BIOLOGY II

/04/ 2022 08.30 – 11.30

KARUNDURA TEST 2021 – 2022

DISTRICT:RWAMAGANA

SUBJECT: BIOLOGY (THEORY)

COMBINATION:

MATHEMATICS-CHEMISTRY-BIOLOGY (MCB)
: 3 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS:

1) Write your names properly on the answer booklet as written on your registration
form.

2) Do not open this question paper until you are told to do so.

3) This paper consists of two sections: A and B.

Section A: Answer ALL questions. (70 marks)

Section B: Answer THREE questions. (30 marks)

4) Use blue or black pen.

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Section A: Attempt all questions (70 marks)

1. The diagrams show the underside of a leaf of a cowslip plant on a cool day and on
a warm day.

(a) Complete the following sentences

(i) The parts of the leaf labelled X are …………. (1 mark)
(ii) Carbon dioxide moves into the leaves through the parts labelled X by the
process of ……………. (1 mark)
(b) Explain how changes to the guard cells on the warm day help the plant to
survive. (2
marks)

2. Which of the following are sources, and which are sinks? (4

marks) a) A nectary in a flower
b) A developing fruit
c) The storage tissue of a potato tuber (a storage organ) when the buds are
beginning to sprout.
d) A potato tuber being formed.

3. The figure shows a diagram representing water uptake in a root.

(a) Water is shown moving across the root. What pathway is shown in this
diagram? (1 mark)

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 (b) Name the pathway in which water does not enter the cells. (1
mark) (c) Tissue Y is a transport tissue. Name tissue Y.
(1 mark) (d) X is a band of waterproof material in the cell wall. Name this
band. (1 mark)
(e) Describe the role of this band in creating root pressure. (1
mark)
(f) Root pressure can account for water rising a few feet up the stem.
Explain how the properties of water enable water to reach the top of a tall tree.
(2 marks)

4. Complete each statement by writing the correct term or phrase in the space
provided. (6
marks)
(a) The only domain that includes multicellular organism is …………….
(b) The two kingdoms in which all members are heterotrophs are ……….. and
………………
(c) The naming system developed by Linnaeus is called ……………………
(d) One genus can include several………………
(e) The kingdom …………have cell with cell walls made of peptidoglycan.

5. A formula 1 driver who weighs 70kg may lose 6kg of water during a race.
(a) Calculate the percentage of body mass lost during a race. Show your
working and give your answer to two decimal places.
(2 marks) (b) Suggest how this water is lost.
(2 marks)
(c) What is the effect on the water potential of the driver’s blood as water is lost
during a race? (1 mark)
(d)Urine production almost stops towards the end of a race. Explain why less urine
is produced. (2 marks)
6. a) Lipids form an important part of a balanced diet but if too many lipids are
consumed this can result in obesity. What is meant by the term balanced diet?
(1 mark)
b) (i) Lipids are used for energy storage and as a respiratory substrate. List two
other roles of lipids in the human body. (2
marks)
(ii) Other than obesity, outline why a diet high in lipids might have a negative
effect on the health of an individual. (2 marks)
c) Two examples of lipid molecules are triglycerides and phospholipids.
Identify one difference and one similarity in the structures of triglycerides
and phospholipids. (2
marks)

7. During photosynthesis light energy is absorbed by photosynthetic pigments in the

chloroplasts.
(a) (i) State one fate of the light which is not absorbed by the photosynthetic
pigments. (1 mark)
(ii) Describe the effect of absorbed light energy on the pigment molecules.
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 (2 marks)
(iii) Plants contain several pigments including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and
carotenoids. Explain the advantage to a plant of having more than one type
of photosynthetic pigment. (2 marks)
(b) Following photolysis, hydrogen is transferred to the coenzyme NADP. State
the
source of this hydrogen. (1 mark)

8. Give the correct biological term for each of the following descriptions.
(a) An allele that does not influence the phenotype when found in the
heterozygous condition. (1 mark)
(b) The position of a gene on a chromosome. (1 mark)
(c) The physical and functional expression of a gene. (1 mark)
(d) Chromosomes that are not responsible for sex determination. (1 mark)
(e) The process of finding a desirable gene, isolating it and then moving it into
the cells of another organism. (1 mark)
(f) The two parts of a chromosome held together by a centromere. (1 mark)

9. The diagram below shows a germinating pollen grain and a mature ovule from a
flower of the Papilionaceae.

a) Describe how pollination usually occurs in the papilionaceae.

(2 marks)
b) Give the letter of the nucleus which fuses with male nucleus to form each
of the following
i. The zygote (1 mark)
ii. The endosperm (1 mark) c) Describe
one mechanism which prevents self-fertilization in flowering plants.
(1 mark)
10. Match the elements in table A with the elements in table B. (6
marks)
Table A Table B

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 a) Memory cell i) Body response to a normally harmless antigen
b) Vaccine ii) Protein that binds to a specific antigen.
c) Immunity iii) When the body launches an immune response
against its own cells
d) Allergy iv) A solution that contains a dead or modified pathogen
that can no longer cause disease
e) Antibody v) A white blood cell that protects the body from
pathogens the body has already encountered
f) Autoimmune vi) Long-lasting resistance to a particular disease
disease

11. The diagram summarizes how glucose can be used to produce ATP, without the
use
of oxygen. (3 marks)

Which compounds are represented by the letters X, Y and Z?

12. Study the following steps in the synaptic transmission of a nerve impulse from a
presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic cell. Determine the order in which the steps
take place. (3
marks)
(a) Vesicles in the presynaptic neuron fuse with the cell membrane.
(b) Neurotransmitter molecules are released into the synaptic cleft.
(c) An action potential reaches the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron.
(d) Neurotransmitters bind to receptor proteins on the postsynaptic cell.
(e) Neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft are recycled or broken down.
(f) Neurotransmitters may stimulate or inhibit the postsynaptic cell.

13. In each human skin cell there are 46 chromosomes. (6 marks)

(a) How many chromosomes are there in each of the following human cells?
(i) Liver cell (iii) Red blood cell in circulation
(ii) Brain cell (iv) A spermatozoon
(b) Describe the significance of mitosis in the life cycle of eukaryotic organisms.

SECTION B: Attempt any 3 questions of your choice (30 marks)

14. The flow chart shows some of the pathways involved in the metabolism of
carbohydrate in the human body.

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 a) State the letter or letters, A to J that indicates each of the following:
i) Glycogenesis (1
mark) ii) Glycogenolysis
(1 mark) iii) Gluconeogenesis
(1 mark) iv) Processes promoted by the action of insulin
(1 mark)
v) Processes promoted by glucagon. (1 mark)
b) Suggest why there is no arrow in the opposite direction to arrow F. (2
marks)
c) Explain why it is important to regulate the concentration of blood glucose.
(3 marks)
15. A gene mutation occurred in a person. The mutation occurred in a cell that
produces gametes. The mutation resulted in a change in a DNA triplet from CTA to
GTA. CTA codes for the amino acid aspartic acid. GTA codes for the amino acid
histidine.
a) Name the type of mutation which resulted in the change from CTA to GTA.
(1 mark)
b) This type of mutation does not always result in a change in the amino acid
coded for by the affected triplet. Explain why. (2 marks)
c) The mutation could be harmful. Explain why. (3
marks)
d) The mutation was more likely to be harmful because it took place in a
gamete-
producing cell. Suggest why. (2 marks)
e) Two other types of mutation are addition and deletion of bases. Suggest
why the addition or deletion of three nucleotides in the DNA sequence of a gene
often has less effect on the polypeptide coded for than the addition or deletion of
a single nucleotide. (3 marks)
16. The figure below is a diagram of part of a DNA molecule

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 a) Look at the labels on the diagram.
(i) Name the parts labelled V, W, Y and Z. (3.5
marks)
(ii) What do the lines between X and Y represent? (0.5
mark) (iii) Name an element found in the part labelled X that is not in V or
W?
(1 mark)
(iv) Name the structure H. (1 mark)
(b) A section of DNA was analyzed and 24% of its bases were found to be
adenine.
Calculate the percentage of bases that were cytosine in this piece of DNA.
Show your working. (2 marks)
(c) State two structural differences between DNA and RNA. (2 marks)

17. The diagram shows an enzyme-catalysed reaction.

a) Use the diagram to explain the mode of action of the enzyme. (2

marks)
b) Define the terms active site and substrate. (2
marks)
c) Intracellular enzymes are involved in the synthesis of the structural
compounds cellulose and collagen. Both are secreted through the cell surface
membrane to form important extracellular components.
State the smaller molecules from which cellulose and collagen are
synthesised.

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 (2 marks)
d) Hydroxylases are enzymes that synthesize collagen. These enzymes require
vitamin C and iron as cofactors.
i) Explain the role of cofactors in enzyme-catalysed reactions like those
catalysed by hydroxylases. (2
marks)
ii) Name another protein that requires iron in order to function. (1
mark)
e) What is meant by the term activation energy in the activity of enzymes?
(1 mark)
18. The figure below is a drawing of the human brain.

(a) Identify the parts of the brain labelled A, B, C, D and E. (5

marks)
(b) How many nerves arise from the brain? (1
mark)
(c) The nerves X are attached to two sensory organs in the head. Suggest
which sensory organs they are attached to. (0.5
mark) (d) Name three structures that protect the human brain. (1.5
marks)
(e) Many of the nerves emerging from part D of the brain belong to the
autonomic nervous system. Describe the organization of the autonomic
nervous system.
(2 marks)
Good luck to everyone…………

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