- vf/kdkfj;ksa esa erHksn & ljdkj }kjk fu;qä vf/kdkfj;ksa iVokjh] xzkelsod]
fodkl vf/kdjh vkfn rFkk xzkeksa esa pquko }kjk euksuhr iz/kku rFkk ljiap esa izk;%
erHksn mRiUu gks tkrk gS ftlds QyLOk:i fodkl esa ck/kk iM+rh gSA

11-
11- xzke lsod dk foLr`r dk;Z{ks= & xzke lsod dk dk;Z {ks= ftlds vUrxZr 10
xzke vkrs gSa cgqr gh foLr`r j[kk x;k gS ftl dkj.k os Ñf"k mRiknu esa o`f)
ykus ds mÙkjnkf;Ro dks Bhd&Bhd iwjk ugha dj ikrsA

12-
12- vU; dfBukbZ;ka & vU; dfBukb;ka bl izdkj gSa & ¼d½ dk;ZØe dh :ijs[kk
vLi"V jgrh gS] ¼[k½ dk;ZØe esa vkSipkfjdrk cgqr vf/kd cjrh tkrh gS] ¼x½
dk;ZØe ds fu;kstu esa vko';d nsjh dh tkrh gSA ¼?k½ foÙkh; izkfIr;ksa rFkk O;;
ij vf/kd cy fn;k tkrk gS bR;kfnA

Lkkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØeksa dh lQyrk ds fy, lq>ko

Lkkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØekas ds fØ;kUo;u esa vusd dfBukbZ;ksa ds ckotwn

bu dk;ZØeksa us ns'k ds djksM+ksa xzkeokfl;ksa esa ,d uohu vk'kk dk lapkj fd;k gSA
Hkfo"; esa bu dk;ZØeksa dks lQy cukus ds fy, fuEu lq>ko fn, tk ldrs gSa %

1- vuqla/kku dk;Z esa o`f) & Ik'kqikyu] Ñf"k] xzkeks|ksx] x`g m|ksx vkn vusd
fo"k;ksa esa vuqla/kku laLFkk,a LFkkfir dh tk,a rFkk dk;Z{ks= ,oa laca/k vuqla/kku
bdkbZ esa fijUrj lEidZ cuk jguk pkfg,A

13
2- xzkeh.k turk esa mRlkg rFkk f'k{kk dh o`f) & ns'k esa f'k{kk rFkk mÙkjnkf;ROk
dk vHkko gSA f'k{kk }kjk turk esa mÙkjnkf;Ro ,oa lg;ksx dh Hkkouk dks iszfjr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstukvksa dh lQyrk turk ds lg;ksx
ij fuHkZj djrh gSA vr% xzkeksa esa f'k{kk dk izlkj rFkk lg;ksx dh Hkkouk dk
fodkl djuk vko';d gSA

3- Ñf"k dk;Z rFkk mudh mUufr

mUufr ij vf/kd cy & gekjs ns'k dh izxfr xgjh
[ksrh ds izpkj rFkk mRiknu dh ek=k ij fuHkZj djrh gSA vr% izR;sd ;kstuk esa
Ñf"k ds fodkl dks egRo nsuk vko';d gSA

4- xzkeks|ksx dh LFkkiuk esa i;kZIr lg;ksx & xzkeks|ksx ds fodkl ds fy, ;g

vko';d gS fd 15 fodkl [k.Mksa ds fy, ,d vkS|ksfxd dsUnz rFkk ,d cLrh
cukbZ tk,A xzkeks|ksx dh LFkkiuk ls xzkeh.k csjkstxkjh rFkk fu/kZurk ds mUewyu
esa i;kZIr lg;ksx feysxkA

5- Ikz'kklfud dq'kyrk esa o`f) & lkeqnkf;d fodkl dsUnzksa esa dk;Z djus okys
vf/kdkfj;ksa rFkk iapk;rksa ds lnL;ksa dks fo'ks"k izf'k{k.k fn;k tkl, ftlls os bl
;kstuk esa vf/kd lfØ; ,oa O;kogkfjd ;ksxnku ns ldsaA

6- Hkwfe lq/kkj dk ;ksxnku & lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØeksa dks Hkwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa
ls lac) dj fn;k tk,A blls bl ;kstuk esa Ñ"kdksa dk fo'okl c<+ tk,xkA

7- lgdkjh vkUnksyu dks izksRlkgu & lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk esa lgdkjh
vkUnksyu dks izksRlkgu nsuk pkfg,A lgdkjh Ñf"k] lgdkjh m|ksx] lgdkjh
foi.ku lfefr;ksa dh la[;k esa o`f) dh tk,A blls turk esa ijLij lg;ksx dh
Hkkouk dk fodkl gksxk] vkfFkZd dfBukb;ksa dk fujkdj.k gksxk] izkIr gksus oksys
ykHk dk mfpr forj.k gksxkA

14
8- yksdrkfU=d fodsUnzhdj.k & cyoUrjke esgrk lfefr dk ,d lq>ko ;g Fkk
fd ns'k esa yksdrkfU=d fodsUnzhdj.k gksuk pkfg,A bu dk;ksZa dks pykus dk
mÙkjnkf;Ro turk }kjk fuokZfpr lnL;ksa dks ns fn; tkuk pkfg,A vr% xzke
iapk;rksa] fodkl [k.Mksa ,oa ftyk ifj"knksa tSlh laLFkkvksa dks ;g egRoiw.kZ dk;Z
lkSai nsuk pkfg,A

9- xzke lsod ds dk;Z dks lhfer djuk

djuk & ,d xzke lsod ds funsZ'ku esa mruk gh
dk;Z&{ks= gksuk pkfg, ftruk og ljyrkiwoZd pyk ldsA cyoUr jk; esgrk us
,d xzkelsod ds vUrxZr 4]000 ls vf/kd O;fä;ksa dks u j[kus dk lq>ko fn;k
FkkA

10-
10- fodkl dk;ksZa ij cy & lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr dY;k.k dk;ksZa
ds LFkku ij fodkl dk;ksZa ij vf/kd cy nsuk pkfg,A xkao dh vko';drk dh
oLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k igys fd;k tkuk pkfg,A nwljs xzkeh.k lekt ds fucZy oxZ ds
dkjhxjksa vkfn dks bu dk;ZØeksa ls vf/kd ykHk igqapksus dk iz;kl dju pkfg,A

15
iz'ukoyh

d- nh?kZ mÙkjh;

1- Hkkjr esa lkeqnkf;d fodkl ifj;kstukvksa dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu

dhft,A os xzkeh.k mRFkku ds dk;Z esa dgka rd lQy gqbZ gSa \

2- Hkkjr esa pyk, tk jgs xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØeksa dh leh{kk dhft,A

3- lkeqnkf;d dk;ZØe dh eq[; ckrksa dk mYys[k dhft,A bldh izxfr dk

ewY;kadu dhft,A

4- lefUor xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØe dk ,d laf{kIr fooj.k izLrqr djsaA bldh

dk;ZØe dh izeq[k detksfj;k¡ D;k gSa \

5- lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \ bldk dk;Z{ks= D;k gS\

[k-
[k- y?kq mÙkjh; iz'u &

1- Xkzkeh.k fodkl ls D;k vfHkizk; gS \

2- Xkzkeh.k fodkl ds D;k mís'; gSa \

3- Lora=rk izkfIr ds Ik'pkr xzkeh.k fodkl ds izeq[k dk;ksZa ij izdk'k Mkfy;sA

4- xzkeh.k fodkl dh izeq[k ck/kk;sa dkSu lh gSa \

5- Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k fodkl ds egRo ij izdk'k Mkfy;s \

lkjka'k

Lkkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe xkaoksa ds pgq¡eq[kh fodkl ds fy;s rS;kj fd;k

x;k FkkA bldk izeq[k mís'; Lora= Hkkjr esa tkfr mUeq[k ijEijkxr lekt dks
16
leqnk; mUeq[k lekt esa ifjofrZr djuk Fkk ftlesa tkfr ds LFkku ij leqnk; dks
mPp LFkku fnykuk FkkA vkjEHk esa ^jk"Vªh; foLrkj lsok* lkeqnkf;d fodkl
dk;ZØe dh izkjfEHkd voLFkk ekuh tkrh FkhA ,d ls nks o"kZ dh vof/k ds Ik'pkr~
jk"Vªh; foLrkj dk;ZØeksa esa ls dqN lkeqnkf;d fodkl ds vUrxZr ys fy;s tkrs
FksA vizSy 1958 ls lkeqnkf;d fodkl o jk"Vªh; foLrkj dk;ZØe dk vUrj ugha
jgkA lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe dks Hkkjr dh thoar o izkoSfxd fpaxkfj;k¡ dguk
mfpr gksxk] ftlesa xzkeh.k turk dk izxfr'khy n`f"Vdks.k fodflr djuk]
lgdkjh <ax ls dke djus dh vknr Mkyuk] mRiknu esa o`f) djuk jkstxkj esa
o`f) djuk izeq[k mís';A bu mís';ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, xkaokas esa fofHkUu izdkj ds
dk;Z djus ij tksj fn;k x;kA tSls flapkbZ dk fodkl] Ñf"kxr lk/kuksa dk
foLrkj] Hkwfe lq/kkj] o`{kkjksi.k] lM+d fuekZ.k f'k{kk izlkj] LokLFk lqfo/kkvksa dks
c<+kuk] xzkeh.k m|ksxkas dk fodkl bR;kfnA bu lHkh dk;ZØeksa dk izeq[k mís'; bu
dk;ZØeksa esa mRiknu o lkekftd dY;k.k nksuksa esa ,d lkFk o`f) djus ij cy
fn;k x;kA lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØeksa }kljk dqN {ks=ksa esa fu;ksftr fodkl gqvk
rFkk Ñf"k esa mUUkr chtksa] moZLFkksa] flapkbZ vkfn ds mi;ksx dks c<+kok fn;k x;k (
jkstxkj ds voljksa essa o`f) dh x;h] xkaoksa dh bUÝkLVªdpj lM+d] fo|qr] Ldwy]
fMLisUljh vkfn dk fodkl fd;k x;kA blds vfrfjä xk¡oksa esa LoSfPNd fodkl
dk;ZØeksa dk Hkh vkjEHk fd;k x;kA

Lkkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØeksa ls xk¡oksa esa dqN izxfr rks gqbZ] ysfdu vk'kkrhr
lQyrk ugha feyh bldk dkj.k Fkk vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk tulEidZ dk vHkko rFkk
ljdkjh lk/kuksa dh dehA xzkeh.kksa }kjk xzkE; fodkl dk;ZØeksa esa mruk mRlkg
ns[kus dks feyk] cfYd xzkeh.k lekt tkfrokn o lkekftd fiNMsiu dk f'kdkj
cuk jgk rFkk lekt esa fuj{kjrk] dqiks"k.k fL=;ksa dh n;uh; n'kk vkfn leL;k;sa
;Fkkor cuh jghaA bu lHkh detksfj;ksa ds ckotwn ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd
17
xzkeh.k fodkl dks lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe }kjk u;h fn'kk iznku dh x;h rFkk
ljdkj }kjk fd;s x;s iz;klksa esa jpukRed ifjorZu ns[kus dks feykA

lanHkZ xazFk

1. T.N. Srinivasan Eigh Lectures on Indian Economy

2. UMA Kapila, Indian Economy since Indpepednce, Academic foundation.
3. Acharya Shankar (2003) Indias Economy Some Issues and Answers,
Academic Foundation
4. Indian Economy -- Challenges Beyond Ninth Plan- Srinath Haldar
5. Indian Economy Documents Yearbook 2003 (Book + CD)- Academic
Foundation,2003

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