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General Chemistry Week 6 8
General Chemistry Week 6 8
Tabilang
11-STEM A
General Chemistry
Discovery Learning
1. Obtain two clear plastic cups. Place a few drops of household ammonia in
one cup
and a few drops of vinegar in the second cup.
2. Add a drop of grape juice to each cup. Observe what happens to the color of
the
grape juice in each cup.
3. Now add ammonia drop by drop to the cup with the vinegar. Observe what
happens
to the color of the grape juice as you add the ammonia.
• What happened to the color of the grape juice in ammonia? in vinegar?
The color of the grape juice turned into green with ammonia. And it
turned into color red using vinegar.
• What happened to the color of the grape juice when you added ammonia
to the vinegar?
The color turned into red.
• How can you explain your observations?
Grape juice will turn into green when ammonia is added into it and
grape juice will turn into red when vinegar is added.
Additional Activities
1.Describe the properties of Acids and Bases in terms of:
Taste – Acid taste sour due to the sour H+ion; bases taste bitter due to the
OH- ion.
Touch – Acids were not slippery and bases were slippery.
Reactions with metals – Acids react with metals to give salt and release
hydrogen gas; bases do not react with metals and release
hydrogen gas.
Electrical conductivity - Acids and bases in aqueous solutions will
conduct electricity because they contain dissolved ions. Therefore, acids and
bases are electrolytes. Strong acids and bases will be strong electrolytes. Weak
acids and bases will be weak electrolytes.
Indicators – The most common indicator are litmus, methyl orange and
phenolphthalein.
Neutralization – A neutralization reaction is when an acid and a base react
to form water and a salt and involves the combination of H+ ions and OH- ions
to generate water. The neutralization of a strong acid and strong base has a
pH equal to 7. The neutralization of a strong acid and weak base will have a
pH of less than 7, and conversely, the resulting pH when a strong base
neutralizes a weak acid will be greater than 7.
All acids and bases do not ionize or dissociate to the same extent. This
leads to the statement that acids and bases are not all of equal strength in
producing H+ and OH- ions in solution. The terms "strong" and "weak" give an
indication of the strength of an acid or base. The terms strong and weak
describe the ability of acid and base solutions to conduct electricity. If the acid
or base conducts electricity strongly, it is a strong acid or base. If the acid or
base conducts electricity weakly, it is a weak acid or base.
Since all acids contain hydrogen, the name pf an acid is based on the
anion that goes with it. These onions can either be monatomic or
polyatomic. The name of all monatomic ends in -ide. The majority of
polyatomic ions in either -ate or -ite, though there are few exceptions such
as cyanide ion. When the anion ends in –ide, the acid name begins with the
prefix hydro-. The root of the anion name goes in the blank (chlor for
chloride), followed by the suffix –ic. HCl is hydrochloric acid because Cl- is
the chloride ion. HCN is hydrocyanic acid because CN- is the cyanide ion.
When the anion ends in –ate, the name of the acid is the root of the anion
followed by the suffix –ic. There is no prefix. H2SO4 is sulfuric acid (not
sulfic) because SO42- is the sulfate ion. When the anion ends in –ite, the
name of the acid is the root of the anion followed by the suffix –ous. Again,
there is no prefix. HNO2 is nitrous acid because NO2- is the nitrite ion.
3. What is acid rain? What is the surest way of stopping acid rain?
Acid rain is a broad term that includes any form of precipitation with acidic
components, such as sulfuric or nitric acid that fall to the ground from the
atmosphere in wet or dry forms. This can include rain, snow, fog, hail or even
dust that is acidic. Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction that begins
when compounds like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the
air. These substances can rise very high into the atmosphere, where they mix
and react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form more acidic
pollutants, known as acid rain. A great way to reduce acid rain is to produce
energy without fossil fuels. Instead, people can use renewable energy sources,
such as solar and wind power.
4. What is buffer?
A buffer is a solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of an
acidic or basic component. It is able to neutralize small amounts of added acid
or base, thus maintaining the pH of the solution relatively stable. This is
important for processes and/or reactions which require specific and stable pH
ranges. Buffer solutions have a working pH range and capacity which dictate
how much acid/base can be neutralized before pH changes, and the amount
by which it will change.
4. Enumerate the types of Redox Reactions and give 3 examples for each type.
2H2O → 2H2 + O2
Fe + S→ FeS
Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu
Hg2Cl2 → Hg + HgCl2
• Photosynthesis in plants
• Respiration
• Combustion
• Corrosion
• Bleaching
• Decomposition
6. What specific measures can be taken to prevent the destruction of iron due
to corrosion?
One way to keep iron from corroding is to keep it painted. The layer of
paint prevents the water and oxygen necessary for rust formation from coming
into contact with the iron. As long as the paint remains intact, the iron is
protected from corrosion.
Week 8
Thermodynamics
If you only calculate the entropy change of the reaction (the entropy
changes of the system), you are leaving out an important factor. Suppose your
reaction is exothermic. Heat is given off to the surroundings, and that extra
heat increases the entropy of the surroundings. If you add more energy to the
surroundings, the number of different possibilities for arranging the energy
over the molecules increases. And so, increasing the temperature increases
the entropy of the surroundings. The reverse is true for an endothermic
change. An endothermic reaction will cool the surroundings, and so the
entropy of the surroundings decreases. What matters is the total entropy
change, which is the sum of the entropy changes of the system and the
surroundings.
OBSERVING ENTROPY
1. Obtain 3 glasses. Place ice water in one glass, warm water in second
2. Put 3 drops of red food coloring in each glass (any food coloring of your
temperature?